Showing 1–50 of 78 results for author: Murch, K W

Anomalous Microwave Response in YBCO Resonators beyond the Two-Level-System Model

Authors: Kaiwen Zheng, Nathan J. Johnson, Nathan T. Thobaben, Sidharth Duthaluru, Haochen Shen, Denae T. Cherry, David S. Wisbey, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: We report the microwave response of coplanar-waveguide (CPW) resonators fabricated from $\mathrm{YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-δ}}$ (YBCO) thin films over temperatures from approximately $70~\mathrm{mK}$ to $40~\mathrm{K}$. The resonators exhibit internal quality factors $Q_\mathrm{i}$ in the range of $4\times10^3$ to $10^4$ at 70 mK, which increase to a maximum of approximately $8\times10^3$ to $1.2\times10^4$ n… ▽ More We report the microwave response of coplanar-waveguide (CPW) resonators fabricated from $\mathrm{YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-δ}}$ (YBCO) thin films over temperatures from approximately $70~\mathrm{mK}$ to $40~\mathrm{K}$. The resonators exhibit internal quality factors $Q_\mathrm{i}$ in the range of $4\times10^3$ to $10^4$ at 70 mK, which increase to a maximum of approximately $8\times10^3$ to $1.2\times10^4$ near $6~\mathrm{K}$. At low temperatures, both $Q_\mathrm{i}$ and the fractional shift of the resonance frequency $Δf_\mathrm{r}/f_\mathrm{r}$ increases with temperature, qualitatively resembling behavior commonly associated with two-level-system (TLS) defects. However, neither response saturates on the temperature scale set by the resonator frequency, and the loss exhibits no observable microwave-power dependence. We show that low-temperature frequency upturn may be better described by an additional paramagnetic response associated with defect-induced local moments or Andreev bound states, while the low-temperature loss follows an approximately logarithmic temperature dependence whose microscopic origin remains unresolved. These measurements establish the millikelvin performance of patterned YBCO resonators and show that their low-temperature response cannot be understood within the conventional TLS framework alone. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures

Temporal Diffraction Grating for Engineered Superconducting Qubit Dissipation

Authors: Pratik J. Barge, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: Parametric frequency modulation is a standard tool in superconducting circuits for activating tunable interactions and implementing quantum gates. Here, we engineer dissipation in a flux-tunable transmon qubit by using sideband modulation to bring it into resonance with a lossy resonator, opening an on-demand Purcell decay channel. We find that pulsing this channel on and off does not simply lower… ▽ More Parametric frequency modulation is a standard tool in superconducting circuits for activating tunable interactions and implementing quantum gates. Here, we engineer dissipation in a flux-tunable transmon qubit by using sideband modulation to bring it into resonance with a lossy resonator, opening an on-demand Purcell decay channel. We find that pulsing this channel on and off does not simply lower the time-averaged decay rate; instead, it reorganizes the dissipation spectrum into a structured interference pattern. A Chebyshev-propagator model for the repeated on/off block reproduces the measured spectra and reveals a close structural correspondence to N-slit Fraunhofer diffraction, with each on-window acting as a temporal aperture. By varying the pulse duration and duty cycle, we demonstrate control over the spacing, contrast, and envelope of the dissipation spectrum. These results establish pulsed parametric modulation as a direct method for shaping engineered dissipation in superconducting circuits and provide a new control knob for open quantum system dynamics. △ Less

Submitted 20 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures

Measurement and Control of the Complex Berry Phase in a Quantum System

Authors: Pratik J. Barge, Qian Cao, Niklas Hörnedal, Aurélia Chenu, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: The Berry phase is a geometric phase acquired during adiabatic evolution over a closed loop in parameter space. It plays an essential role in geometric quantum gates and other phase-based protocols. In non-Hermitian systems, the Berry phase is complex, introducing fundamentally new geometric effects, including state amplification. In this work, we report experimental measurement of both the real a… ▽ More The Berry phase is a geometric phase acquired during adiabatic evolution over a closed loop in parameter space. It plays an essential role in geometric quantum gates and other phase-based protocols. In non-Hermitian systems, the Berry phase is complex, introducing fundamentally new geometric effects, including state amplification. In this work, we report experimental measurement of both the real and imaginary components of a Berry phase in a fully quantum system using a superconducting transmon circuit with engineered dissipation. We also demonstrate the path-dependent effects of the imaginary part on the dissipation and its utility in the implementation of non-unitary quantum control. These findings establish a clear geometric distinction between the real and imaginary components of the Berry phase and experimentally confirm the unique adiabatic behavior of non-Hermitian quantum systems. △ Less

Submitted 15 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 10 pages, 8 figures

Real-time Monitoring of Neon Film Growth for Electron-on-Neon Qubits

Authors: Sidharth Duthaluru, Kaiwen Zheng, Erik A. Henriksen, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: Electron-on-neon (eNe) charge states coupled to superconducting circuits are a promising platform for quantum computing. Control over the formation of these charge states requires techniques to track and control the growth of solid Ne films on the circuit surface. We demonstrate a real-time Ne film-growth monitor using high-transition-temperature (high-$T_c$) YBCO microwave resonators. The high… ▽ More Electron-on-neon (eNe) charge states coupled to superconducting circuits are a promising platform for quantum computing. Control over the formation of these charge states requires techniques to track and control the growth of solid Ne films on the circuit surface. We demonstrate a real-time Ne film-growth monitor using high-transition-temperature (high-$T_c$) YBCO microwave resonators. The high $T_c$ enables tracking of the film thickness near Ne's triple temperature and below. Across more than 300 solidification experiments, we find that the final Ne thickness varies stochastically from a few nm to a few $μ$m for films solidified from the liquid phase. By increasing the driving power in the resonator, we consistently reduce the final thickness to below 100 nm. These results represent an important step toward controlled formation of Ne films for eNe qubits and highlight the broader utility of high-$T_c$ resonators for hybrid quantum systems. △ Less

Submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 044065 (2026)

Exploring the topology of a non-Hermitian superconducting qubit using shortcuts to adiabaticity

Authors: Serra Erdamar, Maryam Abbasi, Weijian Chen, Niklas Hörnedal, Aurélia Chenu, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: Open quantum systems described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian exhibit rich dynamics due to the topology of their complex energy spectrum. By encircling an exceptional point degeneracy, this topology allows for topological state transport, chiral geometric phases, and eigenvalue braiding. To access these topological features, it is desirable to drive the system adiabatically. However, adiabatic tra… ▽ More Open quantum systems described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian exhibit rich dynamics due to the topology of their complex energy spectrum. By encircling an exceptional point degeneracy, this topology allows for topological state transport, chiral geometric phases, and eigenvalue braiding. To access these topological features, it is desirable to drive the system adiabatically. However, adiabatic transport in a system with complex spectrum is conventionally only possible for the eigenstate whose eigenenergy has the lowest loss. Previous experiments have demonstrated such adiabatic evolution for the quantum state with relative gain, yet observed a breakdown in adiabaticity for quantum states with relative loss. In this work, we harness a shortcut to adiabaticity -- counterdiabatic driving -- to avoid the effects of loss while maintaining trajectories that follow the instantaneous eigenstates in significantly shorter timescales. We experimentally investigate the robustness of this control method using a superconducting transmon circuit with engineered dissipation. We observe that counterdiabatic driving stabilizes quasistatic transport and preserves the complex energy spectrum's topology. △ Less

Submitted 13 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 8 figures

Journal ref: PRX Quantum 7, 010337 (2026)

Surface Morphology Assisted Trapping of Strongly Coupled Electron-on-Neon Charge States

Authors: Kaiwen Zheng, Xingrui Song, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: Single electrons confined to a free neon surface and manipulated through the circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) architecture is a promising novel quantum computing platform. Understanding the exact physical nature of the electron-on-neon (eNe) charge states is important for realizing this platform's potential for quantum technologies. We investigate how resonator trench depth and substr… ▽ More Single electrons confined to a free neon surface and manipulated through the circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) architecture is a promising novel quantum computing platform. Understanding the exact physical nature of the electron-on-neon (eNe) charge states is important for realizing this platform's potential for quantum technologies. We investigate how resonator trench depth and substrate surface properties influence the formation of eNe charge states and their coupling to microwave resonators. Through experimental observation supported by modeling, we find that shallow-depth etching of the resonator features maximizes coupling strength. By comparing the trapping statistics and surface morphology of devices with altered trench roughness, our work reveals the role of fabrication-induced surface features in the formation of strongly coupled eNe states. △ Less

Submitted 3 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 6 figures

Sub-micron Circuit Fabrication on Diamond Anvils for Mesoscopic High-Pressure Experiments

