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ECFA Higgs, electroweak, and top Factory Study
Authors:
H. Abidi,
J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra,
S. Airen,
S. Ajmal,
M. Al-Thakeel,
G. L. Alberghi,
J. Alcaraz Maestre,
J. Alimena,
S. Alshamaily,
J. Altmann,
W. Altmannshofer,
Y. Amhis,
A. Amiri,
A. Andreazza,
S. Antusch,
O. Arnaez,
K. A. Assamagan,
S. Aumiller,
K. Azizi,
P. Azzi,
P. Azzurri,
E. Bagnaschi,
Z. Baharyioon,
H. Bahl,
V. Balagura
, et al. (352 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ECFA Higgs, electroweak, and top Factory Study ran between 2021 and 2025 as a broad effort across the experimental and theoretical particle physics communities, bringing together participants from many different proposed future collider projects. Activities across three main working groups advanced the joint development of tools and analysis techniques, fostered new considerations of detector…
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The ECFA Higgs, electroweak, and top Factory Study ran between 2021 and 2025 as a broad effort across the experimental and theoretical particle physics communities, bringing together participants from many different proposed future collider projects. Activities across three main working groups advanced the joint development of tools and analysis techniques, fostered new considerations of detector design and optimisation, and led to a new set of studies resulting in improved projected sensitivities across a wide physics programme. This report demonstrates the significant expansion in the state-of-the-art understanding of the physics potential of future e+e- Higgs, electroweak, and top factories, and has been submitted as input to the 2025 European Strategy for Particle Physics Update.
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Submitted 17 October, 2025; v1 submitted 18 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 2, Accelerators, Technical Infrastructure and Safety
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
A. Abada
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory;…
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In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase.
FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold - delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes remains flexible.
FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV - nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC - and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes.
This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 3, Civil Engineering, Implementation and Sustainability
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
P. Azzi
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. I…
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Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. It outlines a technically feasible and economically viable civil engineering configuration that serves as the baseline for detailed subsurface investigations, construction design, cost estimation, and project implementation planning. Additionally, the report highlights ongoing subsurface investigations in key areas to support the development of an improved 3D subsurface model of the region.
The report describes development of the project scenario based on the 'avoid-reduce-compensate' iterative optimisation approach. The reference scenario balances optimal physics performance with territorial compatibility, implementation risks, and costs. Environmental field investigations covering almost 600 hectares of terrain - including numerous urban, economic, social, and technical aspects - confirmed the project's technical feasibility and contributed to the preparation of essential input documents for the formal project authorisation phase. The summary also highlights the initiation of public dialogue as part of the authorisation process. The results of a comprehensive socio-economic impact assessment, which included significant environmental effects, are presented. Even under the most conservative and stringent conditions, a positive benefit-cost ratio for the FCC-ee is obtained. Finally, the report provides a concise summary of the studies conducted to document the current state of the environment.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 1, Physics, Experiments, Detectors
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
P. Azzi
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model.…
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Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model. The report reviews the experimental opportunities offered by the staged implementation of FCC, beginning with an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), operating at several centre-of-mass energies, followed by a hadron collider (FCC-hh). Benchmark examples are given of the expected physics performance, in terms of precision and sensitivity to new phenomena, of each collider stage. Detector requirements and conceptual designs for FCC-ee experiments are discussed, as are the specific demands that the physics programme imposes on the accelerator in the domains of the calibration of the collision energy, and the interface region between the accelerator and the detector. The report also highlights advances in detector, software and computing technologies, as well as the theoretical tools /reconstruction techniques that will enable the precision measurements and discovery potential of the FCC experimental programme. This volume reflects the outcome of a global collaborative effort involving hundreds of scientists and institutions, aided by a dedicated community-building coordination, and provides a targeted assessment of the scientific opportunities and experimental foundations of the FCC programme.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Focus topics for the ECFA study on Higgs / Top / EW factories
Authors:
Jorge de Blas,
Patrick Koppenburg,
Jenny List,
Fabio Maltoni,
Juan Alcaraz Maestre,
Juliette Alimena,
John Alison,
Patrizia Azzi,
Paolo Azzurri,
Emanuele Bagnaschi,
Timothy Barklow,
Matthew J. Basso,
Josh Bendavid,
Martin Beneke,
Eli Ben-Haim,
Mikael Berggren,
Marzia Bordone,
Ivanka Bozovic,
Valentina Cairo,
Nuno Filipe Castro,
Marina Cobal,
Paula Collins,
Mogens Dam,
Valerio Dao,
Matteo Defranchis
, et al. (83 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In order to stimulate new engagement and trigger some concrete studies in areas where further work would be beneficial towards fully understanding the physics potential of an $e^+e^-$ Higgs / Top / Electroweak factory, we propose to define a set of focus topics. The general reasoning and the proposed topics are described in this document.
