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Multi-Differential DVCS Cross Section Measurement on the Proton in the Valence Region with CLAS12
Authors:
S. Lee,
T. B. Hayward,
L. Elouadrhiri,
R. G. Milner,
P. Achenbach,
J. S. Alvarado,
M. J. Amaryan,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Avakian,
N. A. Baltzell,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
S. Boiarinov,
F. Bossù,
K. -Th. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe,
N. L. Bucuru Rodriguez,
S. Bueltmann,
V. D. Burkert,
T. Cao,
D. S. Carman
, et al. (116 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the measurement of the four-fold differential cross section of deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) on the proton using a longitudinally polarized 10.6 GeV CEBAF electron beam incident on a liquid-hydrogen target with the CLAS12 detector. The analysis provides 1312 data points, expanding the measured phase space in the valence quark region, 0.06 < $x_B$ < 0.58, 1.00 < $Q^2$ < 5.76 Ge…
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We report the measurement of the four-fold differential cross section of deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) on the proton using a longitudinally polarized 10.6 GeV CEBAF electron beam incident on a liquid-hydrogen target with the CLAS12 detector. The analysis provides 1312 data points, expanding the measured phase space in the valence quark region, 0.06 < $x_B$ < 0.58, 1.00 < $Q^2$ < 5.76 GeV$^2$, and 0.11 < $|t|$ < 1.00 GeV$^2$. DVCS cross section measurements directly constrain the real part of the DVCS amplitude through its interference with the Bethe-Heitler process, making them essential inputs to global extractions of the Compton Form Factors (CFFs), particularly the dominant CFF $H$. These data improve sensitivity to these observables and can contribute to future determinations of the proton's internal mechanical structure.
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Submitted 20 August, 2026;
originally announced August 2026.
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First measurement of polarized spin-density matrix elements and differential cross sections d$σ$/d$t$ in $ω$~photoproduction off the proton for $2.7 < E_γ< 5.2$ GeV using CLAS at Jefferson Lab
Authors:
T. Hu,
Z. Akbar,
V. Crede,
J. M. Laget,
V. Mathieu,
M. J. Amaryan,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
B. Benkel,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
L. Biondo,
A. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
F. Bossù,
S. Boiarinov,
W. J. Briscoe,
S. Bueltmann,
D. Bulumulla,
V. D. Burkert,
R. Capobianco
, et al. (125 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report on the differential cross sections d$σ$/d$t$, the unpolarized spin-density matrix elements $ρ^0_{00}$, $ρ^0_{1-1}$, Re\,$ρ^0_{10}$, and the first extraction of the polarized elements Im\,$ρ^3_{10}$, Im\,$ρ^3_{1-1}$ for the reaction $γp\to pω$ using the CLAS spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory. The $ω$~mesons were detected in their dominant charged decay mode, $ω\to π^+π^-π^0$, and all…
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We report on the differential cross sections d$σ$/d$t$, the unpolarized spin-density matrix elements $ρ^0_{00}$, $ρ^0_{1-1}$, Re\,$ρ^0_{10}$, and the first extraction of the polarized elements Im\,$ρ^3_{10}$, Im\,$ρ^3_{1-1}$ for the reaction $γp\to pω$ using the CLAS spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory. The $ω$~mesons were detected in their dominant charged decay mode, $ω\to π^+π^-π^0$, and all $t$-dependent results are presented in a fine binning for incident photon energies between 2.73 and 5.16~GeV (corresponding to the center-of-mass energy range $W \in [\,2.45,3.25\,]$~GeV). All matrix elements are first measurements for $-t > 0.6$~GeV$^2$. Moreover, differential cross sections d$σ$/d(cos\,$Θ_{\rm \,c.m.}^{\,ω}$) and the corresponding angle-dependent unpolarized spin-density matrix elements in the Adair frame are presented for the incident photon energy range 1.56--3.80~GeV (corresponding to $W \in [\,1.95,2.83\,]$~GeV). These new $ω$~photoproduction data are consistent with earlier CLAS results but extend the energy range well beyond the nucleon resonance region into the Regge regime. The comparison with Regge-theory-based model predictions shows that the new data impose more stringent constraints on our understanding of $ω$~photoproduction.
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Submitted 11 August, 2026;
originally announced August 2026.
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Measurement of the near-threshold J$/ψ$ photoproduction cross section with the CLAS12 experiment
Authors:
P. Chatagnon,
V. Kubarovsky,
R. Paremuzyan,
S. Stepanyan,
M. Tenorio,
R. Tyson,
A. G. Acar,
P. Achenbach,
J. S. Alvarado,
M. J. Amaryan,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Avakian,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
S. Boiarinov,
M. Bondi,
F. Bossù,
K. -Th. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe,
S. Bueltmann
, et al. (125 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present measurements of the total and differential cross sections for near-threshold J/$ψ$ photoproduction obtained with the CLAS12 detector at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. The results are based on data collected during the Fall 2018 and Spring 2019 running periods, using electron beams with energies of 10.6 and 10.2 GeV, respectively, scattered off a liquid-hydrogen targ…
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We present measurements of the total and differential cross sections for near-threshold J/$ψ$ photoproduction obtained with the CLAS12 detector at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. The results are based on data collected during the Fall 2018 and Spring 2019 running periods, using electron beams with energies of 10.6 and 10.2 GeV, respectively, scattered off a liquid-hydrogen target. Near-threshold J$/ψ$ photoproduction offers a unique sensitivity to the strong interaction in the non-perturbative regime of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The energy dependence of the cross section constrains the underlying J$/ψ$ production mechanisms, including multi-gluon exchange and potential baryonic excitations. Additionally, the $t$-dependence of the differential cross section can be related to the transverse spatial distribution of gluons in the proton, providing critical input for theoretical descriptions of the gluonic structure of the proton. An interpretation of the results in terms of the gluon content of the proton is presented, providing new experimental constraints on QCD-inspired models of the proton structure and the role of gluonic degrees of freedom in hadronic mass generation.
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Submitted 11 June, 2026; v1 submitted 25 February, 2026;
originally announced February 2026.
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Measurements of Beam Spin Asymmetries of $π^\pmπ^0$ dihadrons at CLAS12
Authors:
A. G. Acar,
P. Achenbach,
J. S. Alvarado,
M. Amaryan,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Battaglieri,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
K. -T. Brinkmann,
F. Bossù,
W. J. Briscoe,
S. Bueltmann,
V. D. Burkert,
D. S. Carman,
T. Cao,
A. Celentano,
P. Chatagnon,
H. Chinchay,
G. Ciullo,
P. L. Cole
, et al. (109 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A first measurement of beam spin asymmetries for $π^+π^0$ and $π^-π^0$ pairs in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering is reported. The asymmetries in the dihadron angular distributions were measured from the scattering of a 10.6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron beam off a proton target, using the CLAS12 detector at Jefferson Lab. A photon classifier using a Gradient Boosted Trees (GBTs) ar…
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A first measurement of beam spin asymmetries for $π^+π^0$ and $π^-π^0$ pairs in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering is reported. The asymmetries in the dihadron angular distributions were measured from the scattering of a 10.6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron beam off a proton target, using the CLAS12 detector at Jefferson Lab. A photon classifier using a Gradient Boosted Trees (GBTs) architecture was trained with Monte Carlo simulations to reduce the amount of false combinatorial background $π^0$s, increasing statistics by up to five-fold compared to previous CLAS12 $π^0$ analyses. A nonzero $\sinφ_{R_\perp}$ asymmetry is observed. This measurement is sensitive to the underexplored collinear twist-3 PDF $e(x)$, which encodes quark-gluon correlations in the proton, and presents a new avenue for its point-by-point extraction. The asymmetries also provide the first experimental evidence for the isospin-dependence of the helicity-dependent dihadron fragmentation function $G_1^\perp$, revealed by a sign-difference between the $π^+π^0$ and $π^-π^0$ channels in the $\sin(φ_h-φ_{R_\perp})$ modulation. In contrast, a large, same-sign enhancement near the $ρ$ mass for the $\sin(2φ_h-2φ_{R_\perp})$ modulation is observed, matching spectator model predictions in $π^+π^-$ pairs.
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Submitted 15 February, 2026;
originally announced February 2026.