Authors: Z. R. Rehfuss, K. Zheng, S. L. Gould, K. W. Murch, S. Ran

Abstract: We present a novel fabrication procedure to produce high-quality lift-off structures on diamond anvils extending from the culet down to the slanted facets. Feature sizes down to 500 nm are achieved through the use of a bi-layer resist stack and electron beam lithography. Device structures with strong adhesion to the diamond surface and high abrasion resistance are realized by optimizing the surfac… ▽ More We present a novel fabrication procedure to produce high-quality lift-off structures on diamond anvils extending from the culet down to the slanted facets. Feature sizes down to 500 nm are achieved through the use of a bi-layer resist stack and electron beam lithography. Device structures with strong adhesion to the diamond surface and high abrasion resistance are realized by optimizing the surface treatment. To benchmark our process, we fabricate a multi-lead tungsten circuit to measure changes of the superconducting transition temperature of zirconium across the structural phase transition at $\sim$30 GPa; showing a 4-fold jump of the critical temperature. Our process is easily reproducible in most traditional academic and industrial cleanroom facilities. This work paves the way for complex and high-precision fabrication and measurements inside diamond anvil cells and on other faceted crystalline samples. △ Less

Submitted 5 April, 2025; v1 submitted 6 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures

Search for non-virialized axions with 3.3-4.2 $μ$eV mass at selected resolving powers

Authors: A. T. Hipp, A. Quiskamp, T. J. Caligiure, J. R. Gleason, Y. Han, S. Jois, P. Sikivie, M. E. Solano, N. S. Sullivan, D. B. Tanner, M. Goryachev, E. Hartman, M. E. Tobar, B. T. McAllister, L. D. Duffy, T. Braine, E. Burns, R. Cervantes, N. Crisosto, C. Goodman, M. Guzzetti, C. Hanretty, S. Lee, H. Korandla, G. Leum , et al. (43 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment is sensitive to narrow axion flows, given axions compose a fraction of the dark matter with a non-negligible local density. Detecting these low-velocity dispersion flows requires a high spectral resolution and careful attention to the expected signal modulation due to Earth's motion. We report an exclusion on the local axion dark matter density in narrow flows of… ▽ More The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment is sensitive to narrow axion flows, given axions compose a fraction of the dark matter with a non-negligible local density. Detecting these low-velocity dispersion flows requires a high spectral resolution and careful attention to the expected signal modulation due to Earth's motion. We report an exclusion on the local axion dark matter density in narrow flows of $ρ_a \gtrsim 0.03\,\mathrm{GeV/cm^3}$ and $ρ_a \gtrsim 0.004\,\mathrm{GeV/cm^3}$ for Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnitski and Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov axion-photon couplings, respectively, over the mass range $3.3-4.2\,μ\text{eV}$. Measurements were made at selected resolving powers to allow for a range of possible velocity dispersions. △ Less

Submitted 23 October, 2024; v1 submitted 11 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures

Exploring the Accuracy of Interferometric Quantum Measurements under Conservation Laws

Authors: Nicolò Piccione, Maria Maffei, Andrew N. Jordan, Kater W. Murch, Alexia Auffèves

Abstract: A (target) quantum system is often measured through observations performed on a second (meter) system to which the target is coupled. In the presence of global conservation laws holding on the joint meter-target system, the Wigner-Araki-Yanase theorem and its generalizations predict a lower-bound on the measurement's error (Ozawa's bound). While practically negligible for macroscopic meters, it be… ▽ More A (target) quantum system is often measured through observations performed on a second (meter) system to which the target is coupled. In the presence of global conservation laws holding on the joint meter-target system, the Wigner-Araki-Yanase theorem and its generalizations predict a lower-bound on the measurement's error (Ozawa's bound). While practically negligible for macroscopic meters, it becomes relevant for microscopic ones. Here, we propose a simple interferometric setup, arguably within reach of present technology, in which a flying particle (a microscopic quantum meter) is used to measure a qubit by interacting with it in one arm of the interferometer. In this scenario, the globally conserved quantity is the total energy of particle and qubit. We show how the measurement error, $\varepsilon$, is linked to the non-stationary nature of the measured observable and the finite duration of the target-meter interaction while Ozawa's bound, $\varepsilon_{\mathrm B}$, only depends on the momentum uncertainty of the meter's wavepacket. When considering short wavepackets with respect to the evolution time of the qubit, we show that $\varepsilon/\varepsilon_{\mathrm B}$ is strictly tied to the position-momentum uncertainty of the meter's wavepacket and $\varepsilon/\varepsilon_{\mathrm B} \rightarrow 1$ only when employing Gaussian wavepackets. On the contrary, long wavepackets of any shape lead to $\varepsilon/\varepsilon_{\mathrm B} \rightarrow \sqrt{2}$. In addition to their fundamental relevance, our findings have important practical consequences for optimal resource management in quantum technologies. △ Less

Submitted 19 December, 2024; v1 submitted 19 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 5 pages plus appendices. 2 Figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 240202 (2024)

Experimental Realization of Discrete Time Quasi-Crystals

Authors: Guanghui He, Bingtian Ye, Ruotian Gong, Changyu Yao, Zhongyuan Liu, Kater W. Murch, Norman Y. Yao, Chong Zu

Abstract: Floquet (periodically driven) systems can give rise to unique non-equilibrium phases of matter without equilibrium analogs. The most prominent example is the realization of discrete time crystals. An intriguing question emerges: what other novel phases can manifest when the constraint of time periodicity is relaxed? In this study, we explore quantum systems subjected to a quasi-periodic drive. Lev… ▽ More Floquet (periodically driven) systems can give rise to unique non-equilibrium phases of matter without equilibrium analogs. The most prominent example is the realization of discrete time crystals. An intriguing question emerges: what other novel phases can manifest when the constraint of time periodicity is relaxed? In this study, we explore quantum systems subjected to a quasi-periodic drive. Leveraging a strongly interacting spin ensemble in diamond, we identify the emergence of long-lived discrete time quasi-crystals. Unlike conventional time crystals, time quasi-crystals exhibit robust sub-harmonic responses at multiple incommensurate frequencies. Furthermore, we show that the multi-frequency nature of the quasi-periodic drive allows for the formation of diverse patterns associated with different discrete time quasi-crystalline phases. Our findings demonstrate the existence of non-equilibrium phases in quasi-Floquet settings, significantly broadening the catalog of novel phenomena in driven many-body quantum systems. △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 7+5 pages, 4+5 figures

Journal ref: Physical Review X 15, 011055 (2025)

Engineering nonequilibrium steady states through Floquet Liouvillians

Authors: Weijian Chen, Maryam Abbasi, Serra Erdamar, Jacob Muldoon, Yogesh N. Joglekar, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: We experimentally study the transient dynamics of a dissipative superconducting qubit under periodic drive towards its nonequilibrium steady states. The corresponding stroboscopic evolution, given by the qubit states at times equal to integer multiples of the drive period, is determined by a (generically non-Hermitian) Floquet Liouvillian. The drive period controls both the transients across its n… ▽ More We experimentally study the transient dynamics of a dissipative superconducting qubit under periodic drive towards its nonequilibrium steady states. The corresponding stroboscopic evolution, given by the qubit states at times equal to integer multiples of the drive period, is determined by a (generically non-Hermitian) Floquet Liouvillian. The drive period controls both the transients across its non-Hermitian degeneracies and the resulting nonequilibrium steady states. These steady states can exhibit higher purity compared to those achieved with a constant drive. We further study the dependence of the steady states on the direction of parameter variation and relate these findings to the recent studies of dynamically encircling exceptional points. Our work provides a new approach to control non-Hermiticity in dissipative quantum systems and presents a new paradigm in quantum state preparation and stabilization. △ Less

Submitted 14 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 9 pages, 8 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 090402 (2025)

Entanglement assisted probe of the non-Markovian to Markovian transition in open quantum system dynamics

Authors: Chandrashekhar Gaikwad, Daria Kowsari, Carson Brame, Xingrui Song, Haimeng Zhang, Martina Esposito, Arpit Ranadive, Giulio Cappelli, Nicolas Roch, Eli M. Levenson-Falk, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: We utilize a superconducting qubit processor to experimentally probe non-Markovian dynamics of an entangled qubit pair. We prepare an entangled state between two qubits and monitor the evolution of entanglement over time as one of the qubits interacts with a small quantum environment consisting of an auxiliary transmon qubit coupled to its readout cavity. We observe the collapse and revival of the… ▽ More We utilize a superconducting qubit processor to experimentally probe non-Markovian dynamics of an entangled qubit pair. We prepare an entangled state between two qubits and monitor the evolution of entanglement over time as one of the qubits interacts with a small quantum environment consisting of an auxiliary transmon qubit coupled to its readout cavity. We observe the collapse and revival of the entanglement as a signature of quantum memory effects in the environment. We then engineer the non-Markovianity of the environment by populating its readout cavity with thermal photons to show a transition from non-Markovian to Markovian dynamics, ultimately reaching a regime where the quantum Zeno effect creates a decoherence-free subspace that effectively stabilizes the entanglement between the qubits. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2024; v1 submitted 24 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 13 pages, 8 figures

