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Probing hard/soft factorization via beam-spin asymmetry in exclusive pion electroproduction from the proton
Authors:
Alicia C. Postuma,
Garth M. Huber,
D. J. Gaskell,
N. Heinrich,
T. Horn,
M. Junaid,
S. J. D. Kay,
V. Kumar,
P. Markowitz,
J. Roche,
R. Trotta,
A. Usman,
B. -G. Yu,
T. K. Choi,
K. -J. Kong,
S. Ali,
R. Ambrose,
D. Androic,
W. Armstrong,
A. Bandari,
V. Berdnikov,
H. Bhatt,
D. Bhetuwal,
D. Biswas,
M. Boer
, et al. (54 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Deep exclusive meson production (DEMP) reactions, such as $p(\vec{e},e'π^+)n$, provide opportunities to study the three-dimensional structure of the nucleon through differential cross section and beam- and target-spin asymmetry measurements. This work aims to probe the onset of the hard/soft factorization regime through the exclusive $p(\vec{e},e'π^+)n$ reaction, as measured in the KaonLT experime…
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Deep exclusive meson production (DEMP) reactions, such as $p(\vec{e},e'π^+)n$, provide opportunities to study the three-dimensional structure of the nucleon through differential cross section and beam- and target-spin asymmetry measurements. This work aims to probe the onset of the hard/soft factorization regime through the exclusive $p(\vec{e},e'π^+)n$ reaction, as measured in the KaonLT experiment at Jefferson Lab Hall C. A 10.6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron beam was incident on an unpolarized liquid hydrogen target, and the scattered electron and produced meson were detected in two magnetic focusing spectrometers, enabling precision cross section measurements. The cross section ratio $σ_{LT'}/σ_0$ was extracted from the beam-spin asymmetry $A_{LU}$. The $t$-dependence of $σ_{LT'}/σ_0$ was determined at fixed $Q^2$ and $x_B$ over a range of kinematics from $2<Q^2<6$ GeV$^2$ above the resonance region ($W>2$ GeV). Furthermore, these data are combined with recent results from CLAS/CLAS12 to determine the $Q^2$-dependence of $σ_{LT'}/σ_0$ at two ($x_B$, $t$) settings. This was fairly flat, with $Q^2$ not having a measurable effect on the value of $σ_{LT'}/σ_0$ in the range explored. Results are compared to predictions from the generalized parton distribution (GPD) formalism, which relies explicitly on hard/soft factorization, and Regge formalism. The Regge models better predict $σ_{LT'}/σ_0$, which suggests that the factorization regime is not yet reached.
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Submitted 1 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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ArgoLOOM: agentic AI for fundamental physics from quarks to cosmos
Authors:
S. D. Bakshi,
P. Barry,
C. Bissolotti,
I. Cloet,
S. Corrodi,
Z. Djurcic,
S. Habib,
K. Heitmann,
T. J. Hobbs,
W. Hopkins,
S. Joosten,
B. Kriesten,
N. Ramachandra,
A. Wells,
M. Zurek
Abstract:
Progress in modern physics has been supported by a steadily expanding corpus of numerical analyses and computational frameworks, which in turn form the basis for precision calculations and baseline predictions in experimental programs. These tools play a central role in navigating a complex landscape of theoretical models and current and potential observables to identify and understand fundamental…
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Progress in modern physics has been supported by a steadily expanding corpus of numerical analyses and computational frameworks, which in turn form the basis for precision calculations and baseline predictions in experimental programs. These tools play a central role in navigating a complex landscape of theoretical models and current and potential observables to identify and understand fundamental interactions in physics. In addition, efforts to search for new fundamental interactions increasingly have a cross-disciplinary nature, such that understanding and leveraging interoperabilities among computational tools may be a significant enhancement. This work presents a new agentic AI framework, which we call ArgoLOOM, designed to bridge methodologies and computational analyses across cosmology, collider physics, and nuclear science. We describe the system contours, key internal aspects, and outline its potential for unifying scientific discovery pipelines. In the process, we demonstrate the use of ArgoLOOM on two small-scale problems to illustrate its conceptual foundations and potential for extensibility into a steadily growing agentic framework for fundamental physics.
