Showing 1–50 of 223 results for author: Adams, T

A digitally controlled silicon quantum processing unit

Authors: Members of the HRL Quantum Team, Collaborators, :, Michael Abraham, Edwin Acuna, Tower S. Adams, Moonmoon Akmal, Matthew R. Alfaro, I. Alvarado, Jacob Amontree, Carter Andrews, Reed W. Andrews, Michael Antcliffe, Andre R. Aséncio, Ryan M. Avila Batres, Cynthia D. Baringer, David W. Barnes, Katherine M. Beech, Russell G. Blakey, Zachery T. Bloom, Aaron J. Bluestone, Jacob Z. Blumoff, Matthew G. Borselli, Koel A. Bose, Brydon Boyd , et al. (233 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Commercially-relevant quantum computers will require large numbers of high-performing qubits that can be manufactured, integrated, and controlled at scale. Silicon exchange-only (EO) qubits are a strong candidate modality due to their control-signal simplicity and compatibility with advanced semiconductor manufacturing, but questions remain around the achievability of sufficiently low noise and a… ▽ More Commercially-relevant quantum computers will require large numbers of high-performing qubits that can be manufactured, integrated, and controlled at scale. Silicon exchange-only (EO) qubits are a strong candidate modality due to their control-signal simplicity and compatibility with advanced semiconductor manufacturing, but questions remain around the achievability of sufficiently low noise and a scalable control and wiring solution. Here we introduce a quantum processing unit composed of a custom-designed cryogenic CMOS controller, a novel high-density superconducting ribbon cable, and a low-noise EO qubit device. The quantum chip features a three-rail array of 54 exchange-coupled quantum dots, configurable to host up to 18 EO qubits. We integrate and use these components to demonstrate qubit performance for both single-qubit and entangling operations that advances the EO state of the art by an order of magnitude. We further validate this system by implementing a distance-5 repetition code and a quantum error detecting code then make detailed comparisons with simulations. Our approach facilitates a utility-scale quantum computer with manageable operational and capital requirements. △ Less

Submitted 1 May, 2026; v1 submitted 17 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Journal ref: Nature 655, 1154 2026

Perpetually Fair Assignments Via Balanced Sequences of Permutations

Authors: Terrence Adams, Erel Segal-Halevi

Abstract: There is a set of $n$ indivisible items (goods or chores), and a set of $n$ players. Each day, a single item should be assigned to each player. Assignments based on latin squares guarantee fairness after every $n$ days; our goal is to ensure fairness after every single day. We present two 'balance' conditions on latin squares. Informally, a latin square is balanced if its top rows and leftmost col… ▽ More There is a set of $n$ indivisible items (goods or chores), and a set of $n$ players. Each day, a single item should be assigned to each player. Assignments based on latin squares guarantee fairness after every $n$ days; our goal is to ensure fairness after every single day. We present two 'balance' conditions on latin squares. Informally, a latin square is balanced if its top rows and leftmost columns contain all $n$ labels; this ensures that all $n$ players receive one of the top items in one of the early days. One such condition can always be satisfied, but is arguably too weak; a second condition is strong, and can be satisfied for all $n\leq 12$, but cannot be satisfied for some larger values of $n$, including all $n>108$. We show that the second balance condition guarantees that the cumulative assignment is always \emph{proportional up to one item (PROP1)}, where proportionality holds in a strong ordinal sense -- for every valuations that are consistent with the item ranking. Finally, we present a weaker balance condition on a sequence, that guarantees ordinal proportionality up to two items (PROP2). Whether or not this condition can be satisfied for all $n$ remains an open question. △ Less

Submitted 22 July, 2026; v1 submitted 25 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: Full version of a paper accepted to SAGT 2026 conference

A Bayesian Exploration of the Mass of Ursa Major III: Kinematics, Rotation and their influence on the Mass to Light Ratio

Authors: T. R. Adams, B. J. Brewer, G. F. Lewis

Abstract: We investigate the kinematics of the potential ultra-faint dwarf galaxy (UFD) UMa III/U1 using Bayesian inference to search for the signal of any potential intrinsic rotation. The magnitude of rotation is relevant to estimating the total mass of UMa III/U1, which is critical in determining whether or not UMa III/U1 is in fact a UFD, or possibly a star cluster home to a significant binary fraction.… ▽ More We investigate the kinematics of the potential ultra-faint dwarf galaxy (UFD) UMa III/U1 using Bayesian inference to search for the signal of any potential intrinsic rotation. The magnitude of rotation is relevant to estimating the total mass of UMa III/U1, which is critical in determining whether or not UMa III/U1 is in fact a UFD, or possibly a star cluster home to a significant binary fraction. A non-rotating model and a rotational model are fitted for the current total population of member stars of UMa III/U1, finding that a non-rotating model was preferred by a factor of $\sim 5-12 \times$. This was repeated on a reduced population of UMa III/U1, where potential contaminant stars were removed. A similar preference for non-rotation was found for these reduced populations. We calculate a lower-bound rotational mass estimate for UMa III/U1 and a corresponding lower bound mass-to-light ratio of $ 734.4^{+339.0}_{-176.2} \mathrm{M_\odot} / \mathrm{L_\odot} $ for the total population. We conclude that UMa III/U1 still remains an ambiguous object with viable arguments for both the UFD and self-gravitating star cluster scenarios, however under both, UMa III/U1 is unlikely to be supported by rotational pressure. △ Less