Axion Dark Matter eXperiment: Run 1A Analysis Details

Authors: C. Boutan, B. H. LaRoque, E. Lentz, N. S. Oblath, M. S. Taubman, J. Tedeschi, J. Yang, A. M. Jones, T. Braine, N. Crisosto, L. J Rosenberg, G. Rybka, D. Will, D. Zhang, S. Kimes, R. Ottens, C. Bartram, D. Bowring, R. Cervantes, A. S. Chou, S. Knirck, D. V. Mitchell, A. Sonnenschein, W. Wester, R. Khatiwada , et al. (28 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ADMX collaboration gathered data for its Run 1A axion dark matter search from January to June 2017, scanning with an axion haloscope over the frequency range 645-680 MHz (2.66-2.81 ueV in axion mass) at DFSZ sensitivity. The resulting axion search found no axion-like signals comprising all the dark matter in the form of a virialized galactic halo over the entire frequency range, implying lower… ▽ More The ADMX collaboration gathered data for its Run 1A axion dark matter search from January to June 2017, scanning with an axion haloscope over the frequency range 645-680 MHz (2.66-2.81 ueV in axion mass) at DFSZ sensitivity. The resulting axion search found no axion-like signals comprising all the dark matter in the form of a virialized galactic halo over the entire frequency range, implying lower bound exclusion limits at or below DFSZ coupling at the 90% confidence level. This paper presents expanded details of the axion search analysis of Run 1A, including review of relevant experimental systems, data-taking operations, preparation and interpretation of raw data, axion search methodology, candidate handling, and final axion limits. △ Less

Submitted 27 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 27 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in PRD

Quantum energetics of a non-commuting measurement

Authors: Xiayu Linpeng, Nicolò Piccione, Maria Maffei, Léa Bresque, Samyak P. Prasad, Andrew N. Jordan, Alexia Auffèves, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: When a measurement observable does not commute with a quantum system's Hamiltonian, the energy of the measured system is typically not conserved during the measurement. Instead, energy can be transferred between the measured system and the meter. In this work, we experimentally investigate the energetics of non-commuting measurements in a circuit quantum electrodynamics system containing a transmo… ▽ More When a measurement observable does not commute with a quantum system's Hamiltonian, the energy of the measured system is typically not conserved during the measurement. Instead, energy can be transferred between the measured system and the meter. In this work, we experimentally investigate the energetics of non-commuting measurements in a circuit quantum electrodynamics system containing a transmon qubit embedded in a 3D microwave cavity. We show through spectral analysis of the cavity photons that a frequency shift is imparted on the probe, in balance with the associated energy changes of the qubit. Our experiment provides new insights into foundations of quantum measurement, as well as a better understanding of the key mechanisms at play in quantum energetics. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2023; v1 submitted 22 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures

Fundamental mechanisms of energy exchanges in autonomous measurements based on dispersive qubit-light interaction

Authors: Nicolò Piccione, Maria Maffei, Xiayu Linpeng, Andrew N. Jordan, Kater W. Murch, Alexia Auffèves

Abstract: Measuring an observable which does not commute with the Hamiltonian of a quantum system usually modifies the mean energy of this system. In an autonomous measurement scheme, coupling the system to a quantum meter, the system's energy change must be compensated by the meter's energy change. Here, we theoretically study such an autonomous meter-system dynamics: a qubit interacting dispersively with… ▽ More Measuring an observable which does not commute with the Hamiltonian of a quantum system usually modifies the mean energy of this system. In an autonomous measurement scheme, coupling the system to a quantum meter, the system's energy change must be compensated by the meter's energy change. Here, we theoretically study such an autonomous meter-system dynamics: a qubit interacting dispersively with a light pulse propagating in a one-dimensional waveguide. The phase of the light pulse is shifted, conditioned to the qubit's state along the $z$-direction, while the orientation of the qubit Hamiltonian is arbitrary. As the interaction is dispersive, photon number is conserved so that energy balance has to be attained by spectral deformations of the light pulse. Building on analytical and numerical solutions, we reveal the mechanism underlying this spectral deformation and display how it compensates for the qubit's energy change. We explain the formation of a three-peak structure of the output spectrum and we provide the conditions under which this is observable. △ Less

Submitted 3 July, 2024; v1 submitted 20 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 9 pages plus appendices, 9 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. A 109, 063707 (2024)

Non-Virialized Axion Search Sensitive to Doppler Effects in the Milky Way Halo

Authors: C. Bartram, T. Braine, R. Cervantes, N. Crisosto, N. Du, C. Goodman, M. Guzzetti, C. Hanretty, S. Lee, G. Leum, L. J. Rosenberg, G. Rybka, J. Sinnis, D. Zhang, M. H. Awida, D. Bowring, A. S. Chou, M. Hollister, S. Knirck, A. Sonnenschein, W. Wester, R. Khatiwada, J. Brodsky, G. Carosi, L. D. Duffy , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) has previously excluded Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnisky (DFSZ) axions between 680-790 MHz under the assumption that the dark matter is described by the isothermal halo model. However, the precise nature of the velocity distribution of dark matter is still unknown, and alternative models have been proposed. We report the results of a non-virialized axion se… ▽ More The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) has previously excluded Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnisky (DFSZ) axions between 680-790 MHz under the assumption that the dark matter is described by the isothermal halo model. However, the precise nature of the velocity distribution of dark matter is still unknown, and alternative models have been proposed. We report the results of a non-virialized axion search over the mass range 2.81-3.31 μeV, corresponding to the frequency range 680-800 MHz. This analysis marks the most sensitive search for non-virialized axions sensitive to Doppler effects in the Milky Way Halo to date. Accounting for frequency shifts due to the detector's motion through the Galaxy, we exclude cold flow relic axions with a velocity dispersion of order 10^-7 c with 95% confidence. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 109, 083014 (2024)

On-demand driven dissipation for cavity reset and cooling

Authors: Vivek Maurya, Haimeng Zhang, Daria Kowsari, Andre Kuo, Darian M. Hartsell, Clark Miyamoto, Jocelyn Liu, Sadman Shanto, Evangelos Vlachos, Azarin Zarassi, Kater W. Murch, Eli M. Levenson-Falk

Abstract: We present a superconducting circuit device that provides active, on-demand, tunable dissipation on a target mode of the electromagnetic field. Our device is based on a tunable "dissipator" that can be made lossy when tuned into resonance with a broadband filter mode. When driven parametrically, this dissipator induces loss on any mode coupled to it with energy detuning equal to the drive frequenc… ▽ More We present a superconducting circuit device that provides active, on-demand, tunable dissipation on a target mode of the electromagnetic field. Our device is based on a tunable "dissipator" that can be made lossy when tuned into resonance with a broadband filter mode. When driven parametrically, this dissipator induces loss on any mode coupled to it with energy detuning equal to the drive frequency. We demonstrate the use of this device to reset a superconducting qubit's readout cavity after a measurement, removing photons with a characteristic rate above $50\ μ\mathrm{s}^{-1}$. We also demonstrate that the dissipation can be driven constantly to simultaneously damp and cool the cavity, effectively eliminating thermal photon fluctuations as a relevant decoherence channel. Our results demonstrate the utility of our device as a modular tool for environmental engineering and entropy removal in circuit QED. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2024; v1 submitted 25 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures

Chiral Bell-state transfer via dissipative Liouvillian dynamics

Authors: Shishir Khandelwal, Weijian Chen, Kater W. Murch, Géraldine Haack

Abstract: Chiral state transfer along closed loops in the vicinity of an exceptional point is one of the many counter-intuitive observations in non-Hermitian physics. The application of this property beyond proof-of-principle in quantum physics, is an open question. In this work, we demonstrate chiral state conversion between singlet and triplet Bell states through fully-quantum Liouvillian dynamics. Crucia… ▽ More Chiral state transfer along closed loops in the vicinity of an exceptional point is one of the many counter-intuitive observations in non-Hermitian physics. The application of this property beyond proof-of-principle in quantum physics, is an open question. In this work, we demonstrate chiral state conversion between singlet and triplet Bell states through fully-quantum Liouvillian dynamics. Crucially, we demonstrate that this property can be used for the chiral production of Bell states from separable states with a high fidelity and for a large range of parameters. Additionally, we show that the removal of quantum jumps from the dynamics through postselection can result in near-perfect Bell states from initially separable states. Our work presents the first application of chiral state transfer in quantum information processing and demonstrates a novel way to control entangled states by means of dissipation engineering. △ Less

Submitted 17 September, 2024; v1 submitted 17 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: 4+6 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 070403 (2024)

Constraining work fluctuations of non-Hermitian dynamics across the exceptional point of a superconducting qubit