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Submitted 2 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Studying the Strangeness $D$-Term in Hall C via Exclusive $φ$ Electroproduction
Authors:
H. T. Klest,
S. Joosten,
H. Szumila-Vance,
W. Armstrong,
F. A. Flor,
B. Kim,
M. H. Kim,
V. Klimenko,
S. Lee,
Z. -E. Meziani,
C. Peng,
N. Pilleux,
P. E. Reimer,
J. Xie,
Z. Xu,
M. Żurek,
A. Hoghmrtsyan,
A. Mkrtchyan,
H. Mkrtchyan,
V. Tadevosyan,
Y. Hatta,
P. Markowitz,
G. Niculescu,
I. Niculescu,
A. Camsonne
, et al. (34 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We propose a measurement of exclusive electroproduction of $φ$ mesons near threshold in Hall C. We will measure the |t|-dependence of the exclusive $φ$ electroproduction cross section, which has recently been proposed as an observable sensitive to the strangeness $D$-term. The contribution of strangeness to the total $D$-term is presently unknown, with different arguments favoring $D_s$ being larg…
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We propose a measurement of exclusive electroproduction of $φ$ mesons near threshold in Hall C. We will measure the |t|-dependence of the exclusive $φ$ electroproduction cross section, which has recently been proposed as an observable sensitive to the strangeness $D$-term. The contribution of strangeness to the total $D$-term is presently unknown, with different arguments favoring $D_s$ being large, being small, or even having opposite sign from the total $D$-term. Our exploratory measurement is designed to distinguish between these hypotheses. If $D_s$ turns out to be small, $φ$ electroproduction can be used to study the gluon $D$-term. In addition, this dataset will allow us to perform measurements of other exclusive meson final states, including the first measurement of $η'$ electroproduction and multi-differential measurements of $η$ and $ω$ electroproduction.
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Submitted 17 December, 2025; v1 submitted 2 January, 2025;
originally announced January 2025.
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The Solenoidal Large Intensity Device (SoLID) for JLab 12 GeV
Authors:
John Arrington,
Jay Benesch,
Alexandre Camsonne,
Jimmy Caylor,
Jian-Ping Chen,
Silviu Covrig Dusa,
Alexander Emmert,
George Evans,
Haiyan Gao,
J. Ole Hansen,
Garth M. Huber,
Sylvester Joosten,
Vladimir Khachatryan,
Nilanga Liyanage,
Zein-Eddine Meziani,
Michael Nycz,
Chao Peng,
Michael Paolone,
Whit Seay,
Paul A. Souder,
Nikos Sparveris,
Hubert Spiesberger,
Ye Tian,
Eric Voutier,
Junqi Xie
, et al. (6 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Solenoidal Large Intensity Device (SoLID) is a new experimental apparatus planned for Hall A at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). SoLID will combine large angular and momentum acceptance with the capability to handle very high data rates at high luminosity. With a slate of approved high-impact physics experiments, SoLID will push JLab to a new limit at the QCD intensit…
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The Solenoidal Large Intensity Device (SoLID) is a new experimental apparatus planned for Hall A at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). SoLID will combine large angular and momentum acceptance with the capability to handle very high data rates at high luminosity. With a slate of approved high-impact physics experiments, SoLID will push JLab to a new limit at the QCD intensity frontier that will exploit the full potential of its 12 GeV electron beam. In this paper, we present an overview of the rich physics program that can be realized with SoLID, which encompasses the tomography of the nucleon in 3-D momentum space from Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS), expanding the phase space in the search for new physics and novel hadronic effects in parity-violating DIS (PVDIS), a precision measurement of $J/ψ$ production at threshold that probes the gluon field and its contribution to the proton mass, tomography of the nucleon in combined coordinate and momentum space with deep exclusive reactions, and more. To meet the challenging requirements, the design of SoLID described here takes full advantage of recent progress in detector, data acquisition and computing technologies. In addition, we outline potential experiments beyond the currently approved program and discuss the physics that could be explored should upgrades of CEBAF become a reality in the future.
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Submitted 12 February, 2023; v1 submitted 18 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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Determining the Proton's Gluonic Gravitational Form Factors
Authors:
B. Duran,
Z. -E. Meziani,
S. Joosten,
M. K. Jones,
S. Prasad,
C. Peng,
W. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
E. Chudakov,
H. Bhatt,
D. Bhetuwal,
M. Boer,
A. Camsonne,
J. -P. Chen,
M. M. Dalton,
N. Deokar,
M. Diefenthaler,
J. Dunne,
L. El Fassi,
E. Fuchey,
H. Gao,
D. Gaskell,
O. Hansen,
F. Hauenstein,
D. Higinbotham
, et al. (30 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The proton is one of the main building blocks of all visible matter in the universe. Among its intrinsic properties are its electric charge, mass, and spin. These emerge from the complex dynamics of its fundamental constituents, quarks and gluons, described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Using electron scattering, its electric charge and spin, shared among the quark constituents, h…
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The proton is one of the main building blocks of all visible matter in the universe. Among its intrinsic properties are its electric charge, mass, and spin. These emerge from the complex dynamics of its fundamental constituents, quarks and gluons, described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Using electron scattering, its electric charge and spin, shared among the quark constituents, have been the topic of active investigation. An example is the novel precision measurement of the proton's electric charge radius. In contrast, little is known about the proton's inner mass density, dominated by the energy carried by the gluons, which are hard to access through electron scattering since gluons carry no electromagnetic charge. Here, we chose to probe this gluonic gravitational density using a small color dipole, the $J/ψ$ particle, through its threshold photoproduction. From our data, we determined, for the first time, the proton's gluonic gravitational form factors. We used a variety of models and determined, in all cases, a mass radius that is notably smaller than the electric charge radius. In some cases, the determined radius, although model dependent, is in excellent agreement with first-principle predictions from lattice QCD. This work paves the way for a deeper understanding of the salient role of gluons in providing gravitational mass to visible matter.