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First Study of the Nuclear Response to Fast Hadrons via Angular Correlations between Pions and Slow Protons in Electron-Nucleus Scattering
Authors:
S. J. Paul,
M. Arratia,
H. Hakobyan,
W. Brooks,
A. Acar,
P. Achenbach,
J. S. Alvarado,
W. R. Armstrong,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
F. Bossù,
S. Boiarinov,
K. -T. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe,
V. Burkert,
T. Cao,
D. S. Carman,
P. Chatagnon,
H. Chinchay,
G. Ciullo
, et al. (105 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report on the first measurement of angular correlations between high-energy pions and slow protons in electron-nucleus ($eA$) scattering, providing a new probe of how a nucleus responds to a fast-moving quark. The experiment employed the CLAS detector with a 5-GeV electron beam incident on deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets. For heavier nuclei, the pion-proton correlation function is mor…
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We report on the first measurement of angular correlations between high-energy pions and slow protons in electron-nucleus ($eA$) scattering, providing a new probe of how a nucleus responds to a fast-moving quark. The experiment employed the CLAS detector with a 5-GeV electron beam incident on deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets. For heavier nuclei, the pion-proton correlation function is more spread-out in azimuth than for lighter ones, and this effect is more pronounced in the $πp$ channel than in earlier $ππ$ studies. The proton-to-pion yield ratio likewise rises with nuclear mass, although the increase appears to saturate for the heaviest targets. These trends are qualitatively reproduced by state-of-the-art $eA$ event generators, including BeAGLE, eHIJING, and GiBUU, indicating that current descriptions of target fragmentation rest on sound theoretical footing. At the same time, the precision of our data exposes model-dependent discrepancies, delineating a clear path for future improvements in the treatment of cold-nuclear matter effects in $eA$ scattering.
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Submitted 4 February, 2026; v1 submitted 4 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Measurement of Beam-Recoil Observables $C_x$ and $C_z$ for $K^+Λ$ Photoproduction
Authors:
CLAS Collaboration,
S. Adhikari,
B. A. Raue,
D. S. Carman,
L. Guo,
T. Chetry,
P. Achenbach,
J. S. Alvarado,
M. J. Amaryan,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
L. Baashen,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
S. Boiarinov,
M. Bondi,
F. Bossu,
K. -Th. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe
, et al. (132 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Exclusive photoproduction of $K^+ Λ$ final states off a proton target has been an important component in the search for missing nucleon resonances and our understanding of the production of final states containing strange quarks. Polarization observables have been instrumental in this effort. The current work is an extension of previously published CLAS results on the beam-recoil transferred polar…
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Exclusive photoproduction of $K^+ Λ$ final states off a proton target has been an important component in the search for missing nucleon resonances and our understanding of the production of final states containing strange quarks. Polarization observables have been instrumental in this effort. The current work is an extension of previously published CLAS results on the beam-recoil transferred polarization observables $C_x$ and $C_z$. We extend the kinematic range up to invariant mass $W=3.33$~GeV from the previous limit of $W=2.5$~GeV with significantly improved statistical precision in the region of overlap. These data will provide for tighter constraints on the reaction models used to unravel the spectrum of nucleon resonances and their properties by not only improving the statistical precision of the data within the resonance region, but also by constraining $t$-channel processes that dominate at higher $W$ but extend into the resonance region.
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Submitted 13 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Recoil Polarization in $K^+Y$ Electroproduction in the Nucleon Resonance Region with CLAS12
Authors:
D. S. Carman,
A. D'Angelo,
L. Lanza,
V. I. Mokeev,
P. Achenbach,
J. S. Alvarado,
M. J. Amaryan,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
S. Boiarinov,
F. Bossu,
K. -Th. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe,
S. Bueltmann,
V. D. Burkert,
T. Cao,
R. Capobianco
, et al. (105 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Hyperon recoil polarization measurements for the exclusive electroproduction of $K^+Λ$ and $K^+Σ^0$ final states from an unpolarized proton target have been carried out using the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory. The measurements at beam energies of 6.535~GeV and 7.546~GeV span the range of four-momentum transfer $Q^2$ from 0.3 to 4.5~GeV$^2$ and invariant mass $W$ from 1.6 to 2.4~GeV,…
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Hyperon recoil polarization measurements for the exclusive electroproduction of $K^+Λ$ and $K^+Σ^0$ final states from an unpolarized proton target have been carried out using the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory. The measurements at beam energies of 6.535~GeV and 7.546~GeV span the range of four-momentum transfer $Q^2$ from 0.3 to 4.5~GeV$^2$ and invariant mass $W$ from 1.6 to 2.4~GeV, while covering the full center-of-mass angular range of the $K^+$. These new $Λ$ polarization observables extend the existing data in a similar kinematic range but from a significantly larger dataset. However, they represent the first electroproduction measurements of this observable for the $Σ^0$. These data will allow for better exploration of the reaction mechanism in strangeness production, for further understanding of the spectrum and structure of excited nucleon states that couple to $KY$, and for improved insight into the strong interaction in the non-perturbative domain.
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Submitted 17 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Measurement of single- and double-polarization observables in the photoproduction of $π^+π^-$~meson pairs off the proton using CLAS at Jefferson Laboratory
Authors:
P. Roy,
S. Cao,
V. Crede,
E. Klempt,
V. A. Nikonov,
A. V. Sarantsev,
V. D. Burkert,
V. Mokeev,
P. Achenbach,
J. S. Alvarado,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
F. Bossu,
S. Boiarinov,
K. -T. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe
, et al. (119 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The photoproduction of $π^+π^-$ meson pairs off the proton has been studied in the reaction $γp\to p\,π^+π^-$ using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) and the frozen-spin target (FROST) in Hall B at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. For the first time, the beam and target asymmetries, $I^{s,c}$ and $P_{x,y}$, have been measured along with the beam-target double-polari…
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The photoproduction of $π^+π^-$ meson pairs off the proton has been studied in the reaction $γp\to p\,π^+π^-$ using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) and the frozen-spin target (FROST) in Hall B at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. For the first time, the beam and target asymmetries, $I^{s,c}$ and $P_{x,y}$, have been measured along with the beam-target double-polarization observables, $P^{s,c}_{x,y}$, using a transversely polarized target with center-of-mass energies ranging from 1.51 GeV up to 2.04 GeV. These data and additional $ππ$ photoproduction observables from CLAS and experiments elsewhere were included in a partial-wave analysis within the Bonn-Gatchina framework. Significant contributions from $s$-channel resonance production are observed in addition to $t$-channel exchange processes. The data indicate significant contributions from $N^\ast$ and $Δ^\ast$ resonances in the third and fourth resonance regions.
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Submitted 29 April, 2025;
originally announced April 2025.
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Measurement of the helicity-dependent response in quasi-elastic proton knockout from $^{40}{\rm Ca}$
Authors:
Tim Kolar,
Iris Sabo-Napadensky,
Patrick Achenbach,
Mirko Christmann,
Michael Otto Distler,
Luca Doria,
Phillipp Eckert,
Anselm Esser,
Carlotta Giusti,
Jennifer Geimer,
Pepe Gülker,
Matthias Hoek,
Pascal Klag,
Jechiel Lichtenstadt,
Maximilian Littich,
Theodoros Manoussos,
David Markus,
Harald Merkel,
Miha Mihovilovič,
Julian Müller,
Ulrich Müller,
Jonas Pätschke,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Eliezer Piasetzky,
Saskia Plura
, et al. (12 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The role of the electron-helicity-dependent cross-section term and the structure function $f^{\prime}_{01}$ in the quasi-elastic $A(\vec{e}, e^{\prime}p)$ process was studied. The $f^{\prime}_{01}$ was measured for proton knockout from the $1\mathrm{d}_{3/2}$ shell in $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ via the $^{40}{\rm Ca}(\vec{e},e' p)^{39}{\rm K}_{\rm g.s.}$ reaction, leaving the residual nucleus in a well-de…
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The role of the electron-helicity-dependent cross-section term and the structure function $f^{\prime}_{01}$ in the quasi-elastic $A(\vec{e}, e^{\prime}p)$ process was studied. The $f^{\prime}_{01}$ was measured for proton knockout from the $1\mathrm{d}_{3/2}$ shell in $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ via the $^{40}{\rm Ca}(\vec{e},e' p)^{39}{\rm K}_{\rm g.s.}$ reaction, leaving the residual nucleus in a well-defined state. It requires a longitudinally polarized electron beam and out-of-plane proton detection. This structure function vanishes in the absence of final-state interactions (FSI) involving the ejected proton. Presented are the dependencies of $f^{\prime}_{01}$ on the missing momentum (closely related to the initial proton's Fermi momentum) and the angle between the knocked-out proton and the virtual photon momenta. The role of the spin-orbit interaction in FSI through the $\vec{L}\cdot \vec{S}$ term in a nuclear optical potential is discussed.
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Submitted 14 April, 2025;
originally announced April 2025.
