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Stochastic p-Bits Based on Spin-Orbit Torque Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Authors:
X. H. Li,
M. K. Zhao,
R. Zhang,
C. H. Wan,
Y. Z. Wang,
X. M. Luo,
S. Q. Liu,
J. H. Xia,
G. Q. Yu,
X. F. Han
Abstract:
Stochastic p-Bit devices play a pivotal role in solving NP-hard problems, neural network computing, and hardware accelerators for algorithms such as the simulated annealing. In this work, we focus on Stochastic p-Bits based on high-barrier magnetic tunnel junctions (HB-MTJs) with identical stack structure and cell geometry, but employing different spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching schemes. We cond…
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Stochastic p-Bit devices play a pivotal role in solving NP-hard problems, neural network computing, and hardware accelerators for algorithms such as the simulated annealing. In this work, we focus on Stochastic p-Bits based on high-barrier magnetic tunnel junctions (HB-MTJs) with identical stack structure and cell geometry, but employing different spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching schemes. We conducted a comparative study of their switching probability as a function of pulse amplitude and width of the applied voltage. Through experimental and theoretical investigations, we have observed that the Y-type SOT-MTJs exhibit the gentlest dependence of the switching probability on the external voltage. This characteristic indicates superior tunability in randomness and enhanced robustness against external disturbances when Y-type SOT-MTJs are employed as stochastic p-Bits. Furthermore, the random numbers generated by these Y-type SOT-MTJs, following XOR pretreatment, have successfully passed the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP800-22 test. This comprehensive study demonstrates the high performance and immense potential of Y-type SOT-MTJs for the implementation of stochastic p-Bits.
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Submitted 5 June, 2023;
originally announced June 2023.
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Electrochemical control of ferroelectricity in hafnia-based ferroelectric devices using reversible oxygen migration
Authors:
M. H. Shao,
H. F. Liu,
R. He,
X. M. Li,
L. Wu,
J. Ma,
X. C. Hu,
R. T. Zhao,
Z. C. Zhong,
Y. Yu,
C. H. Wan,
Y. Yang,
C. -W. Nan,
X. D. Bai,
T. -L. Ren,
X. Renshaw Wang
Abstract:
Ferroelectricity, especially in hafnia-based thin films at nanosizes, has been rejuvenated in the fields of low-power, nonvolatile and Si-compatible modern memory and logic applications. Despite tremendous efforts to explore the formation of the metastable ferroelectric phase and the polarization degradation during field cycling, the ability of oxygen vacancy to exactly engineer and switch polariz…
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Ferroelectricity, especially in hafnia-based thin films at nanosizes, has been rejuvenated in the fields of low-power, nonvolatile and Si-compatible modern memory and logic applications. Despite tremendous efforts to explore the formation of the metastable ferroelectric phase and the polarization degradation during field cycling, the ability of oxygen vacancy to exactly engineer and switch polarization remains to be elucidated. Here we report reversibly electrochemical control of ferroelectricity in Hf$_{0.5}$Zr$_{0.5}$O$_2$ (HZO) heterostructures with a mixed ionic-electronic LaSrMnO$_3$ electrode, achieving a hard breakdown field more than 18 MV/cm, over fourfold as high as that of typical HZO. The electrical extraction and insertion of oxygen into HZO is macroscopically characterized and atomically imaged in situ. Utilizing this reversible process, we achieved multiple polarization states and even repeatedly repaired the damaged ferroelectricity by reversed negative electric fields. Our study demonstrates the robust and switchable ferroelectricity in hafnia oxide distinctly associated with oxygen vacancy and opens up opportunities to recover, manipulate, and utilize rich ferroelectric functionalities for advanced ferroelectric functionality to empower the existing Si-based electronics such as multi-bit storage.
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Submitted 20 June, 2021;
originally announced June 2021.
