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Planck Constraints on Turbulence in the Coma Cluster
Authors:
Baptiste Sigal,
Etienne Pointecouteau,
Nicolas Clerc,
Simon Dupourqué,
Alexeï Molin,
François Mernier,
Rémi Adam,
Tanguy Dusserre,
François Pajot
Abstract:
Turbulence within the intracluster medium (ICM) influences galaxy cluster thermodynamics and virialisation, contributing to non-thermal pressure support and impacting hydrostatic mass estimates. Characterising this turbulence through thermodynamic fluctuations remains observationally challenging due to the non-linear relationships between observables such as density and pressure, and the underlyin…
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Turbulence within the intracluster medium (ICM) influences galaxy cluster thermodynamics and virialisation, contributing to non-thermal pressure support and impacting hydrostatic mass estimates. Characterising this turbulence through thermodynamic fluctuations remains observationally challenging due to the non-linear relationships between observables such as density and pressure, and the underlying velocity field. This study aims to constrain the properties of ICM turbulence by performing a comprehensive reanalysis of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) surface brightness fluctuations based on Planck survey observations of the Coma cluster. We analyse the 2D power spectrum of SZ fluctuations, modelling the underlying 3D pressure fluctuation power spectrum assuming Kolmogorov-type turbulence. We infer key parameters from a simulation-based inference framework relying on normalizing flows to accurately recover posterior distributions. By constraining the pressure fluctuation power spectrum, we are able to infer the properties of turbulence in the Coma cluster, finding a large injection scale of $l_{\text{inj}} = 540^{+450}_{-200}$ kpc, a slope of $α= 3.50_{-0.46}^{+0.50}$ (under Gaussian prior), and a substantial 3D Mach number of $\mathcal{M}_{3D} = 0.60^{+0.13}_{-0.09}$. These values correspond to turbulent velocities in the range $σ_{v,\text{ }3D} = 357-1095$ km/s and a non thermal pressure fraction of $P_{\text{turb}}/P_{\text{tot}} = 0.17_{-0.04}^{+0.06}$. Our results are consistent with recent direct velocity measurements from XRISM, supporting a scenario of significant turbulence in the Coma cluster and highlighting the complex interplay of dynamical processes within its ICM. Our simulation-based inference approach applied to SZ fluctuations paves the way for systematic multi-probe studies combining SZ and X-ray data, as well as direct and indirect observations.
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Submitted 31 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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Workflow-Level Design Principles for Trustworthy GenAI in Automotive System Engineering
Authors:
Chih-Hong Cheng,
Brian Hsuan-Cheng Liao,
Adam Molin,
Hasan Esen
Abstract:
The adoption of large language models in safety-critical system engineering is constrained by trustworthiness, traceability, and alignment with established verification practices. We propose workflow-level design principles for trustworthy GenAI integration and demonstrate them in an end-to-end automotive pipeline, from requirement delta identification to SysML v2 architecture update and re-testin…
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The adoption of large language models in safety-critical system engineering is constrained by trustworthiness, traceability, and alignment with established verification practices. We propose workflow-level design principles for trustworthy GenAI integration and demonstrate them in an end-to-end automotive pipeline, from requirement delta identification to SysML v2 architecture update and re-testing. First, we show that monolithic ("big-bang") prompting misses critical changes in large specifications, while section-wise decomposition with diversity sampling and lightweight NLP sanity checks improves completeness and correctness. Then, we propagate requirement deltas into SysML v2 models and validate updates via compilation and static analysis. Additionally, we ensure traceable regression testing by generating test cases through explicit mappings from specification variables to architectural ports and states, providing practical safeguards for GenAI used in safety-critical automotive engineering.
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Submitted 23 February, 2026;
originally announced February 2026.
