-
Constraints on ultralight bosons from merging binary and remnant black holes observed during the second and third parts of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
A. Abe,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
A. Adam,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1786 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present constraints on ultralight bosons using binary black hole mergers observed in the second and third parts of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. Directed searches are conducted for long-transient gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around merger remnants, using a hidden-Markov-model (HMM) tracking scheme. We target the remnant black holes formed in the binary co…
▽ More
We present constraints on ultralight bosons using binary black hole mergers observed in the second and third parts of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. Directed searches are conducted for long-transient gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around merger remnants, using a hidden-Markov-model (HMM) tracking scheme. We target the remnant black holes formed in the binary coalescences that produced GW250114 and GW250207. We find no evidence for such signals from either target. Estimating our search sensitivity at a threshold corresponding to a 1% false alarm probability, we thus disfavor vector boson masses in the range of $[2.80, 3.95]\times 10^{-13}$ eV with greater than 90% confidence. In addition, we derive constraints on ultralight scalar and vector bosons from the inferred high spins of the constituent black holes in three binaries, using events GW240515, GW241113, and GW241225_08. The excluded mass ranges in this approach depend on the assumed black-hole ages. At $10^5$ years, corresponding to typical dynamically formed binaries, we exclude scalar and vector bosons in the ranges $[1.39, 6.94]\times 10^{-13}$ eV and $[0.32, 14.4]\times 10^{-13}$ eV at 90% confidence, respectively.
△ Less
Submitted 11 August, 2026;
originally announced August 2026.
-
First-principles upper bounds on dark matter-electron scattering rates from condensed matter sum rules
Authors:
Bradford A. Barker,
Jay Epstein,
Luke James,
Yonatan Kahn,
Elizabeth A. Peterson,
Anirudh Prabhu,
Tanner Trickle,
Samuel L. Watkins
Abstract:
A wide variety of condensed matter systems are used or proposed as detectors to search for dark matter-electron scattering. In general, the scattering rate depends on detailed knowledge of the electronic properties of these systems. However, when dark matter couples to electron density, the dark matter-electron scattering rate can be related to the electron energy loss function, whose integrals ar…
▽ More
A wide variety of condensed matter systems are used or proposed as detectors to search for dark matter-electron scattering. In general, the scattering rate depends on detailed knowledge of the electronic properties of these systems. However, when dark matter couples to electron density, the dark matter-electron scattering rate can be related to the electron energy loss function, whose integrals are bounded by first-principles sum rules that rely on only a few macroscopic target properties. In this paper, we use these first-principles sum rules to derive upper bounds on the dark matter-electron scattering rate depending on only a few material properties: the plasma frequency $ω_\text{p}$, the target mass density $ρ_T$, and the static (longitudinal) dielectric function at finite momentum transfer, $\varepsilon(q, 0)$. The bulk material properties $ω_\text{p}$ and $ρ_T$ vary only over a limited range across a wide variety of materials, and to a good approximation, the generic large-$q$ dependence of $\varepsilon(q, 0)$ can be understood from a simple scaling law depending only on $ω_\text{p}$ which we verify with analytic and numerical examples. Thus, our upper bounds are largely material-agnostic, and place a fundamental limit on the sensitivity of any dark matter-electron direct detection experiment probing the coupling to electron density.
△ Less
Submitted 5 August, 2026;
originally announced August 2026.
-
Any Light Particle Searches with ALPS II: first science results
Authors:
Daniel C. Brotherton,
Zachary R. Bush,
Sandy Croatto,
Mauricio Diaz-Ortiz Jr.,
Jacob Egge,
Aldo Ejlli,
Henry Frädrich,
Joe Gleason,
Hartmut Grote,
Ayman Hallal,
Michael T. Hartman,
Harold Hollis,
Katharina-Sophie Isleif,
Alasdair L. James,
Friederike Januschek,
Kanioar Karan,
Sven Karstensen,
Todd Kozlowski,
Axel Lindner,
Giuseppe Messineo,
Manuel Meyer,
Guido Müller,
Ryan Netrval,
Isabella Oceano,
Gulden Othman
, et al. (15 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The light-shining-through-a-wall experiment ALPS II at DESY in Hamburg searched for axions and similar lightweight particles in its first science campaign from February to May 2024. No evidence for the existence of such particles was found. For pseudoscalar bosons like the axion, with masses below about 0.1 meV, we achieved a limit for the di-photon coupling strength of 1.5e-9 1/GeV at a 95% confi…
▽ More
The light-shining-through-a-wall experiment ALPS II at DESY in Hamburg searched for axions and similar lightweight particles in its first science campaign from February to May 2024. No evidence for the existence of such particles was found. For pseudoscalar bosons like the axion, with masses below about 0.1 meV, we achieved a limit for the di-photon coupling strength of 1.5e-9 1/GeV at a 95% confidence level. This is more than a factor of 20 improvement compared to all previous similar experiments. We also provide limits on photon interactions for scalar, vector and tensor bosons. An achievement of this first science campaign is the demonstration of stable operation and robust calibration of the complex experiment. Currently, the optical system of ALPS II is being upgraded aiming for another two orders of magnitude sensitivity increase.
