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Operation and performance of ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon time projection chamber
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
S. Abbaslu,
F. Abd Alrahman,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
L. P. Accorsi,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
K. Adhikari,
C. Adriano,
K. Agudelo-Jaramillo,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
A. Alqaisi,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
R. Amarinei
, et al. (1341 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In P…
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ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In ProtoDUNE-DP the electric drift field is oriented in the vertical direction, causing the electrons to drift vertically towards the anode at the top. The ionization charge is then extracted into the gaseous argon above the liquid surface, amplified by Townsend avalanches, and collected by the charge readout planes. The detector experienced significant technical problems affecting the long-term operation of the Charge Readout Planes, formed by the Large Electron Multipliers, but other critical segments demonstrated required performance including the delivery of -300 kV to the TPC cathode, verification of replaceable charge read-out electronics, and operation of the photon detection system. ProtoDUNE-DP experience resulted in improved designs of the Vertical Drift LArTPC.
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Submitted 21 July, 2026; v1 submitted 17 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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A New High-Intensity Source for Ultracold Neutrons
Authors:
K. Abe,
S. Ahmed,
B. Algohi,
D. Anthony,
L. Barron-Palos,
Y. Bylinsky,
M. Bosse,
M. P. Bradley,
A. Brossard,
J. Chak,
R. Chiba,
C. Davis,
R. de Vries,
K. Dong,
K. Drury,
B. Franke,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
M. Gericke,
P. Giampa,
C. Gibson,
R. Golub,
K. Hatanaka,
T. Hepworth,
T. Higuchi
, et al. (56 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The TRIUMF UltraCold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has completed a new superthermal source for ultracold neutrons (UCNs) at TRIUMF. It uses neutrons from a spallation target driven by TRIUMF's %520-MeV main cyclotron. Heavy water and liquid deuterium serve as neutron moderators, and inelastic scattering inside superfluid $^4$He at around \qty{1.1}{\kelvin} slows the neutrons down to becom…
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The TRIUMF UltraCold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has completed a new superthermal source for ultracold neutrons (UCNs) at TRIUMF. It uses neutrons from a spallation target driven by TRIUMF's %520-MeV main cyclotron. Heavy water and liquid deuterium serve as neutron moderators, and inelastic scattering inside superfluid $^4$He at around \qty{1.1}{\kelvin} slows the neutrons down to become ultracold. During commissioning runs with the completed source, including the deuterium moderator, up to $1.47(2)\times 10^7$ UCNs were detected in the experimental area after irradiating the target and accumulating UCNs in the source for \qty{60}{\second}. Up to \qty{6.75(3)e5} UCN/s were detected during continuous operation, more than at any other source in the world.
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Submitted 17 August, 2026; v1 submitted 3 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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Charge readout electronics for the DUNE horizontal drift far detector: design and performance in ProtoDUNE-HD
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
S. Abbaslu,
F. Abd Alrahman,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
L. P. Accorsi,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
K. Adhikari,
C. Adriano,
K. Agudelo-Jaramillo,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
A. Alqaisi,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
R. Amarinei
, et al. (1346 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment currently under construction, whose far detectors will be the largest liquid argon time projection chambers ever built. This detector design calls for custom-built cryogenic front-end electronics to meet its performance requirements. This paper describes the charge readout electronics that will be used i…
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DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment currently under construction, whose far detectors will be the largest liquid argon time projection chambers ever built. This detector design calls for custom-built cryogenic front-end electronics to meet its performance requirements. This paper describes the charge readout electronics that will be used in the DUNE horizontal drift (HD) far detector and presents performance results using data from the ProtoDUNE-HD detector, a 770 ton liquid argon time projection chamber operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2024 that served as the final prototype of the DUNE HD design.
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Submitted 12 August, 2026; v1 submitted 26 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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Initial Performance of the TUCAN Magnetically Shielded Room
Authors:
S. Ahmed,
B. Algohi,
D. Anthony,
P. Berard,
L. Barron-Palos,
M. Bosse,
A. Brossard,
J. Chak,
R. Curtis,
C. Davis,
R. de Vries,
K. Dong,
B. Dowie,
K. Drury,
P. Fierlinger,
B. Franke,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
P. Giampa,
C. Gibson,
R. Golub,
K. Hatanaka,
T. Hepworth,
T. Higuchi,
J. Hussain
, et al. (42 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The TRIUMF Ultracold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has commissioned a large magnetically shielded room to be used for measuring the neutron electric dipole moment (nEDM) to a precision of $10^{-27}~e\mathrm{cm}$. The room is composed of five layers of MuMetal and one layer of copper and sits within the $\lesssim 370~μ\mathrm{T}$ ambient field produced by the TRIUMF cyclotron. Within this…
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The TRIUMF Ultracold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has commissioned a large magnetically shielded room to be used for measuring the neutron electric dipole moment (nEDM) to a precision of $10^{-27}~e\mathrm{cm}$. The room is composed of five layers of MuMetal and one layer of copper and sits within the $\lesssim 370~μ\mathrm{T}$ ambient field produced by the TRIUMF cyclotron. Within this environment, the quasi-static shielding factor was measured to be $3.25(2) \times 10^4$ at $0.01~\mathrm{Hz}$ with an external peak-to-peak perturbation of $2~μ\mathrm{T}$. Without the large ambient cyclotron field, the shielding factor improves to $3.75(4)\times 10^4$ at the same perturbation amplitude and frequency. After idealization in the cyclotron field, the residual field at the room center was $B = 1.8(2)~\mathrm{nT}$ and the vertical first-order gradient across the central 1~m$^3$ ($dB_{\mathrm{z}}/dz$) was $-279(64)~\mathrm{pT/m}$. With additional improvement to the idealization, and with active compensation, we expect the room to be adequate for a $10^{-27}~e\mathrm{cm}$ nEDM search.
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Submitted 16 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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Atomic clock frequency ratios with fractional uncertainty $\leq 3.2 \times 10^{-18}$
Authors:
Alexander Aeppli,
Willa J. Arthur-Dworschack,
Kyle Beloy,
Caitlin M. Berry,
Tobias Bothwell,
Angela Folz,
Tara M. Fortier,
Tanner Grogan,
Youssef S. Hassan,
Zoey Z. Hu,
David B. Hume,
Benjamin D. Hunt,
Kyungtae Kim,
Amanda Koepke,
Dahyeon Lee,
David R. Leibrandt,
Ben Lewis,
Andrew D. Ludlow,
Mason C. Marshall,
Nicholas V. Nardelli,
Harikesh Ranganath,
Daniel A. Rodriguez Castillo,
Jeffrey A. Sherman,
Jacob L. Siegel,
Suzanne Thornton
, et al. (2 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report high-precision frequency ratio measurements between optical atomic clocks based on $^{27}$Al$^+$, $^{171}$Yb, and $^{87}$Sr. With total fractional uncertainties at or below $3.2 \times 10^{-18}$, these measurements meet an important milestone criterion for redefinition of the second in the International System of Units. Discrepancies in $^{87}$Sr ratios at approximately…
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We report high-precision frequency ratio measurements between optical atomic clocks based on $^{27}$Al$^+$, $^{171}$Yb, and $^{87}$Sr. With total fractional uncertainties at or below $3.2 \times 10^{-18}$, these measurements meet an important milestone criterion for redefinition of the second in the International System of Units. Discrepancies in $^{87}$Sr ratios at approximately $1\times10^{-16}$ and the Al$^+$/Yb ratio at $1.6\times10^{-17}$ in fractional units compared to our previous measurements underscore the importance of repeated, high-precision comparisons by different laboratories. A key innovation in this work is the use of a common ultrastable reference delivered to all clocks via a 3.6 km phase-stabilized fiber link between two institutions. Derived from a cryogenic single-crystal silicon cavity, this reference improves comparison stability by a factor of 2 to 3 over previous systems, with an optical lattice clock ratio achieving a fractional instability of $1.3 \times 10^{-16}$ at 1 second. By enabling faster comparisons, this stability will improve sensitivity to non-white noise processes and other underlying limits of state-of-the-art optical frequency standards.
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Submitted 16 July, 2026; v1 submitted 24 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Ultracold Neutron Guide-Coating Facility at U.Winnipeg
Authors:
T. Hepworth,
A. Zahra,
B. Algohi,
R. de Vries,
S. Pankratz,
P. Switzer,
T. Reimer,
M. McCrea,
J. W. Martin,
R. Mammei,
D. Anthony,
L. Barrón-Palos,
M. Bossé,
M. P. Bradley,
A. Brossard,
T. Bui,
J. Chak,
R. Chiba,
C. Davis,
K. Drury,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
M. Gericke,
P. Giampa,
C. Gibson
, et al. (50 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the construction and commissioning of a new ultracold neutron (UCN) guide-coating facility at the University of Winnipeg. The facility employs pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to produce diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on cylindrical UCN guides up to 1 m in length with a 200 mm outer diameter. DLC is a promising material for UCN transport and storage due to its high real component of the…
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We report the construction and commissioning of a new ultracold neutron (UCN) guide-coating facility at the University of Winnipeg. The facility employs pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to produce diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on cylindrical UCN guides up to 1 m in length with a 200 mm outer diameter. DLC is a promising material for UCN transport and storage due to its high real component of the optical potential, low neutron absorption cross section, and low depolarization probabilities. First coating attempts on a full length aluminum UCN guide and matching blank flange were successfully coated with a carbon film with density of 2.3 g/cm$^3$, corresponding to optical potentials of 200 neV, as measured by X-ray reflectometry (XRR). Coating thicknesses were measured to be 90 nm for the UCN guide and 180 nm for the flange with no evidence of delamination. The implementation of a plasma plume collimator and plasma feed back control via a time of flight in vacuum ion probe produced a film with an XRR measured density of 2.8 g/cm$^3$, corresponding to an optical potential of 240 neV. This 80 nm thick film had poor adhesion to the aluminum tube substrate. These results establish a baseline for the coating facility. Ongoing and future work focuses on improving the diamond content of films and adhesion through plasma plume collimation, TOF ion probe feed back, and pre/post treatment methods with the goal of providing high quality DLC UCN guides for the TUCAN experiment at TRIUMF.