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Current-induced magnetization switching in CoTb amorphous single layer
Authors:
R. Q. Zhang,
L. Y. Liao,
X. Z. Chen,
T. Xu,
L. Cai,
M. H. Guo,
Hao Bai,
L. Sun,
F. H. Xue,
J. Su,
X. Wang,
C. H. Wan,
Hua Bai,
Y. X. Song,
R. Y. Chen,
N. Chen,
W. J. Jiang,
X. F. Kou,
J. W. Cai,
H. Q. Wu,
F. Pan,
C. Song
Abstract:
We demonstrate spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of amorphous CoTb single layer films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). The switching sustains even the film thickness is above 10 nm, where the critical switching current density keeps almost constant. Without the need of overcoming the strong interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction caused by the heavy metal, a quite low assistant…
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We demonstrate spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of amorphous CoTb single layer films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). The switching sustains even the film thickness is above 10 nm, where the critical switching current density keeps almost constant. Without the need of overcoming the strong interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction caused by the heavy metal, a quite low assistant field of ~20 Oe is sufficient to realize the fully switching. The SOT effective field decreases and undergoes a sign change with the decrease of the Tb-concentration, implying that a combination of the spin Hall effect from both Co and Tb as well as an asymmetric spin current absorption accounts for the SOT switching mechanism. Our findings would advance the use of magnetic materials with bulk PMA for energy-efficient and thermal-stable non-volatile memories, and add a different dimension for understanding the ordering and asymmetry in amorphous thin films.
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Submitted 18 June, 2020;
originally announced June 2020.
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Magnon Valve Effect Between Two Magnetic Insulators
Authors:
H. Wu,
L. Huang,
C. Fang,
B. S. Yang,
C. H. Wan,
G. Q. Yu,
J. F. Feng,
H. X. Wei,
X. F. Han
Abstract:
The key physics of the spin valve involves spin-polarized conduction electrons propagating between two magnetic layers such that the device conductance is controlled by the relative magnetization orientation of two magnetic layers. Here, we report the effect of a magnon valve which is made of two ferromagnetic insulators (YIG) separated by a nonmagnetic spacer layer (Au). When a thermal gradient i…
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The key physics of the spin valve involves spin-polarized conduction electrons propagating between two magnetic layers such that the device conductance is controlled by the relative magnetization orientation of two magnetic layers. Here, we report the effect of a magnon valve which is made of two ferromagnetic insulators (YIG) separated by a nonmagnetic spacer layer (Au). When a thermal gradient is applied perpendicular to the layers, the inverse spin Hall voltage output detected by a Pt bar placed on top of the magnon valve depends on the relative orientation of the magnetization of two YIG layers, indicating the magnon current induced by spin Seebeck effect at one layer affects the magnon current in the other layer separated by Au. We interpret the magnon valve effect by the angular momentum conversion and propagation between magnons in two YIG layers and conduction electrons in the Au layer. The temperature dependence of magnon valve ratio shows approximately a power law, supporting the above magnon-electron spin conversion mechanism. This work opens a new class of valve structures beyond the conventional spin valves.
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Submitted 23 January, 2018; v1 submitted 19 January, 2018;
originally announced January 2018.
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Determination of spin relaxation times in heavy metals via 2nd harmonic spin injection magnetoresistance
Authors:
C. Fang,
C. H. Wan,
X. M. Liu,
B. S. Yang,
J. Y. Qin,
B. S. Tao,
H. Wu,
X. Zhang,
Z. M. Jin,
A. Hoffmann,
X. F. Han
Abstract:
In tunnel junctions between ferromagnets and heavy elements with strong spin orbit coupling the magnetoresistance is often dominated by tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR). This makes conventional DC spin injection techniques impractical for determining the spin relaxation time ($τ_s$). Here, we show that this obstacle for measurements of $τ_s$ can be overcome by 2nd harmonic spin-injec…
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In tunnel junctions between ferromagnets and heavy elements with strong spin orbit coupling the magnetoresistance is often dominated by tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR). This makes conventional DC spin injection techniques impractical for determining the spin relaxation time ($τ_s$). Here, we show that this obstacle for measurements of $τ_s$ can be overcome by 2nd harmonic spin-injection-magnetoresistance (SIMR). In the 2nd harmonic signal the SIMR is comparable in magnitude to TAMR, thus enabling Hanle-induced SIMR as a powerful tool to directly determine $τ_s$. Using this approach we determined the spin relaxation time of Pt and Ta and their temperature dependences. The spin relaxation in Pt seems to be governed by Elliott-Yafet mechanism due to a constant resistivity $\times$spin relaxation time product over a wide temperature range.
