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Summary Report of the Physics Beyond Colliders Study at CERN
Authors:
R. Alemany Fernández,
M. Au,
G. Arduini,
L. Bandiera,
D. Banerjee,
H. Bartosik,
J. Bernhard,
D. Boer,
J. Boyd,
O. Brandt,
M. Brugger,
O. Buchmüller,
F. Butin,
S. Calatroni,
C. Carli,
N. Charitonidis,
P. Crivelli,
D. Curtin,
R. T. D'Agnolo,
G. De Lellis,
O. Denisov,
P. Di Nezza,
B. Döbrich,
Y. Dutheil,
J. R. Ellis
, et al. (58 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Physics Beyond Collider (PBC) Study Group was initially mandated by the CERN Management to prepare the previous European Particle Physics Strategy Update for CERN projects other than the high-energy frontier colliders. The main findings were summarized in an PBC Summary Report submitted to the Strategy Update. Following the Update process, the PBC Study Group was confirmed on a permanent basis…
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The Physics Beyond Collider (PBC) Study Group was initially mandated by the CERN Management to prepare the previous European Particle Physics Strategy Update for CERN projects other than the high-energy frontier colliders. The main findings were summarized in an PBC Summary Report submitted to the Strategy Update. Following the Update process, the PBC Study Group was confirmed on a permanent basis with an updated mandate taking into account the strategy recommendations. The Study Group is now in charge of supporting the proponents of new ideas to address the technical issues and physics motivation of the projects ahead of their review by the CERN Scientific Committees and decision by the Management. The present document updates the previous PBC summary report to inform the new ongoing European Particle Physics Strategy Update process, taking into account the evolution of the CERN and worldwide landscapes and the new projects under consideration within the Study Group.
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Submitted 2 June, 2025; v1 submitted 1 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Transverse momentum dependent feed-down fractions for bottomonium production
Authors:
Jacob Boyd,
Sabin Thapa,
Michael Strickland
Abstract:
We extract transverse momentum dependent feed-down fractions for bottomonium production using a data-driven approach. We use data published by the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb Collaborations for sqrt(s) = 7 TeV proton-proton collisions. Based on this collected data, we produce fits to the differential cross sections for the production of both S- and P-wave bottomonium states. Combining these fits with bra…
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We extract transverse momentum dependent feed-down fractions for bottomonium production using a data-driven approach. We use data published by the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb Collaborations for sqrt(s) = 7 TeV proton-proton collisions. Based on this collected data, we produce fits to the differential cross sections for the production of both S- and P-wave bottomonium states. Combining these fits with branching ratios for excited state decays from the Particle Data Group, we compute the feed-down fractions for both the Upsilon(1S) and Upsilon(2S) as a function of transverse momentum. Our results indicate a strong dependence on transverse momentum, which is consistent with prior extractions of the feed-down fractions. When evaluated at the average momentum of the states, we find that approximately 75% of Upsilon(1S) and Upsilon(2S) states are produced directly. Our results for the transverse momentum dependent feed-down fractions are provided in tabulated form so that they can be used by other research groups.
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Submitted 18 November, 2023; v1 submitted 7 July, 2023;
originally announced July 2023.