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Submitted 4 May, 2026; v1 submitted 7 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Operation of a Modular 3D-Pixelated Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber in a Neutrino Beam
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
S. Abbaslu,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
L. P. Accorsi,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
C. Adriano,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. Andreotti
, et al. (1299 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector prototypes a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprised of a two-by-two array of four modules, each f…
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The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector prototypes a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprised of a two-by-two array of four modules, each further segmented into two optically-isolated LArTPCs. The 2x2 Demonstrator features a number of pioneering technologies, including a low-profile resistive field shell to establish drift fields, native 3D ionization pixelated imaging, and a high-coverage dielectric light readout system. The 2.4 tonne active mass detector is flanked upstream and downstream by supplemental solid-scintillator tracking planes, repurposed from the MINERvA experiment, which track ionizing particles exiting the argon volume. The antineutrino beam data collected by the detector over a 4.5 day period in 2024 include over 30,000 neutrino interactions in the LAr active volume-the first neutrino interactions reported by a DUNE detector prototype. During its physics-quality run, the 2x2 Demonstrator operated at a nominal drift field of 500 V/cm and maintained good LAr purity, with a stable electron lifetime of approximately 1.25 ms. This paper describes the detector and supporting systems, summarizes the installation and commissioning, and presents the initial validation of collected NuMI beam and off-beam self-triggers. In addition, it highlights observed interactions in the detector volume, including candidate muon anti-neutrino events.
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Submitted 17 June, 2026; v1 submitted 6 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Initial results of the TRIUMF ultracold advanced neutron source
Authors:
B. Algohi,
D. Anthony,
L. Barrón-Palos,
M. Bossé,
M. P. Bradley,
A. Brossard,
T. Bui,
J. Chak,
R. Chiba,
C. Davis,
R. de Vries,
K. Drury,
B. Franke,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
M. Gericke,
D. Georgescu,
P. Giampa,
C. Gibson,
R. Golub,
K. Hatanaka,
T. Hepworth,
T. Higuchi,
G. Ichikawa,
I. Ide
, et al. (61 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the first results on ultracold neutron production from a new spallation-driven superfluid $^4$He (He-II) source at TRIUMF, which is being prepared for a new, precise measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment. A total of $(9.3 \pm 0.8)\times 10^{5}$ ultracold neutrons were observed at a proton beam current of \SI{37}{\uA}, when the target was irradiated for a period of \SI{60}{\s}…
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We report the first results on ultracold neutron production from a new spallation-driven superfluid $^4$He (He-II) source at TRIUMF, which is being prepared for a new, precise measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment. A total of $(9.3 \pm 0.8)\times 10^{5}$ ultracold neutrons were observed at a proton beam current of \SI{37}{\uA}, when the target was irradiated for a period of \SI{60}{\s}. The results are in fair agreement with expectations based on a detailed simulation of neutron transport and ultracold neutron source cryogenics. There is some indication that the new source might not be as limited by the conduction of heat through the He-II as originally expected. The results indicate that the source is likely to make its ultimate production goals, once the liquid deuterium cold moderator system is completed, with the expectation that $5.7\times 10^7$~UCNs would be detected in the same experiment with full liquid levels. This would, for example, correspond to delivery of $1.4\times 10^6$~UCNs delivered to each of two nEDM measurement cells, and a statistical uncertainty of $1\times 10^{-27}~e$cm on the neutron EDM in 280 days of running.
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Submitted 7 June, 2026; v1 submitted 2 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Spatial and Temporal Evaluations of the Liquid Argon Purity in ProtoDUNE-SP
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
S. Abbaslu,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
L. P. Accorsi,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
C. Adriano,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. Andreotti
, et al. (1301 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) rely on highly pure argon to ensure that ionization electrons produced by charged particles reach readout arrays. ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) was an approximately 700-ton liquid argon detector intended to prototype the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Far Detector Horizontal Drift module. It contains two drift volumes bisected by…
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Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) rely on highly pure argon to ensure that ionization electrons produced by charged particles reach readout arrays. ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) was an approximately 700-ton liquid argon detector intended to prototype the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Far Detector Horizontal Drift module. It contains two drift volumes bisected by the cathode plane assembly, which is biased to create an almost uniform electric field in both volumes. The DUNE Far Detector modules must have robust cryogenic systems capable of filtering argon and supplying the TPC with clean liquid. This paper will explore comparisons of the argon purity measured by the purity monitors with those measured using muons in the TPC from October 2018 to November 2018. A new method is introduced to measure the liquid argon purity in the TPC using muons crossing both drift volumes of ProtoDUNE-SP. For extended periods on the timescale of weeks, the drift electron lifetime was measured to be above 30 ms using both systems. A particular focus will be placed on the measured purity of argon as a function of position in the detector.
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Submitted 27 August, 2025; v1 submitted 11 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Neutron EDM Experiment with an Advanced Ultracold Neutron Source at TRIUMF
Authors:
T. Higuchi,
B. Algohi,
D. Anthony,
L. Barrón-Palos,
M. Bradley,
A. Brossard,
T. Bui,
J. Chak,
R. Chiba,
C. Davis,
R. de Vries,
K. Drury,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
M. Gericke,
P. Giampa,
R. Golub,
T. Hepworth,
G. Ichikawa,
S. Imajo,
A. Jaison,
B. Jamieson,
M. Katotoka,
S. Kawasaki,
M. Kitaguchi
, et al. (45 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The TRIUMF Ultracold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has been developing a high-intensity ultracold neutron (UCN) source aimed at searching for the neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) with a sensitivity goal of $10^{-27}\ e{\rm cm}$. This article reports on recent progress in commissioning of the UCN source and in the development of the neutron EDM spectrometer. In its final configuration,…
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The TRIUMF Ultracold Advanced Neutron (TUCAN) collaboration has been developing a high-intensity ultracold neutron (UCN) source aimed at searching for the neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) with a sensitivity goal of $10^{-27}\ e{\rm cm}$. This article reports on recent progress in commissioning of the UCN source and in the development of the neutron EDM spectrometer. In its final configuration, the accelerator-driven super-thermal UCN source will enable a neutron EDM experiment with two orders of magnitude improved statistics compared to the current best experiment. Substantial progress in 2024 allowed the collaboration to operate the complete source system, with the exception of the liquid deuterium cold moderator, resulting in the first production of UCNs. The status of the EDM spectrometer is also presented, with emphasis on UCN handling components and magnetic subsystems relevant to field control, shielding, and magnetometry.
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Submitted 18 July, 2026; v1 submitted 4 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Operation of the Trigger System for the ICARUS Detector at Fermilab
Authors:
ICARUS collaboration,
F. Abd Alrahman,
P. Abratenko,
N. Abrego-Martinez,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
F. Akbar,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
M. Artero Pons,
J. Asaadi,
W. F. Badgett,
B. Baibussinov,
F. Battisti,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
J. Berger,
S. Berkman,
S. Bertolucci,
M. Betancourt,
A. Blanchet,
F. Boffelli,
M. Bonesini,
T. Boone,
B. Bottino,
A. Braggiotti,
D. Brailsford
, et al. (164 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ICARUS liquid argon TPC detector is taking data on the Booster (BNB) and Main Injector (NuMI) Neutrino beam lines at Fermilab with a trigger system based on the scintillation light produced by charged particles in coincidence with the proton beam extraction from the accelerators. The architecture and the deployment of the trigger system in the first two runs for physics are presented, as well…
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The ICARUS liquid argon TPC detector is taking data on the Booster (BNB) and Main Injector (NuMI) Neutrino beam lines at Fermilab with a trigger system based on the scintillation light produced by charged particles in coincidence with the proton beam extraction from the accelerators. The architecture and the deployment of the trigger system in the first two runs for physics are presented, as well as the triggered event rates. The event recognition efficiency has been evaluated as a function of the deposited energy and the position of cosmic muons stopping inside the detector.