In order to stimulate new engagement and trigger some concrete studies in areas where further work would be beneficial towards fully understanding the physics potential of an $e^+e^-$ Higgs / Top / Electroweak factory, we propose to define a set of focus topics. The general reasoning and the proposed topics are described in this document.
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Submitted 18 January, 2024; v1 submitted 15 January, 2024;
originally announced January 2024.
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Report of the Topical Group on Higgs Physics for Snowmass 2021: The Case for Precision Higgs Physics
Authors:
Sally Dawson,
Patrick Meade,
Isobel Ojalvo,
Caterina Vernieri,
S. Adhikari,
F. Abu-Ajamieh,
A. Alberta,
H. Bahl,
R. Barman,
M. Basso,
A. Beniwal,
I. Bozovi-Jelisav,
S. Bright-Thonney,
V. Cairo,
F. Celiberto,
S. Chang,
M. Chen,
C. Damerell,
J. Davis,
J. de Blas,
W. Dekens,
J. Duarte,
D. Egana-Ugrinovic,
U. Einhaus,
Y. Gao
, et al. (56 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A future Higgs Factory will provide improved precision on measurements of Higgs couplings beyond those obtained by the LHC, and will enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of fundamental physics, including the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking, the origin of the masses and mixing of fundamental particles, the predominance of matter over antimatter, and the nature of dark…
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A future Higgs Factory will provide improved precision on measurements of Higgs couplings beyond those obtained by the LHC, and will enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of fundamental physics, including the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking, the origin of the masses and mixing of fundamental particles, the predominance of matter over antimatter, and the nature of dark matter. Future colliders will measure Higgs couplings to a few per cent, giving a window to beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics in the 1-10 TeV range. In addition, they will make precise measurements of the Higgs width, and characterize the Higgs self-coupling. This report details the work of the EF01 and EF02 working groups for the Snowmass 2021 study.
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Submitted 20 December, 2022; v1 submitted 15 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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The International Linear Collider: Report to Snowmass 2021
Authors:
Alexander Aryshev,
Ties Behnke,
Mikael Berggren,
James Brau,
Nathaniel Craig,
Ayres Freitas,
Frank Gaede,
Spencer Gessner,
Stefania Gori,
Christophe Grojean,
Sven Heinemeyer,
Daniel Jeans,
Katja Kruger,
Benno List,
Jenny List,
Zhen Liu,
Shinichiro Michizono,
David W. Miller,
Ian Moult,
Hitoshi Murayama,
Tatsuya Nakada,
Emilio Nanni,
Mihoko Nojiri,
Hasan Padamsee,
Maxim Perelstein
, et al. (487 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The International Linear Collider (ILC) is on the table now as a new global energy-frontier accelerator laboratory taking data in the 2030s. The ILC addresses key questions for our current understanding of particle physics. It is based on a proven accelerator technology. Its experiments will challenge the Standard Model of particle physics and will provide a new window to look beyond it. This docu…
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The International Linear Collider (ILC) is on the table now as a new global energy-frontier accelerator laboratory taking data in the 2030s. The ILC addresses key questions for our current understanding of particle physics. It is based on a proven accelerator technology. Its experiments will challenge the Standard Model of particle physics and will provide a new window to look beyond it. This document brings the story of the ILC up to date, emphasizing its strong physics motivation, its readiness for construction, and the opportunity it presents to the US and the global particle physics community.
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Submitted 16 January, 2023; v1 submitted 14 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.