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Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Sensitivity of the XLZD Rare Event Observatory
Authors:
XLZD Collaboration,
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
M. Adrover,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
D. S. Akerib,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
L. Althueser,
D. W. P. Amaral,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
A. Ames,
B. Andrieu,
N. Angelides,
E. Angelino,
B. Antunovic,
E. Aprile,
H. M. Araújo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
M. Babicz,
D. Bajpai,
A. Baker,
M. Balzer,
J. Bang
, et al. (419 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials,…
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The XLZD collaboration is developing a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with an active mass of 60 to 80 t capable of probing the remaining WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space down to the so-called neutrino fog. In this work we show that, based on the performance of currently operating detectors using the same technology and a realistic reduction of radioactivity in detector materials, such an experiment will also be able to competitively search for neutrinoless double beta decay in $^{136}$Xe using a natural-abundance xenon target. XLZD can reach a 3$σ$ discovery potential half-life of 5.7$\times$10$^{27}$ yr (and a 90% CL exclusion of 1.3$\times$10$^{28}$ yr) with 10 years of data taking, corresponding to a Majorana mass range of 7.3-31.3 meV (4.8-20.5 meV). XLZD will thus exclude the inverted neutrino mass ordering parameter space and will start to probe the normal ordering region for most of the nuclear matrix elements commonly considered by the community.
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Submitted 30 April, 2025; v1 submitted 23 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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Two-neutrino double electron capture of $^{124}$Xe in the first LUX-ZEPLIN exposure
Authors:
J. Aalbers,
D. S. Akerib,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
A. Ames,
T. J. Anderson,
N. Angelides,
H. M. Araújo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
A. Baker,
S. Balashov,
J. Bang,
J. W. Bargemann,
E. E. Barillier,
K. Beattie,
A. Bhatti,
A. Biekert,
T. P. Biesiadzinski,
H. J. Birch,
E. Bishop,
G. M. Blockinger,
B. Boxer,
C. A. J. Brew
, et al. (180 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$ν$2EC), utilizing a $1.39\,\mathrm{kg} \times \mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of…
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The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$ν$2EC), utilizing a $1.39\,\mathrm{kg} \times \mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of $T_{1/2}^{2\nu2\mathrm{EC}} = (1.09 \pm 0.14_{\text{stat}} \pm 0.05_{\text{sys}}) \times 10^{22}\,\mathrm{yr}$ is observed with a statistical significance of $8.3\,σ$, in agreement with literature. First empirical measurements of the KK capture fraction relative to other K-shell modes were conducted, and demonstrate consistency with respect to recent signal models at the $1.4\,σ$ level.
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Submitted 7 December, 2024; v1 submitted 30 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.
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First measurement of the nuclear-recoil ionization yield in silicon at 100 eV
Authors:
M. F. Albakry,
I. Alkhatib,
D. Alonso,
D. W. P. Amaral,
P. An,
T. Aralis,
T. Aramaki,
I. J. Arnquist,
I. Ataee Langroudy,
E. Azadbakht,
S. Banik,
P. S. Barbeau,
C. Bathurst,
R. Bhattacharyya,
P. L. Brink,
R. Bunker,
B. Cabrera,
R. Calkins,
R. A. Cameron,
C. Cartaro,
D. G. Cerdeño,
Y. -Y. Chang,
M. Chaudhuri,
R. Chen,
N. Chott
, et al. (115 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We measured the nuclear--recoil ionization yield in silicon with a cryogenic phonon-sensitive gram-scale detector. Neutrons from a mono-energetic beam scatter off of the silicon nuclei at angles corresponding to energy depositions from 4\,keV down to 100\,eV, the lowest energy probed so far. The results show no sign of an ionization production threshold above 100\,eV. These results call for furthe…
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We measured the nuclear--recoil ionization yield in silicon with a cryogenic phonon-sensitive gram-scale detector. Neutrons from a mono-energetic beam scatter off of the silicon nuclei at angles corresponding to energy depositions from 4\,keV down to 100\,eV, the lowest energy probed so far. The results show no sign of an ionization production threshold above 100\,eV. These results call for further investigation of the ionization yield theory and a comprehensive determination of the detector response function at energies below the keV scale.