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Submitted 5 August, 2025; v1 submitted 25 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Cryogenic systems for the TUCAN EDM experiment
Authors:
Jeffery W. Martin,
B. Algohi,
D. Anthony,
L. Barrón-Palos,
M. Bradley,
A. Brossard,
T. Bui,
J. Chak,
C. Davis,
R. de Vries,
K. Drury,
D. Fujimoto,
R. Fujitani,
M. Gericke,
P. Giampa,
R. Golub,
T. Hepworth,
T. Higuchi,
G. Ichikawa,
S. Imajo,
A. Jaison,
B. Jamieson,
M. Katotoka,
S. Kawasaki,
M. Kitaguchi
, et al. (38 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The TUCAN (TRIUMF UltraCold Advanced Neutron) Collaboration is completing a new ultracold neutron (UCN) source. The UCN source will deliver UCNs to a neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) experiment. The EDM experiment is projected to be capable of an uncertainty of $1\times 10^{-27}~e$cm, competitive with other planned projects, and a factor of ten more precise than the present world's best. The T…
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The TUCAN (TRIUMF UltraCold Advanced Neutron) Collaboration is completing a new ultracold neutron (UCN) source. The UCN source will deliver UCNs to a neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) experiment. The EDM experiment is projected to be capable of an uncertainty of $1\times 10^{-27}~e$cm, competitive with other planned projects, and a factor of ten more precise than the present world's best. The TUCAN source is based on a UCN production volume of superfluid helium (He-II), held at 1~K, and coupled to a proton-driven spallation target. The production rate in the source is expected to be in excess of $10^7$~UCN/s; since UCN losses can be small in superfluid helium, this should allow us to build up a large number of UCNs. The spallation-driven superfluid helium technology is the principal aspect making the TUCAN project unique. The superfluid production volume was recently cooled, for the first time, and successfully filled with superfluid helium. The design principles of the UCN source are described, along with some of the challenging cryogenic milestones that were recently passed.
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Submitted 20 June, 2025; v1 submitted 6 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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High-Stability Single-Ion Clock with $5.5\times10^{-19}$ Systematic Uncertainty
Authors:
Mason C. Marshall,
Daniel A. Rodriguez Castillo,
Willa J. Arthur-Dworschack,
Alexander Aeppli,
Kyungtae Kim,
Dahyeon Lee,
William Warfield,
Joost Hinrichs,
Nicholas V. Nardelli,
Tara M. Fortier,
Jun Ye,
David R. Leibrandt,
David B. Hume
Abstract:
We report a single-ion optical atomic clock with fractional frequency uncertainty of $5.5\times10^{-19}$ and fractional frequency stability of $3.5 \times10^{-16}/\sqrt{τ/\mathrm{s}}$, based on quantum logic spectroscopy of a single $^{27}$Al$^+$ ion. A co-trapped $^{25}$Mg$^+$ ion provides sympathetic cooling and quantum logic readout of the $^{27}$Al$^+$ $^1$S$_0\leftrightarrow^3$P$_0$ clock tra…
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We report a single-ion optical atomic clock with fractional frequency uncertainty of $5.5\times10^{-19}$ and fractional frequency stability of $3.5 \times10^{-16}/\sqrt{τ/\mathrm{s}}$, based on quantum logic spectroscopy of a single $^{27}$Al$^+$ ion. A co-trapped $^{25}$Mg$^+$ ion provides sympathetic cooling and quantum logic readout of the $^{27}$Al$^+$ $^1$S$_0\leftrightarrow^3$P$_0$ clock transition. A Rabi probe duration of 1 s, enabled by laser stability transfer from a remote cryogenic silicon cavity across a 3.6 km fiber link, results in a threefold reduction in instability compared to previous $^{27}$Al$^+$ clocks. Systematic uncertainties are lower due to an improved ion trap electrical design, which reduces excess micromotion, and a new vacuum system, which reduces collisional shifts. We also perform a direction-sensitive measurement of the ac magnetic field due to the RF ion trap, eliminating systematic uncertainty due to field orientation.
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Submitted 14 July, 2025; v1 submitted 17 April, 2025;
originally announced April 2025.
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European Contributions to Fermilab Accelerator Upgrades and Facilities for the DUNE Experiment
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade
, et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) to the FNAL accelerator chain and the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will provide the world's most intense neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) enabling a wide-ranging physics program. This document outlines the significant contributions made by European national laboratories and institutes towards realizing the first phase o…
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The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) to the FNAL accelerator chain and the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will provide the world's most intense neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) enabling a wide-ranging physics program. This document outlines the significant contributions made by European national laboratories and institutes towards realizing the first phase of the project with a 1.2 MW neutrino beam. Construction of this first phase is well underway. For DUNE Phase II, this will be closely followed by an upgrade of the beam power to > 2 MW, for which the European groups again have a key role and which will require the continued support of the European community for machine aspects of neutrino physics. Beyond the neutrino beam aspects, LBNF is also responsible for providing unique infrastructure to install and operate the DUNE neutrino detectors at FNAL and at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The cryostats for the first two Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber detector modules at SURF, a contribution of CERN to LBNF, are central to the success of the ongoing execution of DUNE Phase I. Likewise, successful and timely procurement of cryostats for two additional detector modules at SURF will be critical to the success of DUNE Phase II and the overall physics program. The DUNE Collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This paper is being submitted to the 'Accelerator technologies' and 'Projects and Large Experiments' streams. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE detector technologies and R&D, and DUNE software and computing, are also being submitted to other streams.
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Submitted 31 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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DUNE Software and Computing Research and Development
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade
, et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The ambitious physics program of Phase I and Phase II of DUNE is dependent upon deployment and utilization of significant computing res…
▽ More
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The ambitious physics program of Phase I and Phase II of DUNE is dependent upon deployment and utilization of significant computing resources, and successful research and development of software (both infrastructure and algorithmic) in order to achieve these scientific goals. This submission discusses the computing resources projections, infrastructure support, and software development needed for DUNE during the coming decades as an input to the European Strategy for Particle Physics Update for 2026. The DUNE collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This submission to the 'Computing' stream focuses on DUNE software and computing. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE detector technologies and R&D, and European contributions to Fermilab accelerator upgrades and facilities for the DUNE experiment, are also being submitted to other streams.
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Submitted 31 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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The DUNE Phase II Detectors
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
F. Alemanno,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
A. Aman,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade
, et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy for the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and…
▽ More
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy for the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the previous European Strategy for Particle Physics. The construction of DUNE Phase I is well underway. DUNE Phase II consists of a third and fourth far detector module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced > 2 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a 'Module of Opportunity', aimed at supporting the core DUNE science program while also expanding the physics opportunities with more advanced technologies. The DUNE collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This submission to the 'Detector instrumentation' stream focuses on technologies and R&D for the DUNE Phase II detectors. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE software and computing, and European contributions to Fermilab accelerator upgrades and facilities for the DUNE experiment, are also being submitted to other streams.
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Submitted 29 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Object Detection with Deep Learning for Rare Event Search in the GADGET II TPC
Authors:
Tyler Wheeler,
S. Ravishankar,
C. Wrede,
A. Andalib,
A. Anthony,
Y. Ayyad,
B. Jain,
A. Jaros,
R. Mahajan,
L. Schaedig,
A. Adams,
S. Ahn,
J. M. Allmond,
D. Bardayan,
D. Bazin,
K. Bosmpotinis,
T. Budner,
S. R. Carmichael,
S. M. Cha,
A. Chen,
K. A. Chipps,
J. M. Christie,
I. Cox,
J. Dopfer,
M. Friedman
, et al. (28 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In the pursuit of identifying rare two-particle events within the GADGET II Time Projection Chamber (TPC), this paper presents a comprehensive approach for leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and various data processing methods. To address the inherent complexities of 3D TPC track reconstructions, the data is expressed in 2D projections and 1D quantities. This approach capitalizes on t…
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In the pursuit of identifying rare two-particle events within the GADGET II Time Projection Chamber (TPC), this paper presents a comprehensive approach for leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and various data processing methods. To address the inherent complexities of 3D TPC track reconstructions, the data is expressed in 2D projections and 1D quantities. This approach capitalizes on the diverse data modalities of the TPC, allowing for the efficient representation of the distinct features of the 3D events, with no loss in topology uniqueness. Additionally, it leverages the computational efficiency of 2D CNNs and benefits from the extensive availability of pre-trained models. Given the scarcity of real training data for the rare events of interest, simulated events are used to train the models to detect real events. To account for potential distribution shifts when predominantly depending on simulations, significant perturbations are embedded within the simulations. This produces a broad parameter space that works to account for potential physics parameter and detector response variations and uncertainties. These parameter-varied simulations are used to train sensitive 2D CNN object detectors. When combined with 1D histogram peak detection algorithms, this multi-modal detection framework is highly adept at identifying rare, two-particle events in data taken during experiment 21072 at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), demonstrating a 100% recall for events of interest. We present the methods and outcomes of our investigation and discuss the potential future applications of these techniques.
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Submitted 28 January, 2025;
originally announced January 2025.
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Machine-Learning-Enabled Measurements of Astrophysical (p,n) Reactions with the SECAR Recoil Separator
Authors:
P. Tsintari,
N. Dimitrakopoulos,
R. Garg,
K. Hermansen,
C. Marshall,
F. Montes,
G. Perdikakis,
H. Schatz,
K. Setoodehnia,
H. Arora,
G. P. A. Berg,
R. Bhandari,
J. C. Blackmon,
C. R. Brune,
K. A. Chipps,
M. Couder,
C. Deibel,
A. Hood,
M. Horana Gamage,
R. Jain,
C. Maher,
S. Miskovitch,
J. Pereira,
T. Ruland,
M. S. Smith
, et al. (7 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The synthesis of heavy elements in supernovae is affected by low-energy (n,p) and (p,n) reactions on unstable nuclei, yet experimental data on such reaction rates are scarce. The SECAR (SEparator for CApture Reactions) recoil separator at FRIB (Facility for Rare Isotope Beams) was originally designed to measure astrophysical reactions that change the mass of a nucleus significantly. We used a nove…
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The synthesis of heavy elements in supernovae is affected by low-energy (n,p) and (p,n) reactions on unstable nuclei, yet experimental data on such reaction rates are scarce. The SECAR (SEparator for CApture Reactions) recoil separator at FRIB (Facility for Rare Isotope Beams) was originally designed to measure astrophysical reactions that change the mass of a nucleus significantly. We used a novel approach that integrates machine learning with ion-optical simulations to find an ion-optical solution for the separator that enables the measurement of (p,n) reactions, despite the reaction leaving the mass of the nucleus nearly unchanged. A new measurement of the $^{58}$Fe(p,n)$^{58}$Co reaction in inverse kinematics with a 3.66$\pm$0.12 MeV/nucleon $^{58}$Fe beam (corresponding to 3.69$\pm$0.12 MeV proton energy in normal kinematics) yielded a cross-section of 20.3$\pm$6.3 mb and served as a benchmark for the new technique demonstrating its effectiveness in achieving the required performance criteria. This novel approach marks a significant advancement in experimental nuclear astrophysics, as it paves the way for studying astrophysically important (p,n) reactions on unstable nuclei produced at FRIB.