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Submitted 7 February, 2023; v1 submitted 11 July, 2022;
originally announced July 2022.
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Science Requirements and Detector Concepts for the Electron-Ion Collider: EIC Yellow Report
Authors:
R. Abdul Khalek,
A. Accardi,
J. Adam,
D. Adamiak,
W. Akers,
M. Albaladejo,
A. Al-bataineh,
M. G. Alexeev,
F. Ameli,
P. Antonioli,
N. Armesto,
W. R. Armstrong,
M. Arratia,
J. Arrington,
A. Asaturyan,
M. Asai,
E. C. Aschenauer,
S. Aune,
H. Avagyan,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
B. Azmoun,
A. Bacchetta,
M. D. Baker,
F. Barbosa,
L. Barion
, et al. (390 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This report describes the physics case, the resulting detector requirements, and the evolving detector concepts for the experimental program at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The EIC will be a powerful new high-luminosity facility in the United States with the capability to collide high-energy electron beams with high-energy proton and ion beams, providing access to those regions in the nucleon…
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This report describes the physics case, the resulting detector requirements, and the evolving detector concepts for the experimental program at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The EIC will be a powerful new high-luminosity facility in the United States with the capability to collide high-energy electron beams with high-energy proton and ion beams, providing access to those regions in the nucleon and nuclei where their structure is dominated by gluons. Moreover, polarized beams in the EIC will give unprecedented access to the spatial and spin structure of the proton, neutron, and light ions. The studies leading to this document were commissioned and organized by the EIC User Group with the objective of advancing the state and detail of the physics program and developing detector concepts that meet the emerging requirements in preparation for the realization of the EIC. The effort aims to provide the basis for further development of concepts for experimental equipment best suited for the science needs, including the importance of two complementary detectors and interaction regions.
This report consists of three volumes. Volume I is an executive summary of our findings and developed concepts. In Volume II we describe studies of a wide range of physics measurements and the emerging requirements on detector acceptance and performance. Volume III discusses general-purpose detector concepts and the underlying technologies to meet the physics requirements. These considerations will form the basis for a world-class experimental program that aims to increase our understanding of the fundamental structure of all visible matter
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Submitted 26 October, 2021; v1 submitted 8 March, 2021;
originally announced March 2021.
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Extraction of beam-spin asymmetries from the hard exclusive $π^{+}$ channel off protons in a wide range of kinematics
Authors:
S. Diehl,
K. Joo,
A. Kim,
H. Avakian,
P. Kroll,
K. Park,
D. Riser,
K. Semenov-Tian-Shansky,
K. Tezgin,
K. P. Adhikari,
S. Adhikari,
M. J. Amaryan,
G. Angelini,
G. Asryan,
H. Atac,
L. Barion,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
F. Boss`u,
S. Boiarinov,
W. J. Briscoe,
W. K. Brooks
, et al. (113 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We have measured beam-spin asymmetries to extract the $\sinφ$ moment $A_{LU}^{\sinφ}$ from the hard exclusive $\vec{e} p \to e^\prime n π^+$ reaction above the resonance region, for the first time with nearly full coverage from forward to backward angles in the center-of-mass. The $A_{LU}^{\sinφ}$ moment has been measured up to 6.6 GeV$^{2}$ in $-t$, covering the kinematic regimes of Generalized P…
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We have measured beam-spin asymmetries to extract the $\sinφ$ moment $A_{LU}^{\sinφ}$ from the hard exclusive $\vec{e} p \to e^\prime n π^+$ reaction above the resonance region, for the first time with nearly full coverage from forward to backward angles in the center-of-mass. The $A_{LU}^{\sinφ}$ moment has been measured up to 6.6 GeV$^{2}$ in $-t$, covering the kinematic regimes of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPD) and baryon-to-meson Transition Distribution Amplitudes (TDA) at the same time. The experimental results in very forward kinematics demonstrate the sensitivity to chiral-odd and chiral-even GPDs. In very backward kinematics where the TDA framework is applicable, we found $A_{LU}^{\sinφ}$ to be negative, while a sign change was observed near 90$^\circ$ in the center-of-mass. The unique results presented in this paper will provide critical constraints to establish reaction mechanisms that can help to further develop the GPD and TDA frameworks.
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Submitted 30 July, 2020;
originally announced July 2020.