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A new direct detection electron scattering experiment to search for the X17 particle
Authors:
D. Dutta,
H. Gao,
A. Gasparian,
T. J. Hague,
N. Liyanage,
R. Paremuzyan,
C. Peng,
W. Xiong,
P. Achenbach,
A. Ahmidouch,
S. Ali,
H. Avakian,
C. Ayerbe-Gayoso,
X. Bai,
M. Battaglieri,
H. Bhatt,
A. Bianconi,
J. Boyd,
D. Byer,
P. L. Cole,
G. Costantini,
S. Davis,
M. De Napoli,
R. De Vita,
B. Devkota
, et al. (35 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A new electron scattering experiment (E12-21-003) to verify and understand the nature of hidden sector particles, with particular emphasis on the so-called X17 particle, has been approved at Jefferson Lab. The search for these particles is motivated by new hidden sector models introduced to account for a variety of experimental and observational puzzles: excess in $e^+e^-$ pairs observed in multip…
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A new electron scattering experiment (E12-21-003) to verify and understand the nature of hidden sector particles, with particular emphasis on the so-called X17 particle, has been approved at Jefferson Lab. The search for these particles is motivated by new hidden sector models introduced to account for a variety of experimental and observational puzzles: excess in $e^+e^-$ pairs observed in multiple nuclear transitions, the 4.2$σ$ disagreement between experiments and the standard model prediction for the muon anomalous magnetic moment, and the small-scale structure puzzle in cosmological simulations. The aforementioned X17 particle has been hypothesized to account for the excess in $e^+e^-$ pairs observed from the $^8$Be M1, $^4$He M0, and, most recently, $^{12}$C E1 nuclear transitions to their ground states observed by the ATOMKI group. This experiment will use a high resolution electromagnetic calorimeter to search for or set new limits on the production rate of the X17 and other hidden sector particles in the $3 - 60$ MeV mass range via their $e^+e^-$ decay (or $γγ$ decay with limited tracking). In these models, the $1 - 100$ MeV mass range is particularly well-motivated and the lower part of this range still remains unexplored. Our proposed direct detection experiment will use a magnetic-spectrometer-free setup (the PRad apparatus) to detect all three final state particles in the visible decay of a hidden sector particle for an effective control of the background and will cover the proposed mass range in a single setting. The use of the well-demonstrated PRad setup allows for an essentially ready-to-run and uniquely cost-effective search for hidden sector particles in the $3 - 60$ MeV mass range with a sensitivity of 8.9$\times$10$^{-8}$ - 5.8$\times$10$^{-9}$ to $ε^2$, the square of the kinetic mixing interaction constant between hidden and visible sectors.
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Submitted 25 January, 2023; v1 submitted 20 January, 2023;
originally announced January 2023.
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Precision Determination of the Neutral Weak Form Factor of $^{48}$Ca
Authors:
D. Adhikari,
H. Albataineh,
D. Androic,
K. A. Aniol,
D. S. Armstrong,
T. Averett,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
S. K. Barcus,
V. Bellini,
R. S. Beminiwattha,
J. F. Benesch,
H. Bhatt,
D. Bhatta Pathak,
D. Bhetuwal,
B. Blaikie,
J. Boyd,
Q. Campagna,
A. Camsonne,
G. D. Cates,
Y. Chen,
C. Clarke,
J. C. Cornejo,
S. Covrig Dusa,
M. M. Dalton,
P. Datta
, et al. (77 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report a precise measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry $A_{\rm PV}$ in the elastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from $^{48}{\rm Ca}$. We measure $A_{\rm PV} =2668\pm 106\ {\rm (stat)}\pm 40\ {\rm (syst)}$ parts per billion, leading to an extraction of the neutral weak form factor $F_{\rm W} (q=0.8733$ fm…
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We report a precise measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry $A_{\rm PV}$ in the elastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from $^{48}{\rm Ca}$. We measure $A_{\rm PV} =2668\pm 106\ {\rm (stat)}\pm 40\ {\rm (syst)}$ parts per billion, leading to an extraction of the neutral weak form factor $F_{\rm W} (q=0.8733$ fm$^{-1}) = 0.1304 \pm 0.0052 \ {\rm (stat)}\pm 0.0020\ {\rm (syst)}$ and the charge minus the weak form factor $F_{\rm ch} - F_{\rm W} = 0.0277\pm 0.0055$. The resulting neutron skin thickness $R_n-R_p=0.121 \pm 0.026\ {\rm (exp)} \pm 0.024\ {\rm (model)}$~fm is relatively thin yet consistent with many model calculations. The combined CREX and PREX results will have implications for future energy density functional calculations and on the density dependence of the symmetry energy of nuclear matter.