Submitted 19 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: Published in the Open Journal of Astrophysics

First Results from HERA Phase II

Authors: The HERA Collaboration, Zuhra Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Rennan Barkana, Lindsay M. Berkhout, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Bruno B. Bizarria, Judd D. Bowman, Daniela Breitman, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Ruby Byrne, Steven Carey, Rajorshi Sushovan Chandra, Kai-Feng Chen, Samir Choudhuri, Tyler Cox, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Jiten Dhandha, Joshua S. Dillon , et al. (61 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first upper limits on the power spectrum of 21-cm fluctuations during the Epoch of Reionization and Cosmic Dawn from Phase II of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) experiment. HERA Phase II constitutes several significant improvements in the signal chain compared to Phase I, most notably resulting in expanded frequency bandwidth, from 50-250 MHz. In these first upper lim… ▽ More We report the first upper limits on the power spectrum of 21-cm fluctuations during the Epoch of Reionization and Cosmic Dawn from Phase II of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) experiment. HERA Phase II constitutes several significant improvements in the signal chain compared to Phase I, most notably resulting in expanded frequency bandwidth, from 50-250 MHz. In these first upper limits, we investigate a small two-week subset of the available Phase II observations, with a focus on identifying new systematic characteristics of the instrument, and establishing an analysis pipeline to account for them. We report 2$σ$ upper limits in eight spectral bands, spanning $5.6 \leq z \leq 24.4$ that are consistent with thermal noise at the $2σ$ level for $k \gtrsim 0.6-0.9 h{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ (band dependent). Our tightest limit during Cosmic Dawn ($z>12$) is $1.13\times 10^6 {\rm mK}^2$ at ($k=0.55 h{\rm Mpc}^{-1}, z=16.78$), and during the EoR ($5.5<z<12$) it is $1.78\times 10^3 {\rm mK}^2$ at ($k=0.70 h{\rm Mpc}^{-1}, z=7.05$). We find that mutual coupling has become our dominant systematic, leaking foreground power that strongly contaminates the low-$k$ modes, resulting in the loss of modes from $k=0.35-0.55$ compared to Phase I data. △ Less

Submitted 26 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 61 pages, 18 figures, submitted to ApJ

Light-Induced Lattice Coherence and Emission Enhancement in PTM-Passivated CsSnI3 Perovskites

Authors: Thomas Y. Adams, Bruce Barrios, Michael Ziegenfus, Hui Cai, Sayantani Ghosh

Abstract: Metal halide perovskites continue to lead in optoelectronic applications, but the toxicity of lead has driven efforts to identify environmentally benign alternatives. Cesium tin iodide is one such, with a direct bandgap and near-infrared emission, though its performance is limited by instability. We show that phthalimide (PTM) passivation during single crystal growth enhances optical output and am… ▽ More Metal halide perovskites continue to lead in optoelectronic applications, but the toxicity of lead has driven efforts to identify environmentally benign alternatives. Cesium tin iodide is one such, with a direct bandgap and near-infrared emission, though its performance is limited by instability. We show that phthalimide (PTM) passivation during single crystal growth enhances optical output and ambient stability. Under continuous excitation, PTM-passivated microscale crystals show up to a nearly one order of magnitude increase in photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield, accompanied by reversible sharpening of a low-frequency Raman mode associated with Cs rattling. This reveals dynamic, light-induced lattice reordering that passivates trap states and enhances radiative recombination. Mechanical grinding yields nanocrystals with redshifted, narrowed PL, consistent with a relaxed polymorph and reduced inhomogeneous broadening. Despite increased surface area, PTM remains effective in preserving near-infrared emission in nanocrystals as well. Power-dependent PL reveals distinct carrier dynamics, where microcrystals show redshift due to bandgap renormalization, while nanocrystals show blueshift and elevated carrier temperatures (300 to 1900 K), consistent with hot-carrier recombination. Extended illumination reveals reversible optical changes, including PL modulation, reflecting dynamic light-matter interactions and evolving defect landscapes. These results identify PTM-passivated Cesium tin iodide as an ideal platform for probing morphology-dependent carrier relaxation and light-induced vibrational coherence in lead-free perovskites. △ Less

Submitted 20 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

dkpy: Robust Control with Structured Uncertainty in Python

Authors: Timothy Everett Adams, Steven Dahdah, James Richard Forbes

Abstract: Models used for control design are, to some degree, uncertain. Model uncertainty must be accounted for to ensure the robustness of the closed-loop system. $μ$-analysis and $μ$-synthesis methods allow for the analysis and design of controllers subject to structured uncertainties. Moreover, these tools can be applied to robust performance problems as they are fundamentally robust control problems wi… ▽ More Models used for control design are, to some degree, uncertain. Model uncertainty must be accounted for to ensure the robustness of the closed-loop system. $μ$-analysis and $μ$-synthesis methods allow for the analysis and design of controllers subject to structured uncertainties. Moreover, these tools can be applied to robust performance problems as they are fundamentally robust control problems with structured uncertainty. The contribution of this paper is dkpy, an open-source Python package for performing robust controller analysis and synthesis for systems subject to structured uncertainty. dkpy also provides tools for performing model uncertainty characterization using data from a set of perturbed systems. The open-source project can be found at https://github.com/decargroup/dkpy. △ Less