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An experimental program with high duty-cycle polarized and unpolarized positron beams at Jefferson Lab
Authors:
A. Accardi,
A. Afanasev,
I. Albayrak,
S. F. Ali,
M. Amaryan,
J. R. M. Annand,
J. Arrington,
A. Asaturyan,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
T. Averett,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
X. Bai,
L. Barion,
M. Battaglieri,
V. Bellini,
R. Beminiwattha,
F. Benmokhtar,
V. V. Berdnikov,
J. C. Bernauer,
V. Bertone,
A. Bianconi,
A. Biselli,
P. Bisio,
P. Blunden
, et al. (205 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Positron beams, both polarized and unpolarized, are identified as essential ingredients for the experimental programs at the next generation of lepton accelerators. In the context of the hadronic physics program at Jefferson Lab (JLab), positron beams are complementary, even essential, tools for a precise understanding of the electromagnetic structure of nucleons and nuclei, in both the elastic an…
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Positron beams, both polarized and unpolarized, are identified as essential ingredients for the experimental programs at the next generation of lepton accelerators. In the context of the hadronic physics program at Jefferson Lab (JLab), positron beams are complementary, even essential, tools for a precise understanding of the electromagnetic structure of nucleons and nuclei, in both the elastic and deep-inelastic regimes. For instance, elastic scattering of polarized and unpolarized electrons and positrons from the nucleon enables a model independent determination of its electromagnetic form factors. Also, the deeply-virtual scattering of polarized and unpolarized electrons and positrons allows unambiguous separation of the different contributions to the cross section of the lepto-production of photons and of lepton-pairs, enabling an accurate determination of the nucleons and nuclei generalized parton distributions, and providing an access to the gravitational form factors. Furthermore, positron beams offer the possibility of alternative tests of the Standard Model of particle physics through the search of a dark photon, the precise measurement of electroweak couplings, and the investigation of charged lepton flavor violation. This document discusses the perspectives of an experimental program with high duty-cycle positron beams at JLab.
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Submitted 21 May, 2021; v1 submitted 29 July, 2020;
originally announced July 2020.
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Azimuthal single- and double-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic lepton scattering by transversely polarized protons
Authors:
HERMES Collaboration,
A. Airapetian,
N. Akopov,
Z. Akopov,
E. C. Aschenauer,
W. Augustyniak,
R. Avakian,
A. Bacchetta,
S. Belostotski,
V. Bryzgalov,
G. P. Capitani,
E. Cisbani,
G. Ciullo,
M. Contalbrigo,
W. Deconinck,
R. De Leo,
E. De Sanctis,
M. Diefenthaler,
P. Di Nezza,
M. Düren,
G. Elbakian,
F. Ellinghaus,
A. Fantoni,
L. Felawka,
G. Gavrilov
, et al. (50 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A comprehensive set of azimuthal single-spin and double-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive leptoproduction of pions, charged kaons, protons, and antiprotons from transversely polarized protons is presented. These asymmetries include the previously published HERMES results on Collins and Sivers asymmetries, the analysis of which has been extended to include protons and antiprotons and also to an ex…
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A comprehensive set of azimuthal single-spin and double-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive leptoproduction of pions, charged kaons, protons, and antiprotons from transversely polarized protons is presented. These asymmetries include the previously published HERMES results on Collins and Sivers asymmetries, the analysis of which has been extended to include protons and antiprotons and also to an extraction in a three-dimensional kinematic binning and enlarged phase space. They are complemented by corresponding results for the remaining four single-spin and four double-spin asymmetries allowed in the one-photon-exchange approximation of the semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering process for target-polarization orientation perpendicular to the direction of the incoming lepton beam. Among those results, significant non-vanishing $\cos{φ-φ_S}$ modulations provide evidence for a sizable worm-gear (II) distribution, $g_{1T}$. Most of the other modulations are found to be consistent with zero with the notable exception of large $\sin{φ_S}$ modulations for charged pions and positive kaons.
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Submitted 15 July, 2020;
originally announced July 2020.
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$Υ$ photo-production on the proton at the Electron-Ion Collider
Authors:
Oleksii Gryniuk,
Sylvester Joosten,
Zein-Eddine Meziani,
Marc Vanderhaeghen
Abstract:
We present a dispersive analysis with the aim to extract the $Υ$-p scattering length from $γp \to Υp$ experiments. In this framework, the imaginary part of the $Υ$-p forward scattering amplitude is obtained from $γp \to Υp$ cross section measurements, and is constrained at high energies from existing HERA and LHC data. Its real part is calculated through a once-subtracted dispersion relation, and…
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We present a dispersive analysis with the aim to extract the $Υ$-p scattering length from $γp \to Υp$ experiments. In this framework, the imaginary part of the $Υ$-p forward scattering amplitude is obtained from $γp \to Υp$ cross section measurements, and is constrained at high energies from existing HERA and LHC data. Its real part is calculated through a once-subtracted dispersion relation, and the subtraction constant is proportional to the $Υ$-p scattering length. We perform a feasibility study for $Υ$ photo-production experiments at an Electron-Ion Collider and discuss the sensitivity and precision that can be reached in the extraction of the $Υ$-p scattering length.
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Submitted 30 June, 2020; v1 submitted 19 May, 2020;
originally announced May 2020.