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First-Ever Deployment of a SiPM-on-Tile Calorimeter in a Collider: A Parasitic Test with 200 GeV $pp$ Collisions at RHIC
Authors:
Weibin Zhang,
Sean Preins,
Jiajun Huang,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Ryan Milton,
Miguel Rodriguez,
Peter Carney,
Ryan Tsiao,
Yousef Abdelkadous,
Miguel Arratia
Abstract:
We describe the testing of a prototype SiPM-on-tile iron-scintillator calorimeter at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) during its 200 GeV $pp$ run in 2024. The prototype, measuring $20 \times 20 \, \text{cm}^{2}$ and 24 radiation lengths in depth, was positioned in the STAR experimental hall, approximately 8 m from the interaction point and 65 cm from the beam line, covering a pseudorapid…
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We describe the testing of a prototype SiPM-on-tile iron-scintillator calorimeter at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) during its 200 GeV $pp$ run in 2024. The prototype, measuring $20 \times 20 \, \text{cm}^{2}$ and 24 radiation lengths in depth, was positioned in the STAR experimental hall, approximately 8 m from the interaction point and 65 cm from the beam line, covering a pseudorapidity range of about $3.1<η<3.4$. By using the dark current of a reference SiPM as a radiation monitor, we estimate that the prototype was exposed to a fluence of about $10^{10}$ 1-MeV $n_{\mathrm{eq}}$/cm$^2$. Channel-by-channel calibration was performed in a data-driven way with the signature from minimum-ionizing particles during beam-on conditions. A Geant4 detector simulation, with inputs from the Pythia8 event generator, describes measurements of energy spectra and hit multiplicities reasonably well. These results mark the first deployment, commissioning, calibration, and long-term operation of a SiPM-on-tile calorimeter in a collider environment. This experimental campaign will guide detector designs and operational strategies for the ePIC detector at the future EIC, as well as other applications.
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Submitted 15 January, 2025;
originally announced January 2025.
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Feasibility Study of Measuring $Λ^0\to nπ^{0}$ Using a High-Granularity Zero-Degree Calorimeter at the Future Electron-Ion Collider
Authors:
Sebouh J. Paul,
Ryan Milton,
Sebastián Morán,
Barak Schmookler,
Miguel Arratia
Abstract:
Key measurements at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), including first-of-their-kind studies of kaon structure, require the detection of $Λ^0$ at forward angles. We present a feasibility study of $Λ^0 \to nπ^0$ measurements using a high-granularity Zero Degree Calorimeter to be located about 35 m from the interaction point. We introduce a method to address the unprecedented challenge of ident…
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Key measurements at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), including first-of-their-kind studies of kaon structure, require the detection of $Λ^0$ at forward angles. We present a feasibility study of $Λ^0 \to nπ^0$ measurements using a high-granularity Zero Degree Calorimeter to be located about 35 m from the interaction point. We introduce a method to address the unprecedented challenge of identifying $Λ^0$s with energy $O(100)$ GeV that produce displaced vertices of $O(10)$ m. In addition, we present a reconstruction approach using graph neural networks. We find that the energy and angle resolution for $Λ^0$ is similar to that for neutrons, both of which meet the requirements outlined in the EIC Yellow Report.Furthermore, we estimate performance for measuring the neutron's direction in the $Λ^0$ rest frame, which reflects the $Λ^0$ spin polarization. We estimate that the neutral-decay channel $Λ^0 \to nπ^0$ will greatly extend the measurable energy range for the charged-decay channel $Λ^0 \to pπ^-$, which is limited by the location of small-angle trackers and the accelerator magnets. This work paves the way for EIC studies of kaon structure and spin phenomena.
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Submitted 11 March, 2025; v1 submitted 16 December, 2024;
originally announced December 2024.
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Measurement of the nucleon spin structure functions for 0.01<$Q^2$<1 GeV$^2$ using CLAS
Authors:
A. Deur,
S. E. Kuhn,
M. Ripani,
X. Zheng,
A. G. Acar,
P. Achenbach,
K. P. Adhikari,
J. S. Alvarado,
M. J. Amaryan,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
L. Baashen,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
B. Benkel,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
W. A. Booth,
F. B ossu,
P. Bosted,
S. Boiarinov
, et al. (125 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The spin structure functions of the proton and the deuteron were measured during the EG4 experiment at Jefferson Lab in 2006. Data were collected for longitudinally polarized electron scattering off longitudinally polarized NH$_3$ and ND$_3$ targets, for $Q^2$ values as small as 0.012 and 0.02 GeV$^2$, respectively, using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS). This is the archival paper o…
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The spin structure functions of the proton and the deuteron were measured during the EG4 experiment at Jefferson Lab in 2006. Data were collected for longitudinally polarized electron scattering off longitudinally polarized NH$_3$ and ND$_3$ targets, for $Q^2$ values as small as 0.012 and 0.02 GeV$^2$, respectively, using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS). This is the archival paper of the EG4 experiment that summaries the previously reported results of the polarized structure functions $g_1$, $A_1F_1$, and their moments $\overline Γ_1$, $\overline γ_0$, and $\overline I_{TT}$, for both the proton and the deuteron. In addition, we report on new results on the neutron $g_1$ extracted by combining proton and deuteron data and correcting for Fermi smearing, and on the neutron moments $\overline Γ_1$, $\overline γ_0$, and $\overline I_{TT}$ formed directly from those of the proton and the deuteron. Our data are in good agreement with the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule for the proton, deuteron, and neutron. Furthermore, the isovector combination was formed for $g_1$ and the Bjorken integral $\overline Γ_1^{p-n}$, and compared to available theoretical predictions. All of our results provide for the first time extensive tests of spin observable predictions from chiral effective field theory ($χ$EFT) in a $Q^2$ range commensurate with the pion mass. They motivate further improvement in $χ$EFT calculations from other approaches such as the lattice gauge method.
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Submitted 3 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 September, 2024;
originally announced September 2024.
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First Measurement of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering on the Neutron with Detection of the Active Neutron
Authors:
CLAS Collaboration,
A. Hobart,
S. Niccolai,
M. Čuić,
K. Kumerički,
P. Achenbach,
J. S. Alvarado,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
L. Baashen,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
B. Benkel,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
S. Boiarinov,
M. Bondi,
W. A. Booth,
F. Bossù,
K. -Th. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe
, et al. (124 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Measuring Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering on the neutron is one of the necessary steps to understand the structure of the nucleon in terms of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs). Neutron targets play a complementary role to transversely polarized proton targets in the determination of the GPD $E$. This poorly known and poorly constrained GPD is essential to obtain the contribution of the qua…
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Measuring Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering on the neutron is one of the necessary steps to understand the structure of the nucleon in terms of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs). Neutron targets play a complementary role to transversely polarized proton targets in the determination of the GPD $E$. This poorly known and poorly constrained GPD is essential to obtain the contribution of the quarks' angular momentum to the spin of the nucleon. DVCS on the neutron was measured for the first time selecting the exclusive final state by detecting the neutron, using the Jefferson Lab longitudinally polarized electron beam, with energies up to 10.6 GeV, and the CLAS12 detector. The extracted beam-spin asymmetries, combined with DVCS observables measured on the proton, allow a clean quark-flavor separation of the imaginary parts of the GPDs $H$ and $E$.
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Submitted 25 June, 2024; v1 submitted 21 June, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
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Design of a SiPM-on-Tile ZDC for the future EIC and its Performance with Graph Neural Networks
Authors:
Ryan Milton,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Barak Schmookler,
Miguel Arratia,
Piyush Karande,
Aaron Angerami,
Fernando Torales Acosta,
Benjamin Nachman
Abstract:
We present a design for a high-granularity zero-degree calorimeter (ZDC) for the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The design uses SiPM-on-tile technology and features a novel staggered-layer arrangement that improves spatial resolution. To fully leverage the design's high granularity and non-trivial geometry, we employ graph neural networks (GNNs) for energy and angle regression as well as si…
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We present a design for a high-granularity zero-degree calorimeter (ZDC) for the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The design uses SiPM-on-tile technology and features a novel staggered-layer arrangement that improves spatial resolution. To fully leverage the design's high granularity and non-trivial geometry, we employ graph neural networks (GNNs) for energy and angle regression as well as signal classification. The GNN-boosted performance metrics meet, and in some cases, significantly surpass the requirements set in the EIC Yellow Report, laying the groundwork for enhanced measurements that will facilitate a wide physics program. Our studies show that GNNs can significantly enhance the performance of high-granularity CALICE-style calorimeters by automating and optimizing the software compensation algorithms required for these systems. This improvement holds true even in the case of complicated geometries that pose challenges for image-based AI/ML methods.