Submitted 17 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 8 pages, 13 figures

Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-Point Statistics

Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Measuring one-point statistics in redshifted 21 cm intensity maps offers an opportunity to explore non-Gaussian features of the early universe. We assess the impact of instrumental effects on measurements made with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) by forward modeling observational and simulation data. Using HERA Phase I observations over 94 nights, we examine the second (m2, varianc… ▽ More Measuring one-point statistics in redshifted 21 cm intensity maps offers an opportunity to explore non-Gaussian features of the early universe. We assess the impact of instrumental effects on measurements made with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) by forward modeling observational and simulation data. Using HERA Phase I observations over 94 nights, we examine the second (m2, variance) and third (m3) moments of images. We employ the DAYENU-filtering method for foreground removal and reduce simulated foreground residuals to 10% of the 21 cm signal residuals. In noiseless cosmological simulations, the amplitudes of one-point statistics measurements are significantly reduced by the instrument response and further reduced by wedge-filtering. Analyses with wedge-filtered observational data, along with expected noise simulations, show that systematics alter the probability distribution of the map pixels. Likelihood analysis based on the observational data shows m2 measurements disfavor the cold reionization model characterized by inefficient X-ray heating, in line with other power spectra measurements. Small signals in m3 due to the instrument response of the Phase I observation and wedge-filtering make it challenging to use these non-Gaussian statistics to explore model parameters. Forecasts with the full HERA array predict high signal-to-noise ratios for m2, m3, and S3 assuming no foregrounds, but wedge-filtering drastically reduces these ratios. This work demonstrates conclusively that a comprehensive understanding of instrumental effects on m2 and m3 is essential for their use as a cosmological probe, given their dependence on the underlying model. △ Less

Submitted 3 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 29 pages, 18 figures

Journal ref: ApJ, 993, 189 (2025)

Design of Input-Output Observers for a Population of Systems with Bounded Frequency-Domain Variation using $DK$-iteration

Authors: Timothy Everett Adams, James Richard Forbes

Abstract: This paper proposes a linear input-output observer design methodology for a population of systems in which each observer uses knowledge of the linear time-invariant dynamics of the particular device. Observers are typically composed of a known model of the system and a correction mechanism to produce an estimate of the state. The proposed design procedure characterizes the variation within the pop… ▽ More This paper proposes a linear input-output observer design methodology for a population of systems in which each observer uses knowledge of the linear time-invariant dynamics of the particular device. Observers are typically composed of a known model of the system and a correction mechanism to produce an estimate of the state. The proposed design procedure characterizes the variation within the population in the frequency domain and synthesizes a single robust correction filter. The correction filter is compatible with all system models that satisfy the variation characterization such that a given level of estimation performance is guaranteed. This is accomplished by posing a robust performance problem using the observer error dynamics and solving it using $DK$-iteration. The design procedure is experimentally demonstrated on a flexible joint robotic manipulator with varied joint stiffnesses. It is shown that the proposed method that uses a single correction filter achieves comparable estimation performance to a method that uses a correction gain tailored toward each joint stiffness configuration. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2026; v1 submitted 8 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 12 figures

Journal ref: in IEEE Control Systems Letters, vol. 9, pp. 2645-2650, 2025

Infrared Imaging of Photochromic Contrast in Thiazolothiazole-Embedded Polymer Films

Authors: Nuren Z. Shuchi, Tyler J. Adams, Naz F. Tumpa, Dustin Louisos, Glenn D. Boreman, Michael G. Walter, Tino Hofmann

Abstract: The increasing demand for optical technologies with dynamic spectral control has driven interest in chromogenic materials, particularly for applications in tunable infrared metasurfaces. Phase-change materials such as vanadium dioxide and germanium-antimony-tellurium, for instance, have been widely used in the infrared regime. However, their reliance on thermal and electrical tuning introduces cha… ▽ More The increasing demand for optical technologies with dynamic spectral control has driven interest in chromogenic materials, particularly for applications in tunable infrared metasurfaces. Phase-change materials such as vanadium dioxide and germanium-antimony-tellurium, for instance, have been widely used in the infrared regime. However, their reliance on thermal and electrical tuning introduces challenges such as high power consumption, limited emissivity tuning, and slow modulation speeds. Photochromic materials may offer an alternative approach to dynamic infrared metasurfaces, potentially overcoming these limitations through rapid, light-induced changes in optical properties. This manuscript explores the potential of thiazolothiazole-embedded polymers, known for their reversible photochromic transitions and strong infrared absorption changes, for tunable infrared metasurfaces. The material exhibits low absorption and a strong photochromic contrast in the spectral range from 1500 cm-1 to 1700 cm-1, making it suitable for dynamic infrared light control. This manuscript reports on infrared imaging experiments demonstrating photochromic contrast in thiazolothiazole-embedded polymer and thereby provides compelling evidence for their potential applications for dynamic infrared metasurfaces. △ Less

Submitted 15 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures

Infrared Dielectric Function of Photochromic Thiazolothiazole Embedded Polymer

Authors: Nuren Z. Shuchi, Tyler J. Adams, Naz F. Tumpa, Dustin Louisos, Glenn D. Boreman, Michael G. Walter, Tino Hofmann