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Ground calibration plan for the Athena/X-IFU microcalorimeter spectrometer
Authors:
Alexeï Molin,
François Pajot,
Marc Audard,
Marco Barbera,
Sophie Beaumont,
Edoardo Cucchetti,
Matteo D'Andrea,
Christophe Daniel,
Roland den Hartog,
Megan E. Eckart,
Philippe Ferrando,
Luciano Gottardi,
Maurice Leutenegger,
Simone Lotti,
Lorenzo Natalucci,
Philippe Peille,
Jelle de Plaa,
Etienne Pointecouteau,
Scott Porter,
Kosuke Sato,
Joern Wilms,
Vincent Albouys,
Didier Barret,
Massimo Cappi,
Jan-Willem den Herder
, et al. (2 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The X-ray Integral Field Unit is the X-ray imaging spectrometer on-board one of ESA's next large missions, Athena. Athena is set to investigate the theme of the Hot and Energetic Universe, with a launch planned in the late-2030s. Based on a high sensitivity Transition Edge Sensor (TES) detector array operated at very low temperature (50 mK), X-IFU will provide spatially resolved high resolution sp…
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The X-ray Integral Field Unit is the X-ray imaging spectrometer on-board one of ESA's next large missions, Athena. Athena is set to investigate the theme of the Hot and Energetic Universe, with a launch planned in the late-2030s. Based on a high sensitivity Transition Edge Sensor (TES) detector array operated at very low temperature (50 mK), X-IFU will provide spatially resolved high resolution spectroscopy of the X-ray sky in the 0.2-12 keV energy band, with an energy resolution goal of 4 eV up to 7 keV [3 eV design goal]. This paper presents the current calibration plan of the X-IFU. It provides the requirements applicable to the X-IFU calibration, describes the overall calibration strategy, and details the procedure and sources needed for the ground calibration of each parameter or characteristics of the X-IFU.
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Submitted 17 June, 2026; v1 submitted 2 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Generative AI for Autonomous Driving: A Review
Authors:
Katharina Winter,
Abhishek Vivekanandan,
Rupert Polley,
Yinzhe Shen,
Christian Schlauch,
Mohamed-Khalil Bouzidi,
Bojan Derajic,
Natalie Grabowsky,
Annajoyce Mariani,
Dennis Rochau,
Giovanni Lucente,
Harsh Yadav,
Firas Mualla,
Adam Molin,
Sebastian Bernhard,
Christian Wirth,
Ömer Şahin Taş,
Nadja Klein,
Fabian B. Flohr,
Hanno Gottschalk
Abstract:
Generative AI (GenAI) is rapidly advancing the field of Autonomous Driving (AD), extending beyond traditional applications in text, image, and video generation. We explore how generative models can enhance automotive tasks, such as static map creation, dynamic scenario generation, trajectory forecasting, and vehicle motion planning. By examining multiple generative approaches ranging from Variatio…
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Generative AI (GenAI) is rapidly advancing the field of Autonomous Driving (AD), extending beyond traditional applications in text, image, and video generation. We explore how generative models can enhance automotive tasks, such as static map creation, dynamic scenario generation, trajectory forecasting, and vehicle motion planning. By examining multiple generative approaches ranging from Variational Autoencoder (VAEs) over Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Invertible Neural Networks (INNs) to Generative Transformers (GTs) and Diffusion Models (DMs), we highlight and compare their capabilities and limitations for AD-specific applications. Additionally, we discuss hybrid methods integrating conventional techniques with generative approaches, and emphasize their improved adaptability and robustness. We also identify relevant datasets and outline open research questions to guide future developments in GenAI. Finally, we discuss three core challenges: safety, interpretability, and realtime capabilities, and present recommendations for image generation, dynamic scenario generation, and planning.
