Showing 1–50 of 214 results for author: Cho, S

Discontinuous transition in explosive percolation via local suppression

Authors: Young Sul Cho

Abstract: We study an explosive percolation model in which a link is randomly added and neighboring nodes sequentially rewire their links to suppress the growth of large clusters. In this manner, the rewiring nodes spread outward starting from the initial node closest to the added link. We show that a discontinuous transition emerges even when the total number of rewiring nodes after each link addition is f… ▽ More We study an explosive percolation model in which a link is randomly added and neighboring nodes sequentially rewire their links to suppress the growth of large clusters. In this manner, the rewiring nodes spread outward starting from the initial node closest to the added link. We show that a discontinuous transition emerges even when the total number of rewiring nodes after each link addition is finite. This finding implies that adding a link using the information of the cluster sizes attached to a finite set of link candidates (local information) can lead to a discontinuous transition if link rewiring is allowed. This result thus extends the previous result that a discontinuous transition arises only when a link is added using the information of the cluster sizes attached to an infinite number of link candidates (global information) in the absence of rewiring. △ Less

Submitted 15 December, 2025; v1 submitted 12 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 8 pages, 7 figures

Strain Engineering of van Hove Singularity and Coupled Itinerant Ferromagnetism in Quasi-2D Oxide Superlattices

Authors: Seung Gyo Jeong, Minjae Kim, Jin Young Oh, Youngeun Ham, In Hyeok Choi, Seong Won Cho, Jihyun Kim, Huimin Jeong, Byungmin Sohn, Tuson Park, Suyoun Lee, Jong Seok Lee, Deok-Yong Cho, Bongjae Kim, Woo Seok Choi

Abstract: Engineering van Hove singularities (vHss) near the Fermi level, if feasible, offers a powerful route to control exotic quantum phases in electronic and magnetic behaviors. However, conventional approaches, which rely primarily on chemical and electrical doping, focus mainly on local electrical or optical measurements, limiting their applicability to coupled functionalities. In this study, a vHs-in… ▽ More Engineering van Hove singularities (vHss) near the Fermi level, if feasible, offers a powerful route to control exotic quantum phases in electronic and magnetic behaviors. However, conventional approaches, which rely primarily on chemical and electrical doping, focus mainly on local electrical or optical measurements, limiting their applicability to coupled functionalities. In this study, a vHs-induced insulator-metal transition coupled with a ferromagnetic phase transition was empirically achieved in atomically designed quasi-2D SrRuO3 (SRO) superlattices via epitaxial strain engineering, which has not been observed in conventional 3D SRO systems. Theoretical calculations revealed that epitaxial strain effectively modulates the strength and energy positions of vHs of specific Ru orbitals, driving correlated phase transitions in the electronic and magnetic ground states. X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed the anisotropic electronic structure of quasi-2D SRO modulated by epitaxial strain. Magneto-optic Kerr effect and electrical transport measurements demonstrated modulated magnetic and electronic phases. Furthermore, magneto-electrical measurements detected significant anomalous Hall effect signals and ferromagnetic magnetoresistance, indicating the presence of magnetically coupled charge carriers in the 2D metallic regime. This study establishes strain engineering as a promising platform for tuning vHss and resultant itinerant ferromagnetism of low-dimensional correlated quantum systems. △ Less

Submitted 28 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 29 pages, 3 figures

Journal ref: published 2025

Strong interlayer coupling and chiral flat-band cascades in twisted bilayer gratings

Authors: Daegwang Choi, Soon-Jae Lee, Seung-Woon Cho, Chan Bin Bark, Seik Pak, Dong-Jin Shin, Moon Jip Park, Su-Hyun Gong

Abstract: From atomic crystals to macroscopic material structures, twisted bilayer systems have emerged as a promising route to control wave phenomena. In few-layer van der Waals (vdW) materials, however, the intrinsically weak interlayer coupling typically demands fine control of small twist angles to reach magic-angle conditions. Here, we show that one-dimensional photonic crystal bilayers can overcome th… ▽ More From atomic crystals to macroscopic material structures, twisted bilayer systems have emerged as a promising route to control wave phenomena. In few-layer van der Waals (vdW) materials, however, the intrinsically weak interlayer coupling typically demands fine control of small twist angles to reach magic-angle conditions. Here, we show that one-dimensional photonic crystal bilayers can overcome this limitation by accessing a regime of strong interlayer coupling -- comparable to intralayer coupling. This strong coupling enables flat-band formation over a broad angular range even at large twist angles. We experimentally realize this regime by stacking WS$_2$ gratings using a two-step lithography method, resulting in ultra-wide chiral flat-band cascades in magic-angle twisted bilayer gratings. Our work not only provides a platform for designing photonic applications with tunable localization but also explores a new regime of physics unattainable in conventional solid-state based moiré systems. △ Less

Submitted 8 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures, 5 extended figures, supplementary materials

Understanding Polaronic Transport in Anatase TiO2 Films by Combining Precise Synthesis and First-Principles Many-Body Theory

Authors: F. Liu, Z. Yang, Y. Luo, S. Guo, C. Zhang, S. Choo, X. Xu, X. Wang, K. A. Mkhoyan, M. Bernardi, B. Jalan

Abstract: In complex oxides, charge carriers often couple strongly with lattice vibrations to form polarons-entangled electron-phonon quasiparticles whose transport properties remain difficult to characterize. Experimental access to intrinsic polaronic transport requires ultraclean samples, while theoretical descriptions demand methods beyond low-order perturbation theory. Here, we combine the growth of hig… ▽ More In complex oxides, charge carriers often couple strongly with lattice vibrations to form polarons-entangled electron-phonon quasiparticles whose transport properties remain difficult to characterize. Experimental access to intrinsic polaronic transport requires ultraclean samples, while theoretical descriptions demand methods beyond low-order perturbation theory. Here, we combine the growth of high-quality oxygen-vacancy-doped anatase TiO2 films by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with a first-principles electron-phonon diagrammatic Monte Carlo (FEP-DMC) framework recently developed for accurate polaron predictions. Our films exhibit record-high electron mobility for anatase TiO2, in excellent agreement with FEP-DMC calculations conducted prior to experiment, which predict a room-temperature mobility of 45 +/- 15 cm2V-1s-1 and a mobility-temperature scaling of mobility proportional to T^(-1.9 +/- 0.077). Microscopic analysis using scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the role of oxygen vacancies in modulating transport at lower temperatures. FEP-DMC further provides quantitative insight into polaron formation energy, phonon cloud distribution, lattice distortion around the polaron, and the polaronic contribution to mobility. Together, these results establish a predictive theory-experiment workflow to characterize polarons and provide a microscopic understanding of large-polaron transport in anatase TiO2, with broader implications for complex oxides and other polaronic materials. △ Less

Submitted 8 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 4 figures

Hybrid MBE Route to Adsorption-Controlled Growth of BaTiO3 Membranes with Robust Polarization Switching

Authors: S. Choo, S. Varshney, J. Shah, A. K. Manjeshwar, D. K. Lee, K. A. Mkhoyan, R. D. James, B. Jalan

Abstract: Freestanding ferroelectric membranes are promising for flexible electronics, nonvolatile memory, photonics, and spintronics, but their synthesis is challenged by the need for reproducibility with precise stoichiometric control. Here, we demonstrate the adsorption-controlled growth of single-crystalline, epitaxial BaTiO3 films by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on a binary oxide sacrificial lay… ▽ More Freestanding ferroelectric membranes are promising for flexible electronics, nonvolatile memory, photonics, and spintronics, but their synthesis is challenged by the need for reproducibility with precise stoichiometric control. Here, we demonstrate the adsorption-controlled growth of single-crystalline, epitaxial BaTiO3 films by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on a binary oxide sacrificial layer. Using a simple water-droplet lift-off method, we obtained submillimeter- to millimeter-sized membranes that retained crystallinity, as confirmed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction, and exhibited robust tetragonal symmetry by Raman spectroscopy. Impedance spectroscopy confirmed a high dielectric constant of 1340, reflecting the robust dielectric response of the membranes. Ferroelectric functionality was revealed by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and further verified by polarization-electric field (P-E) loop measurements with Positive-Up-Negative-Down (PUND). The P-E loops exhibited a remnant polarization of 5 microC cm-2 and a coercive field of 63 kV cm-1. These results were interpreted in relation to c- and a-domain configurations. These results establish hybrid MBE as a generalizable route for producing stoichiometry-controlled ferroelectric membranes, enabling their integration into next-generation flexible and multifunctional quantum oxide devices. △ Less

Submitted 4 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 22 pages 4 figures

Air-Stable Room-Temperature Quasi-2D Tin Iodide Perovskite Microlasers

Authors: Sangyeon Cho, Wenhao Shao, Jeong Hui Kim, Letian Dou, Seok-Hyun Yun

Abstract: Quasi-2D tin iodide perovskites (TIPs) are promising lead-free alternatives for optoelectronic applications, but achieving stable lasing remains challenging due to their limited environmental stability. Here, we report air-stable, room-temperature lasing from quasi-2D TIP microcrystals as small as 4 μm. Incorporation of the organic spacer 5IPA3 significantly enhanced the stability of these materia… ▽ More Quasi-2D tin iodide perovskites (TIPs) are promising lead-free alternatives for optoelectronic applications, but achieving stable lasing remains challenging due to their limited environmental stability. Here, we report air-stable, room-temperature lasing from quasi-2D TIP microcrystals as small as 4 μm. Incorporation of the organic spacer 5IPA3 significantly enhanced the stability of these materials compared to previously reported TIPs. Lasing was observed from both dielectric (n=4) and plasmonic (n=3 and n=4) TIP microlasers. Under picosecond pumping, lasing was sustained for over 10^8 pump pulses in ambient conditions. These results represent a significant step toward practical photonic applications of tin-based perovskites. △ Less

Submitted 10 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Discontinuous percolation via suppression of neighboring clusters in a network

Authors: Young Sul Cho

Abstract: Our recent study on the Bethe lattice reported that a discontinuous percolation transition emerges as the number of occupied links increases and each node rewires its links to locally suppress the growth of neighboring clusters. However, since the Bethe lattice is a tree, a macroscopic cluster forms as an infinite spanning tree but does not contain a finite fraction of the nodes. In this paper, we… ▽ More Our recent study on the Bethe lattice reported that a discontinuous percolation transition emerges as the number of occupied links increases and each node rewires its links to locally suppress the growth of neighboring clusters. However, since the Bethe lattice is a tree, a macroscopic cluster forms as an infinite spanning tree but does not contain a finite fraction of the nodes. In this paper, we study a bipartite network that can be regarded as a locally tree-like structure with long-range neighbors. In this network, each node in one of the two partitions is allowed to rewire its links to nodes in the other partition to suppress the growth of neighboring clusters. We observe a discontinuous percolation transition characterized by the emergence of a single macroscopic cluster containing a finite fraction of nodes, followed by critical behavior of the cluster size distribution. We also provide an analytical explanation of the underlying mechanism. △ Less