△ Less
Submitted 15 May, 2026; v1 submitted 16 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
-
Directed searches for gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around merger remnant and galactic black holes during the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1747 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the first directed searches for long-transient and continuous gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around known black holes (BHs). We use LIGO data from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. The searches target two distinct types of BHs and use two new semicoherent methods: hidden Markov model (HMM) tracking for the remnant BHs of the mergers GW…
▽ More
We present the first directed searches for long-transient and continuous gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around known black holes (BHs). We use LIGO data from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. The searches target two distinct types of BHs and use two new semicoherent methods: hidden Markov model (HMM) tracking for the remnant BHs of the mergers GW230814_230901 and GW231123_135430 (referred to as GW230814 and GW231123 in this study), and a dedicated method using the Band Sampled Data (BSD) framework for the galactic BH in the Cygnus X-1 binary system. Without finding evidence of a signal from vector bosons in the data, we estimate the mass range that can be constrained. For the HMM searches targeting the remnants from GW231123 and GW230814, we disfavor vector boson masses in the ranges $[0.94, 1.08]$ and $[2.75, 3.28] \times 10^{-13}$ eV, respectively, at 30% confidence, assuming a 1% false alarm probability. Although these searches are only marginally sensitive to signals from merger remnants at relatively large distances, future observations are expected to yield more stringent constraints with high confidence. For the BSD search targeting the BH in Cygnus X-1, we exclude vector boson masses in the range $[0.85, 1.59] \times 10^{-13}$ eV at 95% confidence, assuming an initial BH spin larger than 0.5.
△ Less
Submitted 9 June, 2026; v1 submitted 8 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
-
Testing T2K's Bayesian constraints with priors in alternate parameterisations
Authors:
The T2K Collaboration,
K. Abe,
S. Abe,
R. Akutsu,
H. Alarakia-Charles,
Y. I. Alj Hakim,
S. Alonso Monsalve,
L. Anthony,
S. Aoki,
K. A. Apte,
T. Arai,
T. Arihara,
S. Arimoto,
Y. Ashida,
E. T. Atkin,
N. Babu,
V. Baranov,
G. J. Barker,
G. Barr,
D. Barrow,
P. Bates,
L. Bathe-Peters,
M. Batkiewicz-Kwasniak,
N. Baudis,
V. Berardi
, et al. (379 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Bayesian analysis results require a choice of prior distribution. In long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics, the usual parameterisation of the mixing matrix induces a prior that privileges certain neutrino mass and flavour state symmetries. Here we study the effect of privileging alternate symmetries on the results of the T2K experiment. We find that constraints on the level of CP violation (a…
▽ More
Bayesian analysis results require a choice of prior distribution. In long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics, the usual parameterisation of the mixing matrix induces a prior that privileges certain neutrino mass and flavour state symmetries. Here we study the effect of privileging alternate symmetries on the results of the T2K experiment. We find that constraints on the level of CP violation (as given by the Jarlskog invariant) are robust under the choices of prior considered in the analysis. On the other hand, the degree of octant preference for the atmospheric angle depends on which symmetry has been privileged.
△ Less
Submitted 2 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
-
Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
R. Abbott,
H. Abe,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
V. B. Adya,
C. Affeldt,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. Aguilar,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu,
S. Albanesi
, et al. (1778 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we prese…
▽ More
Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM.
△ Less
Submitted 5 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
-
Short-range forces due to Lorentz-symmetry violation
Authors:
Quentin G. Bailey,
Jennifer L. James,
Janessa R. Slone,
Kellie O'Neal-Ault
Abstract:
Complementing previous theoretical and experimental work, we explore new types of short-range modifications to Newtonian gravity arising from spacetime-symmetry breaking. The first non-perturbative, i.e., to all orders in coefficients for Lorentz-symmetry breaking, are constructed in the Newtonian limit. We make use of the generic symmetry-breaking terms modifying the gravity sector and examine th…
▽ More
Complementing previous theoretical and experimental work, we explore new types of short-range modifications to Newtonian gravity arising from spacetime-symmetry breaking. The first non-perturbative, i.e., to all orders in coefficients for Lorentz-symmetry breaking, are constructed in the Newtonian limit. We make use of the generic symmetry-breaking terms modifying the gravity sector and examine the isotropic coefficient limit. The results show new kinds of force law corrections, going beyond the standard Yukawa parameterization. Further, there are ranges of the values of the coefficients that could make the resulting forces large compared to the Newtonian prediction at short distances. Experimental signals are discussed for typical test mass arrangements.