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Submitted 21 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Toward mapping turbulence in the intracluster medium IV. Using NewAthena/X-IFU and simulation based inference to constrain turbulence
Authors:
Alexeï Molin,
Simon Dupourqué,
Nicolas Clerc,
Étienne Pointecouteau,
François Pajot,
Edoardo Cucchetti
Abstract:
Context. The NewAthena mission planned for launch in the late 2030s will carry X-IFU, an integral field unit spectrometer that will obtain unique insight into the X-ray hot universe through its combination of spectral and spatial capabilities. Its high spectral resolution will allow a mapping of turbulent velocities of the hot gas in galaxy clusters, providing an unrivaled way to study the complex…
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Context. The NewAthena mission planned for launch in the late 2030s will carry X-IFU, an integral field unit spectrometer that will obtain unique insight into the X-ray hot universe through its combination of spectral and spatial capabilities. Its high spectral resolution will allow a mapping of turbulent velocities of the hot gas in galaxy clusters, providing an unrivaled way to study the complex dynamics within galaxy clusters. Aims. This is the fourth in a series of papers aimed at forecasting the ability to investigate turbulence in the intracluster medium through the observation of the centroid shift caused by turbulent motions of the gas. In this paper we improve on previous methods by investigating the ability of simulation-based inference (SBI) to constrain the underlying nature of velocity fluctuations through the use of standard observational diagnostics, such as the structure function. Methods. We rely on a complex architecture of neural networks in order to model the likelihood and posterior distributions relevant to our case. We investigate its capability to retrieve the turbulence parameters on mock observations, and explore its capability to use alternative summary statistics. Results. Our trained models are able to infer the parameters of the intracluster gas velocity power-spectrum in independently simulated X-IFU observations of a galaxy cluster. We evaluated the precision of the recovery for different models. We show the necessity to use methods such as SBI to avoid an under-estimation of the sources of variance by comparing the results to our previous paper. We confirm that sample variance severely impacts the precision of recovered turbulent features. Our results demonstrate the need for advanced modeling methods to tackle the complexity of the physical information nested within future observations expected from X-IFU/NewAthena.
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Submitted 1 October, 2025; v1 submitted 20 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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The X-ray Integral Field Unit at the end of the Athena reformulation phase
Authors:
Philippe Peille,
Didier Barret,
Edoardo Cucchetti,
Vincent Albouys,
Luigi Piro,
Aurora Simionescu,
Massimo Cappi,
Elise Bellouard,
Céline Cénac-Morthé,
Christophe Daniel,
Alice Pradines,
Alexis Finoguenov,
Richard Kelley,
J. Miguel Mas-Hesse,
Stéphane Paltani,
Gregor Rauw,
Agata Rozanska,
Jiri Svoboda,
Joern Wilms,
Marc Audard,
Enrico Bozzo,
Elisa Costantini,
Mauro Dadina,
Thomas Dauser,
Anne Decourchelle
, et al. (257 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Athena mission entered a redefinition phase in July 2022, driven by the imperative to reduce the mission cost at completion for the European Space Agency below an acceptable target, while maintaining the flagship nature of its science return. This notably called for a complete redesign of the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) cryogenic architecture towards a simpler active cooling chain. Passi…
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The Athena mission entered a redefinition phase in July 2022, driven by the imperative to reduce the mission cost at completion for the European Space Agency below an acceptable target, while maintaining the flagship nature of its science return. This notably called for a complete redesign of the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) cryogenic architecture towards a simpler active cooling chain. Passive cooling via successive radiative panels at spacecraft level is now used to provide a 50 K thermal environment to an X-IFU owned cryostat. 4.5 K cooling is achieved via a single remote active cryocooler unit, while a multi-stage Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator ensures heat lift down to the 50 mK required by the detectors. Amidst these changes, the core concept of the readout chain remains robust, employing Transition Edge Sensor microcalorimeters and a SQUID-based Time-Division Multiplexing scheme. Noteworthy is the introduction of a slower pixel. This enables an increase in the multiplexing factor (from 34 to 48) without compromising the instrument energy resolution, hence keeping significant system margins to the new 4 eV resolution requirement. This allows reducing the number of channels by more than a factor two, and thus the resource demands on the system, while keeping a 4' field of view (compared to 5' before). In this article, we will give an overview of this new architecture, before detailing its anticipated performances. Finally, we will present the new X-IFU schedule, with its short term focus on demonstration activities towards a mission adoption in early 2027.
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Submitted 15 February, 2025;
originally announced February 2025.