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Submitted 8 May, 2017;
originally announced May 2017.
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Spin-orbit torque in MgO/CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB/MgO symmetric structure with interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling
Authors:
G. Y. Shi,
C. H. Wan,
Y. S. Chang,
F. Li,
X. J. Zhou,
P. X. Zhang,
J. W. Cai,
X. F. Han,
F. Pan,
C. Song
Abstract:
Spin current generated by spin Hall effect in the heavy metal would diffuse up and down to adjacent ferromagnetic layers and exert torque on their magnetization, called spin-orbit torque. Antiferromagnetically coupled trilayers, namely the so-called synthetic antiferromagnets (SAF), are usually employed to serve as the pinned layer of spintronic devices based on spin valves and magnetic tunnel jun…
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Spin current generated by spin Hall effect in the heavy metal would diffuse up and down to adjacent ferromagnetic layers and exert torque on their magnetization, called spin-orbit torque. Antiferromagnetically coupled trilayers, namely the so-called synthetic antiferromagnets (SAF), are usually employed to serve as the pinned layer of spintronic devices based on spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions to reduce the stray field and/or increase the pinning field. Here we investigate the spin-orbit torque in MgO/CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB/MgO perpendicularly magnetized multilayer with interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling. It is found that the magnetization of two CoFeB layers can be switched between two antiparallel states simultaneously. This observation is replicated by the theoretical calculations by solving Stoner-Wohlfarth model and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. Our findings combine spin-orbit torque and interlayer coupling, which might advance the magnetic memories with low stray field and low power consumption.
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Submitted 17 February, 2017;
originally announced February 2017.
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Electrical control over perpendicular magnetization switching driven by spin-orbit torques
Authors:
X. Zhang,
C. H. Wan,
Z. H. Yuan,
Q. T. Zhang,
H. Wu,
L. Huang,
W. J. Kong,
C. Fang,
U. Khan,
X. F. Han
Abstract:
Flexible control of magnetization switching by electrical manners is crucial for applications of spin-orbitronics. Besides of a switching current that is parallel to an applied field, a bias current that is normal to the switching current is introduced to tune the magnitude of effective damping-like and field-like torques and further to electrically control magnetization switching. Symmetrical and…
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Flexible control of magnetization switching by electrical manners is crucial for applications of spin-orbitronics. Besides of a switching current that is parallel to an applied field, a bias current that is normal to the switching current is introduced to tune the magnitude of effective damping-like and field-like torques and further to electrically control magnetization switching. Symmetrical and asymmetrical control over the critical switching current by the bias current with opposite polarities is both realized in Pt/Co/MgO and $α$-Ta/CoFeB/MgO systems, respectively. This research not only identifies the influences of field-like and damping-like torques on switching process but also demonstrates an electrical method to control it.
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Submitted 18 May, 2016;
originally announced May 2016.