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Submitted 19 December, 2024; v1 submitted 31 October, 2024;
originally announced November 2024.
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The track-length extension fitting algorithm for energy measurement of interacting particles in liquid argon TPCs and its performance with ProtoDUNE-SP data
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
N. S. Alex,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos
, et al. (1348 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy los…
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This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm's energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe the impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions.
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Submitted 26 December, 2024; v1 submitted 26 September, 2024;
originally announced September 2024.
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DUNE Phase II: Scientific Opportunities, Detector Concepts, Technological Solutions
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. Andreotti
, et al. (1347 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I…
▽ More
The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the European Strategy for Particle Physics. While the construction of the DUNE Phase I is well underway, this White Paper focuses on DUNE Phase II planning. DUNE Phase-II consists of a third and fourth far detector (FD) module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced 2.1 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a "Module of Opportunity", aimed at expanding the physics opportunities, in addition to supporting the core DUNE science program, with more advanced technologies. This document highlights the increased science opportunities offered by the DUNE Phase II near and far detectors, including long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics, neutrino astrophysics, and physics beyond the standard model. It describes the DUNE Phase II near and far detector technologies and detector design concepts that are currently under consideration. A summary of key R&D goals and prototyping phases needed to realize the Phase II detector technical designs is also provided. DUNE's Phase II detectors, along with the increased beam power, will complete the full scope of DUNE, enabling a multi-decadal program of groundbreaking science with neutrinos.
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Submitted 22 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.
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First Measurement of the Total Inelastic Cross-Section of Positively-Charged Kaons on Argon at Energies Between 5.0 and 7.5 GeV
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. Andreotti
, et al. (1341 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) is a 770-ton liquid argon time projection chamber that operated in a hadron test beam at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2018. We present a measurement of the total inelastic cross section of charged kaons on argon as a function of kaon energy using 6 and 7 GeV/$c$ beam momentum settings. The flux-weighted average of the extracted inelastic cross section at each…
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ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) is a 770-ton liquid argon time projection chamber that operated in a hadron test beam at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2018. We present a measurement of the total inelastic cross section of charged kaons on argon as a function of kaon energy using 6 and 7 GeV/$c$ beam momentum settings. The flux-weighted average of the extracted inelastic cross section at each beam momentum setting was measured to be 380$\pm$26 mbarns for the 6 GeV/$c$ setting and 379$\pm$35 mbarns for the 7 GeV/$c$ setting.
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Submitted 1 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.
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Angular dependent measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon for ionization calorimetry in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber
Authors:
ICARUS collaboration,
P. Abratenko,
N. Abrego-Martinez,
A. Aduszkiewic,
F. Akbar,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
M. Artero Pons,
J. Asaadi,
W. F. Badgett,
B. Baibussinov,
B. Behera,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
J. Berger,
S. Berkman,
S. Bertolucci,
M. Betancourt,
M. Bonesini,
T. Boone,
B. Bottino,
A. Braggiotti,
D. Brailsford,
S. J. Brice,
V. Brio,
C. Brizzolari
, et al. (156 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper reports on a measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). A clear dependence of recombination on the angle of the ionizing particle track relative to the drift electric field is observed. An ellipsoid modified box (EMB) model of recombination describes the data across all measured angles. These measurements are us…
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This paper reports on a measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). A clear dependence of recombination on the angle of the ionizing particle track relative to the drift electric field is observed. An ellipsoid modified box (EMB) model of recombination describes the data across all measured angles. These measurements are used for the calorimetric energy scale calibration of the ICARUS TPC, which is also presented. The impact of the EMB model is studied on calorimetric particle identification, as well as muon and proton energy measurements. Accounting for the angular dependence in EMB recombination improves the accuracy and precision of these measurements.
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Submitted 9 August, 2024; v1 submitted 17 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Calibration and simulation of ionization signal and electronics noise in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber
Authors:
ICARUS collaboration,
P. Abratenko,
N. Abrego-Martinez,
A. Aduszkiewic,
F. Akbar,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
M. Artero Pons,
J. Asaadi,
W. F. Badgett,
B. Baibussinov,
B. Behera,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
J. Berger,
S. Berkman,
S. Bertolucci,
M. Betancourt,
M. Bonesini,
T. Boone,
B. Bottino,
A. Braggiotti,
D. Brailsford,
S. J. Brice,
V. Brio,
C. Brizzolari
, et al. (156 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector has been taking physics data since 2022 as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. This paper details the equalization of the response to charge in the ICARUS time projection chamber (TPC), as well as data-driven tuning of the simulation of ionization charge signals and electronics noise. The equalization procedu…
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The ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector has been taking physics data since 2022 as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. This paper details the equalization of the response to charge in the ICARUS time projection chamber (TPC), as well as data-driven tuning of the simulation of ionization charge signals and electronics noise. The equalization procedure removes non-uniformities in the ICARUS TPC response to charge in space and time. This work leverages the copious number of cosmic ray muons available to ICARUS at the surface. The ionization signal shape simulation applies a novel procedure that tunes the simulation to match what is measured in data. The end result of the equalization procedure and simulation tuning allows for a comparison of charge measurements in ICARUS between Monte Carlo simulation and data, showing good performance with minimal residual bias between the two.
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Submitted 5 August, 2024; v1 submitted 16 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Supernova Pointing Capabilities of DUNE
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade
, et al. (1340 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electr…
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The determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electron-neutrino charged-current absorption on 40Ar and elastic scattering of neutrinos on electrons. Procedures to reconstruct individual interactions, including a newly developed technique called ``brems flipping'', as well as the burst direction from an ensemble of interactions are described. Performance of the burst direction reconstruction is evaluated for supernovae happening at a distance of 10 kpc for a specific supernova burst flux model. The pointing resolution is found to be 3.4 degrees at 68% coverage for a perfect interaction-channel classification and a fiducial mass of 40 kton, and 6.6 degrees for a 10 kton fiducial mass respectively. Assuming a 4% rate of charged-current interactions being misidentified as elastic scattering, DUNE's burst pointing resolution is found to be 4.3 degrees (8.7 degrees) at 68% coverage.
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Submitted 24 December, 2025; v1 submitted 14 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Data Reduction for Low Energy Nuclear Physics Experiments Using Data Frames
Authors:
Caleb Marshall
Abstract:
Low energy nuclear physics experiments are transitioning towards fully digital data acquisition systems. Realizing the gains in flexibility afforded by these systems relies on equally flexible data reduction techniques. In this paper, methods utilizing data frames and in-memory techniques to work with data, including data from self-triggering, digital data acquisition systems, are discussed within…
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Low energy nuclear physics experiments are transitioning towards fully digital data acquisition systems. Realizing the gains in flexibility afforded by these systems relies on equally flexible data reduction techniques. In this paper, methods utilizing data frames and in-memory techniques to work with data, including data from self-triggering, digital data acquisition systems, are discussed within the context of a Python package, \texttt{sauce}. It is shown that data frame operations can encompass common analysis needs and allow interactive data analysis. Two event building techniques, dubbed referenced and referenceless event building, are shown to provide a means to transform raw list mode data into correlated multi-detector events. These techniques are demonstrated in the analysis of two example data sets.
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Submitted 28 September, 2024; v1 submitted 9 May, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
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Performance of a modular ton-scale pixel-readout liquid argon time projection chamber
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
T. Alves,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade
, et al. (1340 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Module-0 Demonstrator is a single-phase 600 kg liquid argon time projection chamber operated as a prototype for the DUNE liquid argon near detector. Based on the ArgonCube design concept, Module-0 features a novel 80k-channel pixelated charge readout and advanced high-coverage photon detection system. In this paper, we present an analysis of an eight-day data set consisting of 25 million cosmi…
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The Module-0 Demonstrator is a single-phase 600 kg liquid argon time projection chamber operated as a prototype for the DUNE liquid argon near detector. Based on the ArgonCube design concept, Module-0 features a novel 80k-channel pixelated charge readout and advanced high-coverage photon detection system. In this paper, we present an analysis of an eight-day data set consisting of 25 million cosmic ray events collected in the spring of 2021. We use this sample to demonstrate the imaging performance of the charge and light readout systems as well as the signal correlations between the two. We also report argon purity and detector uniformity measurements, and provide comparisons to detector simulations.