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Submitted 29 May, 2025; v1 submitted 11 May, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
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Letter of Intent: Open Charm at JLab with the sPHENIX MAPS tracker
Authors:
Miguel Arratia,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Yuri Gotra,
Hayk Hakobyan,
Bryan McKinnon
Abstract:
We propose a physics program at JLab with CLAS12 focusing on open-charm measurements, aiming to complement and expand current studies of $J/ψ$ at (sub) threshold. This program will aid us in elucidating the $J/ψ$ production mechanisms, which is crucial for interpreting data in terms of gluon form factors and offer potential insights into the intrinsic charm hypothesis and cold-nuclear matter effec…
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We propose a physics program at JLab with CLAS12 focusing on open-charm measurements, aiming to complement and expand current studies of $J/ψ$ at (sub) threshold. This program will aid us in elucidating the $J/ψ$ production mechanisms, which is crucial for interpreting data in terms of gluon form factors and offer potential insights into the intrinsic charm hypothesis and cold-nuclear matter effects. We discuss the technical feasibility of integrating the sPHENIX monolithic-active-pixel sensor (MAPS) tracker, known as MVTX, with the CLAS12 detector. The sPHENIX MTVX would support an open-charm program by providing excellent secondary-vertex performance for tagging $D$ mesons. We study the kinematics of $γp \to \bar{D}^{0}Λ_{c}$ through phase-space simulations and estimate rates for the tagged quasi-photoproduction regime available with the CLAS12 forward tagger. While open-charm cross-sections at threshold remain uncertain, various predictions suggest that these measurements could be feasible when combined with conservative estimates of detector acceptance and luminosity. These preliminary estimates motivate detailed Geant detector simulations of signals and backgrounds, along with thorough technical assessments of operating conditions, to further explore the feasibility of these measurements in future dedicated CLAS12 experiments at JLab.
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Submitted 7 May, 2024;
originally announced May 2024.
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Nuclear density dependence of polarization transfer in quasi-elastic ${\rm A}(\vec{e},e' \vec{p})$ reactions
Authors:
T. Kolar,
W. Cosyn,
C. Giusti,
P. Achenbach,
A. Ashkenazi,
R. Böhm,
D. Bosnar,
T. Brecelj,
M. Christmann,
E. O. Cohen,
M. O. Distler,
L. Doria,
P. Eckert,
A. Esser,
R. Gilman,
J. Geimer,
P. Gülker,
M. Hoek,
D. Izraeli,
S. Kegel,
P. Klag,
Y. Kohl,
I. Korover,
J. Lichtenstadt,
M. Littich
, et al. (30 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ratio of the transverse and longitudinal component of polarization transfer to protons in the quasi-elastic $(\vec{e}, e^{\prime} \vec{p}\,)$ reaction, $P^{\prime}_x/P^{\prime}_z$, is sensitive to the proton's electromagnetic form factor ratio, $G_E/G_M$. To explore density-dependent in-medium modifications, a comparison of polarization transfer ratios involving protons from distinct nuclear s…
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The ratio of the transverse and longitudinal component of polarization transfer to protons in the quasi-elastic $(\vec{e}, e^{\prime} \vec{p}\,)$ reaction, $P^{\prime}_x/P^{\prime}_z$, is sensitive to the proton's electromagnetic form factor ratio, $G_E/G_M$. To explore density-dependent in-medium modifications, a comparison of polarization transfer ratios involving protons from distinct nuclear shells, each with different local nuclear densities, has been proposed. In this study, we present such comparisons between four shells, $1s_{1/2}$, $1p_{3/2}$ in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $1d_{3/2}$, $2s_{1/2}$ in $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$. In an effort to account for other many-body effects that may differ between shells, we use a state-of-the-art relativistic distorted-wave impulse-approximation (RDWIA) calculation and present the double ratios, $(P^{\prime}_x/P^{\prime}_z)_{\rm Data}/(P^{\prime}_x/P^{\prime}_z)_{\rm RDWIA}$ as well as the super ratios, $\left[(P^{\prime}_x/P^{\prime}_z)_{\rm A}/(P^{\prime}_x/P^{\prime}_z)_{\rm B}\right]_{\rm Data}/\left[(P^{\prime}_x/P^{\prime}_z)_{\rm A}/(P^{\prime}_x/P^{\prime}_z)_{\rm B}\right]_{\rm RDWIA}$, for chosen shells A and B, as a function of effective local nuclear densities. We find that double ratios for individual shells show a dependence on the probed effective nuclear densities. Studying the ratios, we observed a systematic variation between pairs of higher- and lower-density shells.
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Submitted 17 December, 2024; v1 submitted 3 November, 2023;
originally announced November 2023.
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Beam Test of the First Prototype of SiPM-on-Tile Calorimeter Insert for the Electron-Ion Collider Using 4 GeV Positrons at Jefferson Laboratory
Authors:
Miguel Arratia,
Bruce Bagby,
Peter Carney,
Jiajun Huang,
Ryan Milton,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Sean Preins,
Miguel Rodriguez,
Weibin Zhang
Abstract:
We recently proposed a high-granularity calorimeter insert for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) that uses plastic scintillator tiles read out by SiPMs. Among its innovative features are an ASIC-away-of-SiPM strategy for reducing cooling requirements and minimizing space use, along with employing 3D-printed frames to reduce optical crosstalk and dead areas. To evaluate these features, we built a 40-…
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We recently proposed a high-granularity calorimeter insert for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) that uses plastic scintillator tiles read out by SiPMs. Among its innovative features are an ASIC-away-of-SiPM strategy for reducing cooling requirements and minimizing space use, along with employing 3D-printed frames to reduce optical crosstalk and dead areas. To evaluate these features, we built a 40-channel prototype and tested it using a 4 GeV positron beam at Jefferson Laboratory. The measured energy spectra and 3D shower shapes are well described by simulations, confirming the effectiveness of the design, construction techniques, and calibration strategy. This constitutes the first use of SiPM-on-tile technology in EIC detector designs.
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Submitted 2 September, 2023;
originally announced September 2023.
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Leveraging Staggered Tessellation for Enhanced Spatial Resolution in High-Granularity Calorimeters
Authors:
Sebouh J. Paul,
Miguel Arratia
Abstract:
We advance the concept of high-granularity calorimeters with staggered tessellations, underscoring the effectiveness of a design incorporating multifold staggering cycles based on hexagonal cells to enhance position resolution. Moreover, we introduce HEXPLIT, a sub-cell re-weighting algorithm tailored to harness staggered designs, resulting in additional performance improvements. By combining our…
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We advance the concept of high-granularity calorimeters with staggered tessellations, underscoring the effectiveness of a design incorporating multifold staggering cycles based on hexagonal cells to enhance position resolution. Moreover, we introduce HEXPLIT, a sub-cell re-weighting algorithm tailored to harness staggered designs, resulting in additional performance improvements. By combining our proposed staggered design with HEXPLIT, we achieve an approximately twofold enhancement in position resolution for neutrons across a wide energy range, as compared to unstaggered designs. These findings hold the potential to elevate particle-flow performance across various forthcoming facilities.
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Submitted 29 August, 2023; v1 submitted 14 August, 2023;
originally announced August 2023.
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A Few-Degree Calorimeter for the future Electron-Ion Collider
Authors:
Miguel Arratia,
Ryan Milton,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Barak Schmookler,
Weibin Zhang
Abstract:
Measuring the region $0.1 < Q^{2} < 1.0$ GeV$^{2}$ is essential to support searches for gluon saturation at the future Electron-Ion Collider. Recent studies have revealed that covering this region at the highest beam energies is not feasible with current detector designs, resulting in the so-called $Q^{2}$ gap. In this work, we present a design for the Few-Degree Calorimeter (FDC), which addresses…
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Measuring the region $0.1 < Q^{2} < 1.0$ GeV$^{2}$ is essential to support searches for gluon saturation at the future Electron-Ion Collider. Recent studies have revealed that covering this region at the highest beam energies is not feasible with current detector designs, resulting in the so-called $Q^{2}$ gap. In this work, we present a design for the Few-Degree Calorimeter (FDC), which addresses this issue. The FDC uses SiPM-on-tile technology with tungsten absorber and covers the range of $-4.6 < η< -3.6$. It offers fine transverse and longitudinal granularity, along with excellent time resolution, enabling standalone electron tagging. Our design represents the first concrete solution to bridge the $Q^{2}$ gap at the EIC.
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Submitted 24 July, 2023;
originally announced July 2023.