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Submitted 16 June, 2022; v1 submitted 23 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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New Measurements of the Beam-Normal Single Spin Asymmetry in Elastic Electron Scattering Over a Range of Spin-0 Nuclei
Authors:
PREX,
CREX Collaborations,
:,
D. Adhikari,
H. Albataineh,
D. Androic,
K. Aniol,
D. S. Armstrong,
T. Averett,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
S. Barcus,
V. Bellini,
R. S. Beminiwattha,
J. F. Benesch,
H. Bhatt,
D. Bhatta Pathak,
D. Bhetuwal,
B. Blaikie,
J. Boyd,
Q. Campagna,
A. Camsonne,
G. D. Cates,
Y. Chen,
C. Clarke,
J. C. Cornejo
, et al. (82 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report precision determinations of the beam normal single spin asymmetries ($A_n$) in the elastic scattering of 0.95 and 2.18~GeV electrons off $^{12}$C, $^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca, and $^{208}$Pb at very forward angles where the most detailed theoretical calculations have been performed. The first measurements of $A_n$ for $^{40}$Ca and $^{48}$Ca are found to be similar to that of $^{12}$C, consiste…
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We report precision determinations of the beam normal single spin asymmetries ($A_n$) in the elastic scattering of 0.95 and 2.18~GeV electrons off $^{12}$C, $^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca, and $^{208}$Pb at very forward angles where the most detailed theoretical calculations have been performed. The first measurements of $A_n$ for $^{40}$Ca and $^{48}$Ca are found to be similar to that of $^{12}$C, consistent with expectations thus demonstrating the validity of theoretical calculations for nuclei with Z~$\leq20$. We also report $A_n$ for $^{208}$Pb at two new momentum transfers (Q$^2$) extending the previous measurement. Our new data confirm the surprising result previously reported, with all three data points showing significant disagreement with the results from the $Z\leq 20$ nuclei. These data confirm our basic understanding of the underlying dynamics that govern $A_n$ for nuclei containing $\lesssim 50$ nucleons, but point to the need for further investigation to understand the unusual $A_n$ behaviour discovered for scattering off $^{208}$Pb.
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Submitted 9 August, 2022; v1 submitted 7 November, 2021;
originally announced November 2021.
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A Direct Detection Search for Hidden Sector New Particles in the 3-60 MeV Mass Range
Authors:
A. Ahmidouch,
S. Davis,
A. Gasparian,
T. J. Hague,
S. Mtingwa,
R. Pedroni,
C. Ayerbe-Gayoso,
H. Bhatt,
B. Devkota,
J. Dunne,
D. Dutta,
L. El Fassi,
A. Karki,
P. Mohanmurthy,
C. Peng,
S. Ali,
X. Bai,
J. Boyd,
B. Dharmasena,
V. Gamage,
K. Gnanvo,
S. Jeffas,
S. Jian,
N. Liyanage,
H. Nguyen
, et al. (36 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In our quest to understand the nature of dark matter and discover its non-gravitational interactions with ordinary matter, we propose an experiment using a \pbo ~calorimeter to search for or set new limits on the production rate of i) hidden sector particles in the $3 - 60$ MeV mass range via their $e^+e^-$ decay (or $γγ$ decay with limited tracking), and ii) the hypothetical X17 particle, claimed…
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In our quest to understand the nature of dark matter and discover its non-gravitational interactions with ordinary matter, we propose an experiment using a \pbo ~calorimeter to search for or set new limits on the production rate of i) hidden sector particles in the $3 - 60$ MeV mass range via their $e^+e^-$ decay (or $γγ$ decay with limited tracking), and ii) the hypothetical X17 particle, claimed in multiple recent experiments. The search for these particles is motivated by new hidden sector models and dark matter candidates introduced to account for a variety of experimental and observational puzzles: the small-scale structure puzzle in cosmological simulations, anomalies such as the 4.2$σ$ disagreement between experiments and the standard model prediction for the muon anomalous magnetic moment, and the excess of $e^+e^-$ pairs from the $^8$Be M1 and $^4$He nuclear transitions to their ground states observed by the ATOMKI group. In these models, the $1 - 100$ MeV mass range is particularly well-motivated and the lower part of this range still remains unexplored. Our proposed direct detection experiment will use a magnetic-spectrometer-free setup (the PRad apparatus) to detect all three final state particles in the visible decay of a hidden sector particle allowing for an effective control of the background and will cover the proposed mass range in a single setting. The use of the well-demonstrated PRad setup allows for an essentially ready-to-run and uniquely cost-effective search for hidden sector particles in the $3 - 60$ MeV mass range with a sensitivity of 8.9$\times$10$^{-8}$ - 5.8$\times$10$^{-9}$ to $ε^2$, the square of the kinetic mixing interaction constant between hidden and visible sectors. This updated proposal includes our response to the PAC49 comments.
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Submitted 4 August, 2022; v1 submitted 30 August, 2021;
originally announced August 2021.