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Submitted 5 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
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Doping Liquid Argon with Xenon in ProtoDUNE Single-Phase: Effects on Scintillation Light
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
H. Amar Es-sghir,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade,
C. Andreopoulos
, et al. (1297 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Doping of liquid argon TPCs (LArTPCs) with a small concentration of xenon is a technique for light-shifting and facilitates the detection of the liquid argon scintillation light. In this paper, we present the results of the first doping test ever performed in a kiloton-scale LArTPC. From February to May 2020, we carried out this special run in the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype (ProtoDUN…
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Doping of liquid argon TPCs (LArTPCs) with a small concentration of xenon is a technique for light-shifting and facilitates the detection of the liquid argon scintillation light. In this paper, we present the results of the first doping test ever performed in a kiloton-scale LArTPC. From February to May 2020, we carried out this special run in the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype (ProtoDUNE-SP) at CERN, featuring 720 t of total liquid argon mass with 410 t of fiducial mass. A 5.4 ppm nitrogen contamination was present during the xenon doping campaign. The goal of the run was to measure the light and charge response of the detector to the addition of xenon, up to a concentration of 18.8 ppm. The main purpose was to test the possibility for reduction of non-uniformities in light collection, caused by deployment of photon detectors only within the anode planes. Light collection was analysed as a function of the xenon concentration, by using the pre-existing photon detection system (PDS) of ProtoDUNE-SP and an additional smaller set-up installed specifically for this run. In this paper we first summarize our current understanding of the argon-xenon energy transfer process and the impact of the presence of nitrogen in argon with and without xenon dopant. We then describe the key elements of ProtoDUNE-SP and the injection method deployed. Two dedicated photon detectors were able to collect the light produced by xenon and the total light. The ratio of these components was measured to be about 0.65 as 18.8 ppm of xenon were injected. We performed studies of the collection efficiency as a function of the distance between tracks and light detectors, demonstrating enhanced uniformity of response for the anode-mounted PDS. We also show that xenon doping can substantially recover light losses due to contamination of the liquid argon by nitrogen.
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Submitted 2 August, 2024; v1 submitted 2 February, 2024;
originally announced February 2024.
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The DUNE Far Detector Vertical Drift Technology, Technical Design Report
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
H. Amar,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
D. A. Andrade,
C. Andreopoulos
, et al. (1304 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precisi…
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DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precision measurements of the PMNS matrix parameters, including the CP-violating phase. It will also stand ready to observe supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model.
The DUNE far detector implements liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, and combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with the sub-centimeter spatial resolution required to image those events with high precision. The addition of a photon detection system enhances physics capabilities for all DUNE physics drivers and opens prospects for further physics explorations. Given its size, the far detector will be implemented as a set of modules, with LArTPC designs that differ from one another as newer technologies arise.
In the vertical drift LArTPC design, a horizontal cathode bisects the detector, creating two stacked drift volumes in which ionization charges drift towards anodes at either the top or bottom. The anodes are composed of perforated PCB layers with conductive strips, enabling reconstruction in 3D. Light-trap-style photon detection modules are placed both on the cryostat's side walls and on the central cathode where they are optically powered.
This Technical Design Report describes in detail the technical implementations of each subsystem of this LArTPC that, together with the other far detector modules and the near detector, will enable DUNE to achieve its physics goals.
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Submitted 5 December, 2023;
originally announced December 2023.
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Measurement of Charge State Distributions using a Scintillation Screen
Authors:
C. Marshall,
Z. Meisel,
F. Montes,
L. Wagner,
K. Hermansen,
R. Garg,
K. A. Chipps,
P. Tsintari,
N. Dimitrakopoulos,
G. P. A. Berg,
C. Brune,
M. Couder,
U. Greife,
H. Schatz,
M. S. Smith
Abstract:
Absolute cross sections measured using electromagnetic devices to separate and detect heavy recoiling ions need to be corrected for charge state fractions. Accurate prediction of charge state distributions using theoretical models is not always a possibility, especially in energy and mass regions where data is sparse. As such, it is often necessary to measure charge state fractions directly. In th…
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Absolute cross sections measured using electromagnetic devices to separate and detect heavy recoiling ions need to be corrected for charge state fractions. Accurate prediction of charge state distributions using theoretical models is not always a possibility, especially in energy and mass regions where data is sparse. As such, it is often necessary to measure charge state fractions directly. In this paper we present a novel method of using a scintillation screen along with a CMOS camera to image the charge dispersed beam after a set of magnetic dipoles. A measurement of the charge state distribution for 88Sr passing through a natural carbon foil is performed. Using a Bayesian model to extract statistically meaningful uncertainties from these images, we find agreement between the new method and a more traditional method using Faraday cups. Future work is need to better understand systematic uncertainties. Our technique offers a viable method to measure charge state distributions.
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Submitted 7 September, 2023; v1 submitted 6 September, 2023;
originally announced September 2023.
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NEMA NU 2-2018 performance evaluation of a new generation digital 32-cm axial field-of-view Omni Legend PET-CT
Authors:
Rhodri Lyn Smith,
Lee Bartley,
Christopher O'Callaghan,
Kevin M. Bradley,
Chris Marshall
Abstract:
A NEMA performance evaluation was conducted on the new General Electric (GE) digital Omni Legend PET-CT system with 32-cm extended field-of-view. This study marks the introduction of the first-ever commercially available clinical digital bismuth germanate technology. Testing was performed in accordance with the NEMA NU2-2018 standard. A comparison was made with the performance of two other commerc…
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A NEMA performance evaluation was conducted on the new General Electric (GE) digital Omni Legend PET-CT system with 32-cm extended field-of-view. This study marks the introduction of the first-ever commercially available clinical digital bismuth germanate technology. Testing was performed in accordance with the NEMA NU2-2018 standard. A comparison was made with the performance of two other commercial GE scanners with extended fields-of-view. A digital lutetium yttrium orthosilicate system (Discovery MI - 6 ring) and a non-digital bismuth germanate system (Discovery IQ). For the Omni assessment, the tangential, radial, and axial spatial resolutions at 1 cm radial offset were measured as 3.76 mm, 3.73 mm, and 4.25 mm FWHM. The total system sensitivity to a line source at the center was 44.36 cps/kBq. The peak NECR was 501 kcps at 17.8 kBq/mL. The scatter fraction at NECR peak was 35.48%, and the maximum count-rate error at and below NEC peak was 5.5%. Sphere contrast recovery coefficients were from 52% (10 mm) to 93% (37 mm). The system does not use time of flight; thus, no assessment of timing resolution was made. The PET-CT co-registration accuracy was 2.4 mm. The performance of the Omni Legend surpassed that of the Discovery MI on all NEMA tests, except for assessments of background variability (image noise). Time of flight is associated with inherent improvements in signal-to-noise ratio. In lieu of time of flight capabilities, the Omni provides software corrections in the form of a pre-trained neural network (trained on non-ToF to ToF). With such corrections, average performance is competitive when compared to ToF systems. Further validation is required to optimize clinical imaging protocols and hyperparameters associated with such software corrections and to examine the effect of non-linear corrections with varying target size, particularly for real world, clinical scans.
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Submitted 11 August, 2023;
originally announced August 2023.
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Highly-parallelized simulation of a pixelated LArTPC on a GPU
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
C. Alt,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson
, et al. (1282 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The rapid development of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is allowing the implementation of highly-parallelized Monte Carlo simulation chains for particle physics experiments. This technique is particularly suitable for the simulation of a pixelated charge readout for time projection chambers, given the large number of channels that this technology employs. Here we pr…
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The rapid development of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is allowing the implementation of highly-parallelized Monte Carlo simulation chains for particle physics experiments. This technique is particularly suitable for the simulation of a pixelated charge readout for time projection chambers, given the large number of channels that this technology employs. Here we present the first implementation of a full microphysical simulator of a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) equipped with light readout and pixelated charge readout, developed for the DUNE Near Detector. The software is implemented with an end-to-end set of GPU-optimized algorithms. The algorithms have been written in Python and translated into CUDA kernels using Numba, a just-in-time compiler for a subset of Python and NumPy instructions. The GPU implementation achieves a speed up of four orders of magnitude compared with the equivalent CPU version. The simulation of the current induced on $10^3$ pixels takes around 1 ms on the GPU, compared with approximately 10 s on the CPU. The results of the simulation are compared against data from a pixel-readout LArTPC prototype.
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Submitted 28 February, 2023; v1 submitted 19 December, 2022;
originally announced December 2022.
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Identification and reconstruction of low-energy electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
C. Alt,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson
, et al. (1235 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Measurements of electrons from $ν_e$ interactions are crucial for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) neutrino oscillation program, as well as searches for physics beyond the standard model, supernova neutrino detection, and solar neutrino measurements. This article describes the selection and reconstruction of low-energy (Michel) electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector. ProtoDUNE-SP is…
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Measurements of electrons from $ν_e$ interactions are crucial for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) neutrino oscillation program, as well as searches for physics beyond the standard model, supernova neutrino detection, and solar neutrino measurements. This article describes the selection and reconstruction of low-energy (Michel) electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector. ProtoDUNE-SP is one of the prototypes for the DUNE far detector, built and operated at CERN as a charged particle test beam experiment. A sample of low-energy electrons produced by the decay of cosmic muons is selected with a purity of 95%. This sample is used to calibrate the low-energy electron energy scale with two techniques. An electron energy calibration based on a cosmic ray muon sample uses calibration constants derived from measured and simulated cosmic ray muon events. Another calibration technique makes use of the theoretically well-understood Michel electron energy spectrum to convert reconstructed charge to electron energy. In addition, the effects of detector response to low-energy electron energy scale and its resolution including readout electronics threshold effects are quantified. Finally, the relation between the theoretical and reconstructed low-energy electron energy spectrum is derived and the energy resolution is characterized. The low-energy electron selection presented here accounts for about 75% of the total electron deposited energy. After the addition of lost energy using a Monte Carlo simulation, the energy resolution improves from about 40% to 25% at 50~MeV. These results are used to validate the expected capabilities of the DUNE far detector to reconstruct low-energy electrons.