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Beam Spin Asymmetry Measurements of Deeply Virtual $π^0$ Production with CLAS12
Authors:
A. Kim,
S. Diehl,
K. Joo,
V. Kubarovsky,
P. Achenbach,
Z. Akbar,
J. S. Alvarado,
Whitney R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
L. Barion,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
B. Benkel,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
F. Bossù,
S. Boiarinov,
K. T. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe,
W. K. Brooks,
S. Bueltmann,
V. D. Burkert
, et al. (132 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The new experimental measurements of beam spin asymmetry were performed for the deeply virtual exclusive $π^0$ production in a wide kinematic region with the photon virtualities $Q^2$ up to 8 GeV$^2$ and the Bjorken scaling variable $x_B$ in the valence regime. The data were collected by the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS12) at Jefferson Lab with longitudinally polarized 10.6 GeV electr…
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The new experimental measurements of beam spin asymmetry were performed for the deeply virtual exclusive $π^0$ production in a wide kinematic region with the photon virtualities $Q^2$ up to 8 GeV$^2$ and the Bjorken scaling variable $x_B$ in the valence regime. The data were collected by the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS12) at Jefferson Lab with longitudinally polarized 10.6 GeV electrons scattered on an unpolarized liquid-hydrogen target. Sizable asymmetry values indicate a substantial contribution from transverse virtual photon amplitudes to the polarized structure functions.The interpretation of these measurements in terms of the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) demonstrates their sensitivity to the chiral-odd GPD $\bar E_T$, which contains information on quark transverse spin densities in unpolarized and polarized nucleons and provides access to the proton's transverse anomalous magnetic moment. Additionally, the data were compared to a theoretical model based on a Regge formalism that was extended to the high photon virtualities.
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Submitted 15 July, 2023;
originally announced July 2023.
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Strong Interaction Physics at the Luminosity Frontier with 22 GeV Electrons at Jefferson Lab
Authors:
A. Accardi,
P. Achenbach,
D. Adhikari,
A. Afanasev,
C. S. Akondi,
N. Akopov,
M. Albaladejo,
H. Albataineh,
M. Albrecht,
B. Almeida-Zamora,
M. Amaryan,
D. Androić,
W. Armstrong,
D. S. Armstrong,
M. Arratia,
J. Arrington,
A. Asaturyan,
A. Austregesilo,
H. Avagyan,
T. Averett,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
A. Bacchetta,
A. B. Balantekin,
N. Baltzell,
L. Barion
, et al. (419 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This document presents the initial scientific case for upgrading the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) to 22 GeV. It is the result of a community effort, incorporating insights from a series of workshops conducted between March 2022 and April 2023. With a track record of over 25 years in delivering the world's most intense and precise multi-GeV electron…
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This document presents the initial scientific case for upgrading the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) to 22 GeV. It is the result of a community effort, incorporating insights from a series of workshops conducted between March 2022 and April 2023. With a track record of over 25 years in delivering the world's most intense and precise multi-GeV electron beams, CEBAF's potential for a higher energy upgrade presents a unique opportunity for an innovative nuclear physics program, which seamlessly integrates a rich historical background with a promising future. The proposed physics program encompass a diverse range of investigations centered around the nonperturbative dynamics inherent in hadron structure and the exploration of strongly interacting systems. It builds upon the exceptional capabilities of CEBAF in high-luminosity operations, the availability of existing or planned Hall equipment, and recent advancements in accelerator technology. The proposed program cover various scientific topics, including Hadron Spectroscopy, Partonic Structure and Spin, Hadronization and Transverse Momentum, Spatial Structure, Mechanical Properties, Form Factors and Emergent Hadron Mass, Hadron-Quark Transition, and Nuclear Dynamics at Extreme Conditions, as well as QCD Confinement and Fundamental Symmetries. Each topic highlights the key measurements achievable at a 22 GeV CEBAF accelerator. Furthermore, this document outlines the significant physics outcomes and unique aspects of these programs that distinguish them from other existing or planned facilities. In summary, this document provides an exciting rationale for the energy upgrade of CEBAF to 22 GeV, outlining the transformative scientific potential that lies within reach, and the remarkable opportunities it offers for advancing our understanding of hadron physics and related fundamental phenomena.
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Submitted 24 August, 2023; v1 submitted 13 June, 2023;
originally announced June 2023.
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Measurement of polarization transfer in the quasi-elastic $^{40}{\rm Ca}(\vec{e},e' \vec{p})$ process
Authors:
T. Kolar,
P. Achenbach,
M. Christmann,
M. O. Distler,
L. Doria,
P. Eckert,
A. Esser,
C. Giusti,
J. Geimer,
P. Gülker,
M. Hoek,
P. Klag,
J. Lichtenstadt,
M. Littich,
T. Manoussos,
D. Markus,
H. Merkel,
M. Mihovilovič,
J. Müller,
U. Müller,
J. Pätschke,
S. J. Paul,
E. Piasetzky S. Plura,
J. Pochodzalla,
M. Požun
, et al. (10 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Polarization transfer to a bound proton in polarized electron knock-out reactions, $\mathrm{A}(\vec{e},e^{\prime}\vec{p})$, is a powerful tool to look for in-medium modification of the bound proton. It requires comparison to calculations which consider the many-body effects accompanying the quasi-free process. We report here measured components $P_x^{\prime}$, $P_z^{\prime}$, and their ratio…
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Polarization transfer to a bound proton in polarized electron knock-out reactions, $\mathrm{A}(\vec{e},e^{\prime}\vec{p})$, is a powerful tool to look for in-medium modification of the bound proton. It requires comparison to calculations which consider the many-body effects accompanying the quasi-free process. We report here measured components $P_x^{\prime}$, $P_z^{\prime}$, and their ratio $P_x^{\prime}/P_z^{\prime}$, of polarization transfer to protons bound in $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, which is described well by the shell model and for which reliable calculations are available. While the calculations capture the essence of the data, our statistical precision allows us to observe deviations which cannot be explained by simple scaling, including by varying the proton electromagnetic form factor ratio $G_E/G_M$. We further explore the deviations of the ratio of the polarization transfer components from that of a free proton, $(P_x^{\prime}/P_z^{\prime})_{\rm A}/(P_x^{\prime}/P_z^{\prime})_{\rm H}$, and its dependence on the bound-proton virtuality.
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Submitted 21 April, 2024; v1 submitted 8 June, 2023;
originally announced June 2023.
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Studies of time resolution, light yield, and crosstalk using SiPM-on-tile calorimetry for the future Electron-Ion Collider
Authors:
Miguel Arratia,
Luis Garabito Ruiz,
Jiajun Huang,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Sean Preins,
Miguel Rodriguez
Abstract:
We recently proposed a high-granularity calorimeter insert for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) that is based on plastic scintillator tiles readout with silicon photomultipliers. In this work, we concretize its design by characterizing its building blocks with measurements of light yield, optical crosstalk, and timing resolutions using cosmic-rays, an LED, and a beta source. We also compared two ap…
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We recently proposed a high-granularity calorimeter insert for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) that is based on plastic scintillator tiles readout with silicon photomultipliers. In this work, we concretize its design by characterizing its building blocks with measurements of light yield, optical crosstalk, and timing resolutions using cosmic-rays, an LED, and a beta source. We also compared two approaches for the optical isolation of cells: ``megatiles'' with grooved boundaries between cells, and a 3D-printed plastic frame hosting individual cells. We found that the latter suppresses optical crosstalk to negligible levels while providing an easier assembly method. Overall, these performance studies can help inform calorimeter design and realistic simulations of 5D showers (time, energy, position) for the EIC and other experiments.
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Submitted 27 May, 2023; v1 submitted 7 February, 2023;
originally announced February 2023.
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Neutrino-tagged jets at the Electron-Ion Collider
Authors:
Miguel Arratia,
Zhong-Bo Kang,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Alexei Prokudin,
Felix Ringer,
Fanyi Zhao
Abstract:
We explore the potential of jet observables in charged-current deep-inelastic scattering (CC DIS) events at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). Tagging jets with a recoiling neutrino, which can be identified by the event's missing transverse momentum, will allow for flavor-sensitive measurements of Transverse Momentum Dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs). We present the first predict…
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We explore the potential of jet observables in charged-current deep-inelastic scattering (CC DIS) events at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). Tagging jets with a recoiling neutrino, which can be identified by the event's missing transverse momentum, will allow for flavor-sensitive measurements of Transverse Momentum Dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs). We present the first predictions for transverse-spin asymmetries in azimuthal neutrino-jet correlations and hadron-in-jet measurements. We study the kinematic reach and the precision of these measurements and explore their feasibility using parameterized detector simulations. We conclude that jet production in CC DIS, while challenging in terms of luminosity requirements, will complement the EIC experimental program to study the three-dimensional structure of the nucleon encoded in TMDs.