Abstract: In this paper, the infrared dielectric function of photochromic dipyridinium thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole embedded in polymer is reported. Bulk thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole-embedded polymer samples were prepared by drop casting and dehydration in room temperature. The samples were investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry before and after irradiation with a 405~nm diode laser in the infrared spectral ra… ▽ More In this paper, the infrared dielectric function of photochromic dipyridinium thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole embedded in polymer is reported. Bulk thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole-embedded polymer samples were prepared by drop casting and dehydration in room temperature. The samples were investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry before and after irradiation with a 405~nm diode laser in the infrared spectral range from 500 cm-1 to 1800 cm-1. The model dielectric functions of the thiazolothiazole embedded polymer film for its TTz2+ (unirradiated) and TTz0 (irradiated) states are composed of a series of Lorentz oscillators in the measured spectral range. A comparison of the obtained complex dielectric functions for the TTz2+ and TTz0 states shows that the oscillators located in the spectral ranges 500 cm-1 - 700 cm-1, 1300 cm-1 - 1400 cm-1, and 1500 cm-1 - 1700 cm-1 change in both amplitude and resonant frequency upon transition between the states. Additionally, a resonance at approximately 1050 cm-1 exhibited a change in oscillator amplitude but not resonant frequency due to the photochromic transition. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 3 figures

Impacts and Statistical Mitigation of Missing Data on the 21cm Power Spectrum: A Case Study with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array

Authors: Kai-Feng Chen, Michael J. Wilensky, Adrian Liu, Joshua S. Dillon, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Lindsay M. Berkhout, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Ruby Byrne, Steven Carey, Samir Choudhuri, Tyler Cox, David R. DeBoer, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Steven R. Furlanetto , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The precise characterization and mitigation of systematic effects is one of the biggest roadblocks impeding the detection of the fluctuations of cosmological 21cm signals. Missing data in radio cosmological experiments, often due to radio frequency interference (RFI), poses a particular challenge to power spectrum analysis as it could lead to the ringing of bright foreground modes in Fourier space… ▽ More The precise characterization and mitigation of systematic effects is one of the biggest roadblocks impeding the detection of the fluctuations of cosmological 21cm signals. Missing data in radio cosmological experiments, often due to radio frequency interference (RFI), poses a particular challenge to power spectrum analysis as it could lead to the ringing of bright foreground modes in Fourier space, heavily contaminating the cosmological signals. Here we show that the problem of missing data becomes even more arduous in the presence of systematic effects. Using a realistic numerical simulation, we demonstrate that partially flagged data combined with systematic effects can introduce significant foreground ringing. We show that such an effect can be mitigated through inpainting the missing data. We present a rigorous statistical framework that incorporates the process of inpainting missing data into a quadratic estimator of the 21cm power spectrum. Under this framework, the uncertainties associated with our inpainting method and its impact on power spectrum statistics can be understood. These results are applied to the latest Phase II observations taken by the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array, forming a crucial component in power spectrum analyses as we move toward detecting 21cm signals in the ever more noisy RFI environment. △ Less

Submitted 6 December, 2024; v1 submitted 15 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 25 pages, 11 figures; Replaced to match accepted ApJ version. New version contains small editorial changes throughout in response to referee comments, no changes to results

Infection Pressure on Fish in Cages

Authors: William Waites, Philip Gillibrand, Thomas Adams, Rek Bell, Duncan Guthrie, Tróndur Kragesteen, Crawford Revie, Meadhbh Moriarty

Abstract: We address the question of how to connect predictions by hydrodynamic models of how sea lice move in water to observable measures that count the number of lice on each fish in a cage in the water. This question is important for management and regulation of aquacultural practice that tries to maximise food production and minimise risk to the environment. We do this through a simple rule-based model… ▽ More We address the question of how to connect predictions by hydrodynamic models of how sea lice move in water to observable measures that count the number of lice on each fish in a cage in the water. This question is important for management and regulation of aquacultural practice that tries to maximise food production and minimise risk to the environment. We do this through a simple rule-based model of interaction between sea lice and caged fish. The model is simple: sea lice can attach and detach from a fish. The model has a novel feature, encoding what is known as a master equation producing a time-series of distributions of lice on fish that one might expect to find if a cage full of fish were placed at any given location. To demonstrate how this works, and to arrive at a rough estimate of the interaction rates, we fit a simplified version of the model with three free parameters to publicly available data about an experiment with sentinel cages in Loch Linnhe in Scotland. Our construction, coupled to the hydrodynamic models driven by surveillance data from industrial farms, quantifies the environmental impact as: what would the infection burden look like in a notional cage at any location and how does it change with time? △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2024; v1 submitted 8 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Pancyclicity of almost-planar graphs