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Submitted 31 May, 2023; v1 submitted 2 November, 2022;
originally announced November 2022.
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Reconstruction of interactions in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector with Pandora
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
C. Adriano,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
B. Aimard,
F. Akbar,
B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. AlRashed,
C. Alt,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
P. Amedo
, et al. (1203 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a char…
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The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/$c$ charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1$\pm0.6$% and 84.1$\pm0.6$%, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation.
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Submitted 17 July, 2023; v1 submitted 29 June, 2022;
originally announced June 2022.
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Separation of track- and shower-like energy deposits in ProtoDUNE-SP using a convolutional neural network
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
B. Aimard,
B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh,
T. Alion,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. AlRashed,
C. Alt,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson
, et al. (1204 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Liquid argon time projection chamber detector technology provides high spatial and calorimetric resolutions on the charged particles traversing liquid argon. As a result, the technology has been used in a number of recent neutrino experiments, and is the technology of choice for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform high precision measurements of neutrinos in the det…
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Liquid argon time projection chamber detector technology provides high spatial and calorimetric resolutions on the charged particles traversing liquid argon. As a result, the technology has been used in a number of recent neutrino experiments, and is the technology of choice for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform high precision measurements of neutrinos in the detector, final state particles need to be effectively identified, and their energy accurately reconstructed. This article proposes an algorithm based on a convolutional neural network to perform the classification of energy deposits and reconstructed particles as track-like or arising from electromagnetic cascades. Results from testing the algorithm on data from ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype of the DUNE far detector, are presented. The network identifies track- and shower-like particles, as well as Michel electrons, with high efficiency. The performance of the algorithm is consistent between data and simulation.
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Submitted 30 June, 2022; v1 submitted 31 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Scintillation light detection in the 6-m drift-length ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon TPC
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
B. Aimard,
B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh,
T. Alion,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. AlRashed,
C. Alt,
A. Alton,
R. Alvarez,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson
, et al. (1202 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
DUNE is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6x6x6m3 liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019-2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and…
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DUNE is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6x6x6m3 liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019-2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and scintillation light. The scintillation light signal in these detectors can provide the trigger for non-beam events. In addition, it adds precise timing capabilities and improves the calorimetry measurements. In ProtoDUNE-DP, scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7 m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, the ProtoDUNE-DP photon detection system performance is evaluated with a particular focus on the different wavelength shifters, such as PEN and TPB, and the use of Xe-doped LAr, considering its future use in giant LArTPCs. The scintillation light production and propagation processes are analyzed and a comparison of simulation to data is performed, improving understanding of the liquid argon properties
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Submitted 3 June, 2022; v1 submitted 30 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Directional Detection of Dark Matter Using Solid-State Quantum Sensing
Authors:
Reza Ebadi,
Mason C. Marshall,
David F. Phillips,
Johannes Cremer,
Tao Zhou,
Michael Titze,
Pauli Kehayias,
Maziar Saleh Ziabari,
Nazar Delegan,
Surjeet Rajendran,
Alexander O. Sushkov,
F. Joseph Heremans,
Edward S. Bielejec,
Martin V. Holt,
Ronald L. Walsworth
Abstract:
Next-generation dark matter (DM) detectors searching for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) will be sensitive to coherent scattering from solar neutrinos, demanding an efficient background-signal discrimination tool. Directional detectors improve sensitivity to WIMP DM despite the irreducible neutrino background. Wide-bandgap semiconductors offer a path to directional detection in a high…
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Next-generation dark matter (DM) detectors searching for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) will be sensitive to coherent scattering from solar neutrinos, demanding an efficient background-signal discrimination tool. Directional detectors improve sensitivity to WIMP DM despite the irreducible neutrino background. Wide-bandgap semiconductors offer a path to directional detection in a high-density target material. A detector of this type operates in a hybrid mode. The WIMP or neutrino-induced nuclear recoil is detected using real-time charge, phonon, or photon collection. The directional signal, however, is imprinted as a durable sub-micron damage track in the lattice structure. This directional signal can be read out by a variety of atomic physics techniques, from point defect quantum sensing to x-ray microscopy. In this white paper, we present the detector principle and review the status of the experimental techniques required for directional readout of nuclear recoil tracks. Specifically, we focus on diamond as a target material; it is both a leading platform for emerging quantum technologies and a promising component of next-generation semiconductor electronics. Based on the development and demonstration of directional readout in diamond over the next decade, a future WIMP detector will leverage or motivate advances in multiple disciplines towards precision dark matter and neutrino physics.
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Submitted 14 June, 2023; v1 submitted 11 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Low-Energy Physics in Neutrino LArTPCs
Authors:
D. Caratelli,
W. Foreman,
A. Friedland,
S. Gardiner,
I. Gil-Botella,
G. Karagiorgi,
M. Kirby,
G. Lehmann Miotto,
B. R. Littlejohn,
M. Mooney,
J. Reichenbacher,
A. Sousa,
K. Scholberg,
J. Yu,
T. Yang,
S. Andringa,
J. Asaadi,
T. J. C. Bezerra,
F. Capozzi,
F. Cavanna,
E. Church,
A. Himmel,
T. Junk,
J. Klein,
I. Lepetic
, et al. (264 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In this white paper, we outline some of the scientific opportunities and challenges related to detection and reconstruction of low-energy (less than 100 MeV) signatures in liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) detectors. Key takeaways are summarized as follows. 1) LArTPCs have unique sensitivity to a range of physics and astrophysics signatures via detection of event features at and below…
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In this white paper, we outline some of the scientific opportunities and challenges related to detection and reconstruction of low-energy (less than 100 MeV) signatures in liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) detectors. Key takeaways are summarized as follows. 1) LArTPCs have unique sensitivity to a range of physics and astrophysics signatures via detection of event features at and below the few tens of MeV range. 2) Low-energy signatures are an integral part of GeV-scale accelerator neutrino interaction final states, and their reconstruction can enhance the oscillation physics sensitivities of LArTPC experiments. 3) BSM signals from accelerator and natural sources also generate diverse signatures in the low-energy range, and reconstruction of these signatures can increase the breadth of BSM scenarios accessible in LArTPC-based searches. 4) Neutrino interaction cross sections and other nuclear physics processes in argon relevant to sub-hundred-MeV LArTPC signatures are poorly understood. Improved theory and experimental measurements are needed. Pion decay-at-rest sources and charged particle and neutron test beams are ideal facilities for experimentally improving this understanding. 5) There are specific calibration needs in the low-energy range, as well as specific needs for control and understanding of radiological and cosmogenic backgrounds. 6) Novel ideas for future LArTPC technology that enhance low-energy capabilities should be explored. These include novel charge enhancement and readout systems, enhanced photon detection, low radioactivity argon, and xenon doping. 7) Low-energy signatures, whether steady-state or part of a supernova burst or larger GeV-scale event topology, have specific triggering, DAQ and reconstruction requirements that must be addressed outside the scope of conventional GeV-scale data collection and analysis pathways.
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Submitted 1 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Low exposure long-baseline neutrino oscillation sensitivity of the DUNE experiment
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
B. Aimard,
B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh,
T. Alion,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. AlRashed,
C. Alt,
A. Alton,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. Andreotti
, et al. (1132 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will produce world-leading neutrino oscillation measurements over the lifetime of the experiment. In this work, we explore DUNE's sensitivity to observe charge-parity violation (CPV) in the neutrino sector, and to resolve the mass ordering, for exposures of up to 100 kiloton-megawatt-years (kt-MW-yr). The analysis includes detailed uncertainties on t…
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The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will produce world-leading neutrino oscillation measurements over the lifetime of the experiment. In this work, we explore DUNE's sensitivity to observe charge-parity violation (CPV) in the neutrino sector, and to resolve the mass ordering, for exposures of up to 100 kiloton-megawatt-years (kt-MW-yr). The analysis includes detailed uncertainties on the flux prediction, the neutrino interaction model, and detector effects. We demonstrate that DUNE will be able to unambiguously resolve the neutrino mass ordering at a 3$σ$ (5$σ$) level, with a 66 (100) kt-MW-yr far detector exposure, and has the ability to make strong statements at significantly shorter exposures depending on the true value of other oscillation parameters. We also show that DUNE has the potential to make a robust measurement of CPV at a 3$σ$ level with a 100 kt-MW-yr exposure for the maximally CP-violating values $δ_{\rm CP}} = \pmπ/2$. Additionally, the dependence of DUNE's sensitivity on the exposure taken in neutrino-enhanced and antineutrino-enhanced running is discussed. An equal fraction of exposure taken in each beam mode is found to be close to optimal when considered over the entire space of interest.
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Submitted 3 September, 2021;
originally announced September 2021.