Authors: Serra Erdamar, Maryam Abbasi, Byung Ha, Weijian Chen, Jacob Muldoon, Yogesh Joglekar, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: Thermodynamics constrains changes to the energy of a system, both deliberate and random, via its first and second laws. When the system is not in equilibrium, fluctuation theorems such as the Jarzynski equality further restrict the distributions of deliberate work done. Such fluctuation theorems have been experimentally verified in small, non-equilibrium quantum systems undergoing unitary or decoh… ▽ More Thermodynamics constrains changes to the energy of a system, both deliberate and random, via its first and second laws. When the system is not in equilibrium, fluctuation theorems such as the Jarzynski equality further restrict the distributions of deliberate work done. Such fluctuation theorems have been experimentally verified in small, non-equilibrium quantum systems undergoing unitary or decohering dynamics. Yet, their validity in systems governed by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian has long been contentious, due to the false premise of the Hamiltonian's dual and equivalent roles in dynamics and energetics. Here we show that work fluctuations in a non-Hermitian qubit obey the Jarzynski equality even if its Hamiltonian has complex or purely imaginary eigenvalues. With post-selection on a dissipative superconducting circuit undergoing a cyclic parameter sweep, we experimentally quantify the work distribution using projective energy measurements and show that the fate of the Jarzynski equality is determined by the parity-time symmetry of, and the energetics that result from, the corresponding non-Hermitian, Floquet Hamiltonian. By distinguishing the energetics from non-Hermitian dynamics, our results provide the recipe for investigating the non-equilibrium quantum thermodynamics of such open systems. △ Less

Submitted 21 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures

Observing Parity Time Symmetry Breaking in a Josephson Parametric Amplifier

Authors: Chandrashekhar Gaikwad, Daria Kowsari, Weijian Chen, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: A coupled two-mode system with balanced gain and loss is a paradigmatic example of an open quantum system that can exhibit real spectra despite being described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. We utilize a degenerate parametric amplifier operating in three-wave mixing mode to realize such a system of balanced gain and loss between the two quadrature modes of the amplifier. By examining the time-dom… ▽ More A coupled two-mode system with balanced gain and loss is a paradigmatic example of an open quantum system that can exhibit real spectra despite being described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. We utilize a degenerate parametric amplifier operating in three-wave mixing mode to realize such a system of balanced gain and loss between the two quadrature modes of the amplifier. By examining the time-domain response of the amplifier, we observe a characteristic transition from real-to-imaginary energy eigenvalues associated with the Parity-Time-symmetry-breaking transition. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Low Frequency (100-600 MHz) Searches with Axion Cavity Haloscopes

Authors: S. Chakrabarty, J. R. Gleason, Y. Han, A. T. Hipp, M. Solano, P. Sikivie, N. S. Sullivan, D. B. Tanner, M. Goryachev, E. Hartman, B. T. McAllister, A. Quiskamp, C. Thomson, M. E. Tobar, M. H. Awida, A. S. Chou, M. Hollister, S. Knirck, A. Sonnenschein, W. Wester, T. Braine, M. Guzzetti, C. Hanretty, G. Leum, L. J Rosenberg , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate reentrant and dielectric loaded cavities for the purpose of extending the range of axion cavity haloscopes to lower masses, below the range where the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) has already searched. Reentrant and dielectric loaded cavities were simulated numerically to calculate and optimize their form factors and quality factors. A prototype reentrant cavity was built and… ▽ More We investigate reentrant and dielectric loaded cavities for the purpose of extending the range of axion cavity haloscopes to lower masses, below the range where the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) has already searched. Reentrant and dielectric loaded cavities were simulated numerically to calculate and optimize their form factors and quality factors. A prototype reentrant cavity was built and its measured properties were compared with the simulations. We estimate the sensitivity of axion dark matter searches using reentrant and dielectric loaded cavities inserted in the existing ADMX magnet at the University of Washington and a large magnet being installed at Fermilab. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2023; v1 submitted 7 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 33 pages, 24 figures

Journal ref: Physical Review D 109, 042004 (2024)

Search for a dark-matter induced Cosmic Axion Background with ADMX

Authors: ADMX Collaboration, T. Nitta, T. Braine, N. Du, M. Guzzetti, C. Hanretty, G. Leum, L. J Rosenberg, G. Rybka, J. Sinnis, John Clarke, I. Siddiqi, M. H. Awida, A. S. Chou, M. Hollister, S. Knirck, A. Sonnenschein, W. Wester, J. R. Gleason, A. T. Hipp, P. Sikivie, N. S. Sullivan, D. B. Tanner, R. Khatiwada, G. Carosi , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first result of a direct search for a Cosmic ${\it axion}$ Background (C$a$B) - a relativistic background of axions that is not dark matter - performed with the axion haloscope, the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX). Conventional haloscope analyses search for a signal with a narrow bandwidth, as predicted for dark matter, whereas the C$a$B will be broad. We introduce a novel analys… ▽ More We report the first result of a direct search for a Cosmic ${\it axion}$ Background (C$a$B) - a relativistic background of axions that is not dark matter - performed with the axion haloscope, the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX). Conventional haloscope analyses search for a signal with a narrow bandwidth, as predicted for dark matter, whereas the C$a$B will be broad. We introduce a novel analysis strategy, which searches for a C$a$B induced daily modulation in the power measured by the haloscope. Using this, we repurpose data collected to search for dark matter to set a limit on the axion photon coupling of a C$a$B originating from dark matter cascade decay via a mediator in the 800-995 MHz frequency range. We find that the present sensitivity is limited by fluctuations in the cavity readout as the instrument scans across dark matter masses. Nevertheless, we suggest that these challenges can be surmounted using superconducting qubits as single photon counters, and allow ADMX to operate as a telescope searching for axions emerging from the decay of dark matter. The daily modulation analysis technique we introduce can be deployed for various broadband RF signals, such as other forms of a C$a$B or even high-frequency gravitational waves. △ Less

Submitted 3 October, 2023; v1 submitted 10 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett., 131, 101002 (2023)

Quantum acoustic Fano interference of surface phonons

Authors: J. M. Kitzman, J. R. Lane, C. Undershute, N. R. Beysengulov, C. A. Mikolas, K. W. Murch, J. Pollanen

Abstract: Quantum acoustic systems, which integrate surface or bulk phonons with superconducting qubits, offer a unique opportunity to investigate phononic $interference$ and $scattering$ processes in the quantum regime. In particular the interaction between a superconducting qubit and a phononic oscillator allows the qubit to sense the oscillator's excitation spectrum and underlying interference effects. H… ▽ More Quantum acoustic systems, which integrate surface or bulk phonons with superconducting qubits, offer a unique opportunity to investigate phononic $interference$ and $scattering$ processes in the quantum regime. In particular the interaction between a superconducting qubit and a phononic oscillator allows the qubit to sense the oscillator's excitation spectrum and underlying interference effects. Here we present measurements revealing Fano interference of a resonantly trapped piezoelectric surface acoustic wave (SAW) mode with a broad continuum of surface phonons in a system consisting of a SAW resonator coupled to a superconducting qubit. The experiments highlight the existence of additional weakly coupled mechanical modes and their influence on the qubit-phonon interaction and underscore the importance of phononic interference in quantum acoustic architectures that have been proposed for quantum information processing applications. △ Less

Submitted 24 July, 2023; v1 submitted 2 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures. Updated title and abstract

Journal ref: Physical Review A 108, L010601 (2023)

Quasi-Floquet prethermalization in a disordered dipolar spin ensemble in diamond

Authors: Guanghui He, Bingtian Ye, Ruotian Gong, Zhongyuan Liu, Kater W. Murch, Norman Y. Yao, Chong Zu

Abstract: Floquet (periodic) driving has recently emerged as a powerful technique for engineering quantum systems and realizing non-equilibrium phases of matter. A central challenge to stabilizing quantum phenomena in such systems is the need to prevent energy absorption from the driving field. Fortunately, when the frequency of the drive is significantly larger than the local energy scales of the many-body… ▽ More Floquet (periodic) driving has recently emerged as a powerful technique for engineering quantum systems and realizing non-equilibrium phases of matter. A central challenge to stabilizing quantum phenomena in such systems is the need to prevent energy absorption from the driving field. Fortunately, when the frequency of the drive is significantly larger than the local energy scales of the many-body system, energy absorption is suppressed. The existence of this so-called prethermal regime depends sensitively on the range of interactions and the presence of multiple driving frequencies. Here, we report the observation of Floquet prethermalization in a strongly interacting dipolar spin ensemble in diamond, where the angular dependence of the dipolar coupling helps to mitigate the long-ranged nature of the interaction. Moreover, we extend our experimental observation to quasi-Floquet drives with multiple incommensurate frequencies. In contrast to a single-frequency drive, we find that the existence of prethermalization is extremely sensitive to the smoothness of the applied field. Our results open the door to stabilizing and characterizing non-equilibrium phenomena in quasi-periodically driven systems. △ Less

Submitted 28 September, 2023; v1 submitted 21 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: 7+13 pages, 3+8 figures

Journal ref: Physical Review Letters 131, 130401 (2023)

Speeding up entanglement generation by proximity to higher-order exceptional points

Authors: Zeng-Zhao Li, Weijian Chen, Maryam Abbasi, Kater W. Murch, K. Birgitta Whaley