Authors: Santiago T. Adams, S. R. Kingan

Abstract: A non-planar graph is almost-planar if either deleting or contracting any edge makes it planar. A graph with $n$ vertices is pancyclic if it contains a cycle of every length from $3$ to $n$, and it is Hamiltonian if it contains a cycle of length $n$. A Hamiltonian path is a path of length $n$ and a graph with a Hamiltonian path between every pair of vertices is called Hamiltonian-connected. In 199… ▽ More A non-planar graph is almost-planar if either deleting or contracting any edge makes it planar. A graph with $n$ vertices is pancyclic if it contains a cycle of every length from $3$ to $n$, and it is Hamiltonian if it contains a cycle of length $n$. A Hamiltonian path is a path of length $n$ and a graph with a Hamiltonian path between every pair of vertices is called Hamiltonian-connected. In 1990, Gubser characterized the class of almost-planar graphs. This paper explores the pancyclicity of these graphs. We prove that a $3$-connected almost-planar graph is pancyclic if and only if it has a cycle of length 3. Furthermore, we prove that a 4-connected almost-planar graph is both pancyclic and Hamiltonian-connected. △ Less

Submitted 28 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 15 pages, 11 figures

MSC Class: Combinatorics; Graph Theory

NFDI4Health workflow and service for synthetic data generation, assessment and risk management

Authors: Sobhan Moazemi, Tim Adams, Hwei Geok NG, Lisa Kühnel, Julian Schneider, Anatol-Fiete Näher, Juliane Fluck, Holger Fröhlich

Abstract: Individual health data is crucial for scientific advancements, particularly in developing Artificial Intelligence (AI); however, sharing real patient information is often restricted due to privacy concerns. A promising solution to this challenge is synthetic data generation. This technique creates entirely new datasets that mimic the statistical properties of real data, while preserving confidenti… ▽ More Individual health data is crucial for scientific advancements, particularly in developing Artificial Intelligence (AI); however, sharing real patient information is often restricted due to privacy concerns. A promising solution to this challenge is synthetic data generation. This technique creates entirely new datasets that mimic the statistical properties of real data, while preserving confidential patient information. In this paper, we present the workflow and different services developed in the context of Germany's National Data Infrastructure project NFDI4Health. First, two state-of-the-art AI tools (namely, VAMBN and MultiNODEs) for generating synthetic health data are outlined. Further, we introduce SYNDAT (a public web-based tool) which allows users to visualize and assess the quality and risk of synthetic data provided by desired generative models. Additionally, the utility of the proposed methods and the web-based tool is showcased using data from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the Center for Cancer Registry Data of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI). △ Less

Submitted 8 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in the proceedings of the 69th Annual Conference of the Society for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (GMDS)

Mitigating calibration errors from mutual coupling with time-domain filtering of 21 cm cosmological radio observations

Authors: N. Charles, N. S. Kern, R. Pascua, G. Bernardi, L. Bester, O. Smirnov, E. d. L. Acedo, Z. Abdurashidova, T. Adams, J. E. Aguirre, R. Baartman, A. P. Beardsley, L. M. Berkhout, T. S. Billings, J. D. Bowman, P. Bull, J. Burba, R. Byrne, S. Carey, K. Chen, S. Choudhuri, T. Cox, D. R. DeBoer, M. Dexter, J. S. Dillon , et al. (58 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The 21 cm transition from neutral Hydrogen promises to be the best observational probe of the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR). This has led to the construction of low-frequency radio interferometric arrays, such as the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA), aimed at systematically mapping this emission for the first time. Precision calibration, however, is a requirement in 21 cm radio observatio… ▽ More The 21 cm transition from neutral Hydrogen promises to be the best observational probe of the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR). This has led to the construction of low-frequency radio interferometric arrays, such as the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA), aimed at systematically mapping this emission for the first time. Precision calibration, however, is a requirement in 21 cm radio observations. Due to the spatial compactness of HERA, the array is prone to the effects of mutual coupling, which inevitably lead to non-smooth calibration errors that contaminate the data. When unsmooth gains are used in calibration, intrinsically spectrally-smooth foreground emission begins to contaminate the data in a way that can prohibit a clean detection of the cosmological EoR signal. In this paper, we show that the effects of mutual coupling on calibration quality can be reduced by applying custom time-domain filters to the data prior to calibration. We find that more robust calibration solutions are derived when filtering in this way, which reduces the observed foreground power leakage. Specifically, we find a reduction of foreground power leakage by 2 orders of magnitude at k=0.5. △ Less

Submitted 30 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Using graph neural networks to reconstruct charged pion showers in the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter

Authors: M. Aamir, G. Adamov, T. Adams, C. Adloff, S. Afanasiev, C. Agrawal, C. Agrawal, A. Ahmad, H. A. Ahmed, S. Akbar, N. Akchurin, B. Akgul, B. Akgun, R. O. Akpinar, E. Aktas, A. Al Kadhim, V. Alexakhin, J. Alimena, J. Alison, A. Alpana, W. Alshehri, P. Alvarez Dominguez, M. Alyari, C. Amendola, R. B. Amir , et al. (550 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A novel method to reconstruct the energy of hadronic showers in the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) is presented. The HGCAL is a sampling calorimeter with very fine transverse and longitudinal granularity. The active media are silicon sensors and scintillator tiles readout by SiPMs and the absorbers are a combination of lead and Cu/CuW in the electromagnetic section, and steel in the hadr… ▽ More A novel method to reconstruct the energy of hadronic showers in the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) is presented. The HGCAL is a sampling calorimeter with very fine transverse and longitudinal granularity. The active media are silicon sensors and scintillator tiles readout by SiPMs and the absorbers are a combination of lead and Cu/CuW in the electromagnetic section, and steel in the hadronic section. The shower reconstruction method is based on graph neural networks and it makes use of a dynamic reduction network architecture. It is shown that the algorithm is able to capture and mitigate the main effects that normally hinder the reconstruction of hadronic showers using classical reconstruction methods, by compensating for fluctuations in the multiplicity, energy, and spatial distributions of the shower's constituents. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using test beam data collected in 2018 prototype of the CMS HGCAL accompanied by a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype. The capability of the method to mitigate the impact of energy leakage from the calorimeter is also demonstrated. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2024; v1 submitted 17 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Journal ref: JINST 19 (2024) P11025

