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From Ultrafast Demagnetization to Ultrafast Spintronics : a 30 years story
Authors:
Quentin Remy,
Stéphane Mangin
Abstract:
The discovery of femtosecond laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization in 1996 opened a new field, femtomagnetism, in which magnetic order can be quenched on timescales shorter than a picosecond. This seminal observation revealed that angular momentum can be transferred out of the spin system with unprecedented speed, launching intense efforts to disentangle the roles of electrons, phonons, and spin…
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The discovery of femtosecond laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization in 1996 opened a new field, femtomagnetism, in which magnetic order can be quenched on timescales shorter than a picosecond. This seminal observation revealed that angular momentum can be transferred out of the spin system with unprecedented speed, launching intense efforts to disentangle the roles of electrons, phonons, and spins in the non-equilibrium regime. Soon it became evident that ultrafast demagnetization generates spin-flips, spin polarization, magnons and spin currents, providing new channels for angular-momentum flow. These insights laid the foundation for linking femtomagnetism with spintronics. An emblematic breakthrough in this evolution is the helicity-independent single-pulse all-optical switching (AOS) observed in rare-earth transition-metal (RE-TM) ferrimagnets such as GdFeCo. This mechanism, operating at femtojoule-scale energies and without external magnetic fields, establishes RE-TM alloys as benchmark systems for understanding and exploiting angular-momentum flow at the femtosecond timescale. Building on these concepts, the combination of ultrafast optical excitation with spintronic devices has demonstrated deterministic magnetization reversal driven by femtosecond pulses in spin valves and tunnel junctions, including rare-earth-free systems. Ultrafast spin injection, acting analogously to spin transfer torque but operating three orders of magnitude faster, allows reversal of both ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic layers. By enabling ultrafast and energy-efficient switching, ultrafast spintronics promises scalable technologies for high-speed information processing while raising fundamental questions about angular momentum transfer in strongly out-of-equilibrium quantum materials.
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Submitted 28 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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Ultrafast Spin Accumulations Drive Magnetization Reversal in Multilayers
Authors:
Harjinder Singh,
Alberto Anadón,
Junta Igarashi,
Quentin Remy,
Stéphane Mangin,
Michel Hehn,
Jon Gorchon,
Gregory Malinowski
Abstract:
Engineering and controlling heat and spin transport on the femtosecond time-scale in spintronic devices opens up new ways to manipulate magnetization with unprecedented speed. Yet the underlying reversal mechanisms remain poorly understood due to the challenges of probing ultrafast, non-equilibrium spin dynamics. In this study, we demonstrate that typical magneto-optical experiments can be leverag…
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Engineering and controlling heat and spin transport on the femtosecond time-scale in spintronic devices opens up new ways to manipulate magnetization with unprecedented speed. Yet the underlying reversal mechanisms remain poorly understood due to the challenges of probing ultrafast, non-equilibrium spin dynamics. In this study, we demonstrate that typical magneto-optical experiments can be leveraged to access the time evolution of the spin accumulation generated within a magnetic multilayer following an ultrafast laser excitation. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the final magnetic state of the free-layer in a spin-valve is mainly dictated by the ultrafast dynamics of the reference-layer magnetization. Our results disentangle magnetization and spin transport dynamics within a multilayer stack and identify demagnetization and remagnetization-driven spin accumulation as the key mechanism for all-optical switching. These findings establish new design principles for ultrafast spintronic devices based on tailored spin current engineering.
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Submitted 27 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Femtosecond signatures of optically induced magnons before ultrafast demagnetization
Authors:
Reza Rouzegar,
Oliver Franke,
Gal Lemut,
Oliver Gueckstock,
Junwei Tong,
Dieter Engel,
Xianmin Zhang,
Georg Woltersdorf,
Piet Brouwer,
Tobias Kampfrath,
Quentin Remy
Abstract:
Optically induced demagnetization of 3d metallic ferromagnets proceeds as fast as ~100 fs and is a crucial prerequisite for spintronic applications, such as ultrafast magnetization switching and spin transport. On the 100 fs time scale, the magnetization dynamics is widely understood in the context of temperature models considering energy transfers between conduction electrons, magnons and crystal…
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Optically induced demagnetization of 3d metallic ferromagnets proceeds as fast as ~100 fs and is a crucial prerequisite for spintronic applications, such as ultrafast magnetization switching and spin transport. On the 100 fs time scale, the magnetization dynamics is widely understood in the context of temperature models considering energy transfers between conduction electrons, magnons and crystal lattice. However, on even faster time scales, the flow of both angular momentum and energy between these subsystems has so far not been studied. Here, we measure ultrafast demagnetization by ultrabroadband THz-emission spectroscopy. We find that the rate of change of the magnetization does not rise instantaneously, but on a time scale as short as 10 fs. This rise is a signature that a transfer of angular momentum from the magnons to conduction electrons proceeds in less than 10 fs, before substantial demagnetization has happened. We further conclude that most of the spin dissipated by the lattice is transferred via magnon-lattice rather than electron-lattice interaction. These results show that the limiting speed of magnetization dynamics is not demagnetization, as generally believed, and harnessing the earliest magnon dynamics could be a new route towards an even faster spintronics.