Abstract: Entanglement is a key resource for quantum information technologies ranging from quantum sensing to quantum computing. Conventionally, the entanglement between two coupled qubits is established at the time scale of the inverse of the coupling strength. In this work, we study two weakly coupled non-Hermitian qubits and observe entanglement generation at a significantly shorter time scale by proximi… ▽ More Entanglement is a key resource for quantum information technologies ranging from quantum sensing to quantum computing. Conventionally, the entanglement between two coupled qubits is established at the time scale of the inverse of the coupling strength. In this work, we study two weakly coupled non-Hermitian qubits and observe entanglement generation at a significantly shorter time scale by proximity to a higher-order exceptional point. We establish a non-Hermitian perturbation theory based on constructing a biorthogonal complete basis and further identify the optimal condition to obtain the maximally entangled state. Our study of speeding up entanglement generation in non-Hermitian quantum systems opens new avenues for harnessing coherent nonunitary dissipation for quantum technologies. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2023; v1 submitted 10 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 6+18 pages, 4+12 figures. Zeng-Zhao Li and Weijian Chen contributed equally to this work

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 100202 (2023)

Phononic bath engineering of a superconducting qubit

Authors: J. M. Kitzman, J. R. Lane, C. Undershute, P. M. Harrington, N. R. Beysengulov, C. A. Mikolas, K. W. Murch, J. Pollanen

Abstract: Phonons, the ubiquitous quanta of vibrational energy, play a vital role in the performance of quantum technologies. Conversely, unintended coupling to phonons degrades qubit performance and can lead to correlated errors in superconducting qubit systems. Regardless of whether phonons play an enabling or deleterious role, they do not typically admit control over their spectral properties, nor the po… ▽ More Phonons, the ubiquitous quanta of vibrational energy, play a vital role in the performance of quantum technologies. Conversely, unintended coupling to phonons degrades qubit performance and can lead to correlated errors in superconducting qubit systems. Regardless of whether phonons play an enabling or deleterious role, they do not typically admit control over their spectral properties, nor the possibility of engineering their dissipation to be used as a resource. Here we show that coupling a superconducting qubit to a bath of piezoelectric surface acoustic wave phonons enables a novel platform for investigating open quantum systems. By shaping the loss spectrum of the qubit via the bath of lossy surface phonons, we demonstrate preparation and dynamical stabilization of superposition states through the combined effects of drive and dissipation. These experiments highlight the versatility of engineered phononic dissipation and advance the understanding of mechanical losses in superconducting qubit systems. △ Less

Submitted 24 July, 2023; v1 submitted 15 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: Main text: 17 pages, 5 figures. Supplementary Information: 7 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: Nature Communications 14, 3910 (2023)

Many-body quantum vacuum fluctuation engines

Authors: Étienne Jussiau, Léa Bresque, Alexia Auffèves, Kater W. Murch, Andrew N. Jordan

Abstract: We propose a many-body quantum engine powered by the energy difference between the entangled ground state of the interacting system and local separable states. Performing local energy measurements on an interacting many-body system can produce excited states from which work can be extracted via local feedback operations. These measurements reveal the quantum vacuum fluctuations of the global groun… ▽ More We propose a many-body quantum engine powered by the energy difference between the entangled ground state of the interacting system and local separable states. Performing local energy measurements on an interacting many-body system can produce excited states from which work can be extracted via local feedback operations. These measurements reveal the quantum vacuum fluctuations of the global ground state in the local basis and provide the energy required to run the engine. The reset part of the engine cycle is particularly simple: The interacting many-body system is coupled to a cold bath and allowed to relax to its entangled ground state. We illustrate our proposal on two types of many-body systems: a chain of coupled qubits and coupled harmonic oscillator networks. These models faithfully represent fermionic and bosonic excitations, respectively. In both cases, analytical results for the work output and efficiency of the engine can be obtained. Generically, the work output scales as the number of quantum systems involved, while the efficiency limits to a constant. We prove the efficiency is controlled by the "local entanglement gap" -- the energy difference between the global ground state and the lowest energy eigenstate of the local Hamiltonian. In the qubit chain case, we highlight the impact of a quantum phase transition on the engine's performance as work and efficiency sharply increase at the critical point. In the case of a one-dimensional oscillator chain, we show the efficiency approaches unity as the number of coupled oscillators increases, even at finite work output. △ Less

Submitted 22 August, 2023; v1 submitted 15 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 19 pages, 9 figures

Energetic cost of measurements using quantum, coherent, and thermal light

Authors: Xiayu Linpeng, Léa Bresque, Maria Maffei, Andrew N. Jordan, Alexia Auffèves, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: Quantum measurements are basic operations that play a critical role in the study and application of quantum information. We study how the use of quantum, coherent, and classical thermal states of light in a circuit quantum electrodynamics setup impacts the performance of quantum measurements, by comparing their respective measurement backaction and measurement signal to noise ratio per photon. In… ▽ More Quantum measurements are basic operations that play a critical role in the study and application of quantum information. We study how the use of quantum, coherent, and classical thermal states of light in a circuit quantum electrodynamics setup impacts the performance of quantum measurements, by comparing their respective measurement backaction and measurement signal to noise ratio per photon. In the strong dispersive limit, we find that thermal light is capable of performing quantum measurements with comparable efficiency to coherent light, both being outperformed by single-photon light. We then analyze the thermodynamic cost of each measurement scheme. We show that single-photon light shows an advantage in terms of energy cost per information gain, reaching the fundamental thermodynamic cost. △ Less

Submitted 6 June, 2022; v1 submitted 2 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 220506 (2022)

Nitrogen Plasma Passivated Niobium Resonators for Superconducting Quantum Circuits

Authors: K. Zheng, D. Kowsari, N. J. Thobaben, X. Du, X. Song, S. Ran, E. A. Henriksen, D. S. Wisbey, K. W. Murch

Abstract: Microwave loss in niobium metallic structures used for superconducting quantum circuits is limited by a native surface oxide layer formed over a timescale of minutes when exposed to an ambient environment. In this work, we show that nitrogen plasma treatment forms a niobium nitride layer at the metal-air interface which prevents such oxidation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the doping… ▽ More Microwave loss in niobium metallic structures used for superconducting quantum circuits is limited by a native surface oxide layer formed over a timescale of minutes when exposed to an ambient environment. In this work, we show that nitrogen plasma treatment forms a niobium nitride layer at the metal-air interface which prevents such oxidation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the doping of nitrogen more than 5 nm into the surface and a suppressed oxygen presence. This passivation remains stable after aging for 15 days in an ambient environment. Cryogenic microwave characterization shows an average filling factor adjusted two-level-system loss tangent $\rm{Fδ_{TLS}}$ of $(2.9\pm0.5)\cdot10^{-7}$ for resonators with 3 $\rmμ$m center strip and $(1.0\pm0.3)\cdot10^{-7}$ for 20 $\rmμ$m center strip, exceeding the performance of unpassivated samples by a factor of four. △ Less

Submitted 18 February, 2022; v1 submitted 5 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: Appl. Phys. Lett. 120, 102601 (2022)

Decoherence Induced Exceptional Points in a Dissipative Superconducting Qubit

Authors: Weijian Chen, Maryam Abbasi, Byung Ha, Serra Erdamar, Yogesh N. Joglekar, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: Open quantum systems interacting with an environment exhibit dynamics described by the combination of dissipation and coherent Hamiltonian evolution. Taken together, these effects are captured by a Liouvillian superoperator. The degeneracies of the (generically non-Hermitian) Liouvillian are exceptional points, which are associated with critical dynamics as the system approaches steady state. We u… ▽ More Open quantum systems interacting with an environment exhibit dynamics described by the combination of dissipation and coherent Hamiltonian evolution. Taken together, these effects are captured by a Liouvillian superoperator. The degeneracies of the (generically non-Hermitian) Liouvillian are exceptional points, which are associated with critical dynamics as the system approaches steady state. We use a superconducting transmon circuit coupled to an engineered environment to observe two different types of Liouvillian exceptional points that arise either from the interplay of energy loss and decoherence or purely due to decoherence. By dynamically tuning the Liouvillian superoperators in real time we observe a non-Hermiticity-induced chiral state transfer. Our study motivates a new look at open quantum system dynamics from the vantage of Liouvillian exceptional points, enabling applications of non-Hermitian dynamics in the understanding and control of open quantum systems. △ Less

Submitted 8 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 11 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 110402 (2022)

Vantablack Shielding of Superconducting Qubit Systems

Authors: J. M. Kitzman, J. R. Lane, T. Stefanski, N. R. Beysengulov, D. Tan, K. W. Murch, J. Pollanen

Abstract: Circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) experiments on superconducting qubit systems typically employ radiation shields coated in photon absorbing materials to achieve high qubit coherence and low microwave resonator losses. In this work, we present preliminary results on the performance of Vantablack as a novel infrared (IR) shielding material for cQED systems. We compare the coherence properties… ▽ More Circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) experiments on superconducting qubit systems typically employ radiation shields coated in photon absorbing materials to achieve high qubit coherence and low microwave resonator losses. In this work, we present preliminary results on the performance of Vantablack as a novel infrared (IR) shielding material for cQED systems. We compare the coherence properties and residual excited state population (or effective qubit temperature) of a single-junction transmon qubit housed in a shield coated with a standard epoxy-based IR absorbing material, i.e. Berkeley Black, to the coherence and effective temperature of the same qubit in a shield coated in Vantablack. Based on a statistical analysis of multiple qubit coherence measurements we find that the performance of the radiation shield coated with Vantablack is comparable in performance to the standard coating. However, we find that in the Vantablack coated shield the qubit has a higher effective temperature. These results indicate that improvements are likely required to optimize the performance of Vantablack as an IR shielding material for superconducting qubit experiments and we discuss possible routes for such improvements. Finally we describe possible future experiments to more precisely quantify the performance of Vantablack to improve the coherences of more complex cQED systems. △ Less