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Probing Nucleons and Nuclei in High Energy Collisions
Authors:
Christine A. Aidala,
Elke Aschenauer,
Fatma Aslan,
Alessandro Bacchetta,
Ian Balitsky,
Sanjin Benic,
Shohini Bhattacharya,
Mariaelena Boglione,
Matthias Burkardt,
Justin Cammarota,
Giovanni A. Chirilli,
Christopher Cocuzza,
Aurore Courtoy,
Daniel de Florian,
Pasquale Di Nezza,
Adrian Dumitru,
Sara Fucini,
Kenji Fukushima,
Yulia Furletova,
Leonard Gamberg,
Oscar Garcia-Montero,
François Gelis,
Vadim Guzey,
Yoshitaka Hatta,
Francesco Hautmann
, et al. (65 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This volume is a collection of contributions for the 7-week program "Probing Nucleons and Nuclei in High Energy Collisions" that was held at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Seattle, WA, USA, from October 1 until November 16, 2018. The program was dedicated to the physics of the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), the world's first polarized electron-nucleon (ep) and electron-nucleus (eA) collider to…
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This volume is a collection of contributions for the 7-week program "Probing Nucleons and Nuclei in High Energy Collisions" that was held at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Seattle, WA, USA, from October 1 until November 16, 2018. The program was dedicated to the physics of the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), the world's first polarized electron-nucleon (ep) and electron-nucleus (eA) collider to be constructed in the USA. These proceedings are organized by chapters, corresponding to the weeks of the program: Week I, Generalized parton distributions; Week II, Transverse spin and TMDs; Week III, Longitudinal spin; Week IV, Symposium week; Weeks V & VI, eA collisions; Week VII, pA and AA collisions. We hope these proceedings will be useful to readers as a compilation of EIC-related science at the end of the second decade of the XXI century.
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Submitted 11 May, 2020; v1 submitted 25 February, 2020;
originally announced February 2020.
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Longitudinal double-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of electrons and positrons by protons and deuterons
Authors:
HERMES Collaboration,
A. Airapetian,
N. Akopov,
Z. Akopov,
E. C. Aschenauer,
W. Augustyniak,
R. Avakian,
A. Avetissian,
S. Belostotski,
H. P. Blok,
A. Borissov,
V. Bryzgalov,
G. P. Capitani,
E. Cisbani,
G. Ciullo,
M. Contalbrigo,
P. F. Dalpiaz,
W. Deconinck,
R. De Leo,
L. De Nardo,
E. De Sanctis,
M. Diefenthaler,
P. Di Nezza,
M. Düren,
G. Elbakian
, et al. (74 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A comprehensive collection of results on longitudinal double-spin asymmetries is presented for charged pions and kaons produced in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of electrons and positrons on the proton and deuteron, based on the full HERMES data set. The dependence of the asymmetries on hadron transverse momentum and azimuthal angle extends the sensitivity to the flavor structure of the…
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A comprehensive collection of results on longitudinal double-spin asymmetries is presented for charged pions and kaons produced in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of electrons and positrons on the proton and deuteron, based on the full HERMES data set. The dependence of the asymmetries on hadron transverse momentum and azimuthal angle extends the sensitivity to the flavor structure of the nucleon beyond the distribution functions accessible in the collinear framework. No strong dependence on those variables is observed. In addition, the hadron charge-difference asymmetry is presented, which under certain model assumptions provides access to the helicity distributions of valence quarks.
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Submitted 16 October, 2018;
originally announced October 2018.
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Probing the gluonic structure of the nucleon through quarkonium production
Authors:
S. Joosten
Abstract:
Heavy quarkonium production will provide for novel opportunities to study the gluonic structure of the nucleon in the near future. Near threshold quarkonium production allows for direct experimental access of the dynamic origin of the nucleon mass as well as the nature of the color Van der Waals force, while quarkonium production at high energies can be used to create a full three-dimensional tomo…
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Heavy quarkonium production will provide for novel opportunities to study the gluonic structure of the nucleon in the near future. Near threshold quarkonium production allows for direct experimental access of the dynamic origin of the nucleon mass as well as the nature of the color Van der Waals force, while quarkonium production at high energies can be used to create a full three-dimensional tomographic image of the gluons inside the nucleon, constraining the gluonic radius of the nucleon.
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Submitted 22 March, 2018;
originally announced March 2018.
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Nucleon and nuclear structure through dilepton production
Authors:
I. V. Anikin,
N. Batzell,
M. Boer,
R. Boussarie,
V. M. Braun,
S. J. Brodsky,
A. Camsonne,
W. C. Chang,
L. Colaneri,
S. Dobbs,
A. V. Efremov,
K. Gnanvo,
O. Gryniuk,
M. Guidal,
V. Guzey,
C. E. Hyde,
Y. Ilieva,
S. Joosten,
P. Kroll,
K. Kumericki,
Z. -E. Meziani,
D. Müller,
K. M. Semenov-Tian-Shansky,
S. Stepanyan,
L. Szymanowski
, et al. (7 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Transverse momentum distributions and generalized parton distributions provide a comprehensive framework for the three-dimensional imaging of the nucleon and the nucleus experimentally using deeply virtual semi-exclusive and exclusive processes. The advent of combined high luminosity facilities and large acceptance detector capabilities enables experimental investigation of the partonic structure…
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Transverse momentum distributions and generalized parton distributions provide a comprehensive framework for the three-dimensional imaging of the nucleon and the nucleus experimentally using deeply virtual semi-exclusive and exclusive processes. The advent of combined high luminosity facilities and large acceptance detector capabilities enables experimental investigation of the partonic structure of hadrons with time-like virtual probes, in complement to the rich on-going space-like virtual probe program. The merits and benefits of the dilepton production channel for nuclear structure studies are discussed within the context of the International Workshop on Nucleon and Nuclear Structure through Dilepton Production taking place at the European Center for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT$^{\star}$) of Trento. Particularly, the double deeply virtual Compton scattering, the time-like Compton scattering, the deeply virtual meson production, and the Drell-Yan processes are reviewed and a strategy for high impact experimental measurements is proposed.