Submitted 2 December, 2025; v1 submitted 3 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 9 pages, 8 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. E 112, 054315 (2025)

Thermodynamic analysis of diverse percolation transitions

Authors: Seonghyeon Moon, Young Sul Cho

Abstract: This work extends the thermodynamic analysis of random bond percolation to explosive and hybrid percolation models. We show that this thermodynamic analysis is well applicable to both explosive and hybrid percolation models by using the critical exponents $α$ and $δ$ obtained from scaling relations with previously measured values of $β$ and $γ$ within the error range. As a result, Rushbrooke inequ… ▽ More This work extends the thermodynamic analysis of random bond percolation to explosive and hybrid percolation models. We show that this thermodynamic analysis is well applicable to both explosive and hybrid percolation models by using the critical exponents $α$ and $δ$ obtained from scaling relations with previously measured values of $β$ and $γ$ within the error range. As a result, Rushbrooke inequality holds as an equality, $α+ 2β+ γ= 2$, in both explosive and hybrid percolation models, where $α> 0$ leads to the divergence of specific heats at the critical points. Remarkably, entropy clearly reveals a continuous decrease even in a finite-sized explosive percolation model, unlike the order parameter. In contrast, entropy decreases discontinuously during a discontinuous transition in a hybrid percolation model, resembling the heat outflow during discontinuous transitions in thermal systems. △ Less

Submitted 18 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 25 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 198, 116491 (2025)

Stochastic elastohydrodynamics of soft valves

Authors: Mengfei He, Sungkyu Cho, Gianna Dafflisio, Sitaram Emani, L. Mahadevan

Abstract: Soft valves serve to modulate and rectify flows in complex vasculatures across the tree of life, e.g. in the heart of every human reading this. Here we consider a minimal physical model of the heart mitral valve modeled as a flexible conical shell capable of flow rectification via collapse and coaptation in an impinging (reverse) flow. Our experiments show that the complex elastohydrodynamics of c… ▽ More Soft valves serve to modulate and rectify flows in complex vasculatures across the tree of life, e.g. in the heart of every human reading this. Here we consider a minimal physical model of the heart mitral valve modeled as a flexible conical shell capable of flow rectification via collapse and coaptation in an impinging (reverse) flow. Our experiments show that the complex elastohydrodynamics of closure features a noise-activated rectification mechanism. A minimal theoretical model allows us to rationalize our observations while illuminating a dynamical bifurcation driven by stochastic hydrodynamic forces. Our theory also suggests a way to trigger the coaptation of soft valves on demand, which we corroborate using experiments, suggesting a design principle for their efficient operation. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2025; v1 submitted 11 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: Corrected typographical errors in figure and equation references between the main text and supplementary information

Curvature-Controlled Polarization in Adaptive Ferroelectric Membranes

Authors: Greta Segantini, Ludovica Tovaglieri, Chang Jae Roh, Chih-Ying Hsu, Seongwoo Cho, Ralph Bulanadi, Petr Ondrejkovic, Pavel Marton, Jirka Hlinka, Stefano Gariglio, Duncan T. L. Alexander, Patrycja Paruch, Jean-Marc Triscone, Céline Lichtensteiger, Andrea D. Caviglia

Abstract: In this study, we explore the ferroelectric domain structure and mechanical properties of PbTiO$_3$-based membranes, which develops a well-ordered and crystallographic-oriented ripple pattern upon release from their growth substrate. The ferrolectric domain structure of the PbTiO$_3$ layer was examined at various length scales using optical second harmonic generation, piezoresponse force microscop… ▽ More In this study, we explore the ferroelectric domain structure and mechanical properties of PbTiO$_3$-based membranes, which develops a well-ordered and crystallographic-oriented ripple pattern upon release from their growth substrate. The ferrolectric domain structure of the PbTiO$_3$ layer was examined at various length scales using optical second harmonic generation, piezoresponse force microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. These methods reveal the presence of purely in-plane domains organized into superdomains at the crest of the ripples, while an in-plane/out-of-plane domain structure was observed in the flat regions separating the ripples, in agreement with phase-field simulations. The mechanical properties of the membrane were assessed using contact resonance force microscopy, which identified distinct mechanical behaviors at the ripples compared to the flat regions. This study shows that the physical properties of the ferroelectric layer in membranes can be locally controlled within an ordered array of ripples, with well-defined geometric characteristics. △ Less

Submitted 7 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 15 pages, 6 figures

Interfacial strong coupling and negative dispersion of propagating polaritons in freestanding oxide membranes

Authors: Brayden Lukaskawcez, Shivasheesh Varshney, Sooho Choo, Sang Hyun Park, Dongjea Seo, Liam Thompson, Nitzan Hirshberg, Madison Garber, Devon Uram, Hayden Binger, Steven Koester, Sang-Hyun Oh, Tony Low, Bharat Jalan, Alexander McLeod

Abstract: Membranes of complex oxides like perovskite SrTiO3 extend the multi-functional promise of oxide electronics into the nanoscale regime of two-dimensional materials. Here we demonstrate that free-standing oxide membranes supply a reconfigurable platform for nano-photonics based on propagating surface phonon polaritons. We apply infrared near-field imaging and -spectroscopy enabled by a tunable ultra… ▽ More Membranes of complex oxides like perovskite SrTiO3 extend the multi-functional promise of oxide electronics into the nanoscale regime of two-dimensional materials. Here we demonstrate that free-standing oxide membranes supply a reconfigurable platform for nano-photonics based on propagating surface phonon polaritons. We apply infrared near-field imaging and -spectroscopy enabled by a tunable ultrafast laser to study pristine nano-thick SrTiO3 membranes prepared by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy. As predicted by coupled mode theory, we find that strong coupling of interfacial polaritons realizes symmetric and antisymmetric hybridized modes with simultaneously tunable negative and positive group velocities. By resolving reflection of these propagating modes from membrane edges, defects, and substrate structures, we quantify their dispersion with position-resolved nano-spectroscopy. Remarkably, we find polariton negative dispersion is both robust and tunable through choice of membrane dielectric environment and thickness and propose a novel design for in-plane Veselago lensing harnessing this control. Our work lays the foundation for tunable transformation optics at the nanoscale using polaritons in a wide range of freestanding complex oxide membranes. △ Less

Submitted 27 June, 2025; v1 submitted 2 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Main text: 30 pages, 5 figures. Supplementary information: 21 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables

Emergence of Giant Magnetic Chirality during Dimensionality Crossover of Magnetic Materials

Authors: Dae-Yun Kim, Yun-Seok Nam, Younghak Kim, Kyoung-Whan Kim, Gyungchoon Go, Seong-Hyub Lee, Joon Moon, Jun-Young Chang, Ah-Yeon Lee, Seung-Young Park, Byoung-Chul Min, Kyung-Jin Lee, Hyunsoo Yang, Duck-Ho Kim, Sug-Bong Choe

Abstract: Chirality, an intrinsic preference for a specific handedness, is a fundamental characteristic observed in nature. In magnetism, magnetic chirality arises from the anti-symmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in competition with the symmetric Heisenberg exchange interaction. Traditionally, the anti-symmetric interaction has been considered minor relative to the symmetric interaction. In this st… ▽ More Chirality, an intrinsic preference for a specific handedness, is a fundamental characteristic observed in nature. In magnetism, magnetic chirality arises from the anti-symmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in competition with the symmetric Heisenberg exchange interaction. Traditionally, the anti-symmetric interaction has been considered minor relative to the symmetric interaction. In this study, we demonstrate an observation of giant magnetic chirality during the dimensionality crossover of magnetic materials from three-dimensional to two-dimensional. The ratio between the anti-symmetric and symmetric interactions exhibits a reversal in their dominance over this crossover, overturning the traditional consideration. This observation is validated theoretically using a non-local interaction model and tight-binding calculation with distinct pairing schemes for each exchange interaction throughout the crossover. Additional experiments investigating the asphericity of orbital moments corroborate the robustness of our findings. Our findings highlight the critical role of dimensionality in shaping magnetic chirality and offer strategies for engineering chiral magnet states with unprecedented strength, desired for the design of spintronic materials. △ Less

Submitted 6 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 4 figures

Quantum entanglement entropy and Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid to liquid transition in biquadratic spin-1 XY chain with rhombic single-ion anisotropy

Authors: Yan-Wei Dai, Yao Heng Su, Sam Young Cho, Huan-Qiang Zhou

Abstract: Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) are investigated in biquadratic spin-$1$ XY chain with rhombic single-ion anisotropy by using the ground state energy (GE), the bipartite entanglement entropy (BEE), and the mutual information (MI). It turns out that there are three spin nematic phases and two Tomonaga-Luttinger (TL) liquid phases with the central charge $c = 1$. The TL Liquid phases emerge roughly… ▽ More Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) are investigated in biquadratic spin-$1$ XY chain with rhombic single-ion anisotropy by using the ground state energy (GE), the bipartite entanglement entropy (BEE), and the mutual information (MI). It turns out that there are three spin nematic phases and two Tomonaga-Luttinger (TL) liquid phases with the central charge $c = 1$. The TL Liquid phases emerge roughly for biquadratic interaction strength two times stronger than the absolute value of the single-ion anisotropy. The GE and the derivatives up to the second order reveal a first-order QPT between spin nematic ferroquarupole (FQ) phases but cannot capture an evident signal of QPTs between the spin nematic phases and the TL Liquid phases as well as QPT between the two TL liquid phases. The TL liquid-to-liquid transition point features a highly degenerate state and the spin-block entanglement entropy increases logarithmically with block size. The BEE exhibits a divergent or convergent behavior identifying the TL Liquid or spin nematic FQ phases, respectively. Similarly, the MI and the spin-spin correlation are shown to decay algebraically or exponentially with increasing the lattice distance in the TL Liquid or spin nematic FQ phases, respectively. In the TL liquid phase, the exponents $η_I$ and $η_z$ of the MI and the spin-spin correlation vary with the interaction parameter of the biquadratic interaction strength and the rhombic single-ion anisotropy and satisfy the relationship of $η_z <η_I$. Such changes of characteristic behavior of the BEE, the MI and the spin-spin correlation indicate an occurrence of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT)-type QPT between the TL Liquid phase and the spin nematic FQ phase. The staggered spin fluctuation $\langle S^x S^y \rangle$ is shown to play a significant role for the emergence of the TL liquid phase and thus give rise to the BKT-type QPT. △ Less

Submitted 1 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 14 pages, 11 figures

Wigner-Yanase skew information, quantum entanglement and spin nematic quantum phase transitions in biquadratic spin-1 and spin-2 XY chains with single-ion anisotropies