Submitted 13 July, 2022; v1 submitted 18 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Comments: 9 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

Journal ref: J Low Temp. Phys. (2022)

Search for "Invisible" Axion Dark Matter in the $3.3\text{-}4.2~μ$eV Mass Range

Authors: ADMX Collaboration, C. Bartram, T. Braine, E. Burns, R. Cervantes, N. Crisosto, N. Du, H. Korandla, G. Leum, P. Mohapatra, T. Nitta, L. J Rosenberg, G. Rybka, J. Yang, John Clarke, I. Siddiqi, A. Agrawal, A. V. Dixit, M. H. Awida, A. S. Chou, M. Hollister, S. Knirck, A. Sonnenschein, W. Wester, J. R. Gleason , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the results from a haloscope search for axion dark matter in the $3.3\text{-}4.2~μ$eV mass range. This search excludes the axion-photon coupling predicted by one of the benchmark models of "invisible" axion dark matter, the KSVZ model. This sensitivity is achieved using a large-volume cavity, a superconducting magnet, an ultra low noise Josephson parametric amplifier, and sub-Kelvin temp… ▽ More We report the results from a haloscope search for axion dark matter in the $3.3\text{-}4.2~μ$eV mass range. This search excludes the axion-photon coupling predicted by one of the benchmark models of "invisible" axion dark matter, the KSVZ model. This sensitivity is achieved using a large-volume cavity, a superconducting magnet, an ultra low noise Josephson parametric amplifier, and sub-Kelvin temperatures. The validity of our detection procedure is ensured by injecting and detecting blind synthetic axion signals. △ Less

Submitted 29 December, 2021; v1 submitted 12 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 261803 (2021)

Maximal quantum entanglement at exceptional points via unitary and thermal dynamics

Authors: Akhil Kumar, Kater W. Murch, Yogesh N. Joglekar

Abstract: Minimal, open quantum systems that are governed by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians have been realized across multiple platforms in the past two years. Here we investigate the dynamics of open systems with Hermitian or anti-Hermitian Hamiltonians, both of which can be implemented in such platforms. For a single system subject to unitary and thermal dynamics in a periodic manner, we show that the corresp… ▽ More Minimal, open quantum systems that are governed by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians have been realized across multiple platforms in the past two years. Here we investigate the dynamics of open systems with Hermitian or anti-Hermitian Hamiltonians, both of which can be implemented in such platforms. For a single system subject to unitary and thermal dynamics in a periodic manner, we show that the corresponding Floquet Hamiltonian has a rich phase diagram with numerous exceptional-point (EP) degeneracy contours. This protocol can be used to realize a quantum Hatano-Nelson model that is characterized by asymmetric tunneling. For one unitary and one thermal qubit, we show that the concurrence is maximized at the EP that is controlled by the strength of Hermitian coupling between them. Surprisingly, the entropy of each qubit is also maximized at the EP. Our results point to the multifarious phenomenology of systems undergoing unitary and thermal dynamics. △ Less

Submitted 12 January, 2022; v1 submitted 15 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures

Journal ref: Phy. Rev. A 105, 012422 (2022)

Topological quantum state control through exceptional-point proximity

Authors: Maryam Abbasi, Weijian Chen, Mahdi Naghiloo, Yogesh N. Joglekar, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: We study the quantum evolution of a non-Hermitian qubit realized as a submanifold of a dissipative superconducting transmon circuit. Real-time tuning of the system parameters to encircle an exceptional point results in non-reciprocal quantum state transfer. We further observe chiral geometric phases accumulated under state transport, verifying the quantum coherent nature of the evolution in the co… ▽ More We study the quantum evolution of a non-Hermitian qubit realized as a submanifold of a dissipative superconducting transmon circuit. Real-time tuning of the system parameters to encircle an exceptional point results in non-reciprocal quantum state transfer. We further observe chiral geometric phases accumulated under state transport, verifying the quantum coherent nature of the evolution in the complex energy landscape and distinguishing between coherent and incoherent effects associated with exceptional point encircling. Our work demonstrates an entirely new method for control over quantum state vectors, highlighting new facets of quantum bath engineering enabled through dynamical non-Hermitian control. △ Less

Submitted 14 January, 2022; v1 submitted 11 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021.

Comments: 9 pages, 8 figures

Fabrication and surface treatment of electron-beam evaporated niobium for low-loss coplanar waveguide resonators

Authors: D. Kowsari, K. Zheng, J. T. Monroe, N. J. Thobaben, X. Du, P. M. Harrington, E. A. Henriksen, D. S. Wisbey, K. W. Murch

Abstract: We characterize low-loss electron-beam evaporated niobium thin films deposited under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Slow deposition yields films with a high superconducting transition temperature ($9.20 \pm 0.06 \rm ~K$) as well as a residual resistivity ratio of $4.8$. We fabricate the films into coplanar waveguide resonators to extract the intrinsic loss due to the presence of two-level-system fl… ▽ More We characterize low-loss electron-beam evaporated niobium thin films deposited under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Slow deposition yields films with a high superconducting transition temperature ($9.20 \pm 0.06 \rm ~K$) as well as a residual resistivity ratio of $4.8$. We fabricate the films into coplanar waveguide resonators to extract the intrinsic loss due to the presence of two-level-system fluctuators using microwave measurements. For a coplanar waveguide resonator gap of $2~μ\rm m$, the films exhibit filling-factor-adjusted two-level-system loss tangents as low as $1.5 \times 10^{-7}$ with single-photon regime internal quality factors in excess of one million after removing native surface oxides of the niobium. △ Less

Submitted 4 October, 2021; v1 submitted 11 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021.

Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures

Journal ref: Appl. Phys. Lett. 120, 102601 (2022)

Efficiently Fuelling a Quantum Engine with Incompatible Measurements

Authors: Sreenath K. Manikandan, Cyril Elouard, Kater W. Murch, Alexia Auffèves, Andrew N. Jordan

Abstract: We propose a quantum harmonic oscillator measurement engine fueled by simultaneous quantum measurements of the non-commuting position and momentum quadratures of the quantum oscillator. The engine extracts work by moving the harmonic trap suddenly, conditioned on the measurement outcomes. We present two protocols for work extraction, respectively based on single-shot and time-continuous quantum me… ▽ More We propose a quantum harmonic oscillator measurement engine fueled by simultaneous quantum measurements of the non-commuting position and momentum quadratures of the quantum oscillator. The engine extracts work by moving the harmonic trap suddenly, conditioned on the measurement outcomes. We present two protocols for work extraction, respectively based on single-shot and time-continuous quantum measurements. In the single-shot limit, the oscillator is measured in a coherent state basis; the measurement adds an average of one quantum of energy to the oscillator, which is then extracted in the feedback step. In the time-continuous limit, continuous weak quantum measurements of both position and momentum of the quantum oscillator result in a coherent state, whose coordinates diffuse in time. We relate the extractable work to the noise added by quadrature measurements, and present exact results for the work distribution at arbitrary finite time. Both protocols can achieve unit work conversion efficiency in principle. △ Less

Submitted 28 April, 2022; v1 submitted 28 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures

Single electrons on solid neon as a solid-state qubit platform

Authors: Xianjing Zhou, Gerwin Koolstra, Xufeng Zhang, Ge Yang, Xu Han, Brennan Dizdar, Xinhao Li, Divan Ralu, Wei Guo, Kater W. Murch, David I. Schuster, Dafei Jin

Abstract: Progress toward the realization of quantum computers requires persistent advances in their constituent building blocks - qubits. Novel qubit platforms that simultaneously embody long coherence, fast operation, and large scalability offer compelling advantages in the construction of quantum computers and many other quantum information systems. Electrons, ubiquitous elementary particles of nonzero c… ▽ More Progress toward the realization of quantum computers requires persistent advances in their constituent building blocks - qubits. Novel qubit platforms that simultaneously embody long coherence, fast operation, and large scalability offer compelling advantages in the construction of quantum computers and many other quantum information systems. Electrons, ubiquitous elementary particles of nonzero charge, spin, and mass, have commonly been perceived as paradigmatic local quantum information carriers. Despite superior controllability and configurability, their practical performance as qubits via either motional or spin states depends critically on their material environment. Here we report our experimental realization of a new qubit platform based upon isolated single electrons trapped on an ultraclean solid neon surface in vacuum. By integrating an electron trap in a circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture, we achieve strong coupling between the motional states of a single electron and a single microwave photon in an on-chip superconducting resonator. Qubit gate operations and dispersive readout are implemented to measure the energy relaxation time $T_1$ of $15~μ$s and phase coherence time $T_2$ over $200~$ns. These results indicate that the electron-on-solid-neon qubit already performs near the state of the art as a charge qubit. △ Less