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Submitted 5 December, 2022;
originally announced December 2022.
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First Measurement of $Λ$ Electroproduction off Nuclei in the Current and Target Fragmentation Regions
Authors:
T. Chetry,
L. El Fassi,
W. K. Brooks,
R. Dupré,
A. El Alaoui,
K. Hafidi,
P. Achenbach,
K. P. Adhikari,
Z. Akbar,
W. R. Armstrong,
M. Arratia,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
L. Baashen,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
B. Benkel,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
W. A. Booth
, et al. (129 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report results of $Λ$ hyperon production in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering off deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets obtained with the CLAS detector and the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility 5.014~GeV electron beam. These results represent the first measurements of the $Λ$ multiplicity ratio and transverse momentum broadening as a function of the energy fraction~($z$)…
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We report results of $Λ$ hyperon production in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering off deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets obtained with the CLAS detector and the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility 5.014~GeV electron beam. These results represent the first measurements of the $Λ$ multiplicity ratio and transverse momentum broadening as a function of the energy fraction~($z$) in the current and target fragmentation regions. The multiplicity ratio exhibits a strong suppression at high~$z$~and~an enhancement at~low~$z$. The measured transverse momentum broadening is an order of magnitude greater than that seen for light mesons. This indicates that the propagating entity interacts very strongly with the nuclear medium, which suggests that propagation of diquark configurations in the nuclear medium takes place at least part of the time, even at high~$z$. The trends of these results are qualitatively described by the Giessen Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model, particularly for the multiplicity ratios. These observations will potentially open a new era of studies of the structure of the nucleon as well as of strange baryons.
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Submitted 1 April, 2023; v1 submitted 24 October, 2022;
originally announced October 2022.
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A high-granularity calorimeter insert based on SiPM-on-tile technology at the future Electron-Ion Collider
Authors:
Miguel Arratia,
Kenneth Barish,
Liam Blanchard,
Huan Z. Huang,
Zhongling Ji,
Bishnu Karki,
Owen Long,
Ryan Milton,
Ananya Paul,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Sean Preins,
Barak Schmookler,
Oleg Tsai,
Zhiwan Xu
Abstract:
We present a design for a high-granularity calorimeter insert for future experiments at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The sampling-calorimeter design uses scintillator tiles read out with silicon photomultipliers. It maximizes coverage close to the beampipe, while solving challenges arising from the beam-crossing angle and mechanical integration. It yields a compensated response that is linear…
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We present a design for a high-granularity calorimeter insert for future experiments at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The sampling-calorimeter design uses scintillator tiles read out with silicon photomultipliers. It maximizes coverage close to the beampipe, while solving challenges arising from the beam-crossing angle and mechanical integration. It yields a compensated response that is linear over the energy range of interest for the EIC. Its energy resolution meets the requirements set in the EIC Yellow Report even with a basic reconstruction algorithm. Moreover, this detector will provide 5D shower data (position, energy, and time), which can be exploited with machine-learning techniques. This detector concept has the potential to unleash the power of imaging calorimetry at the EIC to enable measurements at extreme kinematics in electron-proton and electron-nucleus collisions.
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Submitted 12 December, 2022; v1 submitted 10 August, 2022;
originally announced August 2022.
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First observation of correlations between spin and transverse momenta in back-to-back dihadron production at CLAS12
Authors:
H. Avakian,
T. B. Hayward,
A. Kotzinian,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
L. Baashen,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
L. Biondo,
A. S. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
S. Boiarinov,
F. Bossù,
K. T. Brinkman,
W. J. Briscoe,
W. K. Brooks,
S. Bueltmann,
D. Bulumulla,
V. D. Burkert
, et al. (131 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the first measurements of deep inelastic scattering spin-dependent azimuthal asymmetries in back-to-back dihadron electroproduction, where two hadrons are produced in opposite hemispheres along the z-axis in the center-of-mass frame, with the first hadron produced in the current-fragmentation region and the second in the target-fragmentation region. The data were taken with longitudinall…
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We report the first measurements of deep inelastic scattering spin-dependent azimuthal asymmetries in back-to-back dihadron electroproduction, where two hadrons are produced in opposite hemispheres along the z-axis in the center-of-mass frame, with the first hadron produced in the current-fragmentation region and the second in the target-fragmentation region. The data were taken with longitudinally polarized electron beams of 10.2 and 10.6 GeV incident on an unpolarized liquid-hydrogen target using the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Lab. Observed non-zero $\sinΔφ$ modulations in $ep \rightarrow e'pπ^+X$ events, where $Δφ$ is the difference of the azimuthal angles of the proton and pion in the virtual photon and target nucleon center-of-mass frame, indicate that correlations between the spin and transverse momenta of hadrons produced in the target- and current-fragmentation regions may be significant. The measured beam-spin asymmetries provide a first access in dihadron production to a previously unobserved leading-twist spin- and transverse-momentum-dependent fracture function. The fracture functions describe the hadronization of the target remnant after the hard scattering of a virtual photon off a quark in the target particle and provide a new avenue for studying nucleonic structure and hadronization.
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Submitted 9 August, 2022;
originally announced August 2022.
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Alignment of the CLAS12 central hybrid tracker with a Kalman Filter
Authors:
S. J. Paul,
A. Peck,
M. Arratia,
Y. Gotra,
V. Ziegler,
R. De Vita,
F. Bossu,
M. Defurne,
H. Atac,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
L. Baashen,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
B. Benkel,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
L. Biondo,
A. S. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
S. Boiarinov,
K. Th. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe
, et al. (109 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Several factors can contribute to the difficulty of aligning the sensors of tracking detectors, including a large number of modules, multiple types of detector technologies, and non-linear strip patterns on the sensors. All three of these factors apply to the CLAS12 CVT, which is a hybrid detector consisting of planar silicon sensors with non-parallel strips, and cylindrical micromegas sensors wit…
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Several factors can contribute to the difficulty of aligning the sensors of tracking detectors, including a large number of modules, multiple types of detector technologies, and non-linear strip patterns on the sensors. All three of these factors apply to the CLAS12 CVT, which is a hybrid detector consisting of planar silicon sensors with non-parallel strips, and cylindrical micromegas sensors with longitudinal and arc-shaped strips located within a 5~T superconducting solenoid. To align this detector, we used the Kalman Alignment Algorithm, which accounts for correlations between the alignment parameters without requiring the time-consuming inversion of large matrices. This is the first time that this algorithm has been adapted for use with hybrid technologies, non-parallel strips, and curved sensors. We present the results for the first alignment of the CLAS12 CVT using straight tracks from cosmic rays and from a target with the magnetic field turned off. After running this procedure, we achieved alignment at the level of 10~$μ$m, and the widths of the residual spectra were greatly reduced. These results attest to the flexibility of this algorithm and its applicability to future use in the CLAS12 CVT and other hybrid or curved trackers, such as those proposed for the future Electron-Ion Collider.
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Submitted 9 August, 2022;
originally announced August 2022.
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Observation of azimuth-dependent suppression of hadron pairs in electron scattering off nuclei
Authors:
S. J. Paul,
S. Moran,
M. Arratia,
A. El Alaoui,
H. Hakobyan,
W. Brooks,
M. J. Amaryan,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
L. Baashen,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
B. Benkel,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
L. Biondo,
A. S. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
F. Bossu,
S. Boiarinov,
K. Th. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe
, et al. (120 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the first measurement of di-hadron angular correlations in electron-nucleus scattering. The data were taken with the CLAS detector and a 5.0 GeV electron beam incident on deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets. Relative to deuterium, the nuclear yields of charged-pion pairs show a strong suppression for azimuthally opposite pairs, no suppression for azimuthally nearby pairs, and an e…
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We present the first measurement of di-hadron angular correlations in electron-nucleus scattering. The data were taken with the CLAS detector and a 5.0 GeV electron beam incident on deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets. Relative to deuterium, the nuclear yields of charged-pion pairs show a strong suppression for azimuthally opposite pairs, no suppression for azimuthally nearby pairs, and an enhancement of pairs with large invariant mass. These effects grow with increased nuclear size. The data are qualitatively described by the GiBUU model, which suggests that hadrons form near the nuclear surface and undergo multiple-scattering in nuclei. These results show that angular correlation studies can open a new way to elucidate how hadrons form and interact inside nuclei
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Submitted 5 November, 2022; v1 submitted 14 July, 2022;
originally announced July 2022.