Authors: Yan-Wei Dai, Sheng-Hao Li, Sam Young Cho, Huan-Qiang Zhou

Abstract: Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) between uniaxial or biaxial spin nematic (SN) phases are investigated in biquadratic spin-1 and spin-2 XY infinite chains with the rhombic- and uniaxial-type single-ion anisotropies. Systematic discussions of distinctive singular behaviors are made to classify various types of QPT from one SN state to the other SN state in using the Wigner-Yanase skew information (… ▽ More Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) between uniaxial or biaxial spin nematic (SN) phases are investigated in biquadratic spin-1 and spin-2 XY infinite chains with the rhombic- and uniaxial-type single-ion anisotropies. Systematic discussions of distinctive singular behaviors are made to classify various types of QPT from one SN state to the other SN state in using the Wigner-Yanase skew information (WYSI), the bipartite entanglement entropy (BEE), and the quadrupole moments (QMs). For the spin-1 system with the three uniaxial SN phases, we find that a discontinuous QPT, signaled by discontinuous behaviors of all the considered WYSI, BEE, and QMs, occurs from the z-ferroquadrupole phase (FQP) to the x- or y-FQPs, while a continuous QPT occurs between the x- and y-FQPs. The central charge in the continuous QPT line is estimated as $c \simeq 1$ from the BEE. Compared to the spin-1 system, depending on a given strength of the uniaxial-type single-ion anisotropy, the spin-2 system undergoes four different types of QPTs between the two biaxial SN phases as the rhombic-type anisotropy varies: the quantum crossovers, connecting the two orthogonal biaxial SN states adiabatically without an explicit phase transition, the continuous and the discontinuous QPTs, and the SN to magnetic transitions via the antiferromagnetic phase (AFP). In a sharp contrast to the spin-1 system, for the transitions between the two biaxial SN phases, the discontinuous transition line is classified as a topological phase characterized by a doubly degenerate entanglement spectrum and a string order parameter defined by the Cartan generator of the $\mathrm{SO}(5)$ symmetry group in spin-2 systems, while the continuous QPT is advocated by the central charge $c \simeq 1$. Whereas the QPT lines with $c \simeq 1/2$ indicate that the transition between the biaxial SN phase and the AFP belongs to the Ising universality class. △ Less

Submitted 15 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 23 pages, 26 figures

Surface plasmon-mediated photoluminescence boost in graphene-covered CsPbBr$_3$ quantum dots

Authors: Youngsin Park, Elham Oleiki, Guanhua Ying, Atanu Jana, Mutibah Alanazi, Vitaly Osokin, Sangeun Cho, Robert A. Taylorb, Geunsik Lee

Abstract: The optical properties of graphene (Gr)-covered CsPbBr$_3$ quantum dots (QDs) were investigated using micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy, revealing a remarkable three-orders-of-magnitude enhancement in photoluminescence (PL) intensity compared to bare CsPbBr$_3$ QDs. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we combined experimental techniques with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. D… ▽ More The optical properties of graphene (Gr)-covered CsPbBr$_3$ quantum dots (QDs) were investigated using micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy, revealing a remarkable three-orders-of-magnitude enhancement in photoluminescence (PL) intensity compared to bare CsPbBr$_3$ QDs. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we combined experimental techniques with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT simulations showed that the graphene layer generates interfacial electrostatic potential barriers when in contact with the CsPbBr$_3$ surface, impeding carrier leakage from perovskite to graphene and enhancing radiative recombination. Additionally, graphene passivates CsPbBr$_3$ surface defect states, suppressing nonradiative recombination of photo-generated carriers. Our study also revealed that graphene becomes n-doped upon contact with CsPbBr$_3$ QDs, activating its plasmon mode. This mode resonantly couples with photo-generated excitons in the perovskite. The momentum mismatch between graphene plasmons and free-space photons is resolved through plasmon scattering at Gr/CsPbBr$_3$ interface corrugations, facilitating the observed super-bright emission. These findings highlight the critical role of graphene as a top contact in dramatically enhancing CsPbBr$_3$ QDs' PL. Our work advances the understanding of graphene-perovskite interfaces and opens new avenues for designing high-efficiency optoelectronic devices. The multifaceted enhancement mechanisms uncovered provide valuable insights for future research in nanophotonics and materials science, potentially leading to breakthroughs in light-emitting technologies. △ Less

Submitted 22 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 33 pages

Explosive percolation on the Bethe lattice is ordinary

Authors: Young Sul Cho

Abstract: The Achlioptas process, which suppresses the aggregation of large-sized clusters, can exhibit an explosive percolation (EP) where the order parameter emerges abruptly yet continuously in the thermodynamic limit. It is known that EP is accompanied by an abnormally small critical exponent of the order parameter. In this paper, we report that a novel type of EP occurs on a Bethe lattice, where the cr… ▽ More The Achlioptas process, which suppresses the aggregation of large-sized clusters, can exhibit an explosive percolation (EP) where the order parameter emerges abruptly yet continuously in the thermodynamic limit. It is known that EP is accompanied by an abnormally small critical exponent of the order parameter. In this paper, we report that a novel type of EP occurs on a Bethe lattice, where the critical exponent of the order parameter is the same as in ordinary bond percolation based on numerical analysis. This is likely due to the property of a finite Bethe lattice that the number of sites on the surface with only one neighbor is extensive to the system size. To overcome this finite size effect, we consider an approximate size of the cluster that each site on the surface along its branch belongs to, and accordingly approximate the sizes of an extensive number of clusters during simulation. As a result, the Achlioptas process becomes ineffective and the order parameter behaves like that of ordinary percolation at the threshold. We support this result by measuring other critical exponents as well. △ Less

Submitted 16 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: Eur. Phys. J. B 97, 58 (2024)

Link rewiring with local information--induced hybrid percolation transitions

Authors: Young Sul Cho

Abstract: When a link is occupied to restrict the growth of large clusters using the size information of a finite number of finite clusters, so-called local information, an abrupt but continuous transition is exhibited. We report here that a hybrid transition can occur if each node rewires its links to restrict the growth of large clusters using local information continuously up to a finite number of rewiri… ▽ More When a link is occupied to restrict the growth of large clusters using the size information of a finite number of finite clusters, so-called local information, an abrupt but continuous transition is exhibited. We report here that a hybrid transition can occur if each node rewires its links to restrict the growth of large clusters using local information continuously up to a finite number of rewirings. For example, on a branch of a Bethe lattice with coordination number $4$, each node rewires its outgoing links to its descendants several times in ascending order of cluster size to reach a steady state. Then a hybrid transition with nontrivial critical exponents occurs as a function of the link fraction at the steady state. We observe this phenomenon even on a Bethe lattice without hierarchy, supporting that such a phenomenon may occur on diverse tree networks with finite degrees. △ Less

Submitted 16 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 10 pages, 8 figures

Journal ref: Sci. Adv. 11, eadt0355 (2025)

Machine Learning-Enhanced Design of Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Materials Using Density Functional Theory

Authors: Upendra Kumar, Hyeon Woo Kim, Gyanendra Kumar Maurya, Bincy Babu Raj, Sobhit Singh, Ajay Kumar Kushwaha, Sung Beom Cho, Hyunseok Ko

Abstract: The investigation of emerging non-toxic perovskite materials has been undertaken to advance the fabrication of environmentally sustainable lead-free perovskite solar cells. This study introduces a machine learning methodology aimed at predicting innovative halide perovskite materials that hold promise for use in photovoltaic applications. The seven newly predicted materials are as follows: CsMnCl… ▽ More The investigation of emerging non-toxic perovskite materials has been undertaken to advance the fabrication of environmentally sustainable lead-free perovskite solar cells. This study introduces a machine learning methodology aimed at predicting innovative halide perovskite materials that hold promise for use in photovoltaic applications. The seven newly predicted materials are as follows: CsMnCl$_4$, Rb$_3$Mn$_2$Cl$_9$, Rb$_4$MnCl$_6$, Rb$_3$MnCl$_5$, RbMn$_2$Cl$_7$, RbMn$_4$Cl$_9$, and CsIn$_2$Cl$_7$. The predicted compounds are first screened using a machine learning approach, and their validity is subsequently verified through density functional theory calculations. CsMnCl$_4$ is notable among them, displaying a bandgap of 1.37 eV, falling within the Shockley-Queisser limit, making it suitable for photovoltaic applications. Through the integration of machine learning and density functional theory, this study presents a methodology that is more effective and thorough for the discovery and design of materials. △ Less

Submitted 22 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Dimensionality Engineering of Magnetic Anisotropy from Anomalous Hall Effect in Synthetic SrRuO3 Crystals

Authors: Seung Gyo Jeong, Seong Won Cho, Sehwan Song, Jin Young Oh, Do Gyeom Jeong, Gyeongtak Han, Hu Young Jeong, Ahmed Yousef Mohamed, Woo-suk Noh, Sungkyun Park, Jong Seok Lee, Suyoun Lee, Young-Min Kim, Deok-Yong Cho, Woo Seok Choi

Abstract: Magnetic anisotropy in atomically thin correlated heterostructures is essential for exploring quantum magnetic phases for next-generation spintronics. Whereas previous studies have mostly focused on van der Waals systems, here, we investigate the impact of dimensionality of epitaxially-grown correlated oxides down to the monolayer limit on structural, magnetic, and orbital anisotropies. By designi… ▽ More Magnetic anisotropy in atomically thin correlated heterostructures is essential for exploring quantum magnetic phases for next-generation spintronics. Whereas previous studies have mostly focused on van der Waals systems, here, we investigate the impact of dimensionality of epitaxially-grown correlated oxides down to the monolayer limit on structural, magnetic, and orbital anisotropies. By designing oxide superlattices with a correlated ferromagnetic SrRuO3 and nonmagnetic SrTiO3 layers, we observed modulated ferromagnetic behavior with the change of the SrRuO3 thickness. Especially, for three-unit-cell-thick layers, we observe a significant 1,500% improvement of coercive field in the anomalous Hall effect, which cannot be solely attributed to the dimensional crossover in ferromagnetism. The atomic-scale heterostructures further reveal the systematic modulation of anisotropy for the lattice structure and orbital hybridization, explaining the enhanced magnetic anisotropy. Our findings provide valuable insights into engineering the anisotropic hybridization of synthetic magnetic crystals, offering a tunable spin order for various applications. △ Less

Submitted 3 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 23 pages

Journal ref: published 2024

Evidence of surface $p$-wave superconductivity and higher-order topology in MoTe$_2$

Authors: Sangyun Lee, Myungjun Kang, Duk Y. Kim, Jihyun Kim, Suyeon Cho, Sangmo Cheon, Tuson Park