Submitted 27 February, 2022; v1 submitted 18 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: 16 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: Nature 605, 46-50 (2022)

Optical Direct Write of Dolan--Niemeyer-Bridge Junctions for Transmon Qubits

Authors: J. T. Monroe, D. Kowsari, K. Zheng, C. Gaikwad, J. Brewster, D. S. Wisbey, K. W. Murch

Abstract: We characterize highly coherent transmon qubits fabricated with a direct-write photolithography system. Multi-layer evaporation and oxidation allows us to change the critical current density by reducing the effective tunneling area and increasing the barrier thickness. Surface treatments before resist application and again before evaporation result in high coherence devices. With optimized surface… ▽ More We characterize highly coherent transmon qubits fabricated with a direct-write photolithography system. Multi-layer evaporation and oxidation allows us to change the critical current density by reducing the effective tunneling area and increasing the barrier thickness. Surface treatments before resist application and again before evaporation result in high coherence devices. With optimized surface treatments we achieve energy relaxation $T_1$ times in excess of $80\ μ$s for three dimensional transmon qubits with Josephson junction lithographic areas of 2 $μ\mathrm{m}^2$. △ Less

Submitted 9 August, 2021; v1 submitted 16 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures

Journal ref: Appl. Phys. Lett. 119, 062601 (2021)

Quantum jumps in the non-Hermitian dynamics of a superconducting qubit

Authors: Weijian Chen, Maryam Abbasi, Yogesh N. Joglekar, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: We study the dynamics of a driven non-Hermitian superconducting qubit which is perturbed by quantum jumps between energy levels, a purely quantum effect with no classical correspondence. The quantum jumps mix the qubit states leading to decoherence. We observe that this decoherence rate is enhanced near the exceptional point, owing to the cube-root topology of the non-Hermitian eigenenergies. Toge… ▽ More We study the dynamics of a driven non-Hermitian superconducting qubit which is perturbed by quantum jumps between energy levels, a purely quantum effect with no classical correspondence. The quantum jumps mix the qubit states leading to decoherence. We observe that this decoherence rate is enhanced near the exceptional point, owing to the cube-root topology of the non-Hermitian eigenenergies. Together with the effect of non-Hermitian gain/loss, quantum jumps can also lead to a breakdown of adiabatic evolution under the slow-driving limit. Our study shows the critical role of quantum jumps in generalizing the applications of classical non-Hermitian systems to open quantum systems for sensing and control. △ Less

Submitted 16 September, 2021; v1 submitted 10 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 12 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 140504 (2021)

Floquet exceptional contours in Lindblad dynamics with time-periodic drive and dissipation

Authors: John Gunderson, Jacob Muldoon, Kater W. Murch, Yogesh N. Joglekar

Abstract: The dynamics of an isolated quantum system is coherent and unitary. Weak coupling to the environment leads to decoherence, which is traditionally modeled with a Lindblad equation for the system's density matrix. Starting from a pure state, such a system approaches a steady state (mixed or otherwise) in an underdamped or overdamped manner. This transition occurs at an eigenvalue degeneracy of a Lin… ▽ More The dynamics of an isolated quantum system is coherent and unitary. Weak coupling to the environment leads to decoherence, which is traditionally modeled with a Lindblad equation for the system's density matrix. Starting from a pure state, such a system approaches a steady state (mixed or otherwise) in an underdamped or overdamped manner. This transition occurs at an eigenvalue degeneracy of a Lindblad superoperator, called an exceptional point (EP), where corresponding eigenvectors coalesce. Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in creating exceptional points in a truly quantum domain, driven by the enhanced sensitivity and topological features EPs have shown in their classical realizations. Here, we present Floquet analysis of a prototypical qubit whose drive or dissipator strengths are varied periodically. We consider models with a single dissipator that generate global loss (phase damping) or mode-selective loss (spontaneous emission). In all cases, we find that periodic modulations lead to EP lines at small dissipator strengths, and a rich EP structure in the parameter space. Our analytical and numerical results show that extending Lindblad Liouvillians to the Floquet domain is a new, potentially preferred route to accessing exceptional points in the transient dynamics towards the Lindblad steady state. △ Less

Submitted 3 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020.

Comments: 4 figures, 7 pages

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. A 103, 023718 (2021)

Axion Dark Matter eXperiment: Run 1B Analysis Details

Authors: ADMX Collaboration, C. Bartram, T. Braine, R. Cervantes, N. Crisosto, N. Du, G. Leum, L. J Rosenberg, G. Rybka, J. Yang, D. Bowring, A. S. Chou, R. Khatiwada, A. Sonnenschein, W. Wester, G. Carosi, N. Woollett, L. D. Duffy, M. Goryachev, B. McAllister, M. E. Tobar, C. Boutan, M. Jones, B. H. Laroque, N. S. Oblath , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Searching for axion dark matter, the ADMX collaboration acquired data from January to October 2018, over the mass range 2.81--3.31 $μ$eV, corresponding to the frequency range 680--790 MHz. Using an axion haloscope consisting of a microwave cavity in a strong magnetic field, the ADMX experiment excluded Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnisky (DFSZ) axions at 100% dark matter density over this entire fre… ▽ More Searching for axion dark matter, the ADMX collaboration acquired data from January to October 2018, over the mass range 2.81--3.31 $μ$eV, corresponding to the frequency range 680--790 MHz. Using an axion haloscope consisting of a microwave cavity in a strong magnetic field, the ADMX experiment excluded Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnisky (DFSZ) axions at 100% dark matter density over this entire frequency range, except for a few gaps due to mode crossings. This paper explains the full ADMX analysis for Run 1B, motivating analysis choices informed by details specific to this run. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Comments: 17 pages, 17 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 103, 032002 (2021)

Axion Dark Matter eXperiment: Detailed Design and Operations

Authors: R. Khatiwada, D. Bowring, A. S. Chou, A. Sonnenschein, W. Wester, D. V. Mitchell, T. Braine, C. Bartram, R. Cervantes, N. Crisosto, N. Du, S. Kimes, L. J Rosenberg, G. Rybka, J. Yang, D. Will, G. Carosi, N. Woollett, S. Durham, L. D. Duffy, R. Bradley, C. Boutan, M. Jones, B. H. LaRoque, N. S. Oblath , et al. (26 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) ultra low noise haloscope technology has enabled the successful completion of two science runs (1A and 1B) that looked for dark matter axions in the $2.66$ to $3.1$ $μ$eV mass range with Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnisky (DFSZ) sensitivity Ref. [1,2]. Therefore, it is the most sensitive axion search experiment to date in this mass range. We discuss the technolog… ▽ More Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) ultra low noise haloscope technology has enabled the successful completion of two science runs (1A and 1B) that looked for dark matter axions in the $2.66$ to $3.1$ $μ$eV mass range with Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnisky (DFSZ) sensitivity Ref. [1,2]. Therefore, it is the most sensitive axion search experiment to date in this mass range. We discuss the technological advances made in the last several years to achieve this sensitivity, which includes the implementation of components, such as state-of-the-art quantum limited amplifiers and a dilution refrigerator. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a frequency tunable Microstrip Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) Amplifier (MSA), in Run 1A, and a Josephson Parametric Amplifier (JPA), in Run 1B, along with novel analysis tools that characterize the system noise temperature. △ Less

Submitted 30 September, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Comments: 23 pages, 28 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-20-331-AD-E-QIS

Weak Measurement of Superconducting Qubit Reconciles Incompatible Operators

Authors: Jonathan T. Monroe, Nicole Yunger Halpern, Taeho Lee, Kater W. Murch

Abstract: Traditional uncertainty relations dictate a minimal amount of noise in incompatible projective quantum measurements. However, not all measurements are projective. Weak measurements are minimally invasive methods for obtaining partial state information without projection. Recently, weak measurements were shown to obey an uncertainty relation cast in terms of entropies. We experimentally test this e… ▽ More Traditional uncertainty relations dictate a minimal amount of noise in incompatible projective quantum measurements. However, not all measurements are projective. Weak measurements are minimally invasive methods for obtaining partial state information without projection. Recently, weak measurements were shown to obey an uncertainty relation cast in terms of entropies. We experimentally test this entropic uncertainty relation with strong and weak measurements of a superconducting transmon qubit. A weak measurement, we find, can reconcile two strong measurements' incompatibility, via backaction on the state. Mathematically, a weak value -- a preselected and postselected expectation value -- lowers the uncertainty bound. Hence we provide experimental support for the physical interpretation of the weak value as a determinant of a weak measurement's ability to reconcile incompatible operations. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2021; v1 submitted 20 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: Published version

Report number: MIT-CTP/5278

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 100403 (2021)