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Giant Magneto-Seebeck Effect in Spin Valves
Authors:
X. M. Zhang,
C. H. Wan,
Z. H. Yuan,
H. Wu,
Q. T. Zhang,
X. Zhang,
B. S. Tao,
C. Fang,
X. F. Han
Abstract:
Giant magneto-Seebeck (GMS) effect was observed in Co/Cu/Co and NiFe/Cu/Co spin valves. Their Seebeck coefficients in parallel state was larger than that in antiparallel state, and GMS ratio defined as (SAP-SP)/SP could reach -9% in our case. The GMS originated not only from trivial giant magnetoresistance but also from spin current generated due to spin polarized thermoelectric conductivity in fe…
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Giant magneto-Seebeck (GMS) effect was observed in Co/Cu/Co and NiFe/Cu/Co spin valves. Their Seebeck coefficients in parallel state was larger than that in antiparallel state, and GMS ratio defined as (SAP-SP)/SP could reach -9% in our case. The GMS originated not only from trivial giant magnetoresistance but also from spin current generated due to spin polarized thermoelectric conductivity in ferromagnetic materials and subsequent modulation of the spin current by spin configurations in spin valves. Simple Mott two-channel model reproduced a -11% GMS for the Co/Cu/Co spin valves, qualitatively consistent with our observations. The GMS effect could be applied simultaneously sensing temperature gradient and magnetic field and also be possibly applied to determine spin polarization of thermoelectric conductivity and Seebeck coefficient in ferromagnetic thin films.
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Submitted 11 June, 2015;
originally announced June 2015.
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Determining Spin Polarization of Seebeck Coefficients via Anomalous Nernst Effect
Authors:
C. Fang,
C. H. Wan,
Z. H. Yuan,
H. Wu,
Q. T. Zhang,
L. B. Mo,
X. Zhang,
X. F. Han
Abstract:
Recently, Seebeck coefficients of ferromagnetic conductors are found to be spin-dependent. However straightforward method of accurately determining its spin polarization is still to be developed. Here, we have derived a linear dependence of anomalous Nernst coefficient on anomalous Hall angle with scaling factor related to spin polarization of Seebeck coefficient, which has been experimentally ver…
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Recently, Seebeck coefficients of ferromagnetic conductors are found to be spin-dependent. However straightforward method of accurately determining its spin polarization is still to be developed. Here, we have derived a linear dependence of anomalous Nernst coefficient on anomalous Hall angle with scaling factor related to spin polarization of Seebeck coefficient, which has been experimentally verified in [Co/Pt]n superlattices. Based on the dependence, we have also evaluated spin polarization of Seebeck coefficient of some ferromagnetic conductors. Besides, we have also found a new mechanism to generate pure spin current from temperature gradient in ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic hybrid system, which could improve efficiency from thermal energy to spin current.
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Submitted 28 May, 2015;
originally announced May 2015.
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Observation of pure inverse spin Hall effect in ferromagnetic metals by FM/AFM exchange bias structures
Authors:
H. Wu,
C. H. Wan,
Z. H. Yuan,
X. Zhang,
J. Jiang,
Q. T. Zhang,
Z. C. Wen,
X. F. Han
Abstract:
We report that the spin current generated by spin Seebeck effect (SSE) in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) can be detected by a ferromagnetic metal (NiFe). By using the FM/AFM exchange bias structure (NiFe/IrMn), inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) and planar Nernst effect (PNE) of NiFe can be unambiguously separated, allowing us to observe a pure ISHE signal. After eliminating the in plane temperature gradi…
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We report that the spin current generated by spin Seebeck effect (SSE) in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) can be detected by a ferromagnetic metal (NiFe). By using the FM/AFM exchange bias structure (NiFe/IrMn), inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) and planar Nernst effect (PNE) of NiFe can be unambiguously separated, allowing us to observe a pure ISHE signal. After eliminating the in plane temperature gradient in NiFe, we can even observe a pure ISHE signal without PNE from NiFe itself. It is worth noting that a large spin Hall angle (0.098) of NiFe is obtained, which is comparable with Pt. This work provides a kind of FM/AFM exchange bias structures to detect the spin current by charge signals, and highlights ISHE in ferromagnetic metals can be used in spintronic research and applications.
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Submitted 17 July, 2015; v1 submitted 26 May, 2015;
originally announced May 2015.