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Polarization-Based Eye Tracking with Personalized Siamese Architectures
Authors:
Beyza Kalkanli,
Tom Bu,
Mahsa Shakeri,
Alexander Fix,
Dave Stronks,
Dmitri Model,
Mantas Žurauskas
Abstract:
Head-mounted devices integrated with eye tracking promise a solution for natural human-computer interaction. However, they typically require per-user calibration for optimal performance due to inter-person variability. A differential personalization approach using Siamese architectures learns relative gaze displacements and reconstructs absolute gaze from a small set of calibration frames. In this…
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Head-mounted devices integrated with eye tracking promise a solution for natural human-computer interaction. However, they typically require per-user calibration for optimal performance due to inter-person variability. A differential personalization approach using Siamese architectures learns relative gaze displacements and reconstructs absolute gaze from a small set of calibration frames. In this paper, we benchmark Siamese personalization on polarization-enabled eye tracking. For benchmarking, we use a 338-subject dataset captured with a polarization-sensitive camera and 850 nm illumination. We achieve performance comparable to linear calibration with 10-fold fewer samples. Using polarization inputs for Siamese personalization reduces gaze error by up to 12% compared to near-infrared (NIR)-based inputs. Combining Siamese personalization with linear calibration yields further improvements of up to 13% over a linearly calibrated baseline. These results establish Siamese personalization as a practical approach enabling accurate eye tracking.
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Submitted 26 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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Polarization-resolved imaging improves eye tracking
Authors:
Mantas Žurauskas,
Tom Bu,
Sanaz Alali,
Beyza Kalkanli,
Derek Shi,
Fernando Alamos,
Gauresh Pandit,
Christopher Mei,
Ali Behrooz,
Ramin Mirjalili,
Dave Stronks,
Alexander Fix,
Dmitri Model
Abstract:
Polarization-resolved near-infrared imaging adds a useful optical contrast mechanism to eye tracking by measuring the polarization state of light reflected by ocular tissues in addition to its intensity. In this paper we demonstrate how this contrast can be used to enable eye tracking. Specifically, we demonstrate that a polarization-enabled eye tracking (PET) system composed of a polarization--fi…
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Polarization-resolved near-infrared imaging adds a useful optical contrast mechanism to eye tracking by measuring the polarization state of light reflected by ocular tissues in addition to its intensity. In this paper we demonstrate how this contrast can be used to enable eye tracking. Specifically, we demonstrate that a polarization-enabled eye tracking (PET) system composed of a polarization--filter--array camera paired with a linearly polarized near-infrared illuminator can reveal trackable features across the sclera and gaze-informative patterns on the cornea, largely absent in intensity-only images. Across a cohort of 346 participants, convolutional neural network based machine learning models trained on data from PET reduced the median 95th-percentile absolute gaze error by 10--16\% relative to capacity-matched intensity baselines under nominal conditions and in the presence of eyelid occlusions, eye-relief changes, and pupil-size variation. These results link light--tissue polarization effects to practical gains in human--computer interaction and position PET as a simple, robust sensing modality for future wearable devices.
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Submitted 6 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Active Learning For Repairable Hardware Systems With Partial Coverage
Authors:
Michael Potter,
Beyza Kalkanlı,
Deniz Erdoğmuş,
Michael Everett
Abstract:
Identifying the optimal diagnostic test and hardware system instance to infer reliability characteristics using field data is challenging, especially when constrained by fixed budgets and minimal maintenance cycles. Active Learning (AL) has shown promise for parameter inference with limited data and budget constraints in machine learning/deep learning tasks. However, AL for reliability model param…
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Identifying the optimal diagnostic test and hardware system instance to infer reliability characteristics using field data is challenging, especially when constrained by fixed budgets and minimal maintenance cycles. Active Learning (AL) has shown promise for parameter inference with limited data and budget constraints in machine learning/deep learning tasks. However, AL for reliability model parameter inference remains underexplored for repairable hardware systems. It requires specialized AL Acquisition Functions (AFs) that consider hardware aging and the fact that a hardware system consists of multiple sub-systems, which may undergo only partial testing during a given diagnostic test. To address these challenges, we propose a relaxed Mixed Integer Semidefinite Program (MISDP) AL AF that incorporates Diagnostic Coverage (DC), Fisher Information Matrices (FIMs), and diagnostic testing budgets. Furthermore, we design empirical-based simulation experiments focusing on two diagnostic testing scenarios: (1) partial tests of a hardware system with overlapping subsystem coverage, and (2) partial tests where one diagnostic test fully subsumes the subsystem coverage of another. We evaluate our proposed approach against the most widely used AL AF in the literature (entropy), as well as several intuitive AL AFs tailored for reliability model parameter inference. Our proposed AF ranked best on average among the alternative AFs across 6,000 experimental configurations, with respect to Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Absolute Total Expected Event Error (ATEER) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) curves, with statistical significance calculated at a 0.05 alpha level using a Friedman hypothesis test.
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Submitted 23 July, 2025; v1 submitted 20 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Dependency-aware Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Active Learning
Authors:
Beyza Kalkanli,
Tales Imbiriba,
Stratis Ioannidis,
Deniz Erdogmus,
Jennifer Dy
Abstract:
Active learning aims to efficiently build a labeled training set by strategically selecting samples to query labels from annotators. In this sequential process, each sample acquisition influences subsequent selections, causing dependencies among samples in the labeled set. However, these dependencies are overlooked during the model parameter estimation stage when updating the model using Maximum L…
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Active learning aims to efficiently build a labeled training set by strategically selecting samples to query labels from annotators. In this sequential process, each sample acquisition influences subsequent selections, causing dependencies among samples in the labeled set. However, these dependencies are overlooked during the model parameter estimation stage when updating the model using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), a conventional method that assumes independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) data. We propose Dependency-aware MLE (DMLE), which corrects MLE within the active learning framework by addressing sample dependencies typically neglected due to the i.i.d. assumption, ensuring consistency with active learning principles in the model parameter estimation process. This improved method achieves superior performance across multiple benchmark datasets, reaching higher performance in earlier cycles compared to conventional MLE. Specifically, we observe average accuracy improvements of 6%, 8.6%, and 10.5% for k=1, k=5, and k=10 respectively, after collecting the first 100 samples, where entropy is the acquisition function and k is the query batch size acquired at every active learning cycle. Our implementation is publicly available at: https://github.com/neu-spiral/DMLEforAL
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Submitted 3 October, 2025; v1 submitted 7 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.