△ Less
Submitted 2 October, 2022;
originally announced October 2022.
-
New Signals in Precision Gravity Tests and Beyond
Authors:
Quentin G. Bailey,
Jennifer L. James,
Janessa R. Slone
Abstract:
We review the status of tests of spacetime symmetries with gravity. Recent theoretical and experimental work has involved gravitational wave signals, precision solar-system tests, and sensitive laboratory tests searching for violations of spacetime symmetries. We present some new theoretical results relevant for short-range gravity tests, with features of multiple length scales, and possible large…
▽ More
We review the status of tests of spacetime symmetries with gravity. Recent theoretical and experimental work has involved gravitational wave signals, precision solar-system tests, and sensitive laboratory tests searching for violations of spacetime symmetries. We present some new theoretical results relevant for short-range gravity tests, with features of multiple length scales, and possible large non-Newtonian forces at short distances.
△ Less
Submitted 13 July, 2022;
originally announced July 2022.
-
A ChPT estimate of the strong-isospin-breaking contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon
Authors:
Christopher L. James,
Randy Lewis,
Kim Maltman
Abstract:
First-principles lattice determinations of the Standard Model expectation for the leading order hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon have become sufficiently precise that further improvement requires including strong and electromagnetic isospin-breaking effects. We provide a continuum estimate of the strong isospin-breaking contribution,…
▽ More
First-principles lattice determinations of the Standard Model expectation for the leading order hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon have become sufficiently precise that further improvement requires including strong and electromagnetic isospin-breaking effects. We provide a continuum estimate of the strong isospin-breaking contribution, $a_μ^{SIB}$, using $SU(3)$ chiral perturbation theory. The result is shown to be dominated by resonance-region contributions encoded in a single low-energy constant whose value is known from flavor-breaking hadronic $τ$ decay sum rules. Implications of the form of the result for lattice determinations of $a_μ^{SIB}$ are also discussed.
△ Less
Submitted 28 September, 2021;
originally announced September 2021.
-
Constraints on dark photon dark matter using data from LIGO's and Virgo's third observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
R. Abbott,
T. D. Abbott,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adams,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. B. Adya,
C. Affeldt,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
K. Agatsuma,
N. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu,
S. Albanesi,
A. Allocca,
P. A. Altin,
A. Amato
, et al. (1605 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present a search for dark photon dark matter that could couple to gravitational-wave interferometers using data from Advanced LIGO and Virgo's third observing run. To perform this analysis, we use two methods, one based on cross-correlation of the strain channels in the two nearly aligned LIGO detectors, and one that looks for excess power in the strain channels of the LIGO and Virgo detectors.…
▽ More
We present a search for dark photon dark matter that could couple to gravitational-wave interferometers using data from Advanced LIGO and Virgo's third observing run. To perform this analysis, we use two methods, one based on cross-correlation of the strain channels in the two nearly aligned LIGO detectors, and one that looks for excess power in the strain channels of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. The excess power method optimizes the Fourier Transform coherence time as a function of frequency, to account for the expected signal width due to Doppler modulations. We do not find any evidence of dark photon dark matter with a mass between $m_{\rm A} \sim 10^{-14}-10^{-11}$ eV/$c^2$, which corresponds to frequencies between 10-2000 Hz, and therefore provide upper limits on the square of the minimum coupling of dark photons to baryons, i.e. $U(1)_{\rm B}$ dark matter. For the cross-correlation method, the best median constraint on the squared coupling is $\sim2.65\times10^{-46}$ at $m_{\rm A}\sim4.31\times10^{-13}$ eV/$c^2$; for the other analysis, the best constraint is $\sim 2.4\times 10^{-47}$ at $m_{\rm A}\sim 5.7\times 10^{-13}$ eV/$c^2$. These limits improve upon those obtained in direct dark matter detection experiments by a factor of $\sim100$ for $m_{\rm A}\sim [2-4]\times 10^{-13}$ eV/$c^2$, and are, in absolute terms, the most stringent constraint so far in a large mass range $m_A\sim$ $2\times 10^{-13}-8\times 10^{-12}$ eV/$c^2$.
△ Less
Submitted 6 May, 2024; v1 submitted 27 May, 2021;
originally announced May 2021.