Abstract: Exploration of nontrivial superconductivity and electronic band topology is at the core of condensed matter physics and applications to quantum information. The transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) MoTe$_2$ has been proposed as an ideal candidate to explore the interplay between topology and superconductivity, but their studies remain limited regarding the required high-pressure environments. He… ▽ More Exploration of nontrivial superconductivity and electronic band topology is at the core of condensed matter physics and applications to quantum information. The transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) MoTe$_2$ has been proposed as an ideal candidate to explore the interplay between topology and superconductivity, but their studies remain limited regarding the required high-pressure environments. Here, we observe proximity-induced surface $p$-wave superconductivity, and investigate the higher-order topological nature of MoTe$_2$ in its 1T$'$ phase, which emerges from the T$_d$ phase through a high-pressure-induced topological phase transition. Using surface-sensitive soft-point-contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy, we confirm the emergence of surface $s+p$-wave superconductivity via the BTK model as well as a zero-bias conductance peak. Such surface $p$-wave superconductivity emerges via the proximity effect between an $s$-wave superconducting band and a second-order topological band, which is protected by the time-reversal and inversion symmetries. The temperature dependence of the surface $p$-wave superconducting gap shows a correlation with that of the bulk $s$-wave gap, as well as its suppression by an external magnetic field or a reduction in pressure, implying its proximity-induced origin. Moreover, we suggest that the topological hinge states, derived from second-order topological bands, evolve into zero-energy Majorana corner states in this proximity-effect-induced third-order topological superconducting phase. These results demonstrate the potential realization of topological superconductivity in MoTe$_2$, thus opening a pathway for studying various topological natures of TMDC materials. △ Less

Submitted 14 May, 2025; v1 submitted 11 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Epitaxially Grown Single-Crystalline SrTiO3 Membranes Using a Solution-Processed, Amorphous SrCa2Al2O6 Sacrificial Layer

Authors: Shivasheesh Varshney, Martí Ramis, Sooho Choo, Mariona Coll, Bharat Jalan

Abstract: Water-soluble sacrificial layers based on epitaxially-grown, single crystalline (Ca, Sr, Ba)3Al2O6 layer are widely used for creating free-standing perovskite oxide membranes. However, obtaining these sacrificial layers with intricate stoichiometry remains a challenge, especially for molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In this study, we demonstrate the hybrid MBE growth of epitaxial, single crystalline… ▽ More Water-soluble sacrificial layers based on epitaxially-grown, single crystalline (Ca, Sr, Ba)3Al2O6 layer are widely used for creating free-standing perovskite oxide membranes. However, obtaining these sacrificial layers with intricate stoichiometry remains a challenge, especially for molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In this study, we demonstrate the hybrid MBE growth of epitaxial, single crystalline SrTiO3 films using a solution processed, amorphous SrCa2Al2O6 sacrificial layer onto SrTiO3 (001) substrates. Prior to the growth, the oxygen plasma exposure was used to first create the crystalline SrCa2Al2O6 layer with well-defined surface crystallinity. Utilizing reflection high energy electron diffraction, x-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy, we observe an atomic layer-by-layer growth of epitaxial, single crystalline SrTiO3 film on the SrCa2Al2O6 layer with atomically smooth surfaces. The SrCa2Al2O6 layer was subsequently dissolved in de-ionized water to create free-standing SrTiO3 membranes that were transferred onto a metal-coated Si wafer. Membranes created with Sr-deficiency revealed ferroelectric-like behavior measured using piezo force microscopy whereas stoichiometric films remained paraelectric-like. These findings underscore the viability of using ex-situ deposited amorphous SrCa2Al2O6 for epitaxial, single crystalline growth, as well as the importance of point defects in determining the ferroic properties in membranes. △ Less

Submitted 16 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 16 pages

Unveiling the charge density wave mechanism in vanadium-based Bi-layered kagome metals

Authors: Yi-Chen Yang, Soohyun Cho, Tong-Rui Li, Xiang-Qi Liu, Zheng-Tai Liu, Zhi-Cheng Jiang, Jian-Yang Ding, Wei Xia, Zi-Cheng Tao, Jia-Yu Liu, Wen-Chuan Jing, Yu Huang, Yu-Ming Shi, Soonsang Huh, Takeshi Kondo, Zhe Sun, Ji-Shan Liu, Mao Ye, Yi-Lin Wang, Yan-Feng Guo, Da-Wei Shen

Abstract: The charge density wave (CDW), as a hallmark of vanadium-based kagome superconductor AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, Cs), has attracted intensive attention. However, the fundamental controversy regarding the underlying mechanism of CDW therein persists. Recently, the vanadium-based bi-layered kagome metal ScV6Sn6, reported to exhibit a long-range charge order below 94 K, has emerged as a promising candidate to… ▽ More The charge density wave (CDW), as a hallmark of vanadium-based kagome superconductor AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, Cs), has attracted intensive attention. However, the fundamental controversy regarding the underlying mechanism of CDW therein persists. Recently, the vanadium-based bi-layered kagome metal ScV6Sn6, reported to exhibit a long-range charge order below 94 K, has emerged as a promising candidate to further clarify this core issue. Here, employing micro-focusing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (μ-ARPES) and first-principles calculations, we systematically studied the unique CDW order in vanadium-based bi-layered kagome metals by comparing ScV6Sn6 with its isostructural counterpart YV6Sn6, which lacks a CDW ground state. Combining ARPES data and the corresponding joint density of states (DOS), we suggest that the VHS nesting mechanism might be invalid in these materials. Besides, in ScV6Sn6, we identified multiple hybridization energy gaps resulting from CDW-induced band folding, along with an anomalous band dispersion, implying a potential electron-phonon coupling driven mechanism underlying the formation of the CDW order. Our finding not only comprehensively maps the electronic structure of V-based bi-layer kagome metals but also provide constructive experimental evidence for the unique origin of CDW in this system. △ Less

Submitted 6 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 14 pages, 5 figures

Fast and Facile Synthesis Route to Epitaxial Oxide Membrane Using a Sacrificial Layer

Authors: Shivasheesh Varshney, Sooho Choo, Liam Thompson, Zhifei Yang, Jay Shah, Jiaxuan Wen, Steven J. Koester, K. Andre Mkhoyan, Alexander McLeod, Bharat Jalan

Abstract: The advancement in thin-film exfoliation for synthesizing oxide membranes has opened up new possibilities for creating artificially-assembled heterostructures with structurally and chemically incompatible materials. The sacrificial layer method is a promising approach to exfoliate as-grown films from a compatible material system, allowing their integration with dissimilar materials. Nonetheless, t… ▽ More The advancement in thin-film exfoliation for synthesizing oxide membranes has opened up new possibilities for creating artificially-assembled heterostructures with structurally and chemically incompatible materials. The sacrificial layer method is a promising approach to exfoliate as-grown films from a compatible material system, allowing their integration with dissimilar materials. Nonetheless, the conventional sacrificial layers often possess intricate stoichiometry, thereby constraining their practicality and adaptability, particularly when considering techniques like Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). This is where easy-to-grow binary alkaline earth metal oxides with a rock salt crystal structure are useful. These oxides, which include (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)O, can be used as a sacrificial layer covering a much broader range of lattice parameters compared to conventional sacrificial layers and are easily dissolvable in deionized water. In this study, we show the epitaxial growth of single-crystalline perovskite SrTiO3 (STO) on sacrificial layers consisting of crystalline SrO, BaO, and Ba1-xCaxO films, employing a hybrid MBE method. Our results highlight the rapid (< 5 minutes) dissolution of the sacrificial layer when immersed in deionized water, facilitating the fabrication of millimeter-sized STO membranes. Using high-resolution x-ray diffraction, atomic-force microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (SNOM), we demonstrate epitaxial STO membranes with bulk-like intrinsic dielectric properties. The employment of alkaline earth metal oxides as sacrificial layers is likely to simplify membrane synthesis, particularly with MBE, thus expanding research possibilities. △ Less

Submitted 19 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 36 pages, 4 figures

Investigation of the mechanism of the anomalous Hall effects in Cr2Te3/(BiSb)2(TeSe)3 heterostructure

Authors: Seong Won Cho, In Hak Lee, Youngwoong Lee, Sangheon Kim, Yeong Gwang Khim, Seung-Young Park, Younghun Jo, Junwoo Choi, Seungwu Han, Young Jun Chang, Suyoun Lee

Abstract: The interplay between ferromagnetism and the non-trivial topology has unveiled intriguing phases in the transport of charges and spins. For example, it is consistently observed the so-called topological Hall effect (THE) featuring a hump structure in the curve of the Hall resistance (Rxy) vs. a magnetic field (H) of a heterostructure consisting of a ferromagnet (FM) and a topological insulator (TI… ▽ More The interplay between ferromagnetism and the non-trivial topology has unveiled intriguing phases in the transport of charges and spins. For example, it is consistently observed the so-called topological Hall effect (THE) featuring a hump structure in the curve of the Hall resistance (Rxy) vs. a magnetic field (H) of a heterostructure consisting of a ferromagnet (FM) and a topological insulator (TI). The origin of the hump structure is still controversial between the topological Hall effect model and the multi-component anomalous Hall effect (AHE) model. In this work, we have investigated a heterostructure consisting of BixSb2-xTeySe3-y (BSTS) and Cr2Te3 (CT), which are well-known TI and two-dimensional FM, respectively. By using the so-called minor-loop measurement, we have found that the hump structure observed in the CT/BSTS is more likely to originate from two AHE channels. Moreover, by analyzing the scaling behavior of each amplitude of two AHE with the longitudinal resistivities of CT and BSTS, we have found that one AHE is attributed to the extrinsic contribution of CT while the other is due to the intrinsic contribution of BSTS. It implies that the proximity-induced ferromagnetic layer inside BSTS serves as a source of the intrinsic AHE, resulting in the hump structure explained by the two AHE model. △ Less

Submitted 22 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Journal ref: Nano Convergence (2023) 10:11

Direct observation of topological surface states in the layered kagome lattice with broken time-reversal symmetry

Authors: Zhicheng Jiang, Tongrui Li, Jian Yuan, Zhengtai Liu, Zhipeng Cao, Soohyun Cho, Mingfang Shu, Yichen Yang, Jianyang Ding, Zhikai Li, Jiayu Liu, Zhonghao Liu, Jishan Liu, Jie Ma, Zhe Sun, Yanfeng Guo, Dawei Shen