Investigating Mutual Coupling in the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and Mitigating its Effects on the 21-cm Power Spectrum

Authors: E. Rath, R. Pascua, A. T. Josaitis, A. Ewall-Wice, N. Fagnoni, E. de Lera Acedo, Z. E. Martinot, Z. Abdurashidova, T. Adams, J. E. Aguirre, R. Baartman, A. P. Beardsley, L. M. Berkhout, G. Bernardi, T. S. Billings, J. D. Bowman, P. Bull, J. Burba, R. Byrne, S. Carey, K. -F. Chen, S. Choudhuri, T. Cox, D. R. DeBoer, M. Dexter , et al. (56 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Interferometric experiments designed to detect the highly redshifted 21-cm signal from neutral hydrogen are producing increasingly stringent constraints on the 21-cm power spectrum, but some k-modes remain systematics-dominated. Mutual coupling is a major systematic that must be overcome in order to detect the 21-cm signal, and simulations that reproduce effects seen in the data can guide strategi… ▽ More Interferometric experiments designed to detect the highly redshifted 21-cm signal from neutral hydrogen are producing increasingly stringent constraints on the 21-cm power spectrum, but some k-modes remain systematics-dominated. Mutual coupling is a major systematic that must be overcome in order to detect the 21-cm signal, and simulations that reproduce effects seen in the data can guide strategies for mitigating mutual coupling. In this paper, we analyse 12 nights of data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and compare the data against simulations that include a computationally efficient and physically motivated semi-analytic treatment of mutual coupling. We find that simulated coupling features qualitatively agree with coupling features in the data; however, coupling features in the data are brighter than the simulated features, indicating the presence of additional coupling mechanisms not captured by our model. We explore the use of fringe-rate filters as mutual coupling mitigation tools and use our simulations to investigate the effects of mutual coupling on a simulated cosmological 21-cm power spectrum in a "worst case" scenario where the foregrounds are particularly bright. We find that mutual coupling contaminates a large portion of the "EoR Window", and the contamination is several orders-of-magnitude larger than our simulated cosmic signal across a wide range of cosmological Fourier modes. While our fiducial fringe-rate filtering strategy reduces mutual coupling by roughly a factor of 100 in power, a non-negligible amount of coupling cannot be excised with fringe-rate filters, so more sophisticated mitigation strategies are required. △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures, submitted to MNRAS

A demonstration of the effect of fringe-rate filtering in the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array delay power spectrum pipeline

Authors: Hugh Garsden, Philip Bull, Mike Wilensky, Zuhra Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Lindsay M. Berkhout, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, Kai-Feng Chen, Carina Cheng, Samir Choudhuri, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter , et al. (72 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Radio interferometers targeting the 21cm brightness temperature fluctuations at high redshift are subject to systematic effects that operate over a range of different timescales. These can be isolated by designing appropriate Fourier filters that operate in fringe-rate (FR) space, the Fourier pair of local sidereal time (LST). Applications of FR filtering include separating effects that are correl… ▽ More Radio interferometers targeting the 21cm brightness temperature fluctuations at high redshift are subject to systematic effects that operate over a range of different timescales. These can be isolated by designing appropriate Fourier filters that operate in fringe-rate (FR) space, the Fourier pair of local sidereal time (LST). Applications of FR filtering include separating effects that are correlated with the rotating sky vs. those relative to the ground, down-weighting emission in the primary beam sidelobes, and suppressing noise. FR filtering causes the noise contributions to the visibility data to become correlated in time however, making interpretation of subsequent averaging and error estimation steps more subtle. In this paper, we describe fringe rate filters that are implemented using discrete prolate spheroidal sequences, and designed for two different purposes -- beam sidelobe/horizon suppression (the `mainlobe' filter), and ground-locked systematics removal (the `notch' filter). We apply these to simulated data, and study how their properties affect visibilities and power spectra generated from the simulations. Included is an introduction to fringe-rate filtering and a demonstration of fringe-rate filters applied to simple situations to aid understanding. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2025; v1 submitted 13 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: Updated to published version. 21 pages, 20 figures, 3 tables, 2 appendices. Published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning