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Submitted 3 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
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A Strategy for Low-Mass Dark Matter Searches with Cryogenic Detectors in the SuperCDMS SNOLAB Facility
Authors:
SuperCDMS Collaboration,
M. F. Albakry,
I. Alkhatib,
D. W. P. Amaral,
T. Aralis,
T. Aramaki,
I. J. Arnquist,
I. Ataee Langroudy,
E. Azadbakht,
S. Banik,
C. Bathurst,
D. A. Bauer,
R. Bhattacharyya,
P. L. Brink,
R. Bunker,
B. Cabrera,
R. Calkins,
R. A. Cameron,
C. Cartaro,
D. G. Cerdeno,
Y. -Y. Chang,
M. Chaudhuri,
R. Chen,
N. Chott,
J. Cooley
, et al. (103 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The SuperCDMS Collaboration is currently building SuperCDMS SNOLAB, a dark matter search focused on nucleon-coupled dark matter in the 1-5 GeV/c$^2$ mass range. Looking to the future, the Collaboration has developed a set of experience-based upgrade scenarios, as well as novel directions, to extend the search for dark matter using the SuperCDMS technology in the SNOLAB facility. The experienced-ba…
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The SuperCDMS Collaboration is currently building SuperCDMS SNOLAB, a dark matter search focused on nucleon-coupled dark matter in the 1-5 GeV/c$^2$ mass range. Looking to the future, the Collaboration has developed a set of experience-based upgrade scenarios, as well as novel directions, to extend the search for dark matter using the SuperCDMS technology in the SNOLAB facility. The experienced-based scenarios are forecasted to probe many square decades of unexplored dark matter parameter space below 5 GeV/c$^2$, covering over 6 decades in mass: 1-100 eV/c$^2$ for dark photons and axion-like particles, 1-100 MeV/c$^2$ for dark-photon-coupled light dark matter, and 0.05-5 GeV/c$^2$ for nucleon-coupled dark matter. They will reach the neutrino fog in the 0.5-5 GeV/c$^2$ mass range and test a variety of benchmark models and sharp targets. The novel directions involve greater departures from current SuperCDMS technology but promise even greater reach in the long run, and their development must begin now for them to be available in a timely fashion.
The experienced-based upgrade scenarios rely mainly on dramatic improvements in detector performance based on demonstrated scaling laws and reasonable extrapolations of current performance. Importantly, these improvements in detector performance obviate significant reductions in background levels beyond current expectations for the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment. Given that the dominant limiting backgrounds for SuperCDMS SNOLAB are cosmogenically created radioisotopes in the detectors, likely amenable only to isotopic purification and an underground detector life-cycle from before crystal growth to detector testing, the potential cost and time savings are enormous and the necessary improvements much easier to prototype.
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Submitted 1 April, 2023; v1 submitted 16 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics
Authors:
J. Aalbers,
K. Abe,
V. Aerne,
F. Agostini,
S. Ahmed Maouloud,
D. S. Akerib,
D. Yu. Akimov,
J. Akshat,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
S. K. Alsum,
L. Althueser,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
F. D. Amaro,
A. Ames,
T. J. Anderson,
B. Andrieu,
N. Angelides,
E. Angelino,
J. Angevaare,
V. C. Antochi,
D. Antón Martin,
B. Antunovic,
E. Aprile,
H. M. Araújo
, et al. (572 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neut…
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The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector.
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Submitted 4 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to the two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decays of $^{134}$Xe
Authors:
The LUX-ZEPLIN,
Collaboration,
:,
D. S. Akerib,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
S. K. Alsum,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
A. Ames,
T. J. Anderson,
N. Angelides,
H. M. Araujo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
X. Bai,
J. Balajthy,
S. Balashov,
J. Bang,
J. W. Bargemann,
D. Bauer,
A. Baxter,
P. Beltrame,
E. P. Bernard,
A. Bernstein,
A. Bhatti,
A. Biekert
, et al. (172 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles, that is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity t…
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The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles, that is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity to search for the double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe, for which xenon detectors enriched in $^{136}$Xe are less effective. For the two-neutrino decay mode, LZ is predicted to exclude values of the half-life up to 1.7$\times$10$^{24}$ years at 90% confidence level (CL), and has a three-sigma observation potential of 8.7$\times$10$^{23}$ years, approaching the predictions of nuclear models. For the neutrinoless decay mode LZ, is projected to exclude values of the half-life up to 7.3$\times$10$^{24}$ years at 90% CL.
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Submitted 22 November, 2021; v1 submitted 26 April, 2021;
originally announced April 2021.
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Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the $0νββ$ decay of $^{136}$Xe
Authors:
D. S. Akerib,
C. W. Akerlof,
A. Alqahtani,
S. K. Alsum,
T. J. Anderson,
N. Angelides,
H. M. Araújo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
X. Bai,
J. Balajthy,
S. Balashov,
J. Bang,
A. Baxter,
J. Bensinger,
E. P. Bernard,
A. Bernstein,
A. Bhatti,
A. Biekert,
T. P. Biesiadzinski,
H. J. Birch,
K. E. Boast,
B. Boxer,
P. Brás,
J. H. Buckley
, et al. (167 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double beta decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay, taking advantage of the significant ($>$600 kg) $^{136}$Xe mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 l…
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The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double beta decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay, taking advantage of the significant ($>$600 kg) $^{136}$Xe mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 live-days, the median exclusion sensitivity to the half-life of $^{136}$Xe is projected to be 1.06$\times$10$^{26}$ years (90% confidence level), similar to existing constraints. We also report the expected sensitivity of a possible subsequent dedicated exposure using 90% enrichment with $^{136}$Xe at 1.06$\times$10$^{27}$ years.