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Submitted 2 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Ultrafast electron heating as the dominant driving force of photoinduced terahertz spin currents
Authors:
Reza Rouzegar,
Pilar Jimenez-Cavero,
Oliver Gueckstock,
Mohamed Amine Wahada,
Quentin Remy,
Irene Lucas,
Gerhard Jacob,
Mathias Kläui,
Michel Hehn,
Georg Woltersdorf,
Tobias Kampfrath,
Tom. S. Seifert
Abstract:
Ultrafast spintronics strongly relies on the generation, transport, manipulation and detection of terahertz spin currents (TSCs). In F|HM stacks consisting of a ferromagnetic layer F and a heavy-metal layer HM, ultrafast spin currents are typically triggered by femtosecond optical laser pulses. A key open question is whether the initial step, optical excitation and injection of spin currents, can…
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Ultrafast spintronics strongly relies on the generation, transport, manipulation and detection of terahertz spin currents (TSCs). In F|HM stacks consisting of a ferromagnetic layer F and a heavy-metal layer HM, ultrafast spin currents are typically triggered by femtosecond optical laser pulses. A key open question is whether the initial step, optical excitation and injection of spin currents, can be controlled by tuning the photon energy of the femtosecond pulse. While many theoretical works suggest a marked impact of photon-energy and of highly excited non-thermal electrons, profound experimental evidence is lacking. Here, we use terahertz-emission spectroscopy to study TSCs triggered with two different photon energies of 1.5 eV and 3 eV. We study a wide range of magnetic systems covering metallic ferromagnets, ferrimagnetic insulators, half-metals, as well as systems including tunneling barriers, and rare-earth metallic alloys. We find that variation of the exciting photon energy does not change the dynamics and only slightly the amplitude of the induced TSC in all sample systems. Our results reveal that the ultrafast pump-induced heating of electrons is a highly efficient process for generating TSCs, whereas highly excited primary photoelectrons are of minor importance.
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Submitted 1 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Efficient broadband terahertz generation by above band-gap excitation of the pyroelectric ZnSnN2
Authors:
T. S. Seifert,
H. Hempel,
O. Gückstock,
R. Schneider,
Q. Remy,
A. Fioretti,
T. Unold,
S. Michaelis de Vasconcellos,
R. Bratschitsch,
R. Eichberger,
K. Dörr,
A. Zakutayev,
T. Kampfrath
Abstract:
Terahertz (THz) radiation is a powerful probe of low-energy excitations in all phases of matter. However, it remains a challenge to find materials that efficiently generate THz radiation in a broad range of frequencies following optical excitation. Here, we investigate a pyroelectric material, ZnSnN2, and find that above-band-gap excitation results in the efficient formation of an ultrafast photoc…
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Terahertz (THz) radiation is a powerful probe of low-energy excitations in all phases of matter. However, it remains a challenge to find materials that efficiently generate THz radiation in a broad range of frequencies following optical excitation. Here, we investigate a pyroelectric material, ZnSnN2, and find that above-band-gap excitation results in the efficient formation of an ultrafast photocurrent generating THz radiation. The resulting THz electric field spans a frequency range from below 1 to above 30 THz. Our results suggest that the photocurrent is primarily driven by an ultrafast pyroelectric effect where the photo-excited carriers screen the spontaneous electric polarization of ZnSnN2. Strong structural disorder reduces the photocarrier lifetime significantly and, thus, enables broadband operation. ZnSnN2 shows similar THz-emitter performance as the best spintronic THz emitters regarding bandwidth and amplitude. Our study unveils the large potential of pyroelectric materials as efficient and broadband THz emitters with built-in bias fields.