Abstract: Magnetic topological quantum materials display a diverse range of fascinating physical properties which arise from their intrinsic magnetism and the breaking of time-reversal symmetry. However, so far, few examples of intrinsic magnetic topological materials have been confirmed experimentally, which significantly hinder our comprehensive understanding of the abundant physical properties in this sy… ▽ More Magnetic topological quantum materials display a diverse range of fascinating physical properties which arise from their intrinsic magnetism and the breaking of time-reversal symmetry. However, so far, few examples of intrinsic magnetic topological materials have been confirmed experimentally, which significantly hinder our comprehensive understanding of the abundant physical properties in this system. The kagome lattices, which host diversity of electronic structure signatures such as Dirac nodes, flat bands, and saddle points, provide an alternative and promising platform for in-depth investigations into correlations and band topology. In this article, drawing inspiration from the stacking configuration of MnBi$_2$Te$_4$, we conceive and then synthesize a high-quality single crystal EuTi$_3$Bi$_4$, which is a unique natural heterostructure consisting of both topological kagome layers and magnetic interlayers. We investigate the electronic structure of EuTi$_3$Bi$_4$ and uncover distinct features of anisotropic multiple Van Hove singularitie (VHS) that might prevent Fermi surface nesting, leading to the absence of a charge density wave (CDW). In addition, we identify the topological nontrivial surface states that serve as connections between different saddle bands in the vicinity of the Fermi level. Combined with calculations, we establish that, the effective time-reversal symmetry S=$θ$$τ_{1/2}$ play a crucial role in the antiferromagnetic ground state of EuTi$_3$Bi$_4$, which ensures the stability of the topological surface states and gives rise to their intriguing topological nature. Therefore, EuTi$_3$Bi$_4$ offers the rare opportunity to investigate correlated topological states in magnetic kagome materials. △ Less

Submitted 4 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures

Unified framework for hybrid percolation transitions based on microscopic dynamics

Authors: Hoyun Choi, Y. S. Cho, Raissa D'Souza, János Kertész, B. Kahng

Abstract: A hybrid percolation transition (HPT) exhibits both discontinuity of the order parameter and critical behavior at the transition point. Such dynamic transitions can occur in two ways: by cluster pruning with suppression of loop formation of cut links or by cluster merging with suppression of the creation of large clusters. While the microscopic mechanism of the former is understood in detail, a si… ▽ More A hybrid percolation transition (HPT) exhibits both discontinuity of the order parameter and critical behavior at the transition point. Such dynamic transitions can occur in two ways: by cluster pruning with suppression of loop formation of cut links or by cluster merging with suppression of the creation of large clusters. While the microscopic mechanism of the former is understood in detail, a similar framework is missing for the latter. By studying two distinct cluster merging models, we uncover the universal mechanism of the features of HPT-s at a microscopic level. We find that these features occur in three steps: (i) medium-sized clusters accumulate due to the suppression rule hindering the growth of large clusters, (ii) those medium size clusters eventually merge and a giant cluster increases rapidly, and (iii) the suppression effect becomes obsolete and the kinetics is governed by the Erdős-Rényi type of dynamics. We show that during the second and third period, the growth of the largest component must proceed in the form of a Devil's staircase. We characterize the critical behavior by two sets of exponents associated with the order parameter and cluster size distribution, which are related to each other by a scaling relation. Extensive numerical simulations are carried out to support the theory where a specific method is applied for finite-size scaling analysis to enable handling the large fluctuations of the transition point. Our results provide a unified theoretical framework for the HPT. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 15 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables

Report number: 2307.03584

Kagome surface states and weak electronic correlation in vanadium-kagome metals

Authors: Jianyang Ding, Ningning Zhao, Zicheng Tao, Zhe Huang, Zhicheng Jiang, Yichen Yang, Soohyun Cho, Zhengtai Liu, Jishan Liu, Yanfeng Guo, Kai Liu, Zhonghao Liu, Dawei Shen

Abstract: RV6Sn6 (R = Y and lanthanides) with two-dimensional vanadium-kagome surface states is an ideal platform to investigate kagome physics and manipulate the kagome features to realize novel phenomena. Utilizing the micron-scale spatially resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles calculations, we report a systematical study of the electronic structures of RV6Sn6 (R = Gd, T… ▽ More RV6Sn6 (R = Y and lanthanides) with two-dimensional vanadium-kagome surface states is an ideal platform to investigate kagome physics and manipulate the kagome features to realize novel phenomena. Utilizing the micron-scale spatially resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles calculations, we report a systematical study of the electronic structures of RV6Sn6 (R = Gd, Tb, and Lu) on the two cleaved surfaces, i.e., the V- and RSn1-terminated (001) surfaces. The calculated bands without any renormalization match well with the main ARPES dispersive features, indicating the weak electronic correlation in this system. We observe 'W'-like kagome surface states around the Brillouin zone corners showing R-element-dependent intensities, which is probably due to various coupling strengths between V and RSn1 layers. Our finding suggests an avenue for tuning electronic states by interlayer coupling based on two-dimensional kagome lattices. △ Less

Submitted 29 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Designing Pr-based Advanced Photoluminescent Materials using Machine Learning and Density Functional Theory

Authors: Upendra Kumar, Hyeon Woo Kim, Sobhit Singh, Hyunseok Ko, Sung Beom Cho

Abstract: This work presents a machine learning approach to predict novel perovskite oxide materials in the Pr-Al-O and Pr-Sc-O compound families with the potential for photoluminescence applications. The predicted materials exhibit a large bandgap and high Debye temperature, and have remained unexplored thus far. The predicted compounds (Pr$_3$AlO$_6$, Pr$_4$Al$_2$O$_9$, Pr$_3$ScO$_6$ and Pr$_3$Sc$_5$O… ▽ More This work presents a machine learning approach to predict novel perovskite oxide materials in the Pr-Al-O and Pr-Sc-O compound families with the potential for photoluminescence applications. The predicted materials exhibit a large bandgap and high Debye temperature, and have remained unexplored thus far. The predicted compounds (Pr$_3$AlO$_6$, Pr$_4$Al$_2$O$_9$, Pr$_3$ScO$_6$ and Pr$_3$Sc$_5$O$_{12}$) are screened using machine learning approach, which are then confirmed by density functional theory calculations. The study includes the calculation of the bandgap and density of states to determine electronic properties, and the optical absorption and emission spectra to determine optical properties. Mechanical stability of the predicted compounds, as demonstrated by satisfying the Born-Huang criterion. By combining machine learning and density functional theory, this work offers a more efficient and comprehensive approach to materials discovery and design. △ Less

Submitted 20 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Revisiting contrast mechanism of lateral piezoresponse force microscopy

Authors: Jaegyu Kim, Seongwoo Cho, Jiwon Yeom, Seongmun Eom, Seungbum Hong

Abstract: Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) has been widely used for nanoscale analysis of piezoelectric properties and ferroelectric domains. Although PFM is useful because of its simple and nondestructive features, PFM measurements can be obscured by non-piezoelectric effects that could affect the PFM signals or lead to ferroelectric-like behaviors in non-ferroelectric materials. Many researches have a… ▽ More Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) has been widely used for nanoscale analysis of piezoelectric properties and ferroelectric domains. Although PFM is useful because of its simple and nondestructive features, PFM measurements can be obscured by non-piezoelectric effects that could affect the PFM signals or lead to ferroelectric-like behaviors in non-ferroelectric materials. Many researches have addressed related technical issues, but they have primarily focused on vertical PFM. Here, we investigate significant discrepancies of lateral PFM signals between the trace and the retrace scans, which are proportional to the scan angle and the cantilever lateral tilting discrepancy. The discrepancies of PFM signals are analyzed based on intrinsic and extrinsic components, including out-of-plane piezoresponse, electrostatic force, and other factors. Our research will contribute to the accurate PFM measurements for visualization of ferroelectric in-plane polarization distributions. △ Less

Submitted 5 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: 38 pages, 18 figures

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Minimum Domain Size of Ferroelectric Hafnia

Authors: Seokjung Yun, Hoon Kim, Myungsoo Seo, Min-Ho Kang, Taeho Kim, Seongwoo Cho, Min Hyuk Park, Sanghun Jeon, Yang-Kyu Choi, Seungbum Hong

Abstract: Here, we optimized the annealing temperature of HZO/TiN thin film heterostructure via multiscale analysis of remnant polarization, crystallographic phase, minimum ferroelectric domain size, and average grain size. We found that the remnant polarization was closely related to the relative amount of the orthorhombic phase whereas the minimum domain size was to the relative amount of the monoclinic p… ▽ More Here, we optimized the annealing temperature of HZO/TiN thin film heterostructure via multiscale analysis of remnant polarization, crystallographic phase, minimum ferroelectric domain size, and average grain size. We found that the remnant polarization was closely related to the relative amount of the orthorhombic phase whereas the minimum domain size was to the relative amount of the monoclinic phase. The minimum domain size was obtained at the annealing temperature of 500$^\cird$C while the optimum remnant polarization and capacitance at the annealing temperature of 600$^\circ$C. We conclude that the minimum domain size is more important than the sheer magnitude of remnant polarization considering the retention and fatigue of switchable polarization in nanoscale ferroelectric devices. Our results are expected to contribute to the development of ultra-low-power logic transistors and next-generation non-volatile memory devices. △ Less

Submitted 12 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 28 pages, 11 figures, 1 table

Percolation critical exponents in cluster kinetics of pulse-coupled oscillators

Authors: Gangyong Gwon, Young Sul Cho

Abstract: Transient dynamics leading to the synchrony of pulse-coupled oscillators has previously been studied as an aggregation process of synchronous clusters, and a rate equation for the cluster size distribution has been proposed. However, the evolution of the cluster size distribution for general cluster sizes has not been solved yet. In this paper, we study the evolution of the cluster size distributi… ▽ More Transient dynamics leading to the synchrony of pulse-coupled oscillators has previously been studied as an aggregation process of synchronous clusters, and a rate equation for the cluster size distribution has been proposed. However, the evolution of the cluster size distribution for general cluster sizes has not been solved yet. In this paper, we study the evolution of the cluster size distribution from the perspective of a percolation model by regarding the number of aggregations as the number of attached bonds. Specifically, we derive the scaling form of the cluster size distribution with specific values of the critical exponents using the property that the characteristic cluster size diverges as the percolation threshold is approached from below. Through simulation, it is confirmed that the scaling form well explains the evolution of the cluster size distribution. Based on the distribution behavior, we find that a giant cluster of all oscillators is formed discontinuously at the threshold and also that further aggregation does not occur like in a one-dimensional bond percolation model. Finally, we discuss the origin of the discontinuous formation of the giant cluster from the perspective of global suppression in explosive percolation models. For this, we approximate the aggregation process as a cluster--cluster aggregation with a given collision kernel. We believe that the theoretical approach presented in this paper can be used to understand the transient dynamics of a broad range of synchronizations. △ Less

Submitted 2 March, 2023; v1 submitted 16 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: Chaos 33, 033102 (2023)

Direct observation of topological surface state in the topological superconductor 2M-WS2

Authors: Soohyun Cho, Soonsang Huh, Yuqiang Fang, Chenqiang Hua, Hua Bai, Zhicheng Jiang, Zhengtai Liu, Jishan Liu, Zhenhua Chen, Yuto Fukushima, Ayumi Harasawa, Kaishu Kawaguchi, Shik Shin, Takeshi Kondo, Yunhao Lu, Gang Mu, Fuqiang Huang, Dawei Shen