Authors: Lindsay M. Berkhout, Daniel C. Jacobs, Zuhra Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, Kai-Feng Chen, Carina Cheng, Samir Choudhuri, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Joshua S. Dillon , et al. (71 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper presents the design and deployment of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) phase II system. HERA is designed as a staged experiment targeting 21 cm emission measurements of the Epoch of Reionization. First results from the phase I array are published as of early 2022, and deployment of the phase II system is nearing completion. We describe the design of the phase II system an… ▽ More This paper presents the design and deployment of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) phase II system. HERA is designed as a staged experiment targeting 21 cm emission measurements of the Epoch of Reionization. First results from the phase I array are published as of early 2022, and deployment of the phase II system is nearing completion. We describe the design of the phase II system and discuss progress on commissioning and future upgrades. As HERA is a designated Square Kilometer Array (SKA) pathfinder instrument, we also show a number of "case studies" that investigate systematics seen while commissioning the phase II system, which may be of use in the design and operation of future arrays. Common pathologies are likely to manifest in similar ways across instruments, and many of these sources of contamination can be mitigated once the source is identified. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Journal ref: PASP 2024 136 045002

A Simulated Reconstruction and Reidentification Attack on the 2010 U.S. Census

Authors: John M. Abowd, Tamara Adams, Robert Ashmead, David Darais, Sourya Dey, Simson L. Garfinkel, Nathan Goldschlag, Michael B. Hawes, Daniel Kifer, Philip Leclerc, Ethan Lew, Scott Moore, Rolando A. Rodríguez, Ramy N. Tadros, Lars Vilhuber

Abstract: We show that individual, confidential microdata records from the 2010 U.S. Census of Population and Housing can be accurately reconstructed from the published tabular summaries. Ninety-seven million person records (every resident in 70% of all census blocks) are exactly reconstructed with provable certainty using only public information. We further show that a hypothetical attacker using our metho… ▽ More We show that individual, confidential microdata records from the 2010 U.S. Census of Population and Housing can be accurately reconstructed from the published tabular summaries. Ninety-seven million person records (every resident in 70% of all census blocks) are exactly reconstructed with provable certainty using only public information. We further show that a hypothetical attacker using our methods can reidentify with 95% accuracy population unique individuals who are perfectly reconstructed and not in the modal race and ethnicity category in their census block (3.4 million persons)--a result that is only possible because their confidential records were used in the published tabulations. Finally, we show that the methods used for the 2020 Census, based on a differential privacy framework, provide better protection against this type of attack, with better published data accuracy, than feasible alternatives. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2025; v1 submitted 18 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: This is the accepted Harvard Data Science Review (2025) paper. The accepted supplemental text is here: https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.11283v2

matvis: A matrix-based visibility simulator for fast forward modelling of many-element 21 cm arrays

Authors: Piyanat Kittiwisit, Steven G. Murray, Hugh Garsden, Philip Bull, Christopher Cain, Aaron R. Parsons, Jackson Sipple, Zara Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Lindsay M. Berkhout, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, Kai-Feng Chen, Carina Cheng , et al. (73 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Detection of the faint 21 cm line emission from the Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionisation will require not only exquisite control over instrumental calibration and systematics to achieve the necessary dynamic range of observations but also validation of analysis techniques to demonstrate their statistical properties and signal loss characteristics. A key ingredient in achieving this is the ability… ▽ More Detection of the faint 21 cm line emission from the Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionisation will require not only exquisite control over instrumental calibration and systematics to achieve the necessary dynamic range of observations but also validation of analysis techniques to demonstrate their statistical properties and signal loss characteristics. A key ingredient in achieving this is the ability to perform high-fidelity simulations of the kinds of data that are produced by the large, many-element, radio interferometric arrays that have been purpose-built for these studies. The large scale of these arrays presents a computational challenge, as one must simulate a detailed sky and instrumental model across many hundreds of frequency channels, thousands of time samples, and tens of thousands of baselines for arrays with hundreds of antennas. In this paper, we present a fast matrix-based method for simulating radio interferometric measurements (visibilities) at the necessary scale. We achieve this through judicious use of primary beam interpolation, fast approximations for coordinate transforms, and a vectorised outer product to expand per-antenna quantities to per-baseline visibilities, coupled with standard parallelisation techniques. We validate the results of this method, implemented in the publicly-available matvis code, against a high-precision reference simulator, and explore its computational scaling on a variety of problems. △ Less

Submitted 8 January, 2025; v1 submitted 15 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 24 pages, 10 figures, accepted to RAS Techniques and Instruments, matvis is publicly available at https://github.com/HERA-Team/matvis

Bayesian estimation of cross-coupling and reflection systematics in 21cm array visibility data

Authors: Geoff G. Murphy, Philip Bull, Mario G. Santos, Zara Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Jacob Burba, Christopher Cain, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, Carina Cheng, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Joshua S. Dillon, Nico Eksteen , et al. (54 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Observations with radio arrays that target the 21-cm signal originating from the early Universe suffer from a variety of systematic effects. An important class of these are reflections and spurious couplings between antennas. We apply a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampler to the modelling and mitigation of these systematics in simulated Hydrogen Epoch of Reionisation Array (HERA) data. This method all… ▽ More Observations with radio arrays that target the 21-cm signal originating from the early Universe suffer from a variety of systematic effects. An important class of these are reflections and spurious couplings between antennas. We apply a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampler to the modelling and mitigation of these systematics in simulated Hydrogen Epoch of Reionisation Array (HERA) data. This method allows us to form statistical uncertainty estimates for both our models and the recovered visibilities, which is an important ingredient in establishing robust upper limits on the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) power spectrum. In cases where the noise is large compared to the EoR signal, this approach can constrain the systematics well enough to mitigate them down to the noise level for both systematics studied. Incoherently averaging the recovered power spectra can further reduce the noise and improve recovery. Where the noise level is lower than the EoR, our modelling can mitigate the majority of the reflections and coupling with there being only a minor level of residual systematics. Our approach performs similarly to existing filtering/fitting techniques used in the HERA pipeline, but with the added benefit of rigorously propagating uncertainties. In all cases it does not significantly attenuate the underlying signal. △ Less