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The role of grounded conducting pointy objects during Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements (TGEs)
Authors:
Maribeth Stolzenburg,
Thomas C. Marshall
Abstract:
A mechanism for increased fluxes of high energy particles detected in Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements (TGEs) is suggested. When the electric field Eambient at the ground beneath thunderstorms reaches modest magnitudes (6 -12 kV/m), corona discharge occurs from the tips of some grounded conducting pointy objects (GCPOs). Past theory and modeling of prolate semi-ellipsoidal GCPOs suggest the corona…
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A mechanism for increased fluxes of high energy particles detected in Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements (TGEs) is suggested. When the electric field Eambient at the ground beneath thunderstorms reaches modest magnitudes (6 -12 kV/m), corona discharge occurs from the tips of some grounded conducting pointy objects (GCPOs). Past theory and modeling of prolate semi-ellipsoidal GCPOs suggest the corona threshold value for free electron availability via seed electron detachment is E = 67 V/m/Pa at the tip. The field enhancement, Etip/Eambient, at the GCPO tip depends only on its length:tip radius of curvature ratio. Thus, Etip at all GCPOs is substantially enhanced by Eambient, whether or not they are in corona. Cosmic ray electrons striking these pointy tips will gain MeV energies. These high energy electrons may be detected with instrumentation located nearby, or they may produce gamma rays via bremsstrahlung within the tips before being detected, thereby contributing to TGEs.
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Submitted 22 September, 2021; v1 submitted 9 August, 2021;
originally announced August 2021.
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Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
M. R. Adames,
G. Adamov,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
J. Aguilar,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh,
T. Alion,
K. Allison,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
C. Alt,
A. Alton,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. Andreotti,
M. P. Andrews
, et al. (1158 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA.…
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The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector incorporates full-size components as designed for DUNE and has an active volume of $7\times 6\times 7.2$~m$^3$. The H4 beam delivers incident particles with well-measured momenta and high-purity particle identification. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation between 2018 and 2020 demonstrates the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. This paper describes the design, construction, assembly and operation of the detector components.
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Submitted 23 September, 2021; v1 submitted 4 August, 2021;
originally announced August 2021.
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High-precision mapping of diamond crystal strain using quantum interferometry
Authors:
Mason C. Marshall,
Reza Ebadi,
Connor Hart,
Matthew J. Turner,
Mark J. H. Ku,
David F. Phillips,
Ronald L. Walsworth
Abstract:
Crystal strain variation imposes significant limitations on many quantum sensing and information applications for solid-state defect qubits in diamond. Thus, precision measurement and control of diamond crystal strain is a key challenge. Here, we report diamond strain measurements with a unique set of capabilities, including micron-scale spatial resolution, millimeter-scale field-of-view, and a tw…
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Crystal strain variation imposes significant limitations on many quantum sensing and information applications for solid-state defect qubits in diamond. Thus, precision measurement and control of diamond crystal strain is a key challenge. Here, we report diamond strain measurements with a unique set of capabilities, including micron-scale spatial resolution, millimeter-scale field-of-view, and a two order-of-magnitude improvement in volume-normalized sensitivity over previous work [1], reaching $5(2) \times 10^{-8}/\sqrt{\rm{Hz}\cdot\rm{μm}^3}$ (with spin-strain coupling coefficients representing the dominant systematic uncertainty). We use strain-sensitive spin-state interferometry on ensembles of nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in single-crystal CVD bulk diamond with low strain gradients. This quantum interferometry technique provides insensitivity to magnetic-field inhomogeneity from the electronic and nuclear spin bath, thereby enabling long NV ensemble electronic spin dephasing times and enhanced strain sensitivity. We demonstrate the strain-sensitive measurement protocol first on a scanning confocal laser microscope, providing quantitative measurement of sensitivity as well as three-dimensional strain mapping; and second on a wide-field imaging quantum diamond microscope (QDM). Our strain microscopy technique enables fast, sensitive characterization for diamond material engineering and nanofabrication; as well as diamond-based sensing of strains applied externally, as in diamond anvil cells or embedded diamond stress sensors, or internally, as by crystal damage due to particle-induced nuclear recoils.
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Submitted 12 October, 2022; v1 submitted 31 July, 2021;
originally announced August 2021.
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Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector Conceptual Design Report
Authors:
A. Abed Abud,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
G. Adamov,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
T. Alion,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
M. Alrashed,
C. Alt,
A. Alton,
P. Amedo,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. P. Andrews,
F. Andrianala,
S. Andringa,
N. Anfimov,
A. Ankowski,
M. Antonova,
S. Antusch
, et al. (1041 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This report describes the conceptual design of the DUNE near detector
This report describes the conceptual design of the DUNE near detector
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Submitted 25 March, 2021;
originally announced March 2021.
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Scanning X-ray Diffraction Microscopy for Diamond Quantum Sensing
Authors:
Mason C. Marshall,
David F. Phillips,
Matthew J. Turner,
Mark J. H. Ku,
Tao Zhou,
Nazar Delegan,
F. Joseph Heremans,
Martin V. Holt,
Ronald L. Walsworth
Abstract:
Understanding nano- and micro-scale crystal strain in CVD diamond is crucial to the advancement of diamond quantum technologies. In particular, the presence of such strain and its characterization present a challenge to diamond-based quantum sensing and information applications -- as well as for future dark matter detectors where directional information of incoming particles is encoded in crystal…
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Understanding nano- and micro-scale crystal strain in CVD diamond is crucial to the advancement of diamond quantum technologies. In particular, the presence of such strain and its characterization present a challenge to diamond-based quantum sensing and information applications -- as well as for future dark matter detectors where directional information of incoming particles is encoded in crystal strain. Here, we exploit nanofocused scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy to quantitatively measure crystal deformation from defects in diamond with high spatial and strain resolution. Combining information from multiple Bragg angles allows stereoscopic three-dimensional modeling of strain feature geometry; the diffraction results are validated via comparison to optical measurements of the strain tensor based on spin-state-dependent spectroscopy of ensembles of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in the diamond. Our results demonstrate both strain and spatial resolution sufficient for directional detection of dark matter via X-ray measurement of crystal strain, and provide a promising tool for diamond growth analysis and improvement of defect-based sensing.
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Submitted 14 October, 2022; v1 submitted 15 March, 2021;
originally announced March 2021.
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Directional detection of dark matter with diamond
Authors:
Mason C. Marshall,
Matthew J. Turner,
Mark J. H. Ku,
David F. Phillips,
Ronald L. Walsworth
Abstract:
Searches for WIMP dark matter will in the near future be sensitive to solar neutrinos. Directional detection offers a method to reject solar neutrinos and improve WIMP searches, but reaching that sensitivity with existing directional detectors poses challenges. We propose a combined atomic/particle physics approach using a large-volume diamond detector. WIMP candidate events trigger a particle det…
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Searches for WIMP dark matter will in the near future be sensitive to solar neutrinos. Directional detection offers a method to reject solar neutrinos and improve WIMP searches, but reaching that sensitivity with existing directional detectors poses challenges. We propose a combined atomic/particle physics approach using a large-volume diamond detector. WIMP candidate events trigger a particle detector, after which spectroscopy of nitrogen vacancy centers reads out the direction of the incoming particle. We discuss the current state of technologies required to realize directional detection in diamond and present a path towards a detector with sensitivity below the neutrino floor.
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Submitted 3 March, 2021; v1 submitted 2 September, 2020;
originally announced September 2020.
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Supernova Neutrino Burst Detection with the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
Authors:
DUNE collaboration,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
G. Adamov,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
T. Alion,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
C. Alt,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. P. Andrews,
F. Andrianala,
S. Andringa,
A. Ankowski,
M. Antonova,
S. Antusch,
A. Aranda-Fernandez,
A. Ariga,
L. O. Arnold,
M. A. Arroyave,
J. Asaadi
, et al. (949 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a 40-kton underground liquid argon time projection chamber experiment, will be sensitive to the electron-neutrino flavor component of the burst of neutrinos expected from the next Galactic core-collapse supernova. Such an observation will bring unique insight into the astrophysics of core collapse as well as into the properties of neutrinos. The gen…
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The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a 40-kton underground liquid argon time projection chamber experiment, will be sensitive to the electron-neutrino flavor component of the burst of neutrinos expected from the next Galactic core-collapse supernova. Such an observation will bring unique insight into the astrophysics of core collapse as well as into the properties of neutrinos. The general capabilities of DUNE for neutrino detection in the relevant few- to few-tens-of-MeV neutrino energy range will be described. As an example, DUNE's ability to constrain the $ν_e$ spectral parameters of the neutrino burst will be considered.
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Submitted 29 May, 2021; v1 submitted 15 August, 2020;
originally announced August 2020.