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Submitted 4 May, 2018; v1 submitted 12 December, 2017;
originally announced December 2017.
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Semi-Inclusive $π_0$ target and beam-target asymmetries from 6 GeV electron scattering with CLAS
Authors:
S. Jawalkar,
S. Koirala,
H. Avakian,
P. Bosted,
K. A. Griffioen,
C. Keith,
S. E. Kuhn,
K. P. Adhikari,
S. Adhikari,
D. Adikaram,
Z. Akbar,
M. J. Amaryan,
S. Anefalos Pereira,
H. Avakian,
J. Ball,
N. A. Baltzell,
M. Battaglieri,
V. Batourine,
I. Bedlinskiy,
A. S. Biselli,
S. Boiarinov,
W. J. Briscoe,
J. Brock,
W. K. Brooks,
S. Bultmann
, et al. (139 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present precision measurements of the target and beam-target spin asymmetries from neutral pion electroproduction in deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at Jefferson Lab. We scattered 6-GeV, longitudinally polarized electrons off longitudinally polarized protons in a cryogenic $^{14}$NH$_3$ target, and extracted double and single target spin asym…
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We present precision measurements of the target and beam-target spin asymmetries from neutral pion electroproduction in deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at Jefferson Lab. We scattered 6-GeV, longitudinally polarized electrons off longitudinally polarized protons in a cryogenic $^{14}$NH$_3$ target, and extracted double and single target spin asymmetries for $ep\rightarrow e^\primeπ^0X$ in multidimensional bins in four-momentum transfer ($1.0<Q^2<3.2$ GeV$^2$), Bjorken-$x$ ($0.12<x<0.48$), hadron energy fraction ($0.4<z<0.7$), transverse pion momentum ($0<P_T<1.0$ GeV), and azimuthal angle $φ_h$ between the lepton scattering and hadron production planes. We extracted asymmetries as a function of both $x$ and $P_T$, which provide access to transverse-momentum distributions of longitudinally polarized quarks. The double spin asymmetries depend weakly on $P_T$. The $\sin 2φ_h$ moments are zero within uncertainties, which is consistent with the expected suppression of the Collins fragmentation function. The observed $\sinφ_h$ moments suggest that quark gluon correlations are significant at large $x$.
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Submitted 24 April, 2018; v1 submitted 21 September, 2017;
originally announced September 2017.
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Exclusive $η$ electroproduction at $W>2$ GeV with CLAS and transversity generalized parton distributions
Authors:
CLAS Collaboration,
I. Bedlinskiy,
V. Kubarovsky,
P. Stoler,
K. P. Adhikari,
Z. Akbar,
S. Anefalos Pereira,
H. Avakian,
J. Ball,
N. A. Baltzell,
M. Battaglieri,
V. Batourine,
A. S. Biselli,
S. Boiarinov,
W. J. Briscoe,
V. D. Burkert,
T. Cao,
D. S. Carman,
A. Celentano,
S. Chandavar,
G. Charles,
G. Ciullo,
L. Clark,
L. Colaneri,
P. L. Cole
, et al. (122 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The cross section of the exclusive $η$ electroproduction reaction $ep\to e^\prime p^\prime η$ was measured at Jefferson Lab with a 5.75-GeV electron beam and the CLAS detector. Differential cross sections $d^4σ/dtdQ^2dx_Bdφ_η$ and structure functions $σ_U = σ_T+εσ_L, σ_{TT}$ and $σ_{LT}$, as functions of $t$ were obtained over a wide range of $Q^2$ and $x_B$. The $η$ structure functions are compar…
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The cross section of the exclusive $η$ electroproduction reaction $ep\to e^\prime p^\prime η$ was measured at Jefferson Lab with a 5.75-GeV electron beam and the CLAS detector. Differential cross sections $d^4σ/dtdQ^2dx_Bdφ_η$ and structure functions $σ_U = σ_T+εσ_L, σ_{TT}$ and $σ_{LT}$, as functions of $t$ were obtained over a wide range of $Q^2$ and $x_B$. The $η$ structure functions are compared with those previously measured for $π^0$ at the same kinematics. At low $t$, both $π^0$ and $η$ are described reasonably well by generalized parton distributions (GPDs) in which chiral-odd transversity GPDs are dominant. The $π^0$ and $η$ data, when taken together, can facilitate the flavor decomposition of the transversity GPDs.