Abstract: The quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect has attracted extensive research interest because of the potential applications in spintronics and quantum computing, which is attributable to two conducting edge channels with opposite spin polarization and the quantized electronic conductance of 2e2/h. Recently, 2M-WS2, a new stable phase of transition metal dichalcogenides with a 2M structure showing an identi… ▽ More The quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect has attracted extensive research interest because of the potential applications in spintronics and quantum computing, which is attributable to two conducting edge channels with opposite spin polarization and the quantized electronic conductance of 2e2/h. Recently, 2M-WS2, a new stable phase of transition metal dichalcogenides with a 2M structure showing an identical layer configuration to that of the monolayer 1T' TMDs, was suggested to be a QSH insulator as well as a superconductor with critical transition temperature around 8 K. Here, high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and spin-resolved ARPES are applied to investigate the electronic and spin structure of the topological surface states (TSS) in the superconducting 2M-WS2. The TSS exhibits characteristic spin-momentum-locking behavior, suggesting the existence of long-sought nontrivial Z2 topological states therein. We expect that 2M-WS2 with co-existing superconductivity and TSS might host the promising Majorana bound states. △ Less

Submitted 13 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Journal ref: Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 22, 8827-8834

Flat bands, non-trivial band topology and electronic nematicity in layered kagome-lattice RbTi$_3$Bi$_5$

Authors: Zhicheng Jiang, Zhengtai Liu, Haiyang Ma, Wei Xia, Zhonghao Liu, Jishan Liu, Soohyun Cho, Yichen Yang, Jianyang Ding, Jiayu Liu, Zhe Huang, Yuxi Qiao, Jiajia Shen, Wenchuan Jing, Xiangqi Liu, Jianpeng Liu, Yanfeng Guo, Dawei Shen

Abstract: Layered kagome-lattice materials with 3$d$ transition metals provide a fertile playground for studies on geometry frustration, band topology and other novel ordered states. A representative class of materials AV$_3$Sb$_5$ (A=K, Rb, Cs) have been proved to possess various unconventional phases such as superconductivity, non-trivial $\mathbb{Z}_2$ band topology, and electronic nematicity, which are… ▽ More Layered kagome-lattice materials with 3$d$ transition metals provide a fertile playground for studies on geometry frustration, band topology and other novel ordered states. A representative class of materials AV$_3$Sb$_5$ (A=K, Rb, Cs) have been proved to possess various unconventional phases such as superconductivity, non-trivial $\mathbb{Z}_2$ band topology, and electronic nematicity, which are intertwined with multiple interlaced charge density waves (CDW). However, the interplay among these novel states and their mechanisms are still elusive. Recently, the discovery of isostructural titanium-based single-crystals ATi$_3$Bi$_5$ (A=K, Rb, Cs), which demonstrate similar multiple exotic states but in the absence of the concomitant intertwined CDW, has been offering an ideal opportunity to disentangle these complex novel states in kagome-lattice. Here, we combine the high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles calculations to systematically investigate the low-lying electronic structure of RbTi$_3$Bi$_5$. For the first time, we experimentally demonstrate the coexistence of flat bands and multiple non-trivial topological states, including type-II Dirac nodal lines and non-trivial $\mathbb{Z}_2$ topological surface states therein. Furthermore, our findings as well provide the hint of rotation symmetry breaking in RbTi$_3$Bi$_5$, suggesting the directionality of the electronic structure and possibility of emerging pure electronic nematicity in this new family of kagome compounds, which may provide important insights into the electronic nematic phase in correlated kagome metals. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures

X-ray Free Electron Laser Studies of Electron and Phonon Dynamics of Graphene Adsorbed on Copper

Authors: Hirohito Ogasawara, Han Wang, Jörgen Gladh, Alessandro Gallo, Ralph Page, Johannes Voss, Alan Luntz, Elias Diesen, Frank Abild-Pedersen, Anders Nilsson, Markus Soldemo, Marc Zajac, Andrew Attar, Michelle E. Chen, Sang Wan Cho, Abhishek Katoch, Ki-Jeong Kim, Kyung Hwan Kim, Minseok Kim, Soonnam Kwon, Sang Han Park, Henrique Ribeiro, Sami Sainio, Hsin-Yi Wang, Cheolhee Yang , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report optical pumping and X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments at the PAL free electron laser that directly probe the electron dynamics of a graphene monolayer adsorbed on copper in the femtosecond regime. By analyzing the results with ab-initio theory we infer that the excitation of graphene is dominated by indirect excitation from hot electron-hole pairs created in the copper by the opt… ▽ More We report optical pumping and X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments at the PAL free electron laser that directly probe the electron dynamics of a graphene monolayer adsorbed on copper in the femtosecond regime. By analyzing the results with ab-initio theory we infer that the excitation of graphene is dominated by indirect excitation from hot electron-hole pairs created in the copper by the optical laser pulse. However, once the excitation is created in graphene, its decay follows a similar path as in many previous studies of graphene adsorbed on semiconductors, i e. rapid excitation of SCOPS (Strongly Coupled Optical Phonons) and eventual thermalization. It is likely that the lifetime of the hot electron-hole pairs in copper governs the lifetime of the electronic excitation of the graphene. △ Less

Submitted 1 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 22 pages, 8 Figures including Supplementary Material

Switchable tribology of ferroelectrics

Authors: Seongwoo Cho, Iaroslav Gaponenko, Kumara Cordero-Edwards, Jordi Barceló-Mercader, Irene Arias, Céline Lichtensteiger, Jiwon Yeom, Loïc Musy, Hyunji Kim, Gustau Catalan, Patrycja Paruch, Seungbum Hong

Abstract: Artificially induced asymmetric tribological properties of ferroelectrics offer an alternative route to visualize and control ferroelectric domains. Here, we observe the switchable friction and wear behavior of ferroelectrics using a nanoscale scanning probe where down domains having lower friction coefficient than up domains can be used as smart masks as they show slower wear rate than up domains… ▽ More Artificially induced asymmetric tribological properties of ferroelectrics offer an alternative route to visualize and control ferroelectric domains. Here, we observe the switchable friction and wear behavior of ferroelectrics using a nanoscale scanning probe where down domains having lower friction coefficient than up domains can be used as smart masks as they show slower wear rate than up domains. This asymmetry is enabled by flexoelectrically coupled polarization in the up and down domains under a sufficiently high contact force. Moreover, we determine that this polarization-sensitive tribological asymmetry is universal across ferroelectrics with different chemical composition and crystalline symmetry. Finally, using this switchable tribology and multi-pass patterning with a domain-based dynamic smart mask, we demonstrate three-dimensional nanostructuring exploiting the asymmetric wear rates of up and down domains, which can, furthermore, be scaled up to technologically relevant (mm-cm) size. These findings establish that ferroelectrics are electrically tunable tribological materials at the nanoscale for versatile applications. △ Less

Submitted 24 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 72 pages, 33 figures

Multiple topological nodal structure in LaSb2 with large linear magnetoresistance

Authors: Y. X. Qiao, Z. C. Tao, F. Y. Wang, Huaiqiang Wang, Z. C. Jiang, Z. T. Liu, Soohyun Cho, F. Y. Zhang, Q. K. Meng, W. Xia, Y. C. Yang, Z. Huang, J. S. Liu, Z. H. Liu, Z. W. Zhu, S. Qiao, Y. F. Guo, Haijun Zhang, Dawei Shen

Abstract: Unconventional fermions in the immensely studied topological semimetals are the source for rich exotic topological properties. Here, using symmetry analysis and first-principles calculations, we propose the coexistence of multiple topological nodal structure in LaSb2, including topological nodal surfaces, nodal lines and in particular eightfold degenerate nodal points, which have been scarcely obs… ▽ More Unconventional fermions in the immensely studied topological semimetals are the source for rich exotic topological properties. Here, using symmetry analysis and first-principles calculations, we propose the coexistence of multiple topological nodal structure in LaSb2, including topological nodal surfaces, nodal lines and in particular eightfold degenerate nodal points, which have been scarcely observed in a single material. Further, utilizing high resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in combination with Shubnikov-de Haas quantum oscillations measurements, we confirm the existence of nodal surfaces and eightfold degenerate nodal points in LaSb2, and extract the π Berry phase proving the non-trivial electronic band structure topology therein. The intriguing multiple topological nodal structure might play a crucial role in giving rise to the large linear magnetoresistance. Our work renews the insights into the exotic topological phenomena in LaSb2 and its analogous. △ Less

Submitted 22 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Observation of electronic nematicity driven by three-dimensional charge density wave in kagome lattice KV$_3$Sb$_5$

Authors: Zhicheng Jiang, Haiyang Ma, Wei Xia, Zhengtai Liu, Qian Xiao, Zhonghao Liu, Yichen Yang, Jianyang Ding, Zhe Huang, Jiayu Liu, Yuxi Qiao, Jishan Liu, Yingying Peng, Soohyun Cho, Yanfeng Guo, Jianpeng Liu, Dawei Shen

Abstract: Kagome superconductors AV$_3$Sb$_5$ (A = K, Rb, Cs) provide a fertile playground for studying intriguing phenomena, including non-trivial band topology, superconductivity, giant anomalous Hall effect and charge density wave (CDW). Recently, a $C_2$ symmetric nematic phase prior to the superconducting state in AV$_3$Sb$_5$ drew enormous attention due to its potential inheritance of the symmetry of… ▽ More Kagome superconductors AV$_3$Sb$_5$ (A = K, Rb, Cs) provide a fertile playground for studying intriguing phenomena, including non-trivial band topology, superconductivity, giant anomalous Hall effect and charge density wave (CDW). Recently, a $C_2$ symmetric nematic phase prior to the superconducting state in AV$_3$Sb$_5$ drew enormous attention due to its potential inheritance of the symmetry of the unusual superconductivity. However, direct evidence on the rotation symmetry breaking of the electronic structure in the CDW state from the reciprocal space is still rare, and the underlying mechanism remains ambiguous. The observation shows unconventional unidirectionality, indicative of rotation symmetry breaking from six-fold to two-fold. The interlayer coupling between adjacent planes with $π$-phase offset in the 2$\times$2$\times$2 CDW phase leads to the preferred two-fold symmetric electronic structure. These rarely observed unidirectional back-folded bands in KV$_3$Sb$_5$ may provide important insights into its peculiar charge order and superconductivity. △ Less

Submitted 15 June, 2023; v1 submitted 2 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Translocation of a single Arg9 peptide across a DOPC/DOPG(4:1) model membrane using the weighted ensemble method