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Submitted 11 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Origin of the laser-induced picosecond spin current across magnetization compensation in ferrimagnetic GdCo
Authors:
Guillermo Nava Antonio,
Quentin Remy,
Jun-Xiao Lin,
Yann Le Guen,
Dominik Hamara,
Jude Compton-Stewart,
Joseph Barker,
Thomas Hauet,
Michel Hehn,
Stéphane Mangin,
Chiara Ciccarelli
Abstract:
The optical manipulation of magnetism enabled by rare earth-transition metal ferrimagnets holds the promise of ultrafast, energy efficient spintronic technologies. This work investigates laser-induced picosecond spin currents generated by ferrimagnetic GdCo via terahertz emission spectroscopy. A suppression of the THz emission and spin current is observed at magnetization compensation when varying…
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The optical manipulation of magnetism enabled by rare earth-transition metal ferrimagnets holds the promise of ultrafast, energy efficient spintronic technologies. This work investigates laser-induced picosecond spin currents generated by ferrimagnetic GdCo via terahertz emission spectroscopy. A suppression of the THz emission and spin current is observed at magnetization compensation when varying the temperature or alloy composition in the presence of a magnetic field. It is demonstrated that this is due to the formation of domains in the GdCo equilibrium magnetic configuration. Without an applied magnetic field, the picosecond spin current persists at the compensation point. The experimental findings support the model for THz spin current generation based on transport of hot spin-polarized electrons, which is dominated by the Co sublattice at room temperature. Only at low temperature a comparable contribution from Gd is detected but with slower dynamics. Finally, spectral analysis reveals a blueshift of the THz emission related to the formation of magnetic domains close to magnetization compensation.
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Submitted 4 September, 2024;
originally announced September 2024.
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Ultra-high spin emission from antiferromagnetic FeRh
Authors:
Dominik Hamara,
Mara Strungaru,
Jamie Massey,
Quentin Remy,
Guillermo Nava Antonio,
Obed Alves Santos,
Michel Hehn,
Richard F. L. Evans,
Roy W. Chantrell,
Stéphane Mangin,
Christopher H. Marrows,
Joseph Barker,
Chiara Ciccarelli
Abstract:
An antiferromagnet emits spin currents when time-reversal symmetry is broken. This is typically achieved by applying an external magnetic field below and above the spin-flop transition or by optical pumping. In this work we apply optical pump-THz emission spectroscopy to study picosecond spin pumping from metallic FeRh as a function of temperature. Intriguingly we find that in the low-temperature…
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An antiferromagnet emits spin currents when time-reversal symmetry is broken. This is typically achieved by applying an external magnetic field below and above the spin-flop transition or by optical pumping. In this work we apply optical pump-THz emission spectroscopy to study picosecond spin pumping from metallic FeRh as a function of temperature. Intriguingly we find that in the low-temperature antiferromagnetic phase the laser pulse induces a large and coherent spin pumping, while not crossing into the ferromagnetic phase. With temperature and magnetic field dependent measurements combined with atomistic spin dynamics simulations we show that the antiferromagnetic spin-lattice is destabilised by the combined action of optical pumping and picosecond spin-biasing by the conduction electron population, which results in spin accumulation. We propose that the amplitude of the effect is inherent to the nature of FeRh, particularly the Rh atoms and their high spin susceptibility. We believe that the principles shown here could be used to produce more effective spin current emitters. Our results also corroborate the work of others showing that the magnetic phase transition begins on a very fast picosecond timescale, but this timescale is often hidden by measurements which are confounded by the slower domain dynamics.
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Submitted 11 April, 2024;
originally announced April 2024.
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Accessing ultrafast spin-transport dynamics in copper using broadband terahertz spectroscopy
Authors:
Jiří Jechumtál,
Reza Rouzegar,
Oliver Gueckstock,
Christian Denker,
Wolfgang Hoppe,
Quentin Remy,
Tom S. Seifert,
Peter Kubaščík,
Georg Woltersdorf,
Piet W. Brouwer,
Markus Münzenberg,
Tobias Kampfrath,
Lukáš Nádvorník
Abstract:
We study the spatiotemporal dynamics of ultrafast electron spin transport across nanometer-thick copper layers using broadband terahertz spectroscopy. Our analysis of temporal delays, broadening and attenuation of the spin-current pulse revealed ballistic-like propagation of the pulse peak, approaching the Fermi velocity, and diffusive features including a significant velocity dispersion. A compar…
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We study the spatiotemporal dynamics of ultrafast electron spin transport across nanometer-thick copper layers using broadband terahertz spectroscopy. Our analysis of temporal delays, broadening and attenuation of the spin-current pulse revealed ballistic-like propagation of the pulse peak, approaching the Fermi velocity, and diffusive features including a significant velocity dispersion. A comparison to the frequency-dependent Ficks law identified the diffusion-dominated transport regime for distances larger than 2 nm. The findings lie the groundwork for designing future broadband spintronic devices.