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Submitted 24 April, 2020; v1 submitted 9 December, 2019;
originally announced December 2019.
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Production Rate Measurement of Tritium and Other Cosmogenic Isotopes in Germanium with CDMSlite
Authors:
SuperCDMS Collaboration,
R. Agnese,
T. Aralis,
T. Aramaki,
I. J. Arnquist,
E. Azadbakht,
W. Baker,
D. Barker,
D. A. Bauer,
T. Binder,
M. A. Bowles,
P. L. Brink,
R. Bunker,
B. Cabrera,
R. Calkins,
C. Cartaro,
D. G. Cerdeño,
Y. -Y. Chang,
J. Cooley,
B. Cornell,
P. Cushman,
T. Doughty,
E. Fascione,
E. Figueroa-Feliciano,
C. W. Fink
, et al. (73 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Future direct searches for low-mass dark matter particles with germanium detectors, such as SuperCDMS SNOLAB, are expected to be limited by backgrounds from radioactive isotopes activated by cosmogenic radiation inside the germanium. There are limited experimental data available to constrain production rates and a large spread of theoretical predictions. We examine the calculation of expected prod…
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Future direct searches for low-mass dark matter particles with germanium detectors, such as SuperCDMS SNOLAB, are expected to be limited by backgrounds from radioactive isotopes activated by cosmogenic radiation inside the germanium. There are limited experimental data available to constrain production rates and a large spread of theoretical predictions. We examine the calculation of expected production rates, and analyze data from the second run of the CDMS low ionization threshold experiment (CDMSlite) to estimate the rates for several isotopes. We model the measured CDMSlite spectrum and fit for contributions from tritium and other isotopes. Using the knowledge of the detector history, these results are converted to cosmogenic production rates at sea level. The production rates in atoms/(kg$\cdot$day) are 74$\pm$9 for $^3$H, 1.5$\pm$0.7 for $^{55}$Fe, 17$\pm$5 for $^{65}$Zn, and 30$\pm$18 for $^{68}$Ge.
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Submitted 16 August, 2019; v1 submitted 19 June, 2018;
originally announced June 2018.
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Removal of long-lived $^{222}$Rn daughters by electropolishing thin layers of stainless steel
Authors:
R. W. Schnee,
M. A. Bowles,
R. Bunker,
K. McCabe,
J. White,
P. Cushman,
M. Pepin,
V. E. Guiseppe
Abstract:
Long-lived alpha and beta emitters in the $^{222}$Rn decay chain on detector surfaces may be the limiting background in many experiments attempting to detect dark matter or neutrinoless double-beta decay. Removal of tens of microns of material via electropolishing has been shown to be effective at removing radon daughters implanted into material surfaces. Some applications, however, require the re…
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Long-lived alpha and beta emitters in the $^{222}$Rn decay chain on detector surfaces may be the limiting background in many experiments attempting to detect dark matter or neutrinoless double-beta decay. Removal of tens of microns of material via electropolishing has been shown to be effective at removing radon daughters implanted into material surfaces. Some applications, however, require the removal of uniform and significantly smaller thicknesses. Here, we demonstrate that electropolishing < 1 $μ$m from stainless-steel plates reduces the contamination efficiently, by a factor > 100. Examination of electropolished wires with a scanning electron microscope confirms that the thickness removed is reproducible and reasonably uniform. Together, these tests demonstrate the effectiveness of removal of radon daughters for a proposed low-radiation, multi-wire proportional chamber (the BetaCage), without compromising the screener's energy resolution. More generally, electropolishing thin layers of stainless steel may effectively remove radon daughters without compromising precision-machined parts.
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Submitted 23 April, 2014;
originally announced April 2014.
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Introduction to dark matter experiments
Authors:
R. W. Schnee
Abstract:
This is a set of four lectures presented at the Theoretical Advanced Study Institute (TASI-09) in June 2009. I provide an introduction to experiments designed to detect WIMP dark matter directly, focusing on building intuitive understanding of the characteristics of potential WIMP signals and the experimental techniques. After deriving the characteristics of potential signals in direct-detection e…
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This is a set of four lectures presented at the Theoretical Advanced Study Institute (TASI-09) in June 2009. I provide an introduction to experiments designed to detect WIMP dark matter directly, focusing on building intuitive understanding of the characteristics of potential WIMP signals and the experimental techniques. After deriving the characteristics of potential signals in direct-detection experiments for standard WIMP models, I summarize the general experimental methods shared by most direct-detection experiments and review the advantages, challenges, and status of such searches (as of late 2009). Experiments are already probing SUSY models, with best limits on the spin-independent coupling below 10^-7 pb.
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Submitted 26 January, 2011;
originally announced January 2011.