Authors: Seungho Choe

Abstract: It is difficult to observe a spontaneous translocation of cell-penetrating peptides(CPPs) within a short time scale (e.g., a few hundred ns) in all-atom molecular dynamics(MD) simulations because the time required for the translocation of usual CPPs is on the order of minutes or so. In this work, we report a spontaneous translocation of a single Arg$_9$(R9) across a DOPC/DOPG(4:1) model membrane w… ▽ More It is difficult to observe a spontaneous translocation of cell-penetrating peptides(CPPs) within a short time scale (e.g., a few hundred ns) in all-atom molecular dynamics(MD) simulations because the time required for the translocation of usual CPPs is on the order of minutes or so. In this work, we report a spontaneous translocation of a single Arg$_9$(R9) across a DOPC/DOPG(4:1) model membrane within an order of a few tens ns scale by using the weighted ensemble(WE) method. We identify how water molecules and the orientation of Arg$_9$ play a role in translocation. We also show how lipid molecules are transported along with Arg$_9$. In addition, we present free energy profiles of the translocation across the membrane using umbrella sampling and show that a single Arg$_9$ translocation is energetically unfavorable. We expect that the WE method can help study interactions of CPPs with various model membranes within MD simulation approaches. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2023; v1 submitted 29 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: 8 pages, 6 figures with Supplementary Information

Journal ref: Scientific Reports 13, 1168 (2023)

Free-Standing Epitaxial SrTiO$_3$ Nanomembranes via Remote Epitaxy using Hybrid Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Authors: Hyojin Yoon, Tristan K. Truttmann, Fengdeng Liu, Bethany E. Matthews, Sooho Choo, Qun Su, Vivek Saraswat, Sebastian Manzo, Michael S. Arnold, Mark E. Bowden, Jason K. Kawasaki, Steven J. Koester, Steven R. Spurgeon, Scott A. Chambers, Bharat Jalan

Abstract: The epitaxial growth of functional materials using a substrate with a graphene layer is a highly desirable method for improving structural quality and obtaining free-standing epitaxial nano-membranes for scientific study, applications, and economical reuse of substrates. However, the aggressive oxidizing conditions typically employed to grow epitaxial perovskite oxides can damage graphene. Here, w… ▽ More The epitaxial growth of functional materials using a substrate with a graphene layer is a highly desirable method for improving structural quality and obtaining free-standing epitaxial nano-membranes for scientific study, applications, and economical reuse of substrates. However, the aggressive oxidizing conditions typically employed to grow epitaxial perovskite oxides can damage graphene. Here, we demonstrate a technique based on hybrid molecular beam epitaxy that does not require an independent oxygen source to achieve epitaxial growth of complex oxides without damaging the underlying graphene. The technique produces films with self-regulating cation stoichiometry control and epitaxial orientation to the oxide substrate. Furthermore, the films can be exfoliated and transferred to foreign substrates while leaving the graphene on the original substrate. These results open the door to future studies of previously unattainable free-standing nano-membranes grown in an adsorption-controlled manner by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy, and has potentially important implications for the commercial application of perovskite oxides in flexible electronics. △ Less

Submitted 17 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: 20 pages, 6 figures

Metal Oxide-Vertical Graphene Nanosheets for 2.6 V Aqueous Electrochemical Hybrid Capacitor

Authors: Subrata Ghosh, S. R. Polaki, Gopinath Sahoo, En-Mei Jin, M. Kamruddin, Jung Sang Cho, Sang Mun Jeong

Abstract: Aqueous asymmetric electrochemical capacitor, with their high power density and superior cycle stability in comparison to conventional batteries, are presently considered as the most promising contender for energy storage. However, fabricating an electrode material and choosing a suitable aqueous electrolyte are vital in developing an electrochemical capacitor device with high charge storage capac… ▽ More Aqueous asymmetric electrochemical capacitor, with their high power density and superior cycle stability in comparison to conventional batteries, are presently considered as the most promising contender for energy storage. However, fabricating an electrode material and choosing a suitable aqueous electrolyte are vital in developing an electrochemical capacitor device with high charge storage capacity. Herein, we report a feasible method to synthesize MnO2/Vertical graphene nanosheets (VGN) and Fe2O3/VGN as positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The surface of VGN skeleton is independently decorated with MnO2 having sponge gourd-like morphology and Fe2O3 having nanorice like morphology. A schematic representation of the growth mechanism for metal oxide on VGN network is established. Both the electrode have shown around 250 times higher charge-storage capacity than the bare VGN (0.47 mF/cm2) with the specific capacitance of 118 (MnO2/VGN) and 151 mF/cm2 (Fe2O3/VGN). In addition to the double layer capacitance contribution, the porous interconnected vertical graphene architecture serves as a mechanical backbone for the metal oxide materials and provides multiple conducting channels for the electron transport. The fabricated asymmetric device exhibited a specific capacitance of 76 mF/cm2 and energy density of 71 microWh/cm2 with an excellent electrochemical stability up to 12000 cycles, over a potential window of 2.6 V. The commendable performance of asymmetric electrochemical capacitor device authenticated its potential utilization for next-generation portable energy storage device. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: 18 pages, 7 figures, 1 tables

Journal ref: J. Indust. Eng. Chem. 72, (2019), 107-116

Discontinuous emergence of a giant cluster in assortative scale-free networks

Authors: Yeonsu Jeong, Soo Min Oh, Young Sul Cho

Abstract: A giant cluster emerges discontinuously in bond percolation in various networks when the growth of large clusters is globally suppressed. It was recently revealed that this phenomenon occurs even in a scale-free (SF) network, where hubs accelerate the growth of large clusters. The SF network used in the previous study was disassortative, though, so it is necessary to check whether the phenomenon a… ▽ More A giant cluster emerges discontinuously in bond percolation in various networks when the growth of large clusters is globally suppressed. It was recently revealed that this phenomenon occurs even in a scale-free (SF) network, where hubs accelerate the growth of large clusters. The SF network used in the previous study was disassortative, though, so it is necessary to check whether the phenomenon also occurs in an assortative SF network, where each hub prefers to be connected to another hub and thus the large cluster growth is accelerated. In this paper, we find that the phenomenon, namely the discontinuous emergence of a giant cluster in bond percolation with the global suppression of large clusters, also occurs in an assortative SF network. Interestingly, the generated network is also assortative but not a SF network at the transition point, unlike the disassortative SF network generated at the transition point in the previous study. We observe similar behaviors in two additional models and discuss the results. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2023; v1 submitted 23 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: J. Korean Phys. Soc. 81, 608 (2022)

Dimensionality-controlled evolution of charge-transfer energy in digital nickelates superlattices

Authors: Xiangle Lu, Jishan Liu, Nian Zhang, Binping Xie, Shuai Yang, Wanling Liu, Zhicheng Jiang, Zhe Huang, Yichen Yang, Jin Miao, Wei Li, Soohyun Cho, Zhengtai Liu, Zhonghao Liu, Dawei Shen

Abstract: Fundamental understanding and control of the electronic structure evolution in rare-earth nickelates is a fascinating and meaningful issue, as well as being helpful to understand the mechanism of recently discovered superconductivity. Here we systematically study the dimensionality effect on the ground electronic state in high-quality (NdNiO3)m/(SrTiO3)1 superlattices through transport and soft x-… ▽ More Fundamental understanding and control of the electronic structure evolution in rare-earth nickelates is a fascinating and meaningful issue, as well as being helpful to understand the mechanism of recently discovered superconductivity. Here we systematically study the dimensionality effect on the ground electronic state in high-quality (NdNiO3)m/(SrTiO3)1 superlattices through transport and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The metal-to-insulator transition temperature decreases with the thickness of the NdNiO3 slab decreasing from bulk to 7 unit cells, then increases gradually as m further reduces to 1 unit cell. Spectral evidence demonstrates that the stabilization of insulating phase can be attributed to the increase of the charge-transfer energy between O 2p and Ni 3d bands. The prominent multiplet feature on the Ni L3 edge develops with the decrease of NdNiO3 slab thickness, suggesting the strengthening of the charge disproportionate state under the dimensional confinement. Our work provides convincing evidence that dimensionality is an effective knob to modulate the charge-transfer energy and thus the collective ground state in nickelates. △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: 17 pages,4 figures

Journal ref: Advanced Science(2021)

Kondo interaction in FeTe and its potential role in the magnetic order

Authors: Younsik Kim, Minsoo Kim, Min-Seok Kim, Cheng-Maw Cheng, Joonyoung Choi, Saegyeol Jung, Donghui Lu, Jong Hyuk Kim, Soohyun Cho, Dongjoon Song, Dongjin Oh, Li Yu, Young Jai Choi, Hyeong-Do Kim, Jung Hoon Han, Younjung Jo, Jungpil Seo, Soonsang Huh, Changyoung Kim

Abstract: Finding d-electron heavy fermion (HF) states has been an important topic as the diversity in d-electron materials can lead to many exotic Kondo effect-related phenomena or new states of matter such as correlation-driven topological Kondo insulator or cooperation between long-range magnetism and Kondo lattice behavior. Yet, obtaining direct spectroscopic evidence for a d-electron HF system has been… ▽ More Finding d-electron heavy fermion (HF) states has been an important topic as the diversity in d-electron materials can lead to many exotic Kondo effect-related phenomena or new states of matter such as correlation-driven topological Kondo insulator or cooperation between long-range magnetism and Kondo lattice behavior. Yet, obtaining direct spectroscopic evidence for a d-electron HF system has been elusive to date. Here, we report the observation of Kondo lattice behavior in an antiferromagnetic metal, FeTe, via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and transport properties measurements. The Kondo lattice behavior is represented by the emergence of a sharp quasiparticle at low temperatures. The transport property measurements confirm the low-temperature Fermi liquid behavior and reveal successive coherent-incoherent crossover upon increasing temperature. We interpret the Kondo lattice behavior as a result of hybridization between localized Fe 3dxy and itinerant Te 5pz orbitals. Our interpretation is further evidenced by Fano-type tunneling spectra which accompany a hybridization gap. Our observations strongly suggest unusual cooperation between Kondo lattice behavior and long-range magnetic order. △ Less

Submitted 12 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 17 pages, 6 figures

Emergence of Intergranular Tunneling Dominated Negative Magnetoresistance in Helimagnetic Manganese Phosphide Nanorod Thin Films

Authors: B. Muchharla, R. P. Madhogaria, D. DeTellem, C. M. Hung, A. Chanda, A. T. Duong, P. T. Huy, M. T. Trinh, S. Cho, S. Witanachchi, M. H. Phan