Extended Search for the Invisible Axion with the Axion Dark Matter Experiment

Authors: T. Braine, R. Cervantes, N. Crisosto, N. Du, S. Kimes, L. J Rosenberg, G. Rybka, J. Yang, D. Bowring, A. S. Chou, R. Khatiwada, A. Sonnenschein, W. Wester, G. Carosi, N. Woollett, L. D. Duffy, R. Bradley, C. Boutan, M. Jones, B. H. LaRoque, N. S. Oblath, M. S. Taubman, J. Clarke, A. Dove, A. Eddins , et al. (17 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper reports on a cavity haloscope search for dark matter axions in the galactic halo in the mass range $2.81$-$3.31$ $μeV$. This search excludes the full range of axion-photon coupling values predicted in benchmark models of the invisible axion that solve the strong CP problem of quantum chromodynamics, and marks the first time a haloscope search has been able to search for axions at mode c… ▽ More This paper reports on a cavity haloscope search for dark matter axions in the galactic halo in the mass range $2.81$-$3.31$ $μeV$. This search excludes the full range of axion-photon coupling values predicted in benchmark models of the invisible axion that solve the strong CP problem of quantum chromodynamics, and marks the first time a haloscope search has been able to search for axions at mode crossings using an alternate cavity configuration. Unprecedented sensitivity in this higher mass range is achieved by deploying an ultra low-noise Josephson parametric amplifier as the first stage signal amplifier. △ Less

Submitted 1 November, 2019; v1 submitted 18 October, 2019; originally announced October 2019.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 101303 (2020)

Integrating superfluids with superconducting qubit systems

Authors: J. R. Lane, D. Tan, N. R. Beysengulov, K. Nasyedkin, E. Brook, L. Zhang, T. Stefanski, H. Byeon, K. W. Murch, J. Pollanen

Abstract: Superfluid helium's low-loss dielectric properties, excellent thermal conductivity, and unique collective excitations make it an attractive candidate to incorporate into superconducting qubit systems. We controllably immerse a three-dimensional superconducting transmon qubit in superfluid helium-4 and measure the spectroscopic and coherence properties of the system. We find that the cavity, the qu… ▽ More Superfluid helium's low-loss dielectric properties, excellent thermal conductivity, and unique collective excitations make it an attractive candidate to incorporate into superconducting qubit systems. We controllably immerse a three-dimensional superconducting transmon qubit in superfluid helium-4 and measure the spectroscopic and coherence properties of the system. We find that the cavity, the qubit, and their coupling are all modified by the superfluid, which we analyze within the framework of circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED). At at temperatures relevant to quantum computing experiments, the energy relaxation time of the qubit is not significantly changed by the presence of the superfluid, while the pure dephasing time modestly increases, which we attribute to improved thermalization of the microwave environment via the superfluid. △ Less

Submitted 18 November, 2019; v1 submitted 17 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Comments: 11 pages, 8 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. A 101, 012336 (2020)

Quantum state tomography across the exceptional point in a single dissipative qubit

Authors: M. Naghiloo, M. Abbasi, Yogesh N. Joglekar, K. W. Murch

Abstract: Open systems with gain and loss, described by non-trace-preserving, non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, have been a subject of intense research recently. The effect of exceptional-point degeneracies on the dynamics of classical systems has been observed through remarkable phenomena such as the parity-time symmetry breaking transition, asymmetric mode switching, and optimal energy transfer. On the other ha… ▽ More Open systems with gain and loss, described by non-trace-preserving, non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, have been a subject of intense research recently. The effect of exceptional-point degeneracies on the dynamics of classical systems has been observed through remarkable phenomena such as the parity-time symmetry breaking transition, asymmetric mode switching, and optimal energy transfer. On the other hand, consequences of an exceptional point for quantum evolution and decoherence are hitherto unexplored. Here, we use post-selection on a three-level superconducting transmon circuit with tunable Rabi drive, dissipation, and detuning to carry out quantum state tomography of a single dissipative qubit in the vicinity of its exceptional point. Quantum state tomography reveals the PT symmetry breaking transition at zero detuning, decoherence enhancement at finite detuning, and a quantum signature of the exceptional point in the qubit relaxation state. Our observations demonstrate rich phenomena associated with non-Hermitian physics such as non-orthogonality of eigenstates in a fully quantum regime and open routes to explore and harness exceptional point degeneracies for enhanced sensing and quantum information processing. △ Less

Submitted 29 April, 2019; v1 submitted 23 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019.

Comments: 10 pages, 8 figures

Bath engineering of a fluorescing artificial atom with a photonic crystal

Authors: P. M. Harrington, M. Naghiloo, D. Tan, K. W. Murch

Abstract: We demonstrate how the dissipative interaction between a superconducting qubit and a microwave photonic crystal can be used for quantum bath engineering. The photonic crystal is created with a step-impedance transmission line which suppresses and enhances the quantum spectral density of states, influencing decay transitions of a transmon circuit. The qubit interacts with the transmission line indi… ▽ More We demonstrate how the dissipative interaction between a superconducting qubit and a microwave photonic crystal can be used for quantum bath engineering. The photonic crystal is created with a step-impedance transmission line which suppresses and enhances the quantum spectral density of states, influencing decay transitions of a transmon circuit. The qubit interacts with the transmission line indirectly via dispersive coupling to a cavity. We characterize the photonic crystal density of states from both the unitary and dissipative dynamics of the qubit. When the qubit is driven, it dissipates into the frequency dependent density of states of the photonic crystal. Our result is the deterministic preparation of qubit superposition states as the steady-state of coherent driving and dissipation near by the photonic crystal band edge, which we characterize with quantum state tomography. Our results highlight how the multimode environment from the photonic crystal forms a resource for quantum control. △ Less

Submitted 29 April, 2019; v1 submitted 10 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018.

Comments: 9 pages 7 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. A 99, 052126 (2019)

Characterizing a statistical arrow of time in quantum measurement dynamics

Authors: P. M. Harrington, D. Tan, M. Naghiloo, K. W. Murch

Abstract: In both thermodynamics and quantum mechanics the arrow of time is characterized by the statistical likelihood of physical processes. We characterize this arrow of time for the continuous quantum measurement dynamics of a superconducting qubit. By experimentally tracking individual weak measurement trajectories, we compare the path probabilities of forward and backward-in-time evolution to develop… ▽ More In both thermodynamics and quantum mechanics the arrow of time is characterized by the statistical likelihood of physical processes. We characterize this arrow of time for the continuous quantum measurement dynamics of a superconducting qubit. By experimentally tracking individual weak measurement trajectories, we compare the path probabilities of forward and backward-in-time evolution to develop an arrow of time statistic associated with measurement dynamics. We compare the statistics of individual trajectories to ensemble properties showing that the measurement dynamics obeys both detailed and integral fluctuation theorems thus establishing the consistency between microscopic and macroscopic measurement dynamics. △ Less

Submitted 10 April, 2019; v1 submitted 19 November, 2018; originally announced November 2018.

Comments: 10 pages 5 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 020502 (2019)

Information gain and loss for a quantum Maxwell's demon

Authors: M. Naghiloo, J. J. Alonso, A. Romito, E. Lutz, K. W. Murch

Abstract: We use continuous weak measurements of a driven superconducting qubit to experimentally study the information dynamics of a quantum Maxwell's demon. We show how information gained by a demon who can track single quantum trajectories of the qubit can be converted into work using quantum coherent feedback. We verify the validity of a quantum fluctuation theorem with feedback by utilizing information… ▽ More We use continuous weak measurements of a driven superconducting qubit to experimentally study the information dynamics of a quantum Maxwell's demon. We show how information gained by a demon who can track single quantum trajectories of the qubit can be converted into work using quantum coherent feedback. We verify the validity of a quantum fluctuation theorem with feedback by utilizing information obtained along single trajectories. We demonstrate, in particular, that quantum backaction can lead to a loss of information in imperfect measurements. We furthermore probe the transition between information gain and loss by varying the initial purity of the qubit. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2018; originally announced February 2018.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 030604 (2018)

Achieving optimal quantum acceleration of frequency estimation using adaptive coherent control

Authors: M. Naghiloo, A. N. Jordan, K. W. Murch

Abstract: Precision measurements of frequency are critical to accurate timekeeping, and are fundamentally limited by quantum measurement uncertainties. While for time-independent quantum Hamiltonians, the uncertainty of any parameter scales at best as $1/T$, where $T$ is the duration of the experiment, recent theoretical works have predicted that explicitly time-dependent Hamiltonians can yield a $1/T^2$ sc… ▽ More Precision measurements of frequency are critical to accurate timekeeping, and are fundamentally limited by quantum measurement uncertainties. While for time-independent quantum Hamiltonians, the uncertainty of any parameter scales at best as $1/T$, where $T$ is the duration of the experiment, recent theoretical works have predicted that explicitly time-dependent Hamiltonians can yield a $1/T^2$ scaling of the uncertainty for an oscillation frequency. This quantum acceleration in precision requires coherent control, which is generally adaptive. We experimentally realize this quantum improvement in frequency sensitivity with superconducting circuits, using a single transmon qubit. With optimal control pulses, the theoretically ideal frequency precision scaling is reached for times shorter than the decoherence time. This result demonstrates a fundamental quantum advantage for frequency estimation. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2017; v1 submitted 18 June, 2017; originally announced June 2017.

Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 180801 (2017)