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Toward mapping turbulence in the intracluster medium III. Constraints on the turbulent power spectrum with Athena/X-IFU
Authors:
Sophie Beaumont,
Alexeï Molin,
Nicolas Clerc,
Étienne Pointecouteau,
Mélina Vanel,
Edoardo Cucchetti,
Philippe Peille,
François Pajot
Abstract:
Context. Future X-ray observatories with high spectral resolution and imaging capabilities will enable measurements and mappings of emission line shifts in the intracluster medium (ICM). Such direct measurements can serve as unique probes of turbulent motions in the ICM. Determining the level and scales of turbulence will improve our understanding of the galaxy cluster dynamical evolution and asse…
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Context. Future X-ray observatories with high spectral resolution and imaging capabilities will enable measurements and mappings of emission line shifts in the intracluster medium (ICM). Such direct measurements can serve as unique probes of turbulent motions in the ICM. Determining the level and scales of turbulence will improve our understanding of the galaxy cluster dynamical evolution and assembly, together with a more precise evaluation of the non thermal support pressure budget. This will allow for more accurate constraints to be placed on the masses of galaxy clusters, among other potential benfits. Aims. In this view, we implemented the methods presented in the previous instalments of our work to characterize the turbulence in the ICM in a feasibility study with the X-IFU on board the future European X-ray observatory, Athena. Methods. From idealized mock observations of a toy model cluster, we reconstructed the second-order structure function built with the observed velocity field to constrain the turbulence. We carefully accounted for the various sources of errors to derive the most realistic and comprehensive error budget within the limits of our approach. With prior assumptions on the dissipation scale and power spectrum slope, we constrained the parameters of the turbulent power spectrum model through the use of MCMC sampling. Results. With favourable assumptions, we were able to retrieve the injection scale, velocity dispersion, and power spectrum slope, with 1sigma uncertainties better than ~15% of the input values. We demonstrated the efficiency of our carefully set framework to constrain the turbulence in the ICM from high-resolution X-ray spectroscopic observations, paving the way for more in-depth investigation of the optimal required observing strategy within a more restrictive observational setup with the future X-IFU instrument.
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Submitted 18 March, 2024; v1 submitted 13 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
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Towards Continuous Assurance Case Creation for ADS with the Evidential Tool Bus
Authors:
Lev Sorokin,
Radouane Bouchekir,
Tewodros A. Beyene,
Brian Hsuan-Cheng Liao,
Adam Molin
Abstract:
An assurance case has become an integral component for the certification of safety-critical systems. While manually defining assurance case patterns can be not avoided, system-specific instantiations of assurance case patterns are both costly and time-consuming. It becomes especially complex to maintain an assurance case for a system when the requirements of the System-Under-Assurance change, or a…
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An assurance case has become an integral component for the certification of safety-critical systems. While manually defining assurance case patterns can be not avoided, system-specific instantiations of assurance case patterns are both costly and time-consuming. It becomes especially complex to maintain an assurance case for a system when the requirements of the System-Under-Assurance change, or an assurance claim becomes invalid due to, e.g., degradation of a systems component, as common when deploying learning-enabled components. In this paper, we report on our preliminary experience leveraging the tool integration framework Evidential Tool Bus (ETB) for the construction and continuous maintenance of an assurance case from a predefined assurance case pattern. Specifically, we demonstrate the assurance process on an industrial Automated Valet Parking system from the automotive domain. We present the formalization of the provided assurance case pattern in the ETB processable logical specification language of workflows. Our findings show that ETB is able to create and maintain evidence required for the construction of an assurance case.
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Submitted 4 March, 2024;
originally announced March 2024.