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Benchmarking boron carbide equation of state using computation and experiment
Authors:
Shuai Zhang,
Michelle C. Marshall,
Lin H. Yang,
Philip A. Sterne,
Burkhard Militzer,
Markus Daene,
James A. Gaffney,
Andrew Shamp,
Tadashi Ogitsu,
Kyle Caspersen,
Amy E. Lazicki,
David Erskine,
Richard A. London,
Peter M. Celliers,
Joseph Nilsen,
Heather D. Whitley
Abstract:
Boron carbide (B$_4$C) is of both fundamental scientific and practical interest in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high energy density physics experiments. We report the results of a comprehensive computational study of the equation of state (EOS) of B$_4$C in the liquid, warm dense matter, and plasma phases. Our calculations are cross-validated by comparisons with Hugoniot measurements up t…
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Boron carbide (B$_4$C) is of both fundamental scientific and practical interest in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high energy density physics experiments. We report the results of a comprehensive computational study of the equation of state (EOS) of B$_4$C in the liquid, warm dense matter, and plasma phases. Our calculations are cross-validated by comparisons with Hugoniot measurements up to 61 megabar from planar shock experiments performed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Our computational methods include path integral Monte Carlo, activity expansion, as well as all-electron Green's function Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker and molecular dynamics that are both based on density functional theory. We calculate the pressure-internal energy EOS of B$_4$C over a broad range of temperatures ($\sim$6$\times$10$^3$--5$\times$10$^8$ K) and densities (0.025--50 g/cm$^{3}$). We assess that the largest discrepancies between theoretical predictions are $\lesssim$5% near the compression maximum at 1--2$\times10^6$ K. This is the warm-dense state in which the K shell significantly ionizes and has posed grand challenges to theory and experiment. By comparing with different EOS models, we find a Purgatorio model (LEOS 2122) that agrees with our calculations. The maximum discrepancies in pressure between our first-principles predictions and LEOS 2122 are $\sim$18% and occur at temperatures between 6$\times$10$^3$--2$\times$10$^5$ K, which we believe originate from differences in the ion thermal term and the cold curve that are modeled in LEOS 2122 in comparison with our first-principles calculations. In addition, we have developed three new equation of state models and applied them to 1D hydrodynamic simulations of a polar direct-drive NIF implosion, demonstrating that these new models are now available for future ICF design studies.
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Submitted 3 August, 2020;
originally announced August 2020.
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First results on ProtoDUNE-SP liquid argon time projection chamber performance from a beam test at the CERN Neutrino Platform
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
B. Abi,
A. Abed Abud,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
G. Adamov,
M. Adamowski,
D. Adams,
P. Adrien,
M. Adinolfi,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
T. Alion,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
C. Alt,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. P. Andrews,
F. Andrianala,
S. Andringa,
A. Ankowski,
M. Antonova,
S. Antusch,
A. Aranda-Fernandez,
A. Ariga
, et al. (970 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber with an active volume of $7.2\times 6.0\times 6.9$ m$^3$. It is installed at the CERN Neutrino Platform in a specially-constructed beam that delivers charged pions, kaons, protons, muons and electrons with momenta in the range 0.3 GeV$/c$ to 7 GeV/$c$. Beam line instrumentation provides accurate momentum measurements…
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The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber with an active volume of $7.2\times 6.0\times 6.9$ m$^3$. It is installed at the CERN Neutrino Platform in a specially-constructed beam that delivers charged pions, kaons, protons, muons and electrons with momenta in the range 0.3 GeV$/c$ to 7 GeV/$c$. Beam line instrumentation provides accurate momentum measurements and particle identification. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, and it incorporates full-size components as designed for that module. This paper describes the beam line, the time projection chamber, the photon detectors, the cosmic-ray tagger, the signal processing and particle reconstruction. It presents the first results on ProtoDUNE-SP's performance, including noise and gain measurements, $dE/dx$ calibration for muons, protons, pions and electrons, drift electron lifetime measurements, and photon detector noise, signal sensitivity and time resolution measurements. The measured values meet or exceed the specifications for the DUNE far detector, in several cases by large margins. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation starting in 2018 and its production of large samples of high-quality data demonstrate the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design.
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Submitted 3 June, 2021; v1 submitted 13 July, 2020;
originally announced July 2020.
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Optimization of the JUNO liquid scintillator composition using a Daya Bay antineutrino detector
Authors:
Daya Bay,
JUNO collaborations,
:,
A. Abusleme,
T. Adam,
S. Ahmad,
S. Aiello,
M. Akram,
N. Ali,
F. P. An,
G. P. An,
Q. An,
G. Andronico,
N. Anfimov,
V. Antonelli,
T. Antoshkina,
B. Asavapibhop,
J. P. A. M. de André,
A. Babic,
A. B. Balantekin,
W. Baldini,
M. Baldoncini,
H. R. Band,
A. Barresi,
E. Baussan
, et al. (642 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
To maximize the light yield of the liquid scintillator (LS) for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 t LS sample was produced in a pilot plant at Daya Bay. The optical properties of the new LS in various compositions were studied by replacing the gadolinium-loaded LS in one antineutrino detector. The concentrations of the fluor, PPO, and the wavelength shifter, bis-MSB, were…
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To maximize the light yield of the liquid scintillator (LS) for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 t LS sample was produced in a pilot plant at Daya Bay. The optical properties of the new LS in various compositions were studied by replacing the gadolinium-loaded LS in one antineutrino detector. The concentrations of the fluor, PPO, and the wavelength shifter, bis-MSB, were increased in 12 steps from 0.5 g/L and <0.01 mg/L to 4 g/L and 13 mg/L, respectively. The numbers of total detected photoelectrons suggest that, with the optically purified solvent, the bis-MSB concentration does not need to be more than 4 mg/L. To bridge the one order of magnitude in the detector size difference between Daya Bay and JUNO, the Daya Bay data were used to tune the parameters of a newly developed optical model. Then, the model and tuned parameters were used in the JUNO simulation. This enabled to determine the optimal composition for the JUNO LS: purified solvent LAB with 2.5 g/L PPO, and 1 to 4 mg/L bis-MSB.
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Submitted 1 July, 2020;
originally announced July 2020.
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Search For Electron-Antineutrinos Associated With Gravitational-Wave Events GW150914, GW151012, GW151226, GW170104, GW170608, GW170814, and GW170817 at Daya Bay
Authors:
F. P. An,
A. B. Balantekin,
H. R. Band,
M. Bishai,
S. Blyth,
G. F. Cao,
J. Cao,
J. F. Chang,
Y. Chang,
H. S. Chen,
S. M. Chen,
Y. Chen,
Y. X. Chen,
J. Cheng,
Z. K. Cheng,
J. J. Cherwinka,
M. C. Chu,
J. P. Cummings,
O. Dalager,
F. S. Deng,
Y. Y. Ding,
M. V. Diwan,
T. Dohnal,
J. Dove,
M. Dvorak
, et al. (161 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Providing a possible connection between neutrino emission and gravitational-wave (GW) bursts is important to our understanding of the physical processes that occur when black holes or neutron stars merge. In the Daya Bay experiment, using data collected from December 2011 to August 2017, a search has been performed for electron-antineutrino signals coinciding with detected GW events, including GW1…
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Providing a possible connection between neutrino emission and gravitational-wave (GW) bursts is important to our understanding of the physical processes that occur when black holes or neutron stars merge. In the Daya Bay experiment, using data collected from December 2011 to August 2017, a search has been performed for electron-antineutrino signals coinciding with detected GW events, including GW150914, GW151012, GW151226, GW170104, GW170608, GW170814, and GW170817. We used three time windows of $\mathrm{\pm 10~s}$, $\mathrm{\pm 500~s}$, and $\mathrm{\pm 1000~s}$ relative to the occurrence of the GW events, and a neutrino energy range of 1.8 to 100 MeV to search for correlated neutrino candidates. The detected electron-antineutrino candidates are consistent with the expected background rates for all the three time windows. Assuming monochromatic spectra, we found upper limits (90% confidence level) on electron-antineutrino fluence of $(1.13~-~2.44) \times 10^{11}~\rm{cm^{-2}}$ at 5 MeV to $8.0 \times 10^{7}~\rm{cm^{-2}}$ at 100 MeV for the three time windows. Under the assumption of a Fermi-Dirac spectrum, the upper limits were found to be $(5.4~-~7.0)\times 10^{9}~\rm{cm^{-2}}$ for the three time windows.
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Submitted 14 September, 2020; v1 submitted 27 June, 2020;
originally announced June 2020.
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Neutrino interaction classification with a convolutional neural network in the DUNE far detector
Authors:
DUNE Collaboration,
B. Abi,
R. Acciarri,
M. A. Acero,
G. Adamov,
D. Adams,
M. Adinolfi,
Z. Ahmad,
J. Ahmed,
T. Alion,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
C. Alt,
J. Anderson,
C. Andreopoulos,
M. P. Andrews,
F. Andrianala,
S. Andringa,
A. Ankowski,
M. Antonova,
S. Antusch,
A. Aranda-Fernandez,
A. Ariga,
L. O. Arnold,
M. A. Arroyave,
J. Asaadi
, et al. (951 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment is a next-generation neutrino oscillation experiment that aims to measure $CP$-violation in the neutrino sector as part of a wider physics program. A deep learning approach based on a convolutional neural network has been developed to provide highly efficient and pure selections of electron neutrino and muon neutrino charged-current interactions. The electr…
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The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment is a next-generation neutrino oscillation experiment that aims to measure $CP$-violation in the neutrino sector as part of a wider physics program. A deep learning approach based on a convolutional neural network has been developed to provide highly efficient and pure selections of electron neutrino and muon neutrino charged-current interactions. The electron neutrino (antineutrino) selection efficiency peaks at 90% (94%) and exceeds 85% (90%) for reconstructed neutrino energies between 2-5 GeV. The muon neutrino (antineutrino) event selection is found to have a maximum efficiency of 96% (97%) and exceeds 90% (95%) efficiency for reconstructed neutrino energies above 2 GeV. When considering all electron neutrino and antineutrino interactions as signal, a selection purity of 90% is achieved. These event selections are critical to maximize the sensitivity of the experiment to $CP$-violating effects.
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Submitted 10 November, 2020; v1 submitted 26 June, 2020;
originally announced June 2020.