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Exclusive $π^{-}$ Electroproduction off the Neutron in Deuterium in the Resonance Region
Authors:
Y. Tian,
R. W. Gothe,
V. I. Mokeev,
G. Hollis,
M. J. Amaryan,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
L. Barion,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
B. Benkel,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
L. Biondo,
A. Biselli,
F. Bossù,
S. Boiarinov,
M. Bondì,
K. T. Brinkmann,
W. J. Briscoe,
S. Bueltmann,
D. Bulumulla,
V. D. Burkert,
R. Capobianco
, et al. (118 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
New results for the exclusive and quasi-free cross sections off neutrons bound in deuterium $γ_vn(p) \rightarrow pπ^{-} (p)$ are presented over a wide final state hadron angle range with a kinematic coverage of the invariant mass ($W$) up to 1.825 GeV and the virtual photon four-momentum transfer squared ($Q^{2}$) from 0.4 to 1.0 GeV$^2$. The exclusive structure functions were extracted and their…
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New results for the exclusive and quasi-free cross sections off neutrons bound in deuterium $γ_vn(p) \rightarrow pπ^{-} (p)$ are presented over a wide final state hadron angle range with a kinematic coverage of the invariant mass ($W$) up to 1.825 GeV and the virtual photon four-momentum transfer squared ($Q^{2}$) from 0.4 to 1.0 GeV$^2$. The exclusive structure functions were extracted and their Legendre moments were obtained. Final-state-interaction contributions have been kinematically separated from the extracted quasi-free cross sections off bound neutrons solely based on the analysis of the experimental data. These new results will serve as long-awaited input for phenomenological analyses to extract the $Q^{2}$ evolution of previously unavailable $n \to N^{*}$ electroexcitation amplitudes and to improve state-of-the-art models of neutrino scattering off nuclei by augmenting the already available results from free protons.
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Submitted 11 January, 2023; v1 submitted 31 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Beam-Recoil Transferred Polarization in $K^+Y$ Electroproduction in the Nucleon Resonance Region with CLAS12
Authors:
D. S. Carman,
A. D'Angelo,
L. Lanza,
V. I. Mokeev,
K. P. Adhikari,
M. J. Amaryan,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
B. Benkel,
A. Bianconi,
A. S. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
S. Boiarinov,
F. Bossu,
W. J. Briscoe,
S. Bueltmann,
D. Bulumulla,
V. D. Burkert,
R. Capobianco
, et al. (116 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Beam-recoil transferred polarizations for the exclusive electroproduction of $K^+Λ$ and $K^+Σ^0$ final states from an unpolarized proton target have been measured using the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory. The measurements at beam energies of 6.535~GeV and 7.546~GeV span the range of four-momentum transfer $Q^2$ from 0.3 to 4.5~GeV$^2$ and invariant energy $W$ from 1.6 to 2.4~GeV, whil…
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Beam-recoil transferred polarizations for the exclusive electroproduction of $K^+Λ$ and $K^+Σ^0$ final states from an unpolarized proton target have been measured using the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory. The measurements at beam energies of 6.535~GeV and 7.546~GeV span the range of four-momentum transfer $Q^2$ from 0.3 to 4.5~GeV$^2$ and invariant energy $W$ from 1.6 to 2.4~GeV, while covering the full center-of-mass angular range of the $K^+$. These new data extend the existing hyperon polarization data from CLAS in a similar kinematic range but from a significantly larger dataset. They represent an important addition to the world data, allowing for better exploration of the reaction mechanism in strangeness production processes, for further understanding of the spectrum and structure of excited nucleon states, and for improved insight into the strong interaction in the regime of non-perturbative dynamics.
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Submitted 7 February, 2022;
originally announced February 2022.
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Polarized Structure Function $σ_{LT'}$ from $π^0 p$ Electroproduction Data in the Resonance Region at $0.4$ GeV$^2 < Q^2 < 1.0$ GeV$^2$
Authors:
E. L. Isupov,
V. D. Burkert,
A. A. Golubenko,
K. Joo,
N. S. Markov,
V. I. Mokeev,
L. C. Smith,
W. R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
H. Avakian,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
F. Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
L. Biondo,
A. S. Biselli,
M. Bondi,
F. Bossù,
W. J. Briscoe,
W. K. Brooks,
D. Bulumulla,
R. A. Capobianco,
D. S. Carman
, et al. (116 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The first results on the $σ_{LT'}$ structure function in exclusive $π^0p$ electroproduction at invariant masses of the final state of 1.5 GeV $<$ $W$ $<$ 1.8 GeV and in the range of photon virtualities 0.4 GeV$^2 < Q^2 < 1.0$ GeV$^2$ were obtained from data on beam spin asymmetries and differential cross sections measured with the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab. The Legendre moments determined fro…
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The first results on the $σ_{LT'}$ structure function in exclusive $π^0p$ electroproduction at invariant masses of the final state of 1.5 GeV $<$ $W$ $<$ 1.8 GeV and in the range of photon virtualities 0.4 GeV$^2 < Q^2 < 1.0$ GeV$^2$ were obtained from data on beam spin asymmetries and differential cross sections measured with the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab. The Legendre moments determined from the $σ_{LT'}$ structure function have demonstrated sensitivity to the contributions from the nucleon resonances in the second and third resonance regions. These new data on the beam spin asymmetries in $π^0p$ electroproduction extend the opportunities for the extraction of the nucleon resonance electroexcitation amplitudes in the mass range above 1.6 GeV.
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Submitted 14 December, 2021;
originally announced December 2021.
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Measurement of charged-pion production in deep-inelastic scattering off nuclei with the CLAS detector
Authors:
S. Moran,
R. Dupre,
H. Hakobyan,
M. Arratia,
W. K. Brooks,
A. Borquez,
A. El Alaoui,
L. El Fassi,
K. Hafidi,
R. Mendez,
T. Mineeva,
S. J. Paul,
M. J. Amaryan,
Giovanni Angelini,
Whitney R. Armstrong,
H. Atac,
N. A. Baltzell,
L. Barion,
M. Bashkanov,
M. Battaglieri,
I. Bedlinskiy,
Fatiha Benmokhtar,
A. Bianconi,
L. Biondo,
A. S. Biselli
, et al. (119 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Background: Energetic quarks in nuclear DIS propagate through the nuclear medium. Processes that are believed to occur inside nuclei include quark energy loss through medium-stimulated gluon bremsstrahlung and intra-nuclear interactions of forming hadrons. More data are required to gain a more complete understanding of these effects. Purpose: To test the theoretical models of parton transport and…
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Background: Energetic quarks in nuclear DIS propagate through the nuclear medium. Processes that are believed to occur inside nuclei include quark energy loss through medium-stimulated gluon bremsstrahlung and intra-nuclear interactions of forming hadrons. More data are required to gain a more complete understanding of these effects. Purpose: To test the theoretical models of parton transport and hadron formation, we compared their predictions for the nuclear and kinematic dependence of pion production in nuclei. Methods: We have measured charged-pion production in semi-inclusive DIS off D, C, Fe, and Pb using the CLAS detector and the CEBAF 5.014 GeV electron beam. We report results on the nuclear-to-deuterium multiplicity ratio for $π^{+}$ and $π^{-}$ as a function of energy transfer, four-momentum transfer, and pion energy fraction or transverse momentum - the first three-dimensional study of its kind. Results: The $π^{+}$ multiplicity ratio is found to depend strongly on the pion fractional energy $z$, and reaches minimum values of $0.67\pm0.03$, $0.43\pm0.02$, and $0.27\pm0.01$ for the C, Fe, and Pb targets, respectively. The $z$ dependences of the multiplicity ratios for $π^{+}$ and $π^{-}$ are equal within uncertainties for C and Fe targets but show differences at the level of 10$\%$ for the Pb-target data. The results are qualitatively described by the GiBUU transport model, as well as with a model based on hadron absorption, but are in tension with calculations based on nuclear fragmentation functions. Conclusions: These precise results will strongly constrain the kinematic and flavor dependence of nuclear effects in hadron production, probing an unexplored kinematic region. They will help to reveal how the nucleus reacts to a fast quark, thereby shedding light on its color structure, transport properties, and on the mechanisms of the hadronization process.
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Submitted 13 January, 2022; v1 submitted 21 September, 2021;
originally announced September 2021.