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Observing gravitational redshift with X-Ray emission in galaxy clusters with Athena X-IFU
Authors:
Alexeï Molin,
Nicolas Clerc,
Étienne Pointecouteau,
François Pajot,
Edoardo Cuchetti
Abstract:
Context. The Doppler shift predicted by general relativity for light escaping a gravitational potential has been observed on Earth as well as in the direction of various stars and galaxy clusters at optical wavelengths. Aims. Observing the gravitational redshift in the X-ray band within galaxy clusters could provide information on their properties and, in particular, their gravitational potential.…
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Context. The Doppler shift predicted by general relativity for light escaping a gravitational potential has been observed on Earth as well as in the direction of various stars and galaxy clusters at optical wavelengths. Aims. Observing the gravitational redshift in the X-ray band within galaxy clusters could provide information on their properties and, in particular, their gravitational potential. We present a feasibility study of such a measurement, using the capabilities of the next-generation European X-ray observatory Athena. Methods. We used a simple generalized Navarro-Frenk-White potential model along with a beta-model for the density of baryonic matter, which sets the emission to provide an estimation of the observed redshift in the simplest of cases. We generated mock observations with the Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) for a nearby massive cluster, while seeking to recover the gravitational redshift along with other properties of the toy model cluster. Results. We investigated the observability of the gravitational redshift in an idealized test case of a nearby massive cluster with the Athena X-IFU instrument, as well as its use in probing the properties of the potential well. We were also able to constrain the mass to a 20 % level of precision and the cosmological redshift to less than 1%, within a simplified and idealized observational framework. More refined simulations accounting for further effects such as the internal gas motions and the actual shape of the potential well are required to fully investigate the feasibility of measuring the gravitational redshift for a single target or statistically over a sample of galaxy clusters.
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Submitted 27 September, 2023;
originally announced September 2023.
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OpenSBT: A Modular Framework for Search-based Testing of Automated Driving Systems
Authors:
Lev Sorokin,
Tiziano Munaro,
Damir Safin,
Brian Hsuan-Cheng Liao,
Adam Molin
Abstract:
Search-based software testing (SBT) is an effective and efficient approach for testing automated driving systems (ADS). However, testing pipelines for ADS testing are particularly challenging as they involve integrating complex driving simulation platforms and establishing communication protocols and APIs with the desired search algorithm. This complexity prevents a wide adoption of SBT and thorou…
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Search-based software testing (SBT) is an effective and efficient approach for testing automated driving systems (ADS). However, testing pipelines for ADS testing are particularly challenging as they involve integrating complex driving simulation platforms and establishing communication protocols and APIs with the desired search algorithm. This complexity prevents a wide adoption of SBT and thorough empirical comparative experiments with different simulators and search approaches. We present OpenSBT, an open-source, modular and extensible framework to facilitate the SBT of ADS. With OpenSBT, it is possible to integrate simulators with an embedded system under test, search algorithms and fitness functions for testing. We describe the architecture and show the usage of our framework by applying different search algorithms for testing Automated Emergency Braking Systems in CARLA as well in the high-fidelity Prescan simulator in collaboration with our industrial partner DENSO. OpenSBT is available at https://git.fortiss.org/opensbt. A demo video is provided here: https://youtu.be/6csl\_UAOD\_4.
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Submitted 2 November, 2023; v1 submitted 17 June, 2023;
originally announced June 2023.
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Specification-Guided Critical Scenario Identification for Automated Driving
Authors:
Adam Molin,
Edgar A. Aguilar,
Dejan Ničković,
Mengjia Zhu,
Alberto Bemporad,
Hasan Esen
Abstract:
To test automated driving systems, we present a case study for finding critical scenarios in driving environments guided by formal specifications. To that aim, we devise a framework for critical scenario identification, which we base on open-source libraries that combine scenario specification, testing, formal methods, and optimization.
To test automated driving systems, we present a case study for finding critical scenarios in driving environments guided by formal specifications. To that aim, we devise a framework for critical scenario identification, which we base on open-source libraries that combine scenario specification, testing, formal methods, and optimization.