Abstract: Helical magnets are emerging as a novel class of materials for spintronics and sensor applications; however, research on their charge and spin transport properties in a thin film form is less explored. Herein, we report the temperature and magnetic field dependent charge transport properties of a highly crystalline MnP nanorod thin film over a wide temperature range (2-350 K). The MnP nanorod film… ▽ More Helical magnets are emerging as a novel class of materials for spintronics and sensor applications; however, research on their charge and spin transport properties in a thin film form is less explored. Herein, we report the temperature and magnetic field dependent charge transport properties of a highly crystalline MnP nanorod thin film over a wide temperature range (2-350 K). The MnP nanorod films of 100 nm thickness were grown on Si substrates at 500 oC using molecular beam epitaxy. The temperature dependent resistivity data exhibits a metallic behavior over the entire measured temperature range. However, large negative magnetoresistance of up to 12% is observed below 50 K at which the system enters a stable helical (screw) magnetic state. In this temperature regime, the MR(H,T) dependence seems to show a magnetic field manipulated phase coexistence. The observed magnetoresistance is dominantly governed by the intergranular spin dependent tunneling mechanism. These findings pinpoint a correlation between the transport and magnetism in this helimagnetic system. △ Less

Submitted 16 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Spin Seebeck effect in iron oxide thin films: Effects of phase transition, phase coexistence, and surface magnetism

Authors: Amit Chanda, Derick DeTellem, Yen Thi Hai Pham, Jenae E. Shoup, Anh Tuan Duong, Raja Das, Sunglae Cho, Dmitri V. Voronine, M. Tuan Trinh, Dario A. Arena, Sarath Witanachchi, Hariharan Srikanth, Manh-Huong Phan

Abstract: Understanding impacts of phase transition, phase coexistence, and surface magnetism on the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) in a magnetic system is essential to manipulate the spin to charge current conversion efficiency for spincaloritronic applications. We aim to elucidate these effects by performing a comprehensive study of the temperature dependence of LSSE in biphase iron oxide (BPIO =… ▽ More Understanding impacts of phase transition, phase coexistence, and surface magnetism on the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) in a magnetic system is essential to manipulate the spin to charge current conversion efficiency for spincaloritronic applications. We aim to elucidate these effects by performing a comprehensive study of the temperature dependence of LSSE in biphase iron oxide (BPIO = alpha-Fe2O3 + Fe3O4) thin films grown on Si (100) and Al2O3 (111) substrates. A combination of temperature-dependent anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) and electrical resistivity measurements show that the contribution of ANE from the BPIO layer is negligible compared to the intrinsic LSSE in the Si/BPIO/Pt heterostructure even at room temperature. Below the Verwey transition of the Fe3O4 phase, the total signal across BPIO/Pt is dominated by the LSSE. Noticeable changes in the intrinsic LSSE signal for both Si/BPIO/Pt and Al2O3/BPIO/Pt heterostructures around the Verwey transition of the Fe3O4 phase and the antiferromagnetic (AFM) Morin transition of the alpha-Fe2O3 phase are observed. The LSSE signal for Si/BPIO/Pt is found to be almost two times greater than that for Al2O3/BPIO/Pt, an opposite trend is observed for the saturation magnetization though. Magnetic force microscopy reveals the higher density of surface magnetic moments of the Si/BPIO film compared to the Al2O3/BPIO film, which underscores a dominant role of interfacial magnetism on the LSSE signal and thereby explains the larger LSSE for Si/BPIO/Pt. △ Less

Submitted 16 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: Accepted in ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

Charge-Density-Wave Proximity Effects in Graphene

Authors: Boram Kim, Jeehoon Park, Jinshu Li, Hongsik Lim, Gyuho Myeong, Wongil Shin, Seungho Kim, Taehyeok Jin, Qi Zhang, Kyunghwan Sung, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Euyheon Hwang, Sungjae Cho

Abstract: Certain layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), such as 1T-TaS2, show a rich collection of charge density wave (CDW) phases at different temperatures, and their atomic structures and electron conductions have been widely studied. However, the properties of CDW systems that are integrated with other electronic materials have not yet been investigated. Here, we incorporate the CDW properti… ▽ More Certain layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), such as 1T-TaS2, show a rich collection of charge density wave (CDW) phases at different temperatures, and their atomic structures and electron conductions have been widely studied. However, the properties of CDW systems that are integrated with other electronic materials have not yet been investigated. Here, we incorporate the CDW properties of TMDCs into the electronic transport of graphene for the first time. During CDW phase transitions, anomalous transport behaviors that are closely related to the formation of correlated disorder in TMDCs were observed in the graphene sample used in this study. In particular, the commensurate CDW phase forms a periodic charge distribution with potential fluctuations, and thus constitutes correlated charged impurities, which decreases resistivity and enhances carrier mobility in graphene. The CDW-graphene heterostructure system demonstrated here paves the way to controlling the temperature-dependent carrier mobility and resistivity of graphene and to developing novel functional electronic devices such as graphene-based sensors and memory devices. △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2022; v1 submitted 13 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: 17 pages, 4 figures

Terahertz Field-Induced Reemergence of Quenched Photoluminescence in Quantum Dots

Authors: Jiaojian Shi, Frank Y. Gao, Zhuquan Zhang, Hendrik Utzat, Ulugbek Barotov, Ardavan Farahvash, Jinchi Han, Jude Deschamps, Chan-Wook Baik, Kyung Sang Cho, Vladimir Bulović, Adam P. Willard, Edoardo Baldini, Nuh Gedik, Moungi G. Bawendi, Keith A. Nelson

Abstract: Continuous and concerted development of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting diodes over the past two decades has established them as a bedrock technology for the next generation of displays. However, a fundamental issue that limits the performance of these devices is the quenching of photoluminescence due to excess charges from conductive charge transport layers. Although device designs have leve… ▽ More Continuous and concerted development of colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting diodes over the past two decades has established them as a bedrock technology for the next generation of displays. However, a fundamental issue that limits the performance of these devices is the quenching of photoluminescence due to excess charges from conductive charge transport layers. Although device designs have leveraged various workarounds, doing so often comes at the cost of limiting efficient charge injection. Here we demonstrate that high-field terahertz (THz) pulses can dramatically brighten quenched QDs on metallic surfaces, an effect which persists for minutes after THz irradiation. This phenomenon is attributed to the ability of the THz field to remove excess charges, thereby reducing trion and non-radiative Auger recombination. Our findings show that THz technologies can be used to suppress and control such undesired non-radiative decay, potentially in a variety of luminescent materials for future device applications. △ Less

Submitted 15 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 28 pages, 4 figures

MnP films with desired magnetic, magnetocaloric and thermoelectric properties for a perspective magneto-thermo-electric cooling device

Authors: C. M. Hung, R. P. Madhogaria, B. Muchharla, E. M. Clements, A. T. Duong, R. Das, P. T. Huy, S. L. Cho, S. Witanachchi, H. Srikanth, Manh-Huong Phan

Abstract: A perspective magneto-thermo-electric cooling device (MTECD) comprising a central magnetocaloric (MC) material (e.g., Gd) sandwiched by two thermoelectric (TE) materials (e.g., MnP) is proposed. The presence of the TE materials in the MTECD guides the heat flow direction and enhances heat pulsation. In this case, the usage of a ferromagnetic TE material that combines large TE with small MC propert… ▽ More A perspective magneto-thermo-electric cooling device (MTECD) comprising a central magnetocaloric (MC) material (e.g., Gd) sandwiched by two thermoelectric (TE) materials (e.g., MnP) is proposed. The presence of the TE materials in the MTECD guides the heat flow direction and enhances heat pulsation. In this case, the usage of a ferromagnetic TE material that combines large TE with small MC properties within a similar temperature region can enhance the magnetic flux density and heat exchange efficiency. Here, we show that MnP nanorod-structured films with desired magnetic, MC and TE properties are very promising for use in MTECDs. The films were grown on Si substrates at 300, 400 and 500°C using molecular beam epitaxy. The 400 oC sample shows a desired TE and MC combination. A large power factor of 24.06 μW m-1 K-2 is achieved at room temperature. In this temperature region, the film exhibits a small MC effect (-deltaSM ~0.64 J/kg K and deltaTad ~0.3 K at m0H = 2 T) but ferromagnetism that gives rise to the enhanced MC effect of the central MC material. These properties could enable the MTECD to operate at high frequency. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: Accepted in Physics Status Solidi A

Dirac-Source Diode with Sub-unity Ideality Factor

Authors: Gyuho Myeong, Wongil Shin, Seungho Kim, Hongsik Lim, Boram Kim, Taehyeok Jin, Kyunghwan Sung, Jihoon Park, Michael S. Fuhrer, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Fei Liu, Sungjae Cho

Abstract: An increase in power consumption necessitates a low-power circuit technology to extend Moore's law. Low-power transistors, such as tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs), negative-capacitance field-effect transistors (NC-FETs), and Dirac-source field-effect transistors (DS-FETs), have been realised to break the thermionic limit of the subthreshold swing (SS). However, a low-power diode rectifier,… ▽ More An increase in power consumption necessitates a low-power circuit technology to extend Moore's law. Low-power transistors, such as tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs), negative-capacitance field-effect transistors (NC-FETs), and Dirac-source field-effect transistors (DS-FETs), have been realised to break the thermionic limit of the subthreshold swing (SS). However, a low-power diode rectifier, which breaks the thermionic limit of an ideality factor (n) of 1 at room temperature, has not been proposed yet. In this study, we have realised a DS Schottky diode, which exhibits a steep-slope characteristic curve, by utilising the linear density of states (DOSs) of graphene. For the developed DS Schottky diode, n<1 for more than two decades of drain current with a minimum value of 0.8, and the rectifying ratio is large (100000). The realisation of a DS Schottky diode paves the way for the development of low-power electronic circuits. △ Less

Submitted 1 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 28 pages, 14 figures, submitted to Nature Communications

Free energy analyses of cell-penetrating peptides using the weighted ensemble method

Authors: Seungho Choe

Abstract: Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been widely used for drug-delivery agents; however, it has not been fully understood how they translocate across cell membranes. The Weighted Ensemble (WE) method, one of powerful and flexible path sampling techniques, can be helpful to reveal translocation paths and free energy barriers along those paths. Within the WE approach we show how Arg9 (nona-arginine… ▽ More Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been widely used for drug-delivery agents; however, it has not been fully understood how they translocate across cell membranes. The Weighted Ensemble (WE) method, one of powerful and flexible path sampling techniques, can be helpful to reveal translocation paths and free energy barriers along those paths. Within the WE approach we show how Arg9 (nona-arginine) and Tat interact with a DOPC/DOPG (4:1) model membrane, and we present free energy (or potential mean of forces, PMFs) profiles of penetration, although a translocation across the membrane has not been observed in the current simulations. Two different compositions of lipid molecules were also tried and compared. Our approach can be applied to any CPPs interacting with various model membranes, and it will provide useful information regarding the transport mechanisms of CPPs. △ Less

Submitted 1 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures (w/ Suppl. Info 5 pages, 3 figures)

Journal ref: Membranes 11, 974 (2021)