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Submitted 20 March, 2017;
originally announced March 2017.
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Ratios of helicity amplitudes for exclusive $ρ^0$ electroproduction on transversely polarized protons
Authors:
The HERMES Collaboration,
A. Airapetian,
N. Akopov,
Z. Akopov,
E. C. Aschenauer,
W. Augustyniak,
S. Belostotski,
H. P. Blok,
A. Borissov,
V. Bryzgalov,
G. P. Capitani,
G. Ciullo,
M. Contalbrigo,
W. Deconinck,
R. De Leo,
E. De Sanctis,
M. Düren,
G. Elbakian,
F. Ellinghaus,
L. Felawka,
S. Frullani,
F. Garibaldi,
G. Gavrilov,
V. Gharibyan,
S. V. Goloskokov
, et al. (52 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Exclusive $ρ^0$-meson electroproduction is studied by the HERMES experiment, using the 27.6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron/positron beam of HERA and a transversely polarized hydrogen target, in the kinematic region 1.0 GeV$^2$<Q$^2$<7.0 GeV$^2$, 3.0 GeV<W<6.3 GeV, and -t'<0.4 GeV$^2$. Using an unbinned maximum-likelihood method, 25 parameters are extracted. These determine the real and imag…
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Exclusive $ρ^0$-meson electroproduction is studied by the HERMES experiment, using the 27.6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron/positron beam of HERA and a transversely polarized hydrogen target, in the kinematic region 1.0 GeV$^2$<Q$^2$<7.0 GeV$^2$, 3.0 GeV<W<6.3 GeV, and -t'<0.4 GeV$^2$. Using an unbinned maximum-likelihood method, 25 parameters are extracted. These determine the real and imaginary parts of the ratios of several helicity amplitudes describing $ρ^0$-meson production by a virtual photon. The denominator of those ratios is the dominant amplitude, the nucleon-helicity-non-flip amplitude $F_{0\frac{1}{2}0\frac{1}{2}}$, which describes the production of a longitudinal $ρ^{0}$-meson by a longitudinal virtual photon. The ratios of nucleon-helicity-non-flip amplitudes are found to be in good agreement with those from the previous HERMES analysis. The transverse target polarization allows for the first time the extraction of ratios of a number of nucleon-helicity-flip amplitudes to $F_{0\frac{1}{2}0\frac{1}{2}}$. Results obtained in a handbag approach based on generalized parton distributions taking into account the contribution from pion exchange are found to be in good agreement with these ratios. Within the model, the data favor a positive sign for the $π-ρ$ transition form factor. By also exploiting the longitudinal beam polarization, a total of 71 $ρ^0$ spin-density matrix elements is determined from the extracted 25 parameters, in contrast to only 53 elements as directly determined in earlier analyses.
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Submitted 13 June, 2017; v1 submitted 1 February, 2017;
originally announced February 2017.
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Transverse-target-spin asymmetry in exclusive $ω$-meson electroproduction
Authors:
The HERMES Collaboration,
A. Airapetian,
N. Akopov,
Z. Akopov,
E. C. Aschenauer,
W. Augustyniak,
A. Avetissian,
S. Belostotski,
H. P. Blok,
A. Borissov,
V. Bryzgalov,
G. P. Capitani,
G. Ciullo,
M. Contalbrigo,
P. F. Dalpiaz,
W. Deconinck,
R. De Leo,
E. De Sanctis,
M. Diefenthaler,
P. Di Nezza,
M. Düren,
G. Elbakian,
F. Ellinghaus,
L. Felawka,
S. Frullani
, et al. (71 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Hard exclusive electroproduction of $ω$ mesons is studied with the HERMES spectrometer at the DESY laboratory by scattering 27.6 GeV positron and electron beams off a transversely polarized hydrogen target. The amplitudes of five azimuthal modulations of the single-spin asymmetry of the cross section with respect to the transverse proton polarization are measured. They are determined in the entire…
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Hard exclusive electroproduction of $ω$ mesons is studied with the HERMES spectrometer at the DESY laboratory by scattering 27.6 GeV positron and electron beams off a transversely polarized hydrogen target. The amplitudes of five azimuthal modulations of the single-spin asymmetry of the cross section with respect to the transverse proton polarization are measured. They are determined in the entire kinematic region as well as for two bins in photon virtuality and momentum transfer to the nucleon. Also, a separation of asymmetry amplitudes into longitudinal and transverse components is done. These results are compared to a phenomenological model that includes the pion pole contribution. Within this model, the data favor a positive $πω$ transition form factor.
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Submitted 15 December, 2015; v1 submitted 30 August, 2015;
originally announced August 2015.