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Submitted 9 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
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The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: a consolidated design for the system requirement review of the preliminary definition phase
Authors:
Didier Barret,
Vincent Albouys,
Jan-Willem den Herder,
Luigi Piro,
Massimo Cappi,
Juhani Huovelin,
Richard Kelley,
J. Miguel Mas-Hesse,
Stéphane Paltani,
Gregor Rauw,
Agata Rozanska,
Jiri Svoboda,
Joern Wilms,
Noriko Yamasaki,
Marc Audard,
Simon Bandler,
Marco Barbera,
Xavier Barcons,
Enrico Bozzo,
Maria Teresa Ceballos,
Ivan Charles,
Elisa Costantini,
Thomas Dauser,
Anne Decourchelle,
Lionel Duband
, et al. (274 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Athena X-ray Integral Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer, studied since 2015 for flying in the mid-30s on the Athena space X-ray Observatory, a versatile observatory designed to address the Hot and Energetic Universe science theme, selected in November 2013 by the Survey Science Committee. Based on a large format array of Transition Edge Sensors (TES), it aims to provide sp…
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The Athena X-ray Integral Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer, studied since 2015 for flying in the mid-30s on the Athena space X-ray Observatory, a versatile observatory designed to address the Hot and Energetic Universe science theme, selected in November 2013 by the Survey Science Committee. Based on a large format array of Transition Edge Sensors (TES), it aims to provide spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV (up to 7 keV) over an hexagonal field of view of 5 arc minutes (equivalent diameter). The X-IFU entered its System Requirement Review (SRR) in June 2022, at about the same time when ESA called for an overall X-IFU redesign (including the X-IFU cryostat and the cooling chain), due to an unanticipated cost overrun of Athena. In this paper, after illustrating the breakthrough capabilities of the X-IFU, we describe the instrument as presented at its SRR, browsing through all the subsystems and associated requirements. We then show the instrument budgets, with a particular emphasis on the anticipated budgets of some of its key performance parameters. Finally we briefly discuss on the ongoing key technology demonstration activities, the calibration and the activities foreseen in the X-IFU Instrument Science Center, and touch on communication and outreach activities, the consortium organisation, and finally on the life cycle assessment of X-IFU aiming at minimising the environmental footprint, associated with the development of the instrument. Thanks to the studies conducted so far on X-IFU, it is expected that along the design-to-cost exercise requested by ESA, the X-IFU will maintain flagship capabilities in spatially resolved high resolution X-ray spectroscopy, enabling most of the original X-IFU related scientific objectives of the Athena mission to be retained. (abridged).
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Submitted 28 November, 2022; v1 submitted 30 August, 2022;
originally announced August 2022.
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Runaway electron velocity-space observation regions of bremsstrahlung hard X-ray spectroscopy
Authors:
Enrico Panontin,
Massimo Nocente,
Andrea Dal Molin,
Jacob Eriksson,
Giuseppe Gorini,
Enrico Perelli Cippo,
Davide Rigamonti,
Mirko Salewski,
Marco Tardocchi,
JET Contributors
Abstract:
The reconstruction of the distribution function of runaway electrons (RE) in magnetically confined fusion plasmas gives insights on the runaway electron beam dynamics during plasma disruptions. In view of enabling a two-dimensional, energy-pitch reconstruction of the RE velocity space, in this work we present a calculation of the weight functions for the bremsstrahlung emission by the REs. The wei…
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The reconstruction of the distribution function of runaway electrons (RE) in magnetically confined fusion plasmas gives insights on the runaway electron beam dynamics during plasma disruptions. In view of enabling a two-dimensional, energy-pitch reconstruction of the RE velocity space, in this work we present a calculation of the weight functions for the bremsstrahlung emission by the REs. The weight functions allow bridging the bremsstrahlung spectrum with the RE velocity space, as they tell the region of the velocity space that contributes to a particular spectral measurement. The results are applied to investigate the RE velocity-space sensitivity of the hard X-ray diagnostic installed at the Joint European Torus.
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Submitted 29 April, 2022;
originally announced April 2022.