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Measurements of the electron-helicity asymmetry in the quasi-elastic ${\rm A}(\vec{e},e' p)$ process
Authors:
Tim Kolar,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Patrick Achenbach,
Hartmuth Arenhövel,
Adi Ashkenazi,
Jure Beričič,
Ralph Böhm,
Damir Bosnar,
Tilen Brecelj,
Ethan Cline,
Erez O. Cohen,
Michael O. Distler,
Anselm Esser,
Ivica Friščić,
Ronald Gilman,
Carlotta Giusti,
Matthias Heilig,
Matthias Hoek,
David Izraeli,
Simon Kegel,
Pascal Klag,
Igor Korover,
Jechiel Lichtenstadt,
Israel Mardor,
Harald Merkel
, et al. (21 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present measurements of the electron helicity asymmetry in quasi-elastic proton knockout from $^{2}$H and $^{12}$C nuclei by polarized electrons. This asymmetry depends on the fifth structure function, is antisymmetric with respect to the scattering plane, and vanishes in the absence of final-state interactions, and thus it provides a sensitive tool for their study. Our kinematics cover the ful…
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We present measurements of the electron helicity asymmetry in quasi-elastic proton knockout from $^{2}$H and $^{12}$C nuclei by polarized electrons. This asymmetry depends on the fifth structure function, is antisymmetric with respect to the scattering plane, and vanishes in the absence of final-state interactions, and thus it provides a sensitive tool for their study. Our kinematics cover the full range in off-coplanarity angle $φ_{pq}$, with a polar angle $θ_{pq}$ coverage up to about 8 degrees. The missing energy resolution enabled us to determine the asymmetries for knock-out resulting in different states of the residual $^{11}$B system. We find that the helicity asymmetry for $p$-shell knockout from $^{12}$C depends on the final state of the residual system and is relatively large (up to $\approx 0.16$), especially at low missing momentum. It is considerably smaller (up to $\approx 0.01$) for $s$-shell knockout from both $^{12}$C and $^2$H. The data for $^2$H are in very good agreement with theoretical calculations, while the predictions for $^{12}$C exhibit differences with respect to the data.
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Submitted 1 July, 2021;
originally announced July 2021.
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Measurements of the induced polarization in the quasi-elastic $A(e,e'\vec p\,)$ process in non-coplanar kinematics
Authors:
Sebouh J. Paul,
Tim Kolar,
Tilen Brecelj,
Patrick Achenbach,
Hartmuth Arenhövel,
Adi Ashkenazi,
Jure Beričič,
Ralph Böhm,
Damir Bosnar,
Ethan Cline,
Erez O. Cohen,
Luka Debenjak,
Michael O. Distler,
Anselm Esser,
Ivica Friščić,
Ronald Gilman,
Carlotta Giusti,
Matthias Heilig,
Matthias Hoek,
David Izraeli,
Simon Kegel,
Pascal Klag,
Yvonne Kohl,
Igor Korover,
Jechiel Lichtenstadt
, et al. (22 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report measurements of the induced polarization $\vec P$ of protons knocked out from $^2$H and $^{12}$C via the $A(e,e'\vec p\,)$ reaction. We have studied the dependence of $\vec P$ on two kinematic variables: the missing momentum $p_{\rm miss}$ and the "off-coplanarity" angle $φ_{pq}$ between the scattering and reaction planes. For the full 360$\degree$ range in $φ_{pq}$, both the normal (…
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We report measurements of the induced polarization $\vec P$ of protons knocked out from $^2$H and $^{12}$C via the $A(e,e'\vec p\,)$ reaction. We have studied the dependence of $\vec P$ on two kinematic variables: the missing momentum $p_{\rm miss}$ and the "off-coplanarity" angle $φ_{pq}$ between the scattering and reaction planes. For the full 360$\degree$ range in $φ_{pq}$, both the normal ($P_y$) and, for the first time, the transverse ($P_x$) components of the induced polarization were measured with respect to the coordinate system associated with the scattering plane. $P_x$ vanishes in coplanar kinematics, however in non-coplanar kinematics, it is on the same scale as $P_y$.
We find that the dependence on $φ_{pq}$ is sine-like for $P_x$ and cosine-like for $P_y$. For carbon, the magnitude of the induced polarization is especially large when protons are knocked out from the $p_{3/2}$ shell at very small $p_{\rm miss}$. For the deuteron, the induced polarization is near zero at small $|p_{\rm miss}|$, and its magnitude increases with $|p_{\rm miss}|$. For both nuclei such behavior is reproduced qualitatively by theoretical results, driven largely by the spin-orbit part of the final-state interactions. However, for both nuclei, sizeable discrepancies exist between experiment and theory.
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Submitted 26 August, 2020; v1 submitted 10 August, 2020;
originally announced August 2020.
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Polarization transfer to bound protons measured by quasi-elastic electron scattering on $^{12}$C
Authors:
Tilen Brecelj,
Sebouh J. Paul,
Tim Kolar,
Patrick Achenbach,
Adi Ashkenazi,
Ralph Böhm,
Erez O. Cohen,
Michael O. Distler,
Anselm Esser,
Ronald Gilman,
Carlotta Giusti,
David Izraeli,
Igor Korover,
Jechiel Lichtenstadt,
Israel Mardor,
Harald Merkel,
Miha Mihovilovič,
Ulrich Müller,
Mor Olivenboim,
Eli Piasetzky,
Guy Ron,
Björn S. Schlimme,
Matthias Schoth,
Florian Schulz,
Concettina Sfienti
, et al. (7 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the measurements of the transverse ($P'x$) and longitudinal ($P'z$) components of the polarization transfer to a bound proton in carbon via the quasi-free $^{12}{\rm C}(\vec e,e'\vec p)$ reaction, over a wide range of missing momenta. We determine these polarization-transfers separately for protons knocked out from the $s$- and $p$-shells. The electron-beam polarization was measured to d…
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We report the measurements of the transverse ($P'x$) and longitudinal ($P'z$) components of the polarization transfer to a bound proton in carbon via the quasi-free $^{12}{\rm C}(\vec e,e'\vec p)$ reaction, over a wide range of missing momenta. We determine these polarization-transfers separately for protons knocked out from the $s$- and $p$-shells. The electron-beam polarization was measured to determine the individual components with systematic uncertainties which allow a detailed comparison with theoretical calculations.
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Submitted 29 April, 2020; v1 submitted 1 March, 2020;
originally announced March 2020.
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Quasi-elastic polarization-transfer measurements on the deuteron in anti-parallel kinematics
Authors:
Sebouh J. Paul,
David Izraeli,
Tilen Brecelj,
Israel Yaron,
Patrick Achenbach,
Hartmuth Arenhövel,
Adi Ashkenazi,
Jure Beričič,
Ralph Böhm,
Damir Bosnar,
Ethan Cline,
Erez O. Cohen,
Luka Debenjak,
Michael O. Distler,
Ivica Friščić,
Ronald Gilman,
Zaneta Hamryszczak,
Matthias Heilig,
Simon Kegel,
Pascal Klag,
Yvonne Kohl,
Tim Kolar,
Igor Korover,
Jechiel Lichtenstadt,
Israel Mardor
, et al. (19 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present measurements of the polarization-transfer components in the $^2$H$(\vec e,e'\vec p)$ reaction, covering a previously unexplored kinematic region with large positive (anti-parallel) missing momentum, $p_{\rm miss}$, up to 220 MeV$/c$, and $Q^2=0.65$ $({\rm GeV}/c)^2$. These measurements, performed at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI), were motivated by theoretical calculations which predict sma…
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We present measurements of the polarization-transfer components in the $^2$H$(\vec e,e'\vec p)$ reaction, covering a previously unexplored kinematic region with large positive (anti-parallel) missing momentum, $p_{\rm miss}$, up to 220 MeV$/c$, and $Q^2=0.65$ $({\rm GeV}/c)^2$. These measurements, performed at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI), were motivated by theoretical calculations which predict small final-state interaction (FSI) effects in these kinematics, making them favorable for searching for medium modifications of bound nucleons in nuclei. We find in this kinematic region that the measured polarization-transfer components $P_x$ and $P_z$ and their ratio agree with the theoretical calculations, which use free-proton form factors. Using this, we establish upper limits on possible medium effects that modify the bound proton's form factor ratio $G_E/G_M$ at the level of a few percent. We also compare the measured polarization-transfer components and their ratio for $^2$H to those of a free (moving) proton. We find that the universal behavior of $^2$H, $^4$He and $^{12}$C in the double ratio $\frac{(P_x/P_z)^A}{(P_x/P_z)^{^1\rm H}}$ is maintained in the positive missing-momentum region.
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Submitted 10 July, 2019; v1 submitted 14 May, 2019;
originally announced May 2019.