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Reply to Comment on "Reevaluation of the parton distribution of strange quarks in the nucleon"
Authors:
E. C. Aschenauer,
H. E. Jackson,
S. Joosten,
K. Rith,
G. Schnell,
C. Van Hulse
Abstract:
A Comment on the recently published reevaluation of the polarization-averaged parton distribution of strange quarks in the nucleon using final data on the multiplicities of charged kaons in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering is reviewed. Important features of the comparison of one-dimensional projections of the multidimensional HERMES data are pointed out. A test of the leading-order extract…
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A Comment on the recently published reevaluation of the polarization-averaged parton distribution of strange quarks in the nucleon using final data on the multiplicities of charged kaons in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering is reviewed. Important features of the comparison of one-dimensional projections of the multidimensional HERMES data are pointed out. A test of the leading-order extraction of xS(x) using the difference between charged-kaon multiplicities is repeated. The results are consistent with leading-order predictions within the uncertainties in the input data, and do not invalidate the earlier extraction of xS(x).
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Submitted 2 December, 2015; v1 submitted 17 August, 2015;
originally announced August 2015.
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Spin density matrix elements in exclusive $ω$ electroproduction on $^1$H and $^2$H targets at 27.5 GeV beam energy
Authors:
The HERMES Collaboration,
A. Airapetian,
N. Akopov,
Z. Akopov,
W. Augustyniak,
A. Avetissian,
H. P. Blok,
A. Borissov,
V. Bryzgalov,
M. Capiluppi,
G. P. Capitani,
E. Cisbani,
G. Ciullo,
M. Contalbrigo,
P. F. Dalpiaz,
W. Deconinck,
R. De Leo,
E. De Sanctis,
M. Diefenthaler,
P. Di Nezza,
M. Düren,
M. Ehrenfried,
G. Elbakian,
F. Ellinghaus,
E. Etzelmüller
, et al. (75 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Exclusive electroproduction of $ω$ mesons on unpolarized hydrogen and deuterium targets is studied in the kinematic region of Q$^2$>1.0 GeV$^2$, 3.0 GeV < W < 6.3 GeV, and -t'< 0.2 GeV$^2$. Results on the angular distribution of the $ω$ meson, including its decay products, are presented. The data were accumulated with the HERMES forward spectrometer during the 1996-2007 running period using the 27…
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Exclusive electroproduction of $ω$ mesons on unpolarized hydrogen and deuterium targets is studied in the kinematic region of Q$^2$>1.0 GeV$^2$, 3.0 GeV < W < 6.3 GeV, and -t'< 0.2 GeV$^2$. Results on the angular distribution of the $ω$ meson, including its decay products, are presented. The data were accumulated with the HERMES forward spectrometer during the 1996-2007 running period using the 27.6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron or positron beam of HERA. The determination of the virtual-photon longitudinal-to-transverse cross-section ratio reveals that a considerable part of the cross section arises from transversely polarized photons. Spin density matrix elements are presented in projections of Q$^2$ or -t'. Violation of s-channel helicity conservation is observed for some of these elements. A sizable contribution from unnatural-parity-exchange amplitudes is found and the phase shift between those amplitudes that describe transverse $ω$ production by longitudinal and transverse virtual photons, $γ^{*}_{L} \to ω_{T}$ and $γ^{*}_{T} \to ω_{T}$, is determined for the first time. A hierarchy of helicity amplitudes is established, which mainly means that the unnatural-parity-exchange amplitude describing the $γ^*_T \to ω_T$ transition dominates over the two natural-parity-exchange amplitudes describing the $γ^*_L \to ω_L$ and $γ^*_T \to ω_T$ transitions, with the latter two being of similar magnitude. Good agreement is found between the HERMES proton data and results of a pQCD-inspired phenomenological model that includes pion-pole contributions, which are of unnatural parity.
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Submitted 1 March, 2016; v1 submitted 8 July, 2014;
originally announced July 2014.
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Reevaluation of the parton distribution of strange quarks in the nucleon
Authors:
The HERMES Collaboration,
A. Airapetian,
N. Akopov,
Z. Akopov,
E. C. Aschenauer,
W. Augustyniak,
A. Avetissian,
E. Avetisyan,
S. Belostotski,
H. P. Blok,
A. Borissov,
V. Bryzgalov,
J. Burns,
M. Capiluppi,
G. P. Capitani,
E. Cisbani,
G. Ciullo,
M. Contalbrigo,
P. F. Dalpiaz,
W. Deconinck,
R. De Leo,
E. De Sanctis,
M. Diefenthaler,
P. Di Nezza,
M. Düren
, et al. (89 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
An earlier extraction from the HERMES experiment of the polarization-averaged parton distribution of strange quarks in the nucleon has been reevaluated using final data on the multiplicities of charged kaons in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering obtained with a kinematically more comprehensive method of correcting for experimental effects. General features of the distribution are confirmed,…
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An earlier extraction from the HERMES experiment of the polarization-averaged parton distribution of strange quarks in the nucleon has been reevaluated using final data on the multiplicities of charged kaons in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering obtained with a kinematically more comprehensive method of correcting for experimental effects. General features of the distribution are confirmed, but the rise at low x is less pronounced than previously reported.
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Submitted 13 June, 2014; v1 submitted 25 December, 2013;
originally announced December 2013.