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Assume/Guarantee Contracts for Dynamical Systems: Theory and Computational Tools
Authors:
Miel Sharf,
Bart Besselink,
Adam Molin,
Qiming Zhao,
Karl Henrik Johansson
Abstract:
Modern engineering systems include many components of different types and functions. Verifying that these systems satisfy given specifications can be an arduous task, as most formal verification methods are limited to systems of moderate size. Recently, contract theory has been proposed as a modular framework for defining specifications. In this paper, we present a contract theory for discrete-tim…
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Modern engineering systems include many components of different types and functions. Verifying that these systems satisfy given specifications can be an arduous task, as most formal verification methods are limited to systems of moderate size. Recently, contract theory has been proposed as a modular framework for defining specifications. In this paper, we present a contract theory for discrete-time dynamical control systems relying on assume/guarantee contracts, which prescribe assumptions on the input of the system and guarantees on the output. We then focus on contracts defined by linear constraints, and develop efficient computational tools for verification of satisfaction and refinement based on linear programming. We exemplify these tools in a simulation example, proving a certain safety specification for a two-vehicle autonomous driving setting.
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Submitted 19 April, 2021; v1 submitted 23 December, 2020;
originally announced December 2020.
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Mechanical Ventilator Milano (MVM): A Novel Mechanical Ventilator Designed for Mass Scale Production in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors:
C. Galbiati,
A. Abba,
P. Agnes,
P. Amaudruz,
M. Arba,
F. Ardellier-Desages,
C. Badia,
G. Batignani,
G. Bellani,
G. Bianchi,
D. Bishop,
V. Bocci,
W. Bonivento,
B. Bottino,
M. Bouchard,
S. Brice,
G. Buccino,
S. Bussino,
A. Caminata,
A. Capra,
M. Caravati,
M. Carlini,
L. Carrozzi,
J. M. Cela,
B. Celano
, et al. (123 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Presented here is the design of the Mechanical Ventilator Milano (MVM), a novel mechanical ventilator designed for rapid mass production in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to address the urgent shortage of intensive therapy ventilators in many countries, and the growing difficulty in procuring these devices through normal supply chains across borders. This ventilator is an electro-mechanical equ…
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Presented here is the design of the Mechanical Ventilator Milano (MVM), a novel mechanical ventilator designed for rapid mass production in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to address the urgent shortage of intensive therapy ventilators in many countries, and the growing difficulty in procuring these devices through normal supply chains across borders. This ventilator is an electro-mechanical equivalent of the old and reliable Manley Ventilator, and is able to operate in both pressure-controlled and pressure-supported ventilation modes. MVM is optimized for the COVID-19 emergency, thanks to the collaboration with medical doctors in the front line. MVM is designed for large-scale production in a short amount of time and at a limited cost, as it relays on off-the-shelf components, readily available worldwide. Operation of the MVM requires only a source of compressed oxygen (or compressed medical air) and electrical power. Initial tests of a prototype device with a breathing simulator are also presented. Further tests and developments are underway. At this stage the MVM is not yet a certified medical device but certification is in progress.
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Submitted 10 April, 2020; v1 submitted 23 March, 2020;
originally announced March 2020.
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Event-Triggered Estimation of Linear Systems: An Iterative Algorithm and Optimality Properties
Authors:
Adam Molin,
Sandra Hirche
Abstract:
This report investigates the optimal design of event-triggered estimation for first-order linear stochastic systems. The problem is posed as a two-player team problem with a partially nested information pattern. The two players are given by an estimator and an event-trigger. The event-trigger has full state information and decides, whether the estimator shall obtain the current state information b…
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This report investigates the optimal design of event-triggered estimation for first-order linear stochastic systems. The problem is posed as a two-player team problem with a partially nested information pattern. The two players are given by an estimator and an event-trigger. The event-trigger has full state information and decides, whether the estimator shall obtain the current state information by transmitting it through a resource constrained channel. The objective is to find an optimal trade-off between the mean squared estimation error and the expected transmission rate. The proposed iterative algorithm alternates between optimizing one player while fixing the other player. It is shown that the solution of the algorithm converges to a linear predictor and a symmetric threshold policy, if the densities of the initial state and the noise variables are even and radially decreasing functions. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated on a numerical example. In case of a multimodal distribution of the noise variables a significant performance improvement can be achieved compared to a separate design that assumes a linear prediction and a symmetric threshold policy.
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Submitted 22 March, 2012;
originally announced March 2012.