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Submitted 30 September, 2024; v1 submitted 18 October, 2023;
originally announced October 2023.
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Extending the scope and understanding of all-optical magnetization switching in Gd-based alloys by controlling the underlying temperature transients
Authors:
Maxime Verges,
Wei Zhang,
Quentin Remy,
Yann Le-Guen,
Jon Gorchon,
Gregory Malinowski,
Stephane Mangin,
Michel Hehn,
Julius Hohlfeld
Abstract:
We use the thickness of Cu layers to control all-optical switching of magnetization in adjacent Gd$_{24}$(Fe$_9$0Co$_{10}$)$_{76}$ films. While increasing the Cu thickness from 5 to 900nm has no effect on the switching threshold, it significantly enlarges the fluence and pulse duration at which multiple domains emerge. Having shown that thermally activated multi-domain formation limits the maximum…
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We use the thickness of Cu layers to control all-optical switching of magnetization in adjacent Gd$_{24}$(Fe$_9$0Co$_{10}$)$_{76}$ films. While increasing the Cu thickness from 5 to 900nm has no effect on the switching threshold, it significantly enlarges the fluence and pulse duration at which multiple domains emerge. Having shown that thermally activated multi-domain formation limits the maximum fluence and pulse duration for controlled switching, we demonstrate that continuous magnetization reversal precedes multi-domain formation in Gd$_{18}$Dy$_4$Co$_{78}$ films excited with fluences slightly larger than the multi-domain threshold.
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Submitted 26 September, 2023;
originally announced September 2023.
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Single laser pulse induced magnetization switching in in-plane magnetized GdCo alloys
Authors:
Jun-Xiao Lin,
Michel Hehn,
Thomas Hauet,
Yi Peng,
Junta Igarashi,
Yann Le Guen,
Quentin Remy,
Jon Gorchon,
Gregory Malinowski,
Stéphane Mangin,
Julius Hohlfeld
Abstract:
The discovery of all-optical ultra-fast deterministic magnetization switching has opened up new possibilities for manipulating magnetization in devices using femtosecond laser pulses. Previous studies on single pulse all-optical helicity-independent switching (AO-HIS) have mainly focused on perpendicularly magnetized thin films. This work presents a comprehensive study on AO-HIS for in-plane magne…
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The discovery of all-optical ultra-fast deterministic magnetization switching has opened up new possibilities for manipulating magnetization in devices using femtosecond laser pulses. Previous studies on single pulse all-optical helicity-independent switching (AO-HIS) have mainly focused on perpendicularly magnetized thin films. This work presents a comprehensive study on AO-HIS for in-plane magnetized GdxCo100-x thin films. Deterministic single femtosecond laser pulse toggle magnetization switching is demonstrated in a wider concentration range (x=10% to 25%) compared to the perpendicularly magnetized counterparts with GdCo thicknesses up to 30 nm. The switching time strongly depends on the GdxCo100-x concentration, with lower Gd concentration exhibiting shorter switching times (less than 500 fs). Our findings in this geometry provide insights into the underlying mechanisms governing single pulse AO-HIS, which challenge existing theoretical predictions. Moreover, in-plane magnetized GdxCo100-x thin films offer extended potential for opto-spintronic applications compared to their perpendicular magnetized counterparts.
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Submitted 21 August, 2023;
originally announced August 2023.
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Ultrafast magnetization reversal in ferromagnetic spin-valves: an s-d model perspective
Authors:
Quentin Remy
Abstract:
We present an extension to simple s-d models, aiming at simulating ultrafast magnetization dynamics and spin transport in metallic heterostructures. In particular, we consider an alternative spin dissipation channel due to a finite exchange splitting of the s band. From this theory, we show three different mechanisms governing the dynamics of spin accumulation. On top of the already widely discuss…
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We present an extension to simple s-d models, aiming at simulating ultrafast magnetization dynamics and spin transport in metallic heterostructures. In particular, we consider an alternative spin dissipation channel due to a finite exchange splitting of the s band. From this theory, we show three different mechanisms governing the dynamics of spin accumulation. On top of the already widely discussed "-dM/dt" electron-magnon mechanism, we study the role of a dynamic change of exchange splitting (of conduction electrons) as well as the rotation of spins reflected at an interface with a ferromagnet. Finally, we use the presented theory to explain the recent observation of subpicosecond reversal of a ferromagnet in rare-earth free spin-valves. Our conclusion agrees with the one of reference [1] favoring magnetization reversal due to the rotation of the spin polarization of a reflected spin current.
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Submitted 10 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.