Submitted 5 March, 2025; v1 submitted 6 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 22 pages, 15 figures, published in MNRAS

Direct Optimal Mapping Image Power Spectrum and its Window Functions

Authors: Zhilei Xu, Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Kai-Feng Chen, Nicholas S. Kern, Eleanor Rath, Ruby Byrne, Adélie Gorce, Robert Pascua, Zachary E. Martinot, Joshua S. Dillon, Bryna J. Hazelton, Adrian Liu, Miguel F. Morales, Zara Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman , et al. (57 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The key to detecting neutral hydrogen during the epoch of reionization (EoR) is to separate the cosmological signal from the dominating foreground radiation. We developed direct optimal mapping (DOM) to map interferometric visibilities; it contains only linear operations, with full knowledge of point spread functions from visibilities to images. Here, we demonstrate a fast Fourier transform-based… ▽ More The key to detecting neutral hydrogen during the epoch of reionization (EoR) is to separate the cosmological signal from the dominating foreground radiation. We developed direct optimal mapping (DOM) to map interferometric visibilities; it contains only linear operations, with full knowledge of point spread functions from visibilities to images. Here, we demonstrate a fast Fourier transform-based image power spectrum and its window functions computed from the DOM images. We use noiseless simulation, based on the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array Phase I configuration, to study the image power spectrum properties. The window functions show $<10^{-11}$ of the integrated power leaks from the foreground-dominated region into the EoR window; the 2D and 1D power spectra also verify the separation between the foregrounds and the EoR. △ Less

Submitted 5 July, 2024; v1 submitted 17 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: Published in ApJ

King of the Hill: C2 for Next Generation Swarm Warfare

Authors: Takuma Adams, Timothy McLennan-Smith

Abstract: As the reliability of cheap, off-the-shelf autonomous platforms increases, so does the risk posed by intelligent multi-agent systems to military operations. In the contemporary context of the Russo-Ukrainian war alone, we have seen autonomous aerial vehicles and surface vessels deployed both individually and in multitude to deliver critical effects to both sides. While there is a large body of lit… ▽ More As the reliability of cheap, off-the-shelf autonomous platforms increases, so does the risk posed by intelligent multi-agent systems to military operations. In the contemporary context of the Russo-Ukrainian war alone, we have seen autonomous aerial vehicles and surface vessels deployed both individually and in multitude to deliver critical effects to both sides. While there is a large body of literature on tactical level communications and interactions between agents, the exploration of high-level command and control (C2) structures that will underpin future autonomous multi-agent military operations is a less explored area of research. We propose a quantitative game-theoretic framework to study effective C2 structures in cooperative and competitive multi-agent swarming scenarios. To test our framework, we construct a virtual environment where two adversarial swarms compete to achieve outcomes comparable to real-world scenarios. The framework we present in this paper enables us to quickly test and interrogate different C2 configurations in multi-agent systems to explore C2 as a force multiplier when at a force disadvantage. △ Less

Submitted 29 September, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

More than Words: Twitter Chatter and Financial Market Sentiment

Authors: Travis Adams, Andrea Ajello, Diego Silva, Francisco Vazquez-Grande

Abstract: We build a new measure of credit and financial market sentiment using Natural Language Processing on Twitter data. We find that the Twitter Financial Sentiment Index (TFSI) correlates highly with corporate bond spreads and other price- and survey-based measures of financial conditions. We document that overnight Twitter financial sentiment helps predict next day stock market returns. Most notably,… ▽ More We build a new measure of credit and financial market sentiment using Natural Language Processing on Twitter data. We find that the Twitter Financial Sentiment Index (TFSI) correlates highly with corporate bond spreads and other price- and survey-based measures of financial conditions. We document that overnight Twitter financial sentiment helps predict next day stock market returns. Most notably, we show that the index contains information that helps forecast changes in the U.S. monetary policy stance: a deterioration in Twitter financial sentiment the day ahead of an FOMC statement release predicts the size of restrictive monetary policy shocks. Finally, we document that sentiment worsens in response to an unexpected tightening of monetary policy. △ Less

Submitted 25 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: 29 pages, 6 Tables, 12 figures

Synthetic data generation for a longitudinal cohort study -- Evaluation, method extension and reproduction of published data analysis results

Authors: Lisa Kühnel, Julian Schneider, Ines Perrar, Tim Adams, Fabian Prasser, Ute Nöthlings, Holger Fröhlich, Juliane Fluck

Abstract: Access to individual-level health data is essential for gaining new insights and advancing science. In particular, modern methods based on artificial intelligence rely on the availability of and access to large datasets. In the health sector, access to individual-level data is often challenging due to privacy concerns. A promising alternative is the generation of fully synthetic data, i.e. data ge… ▽ More Access to individual-level health data is essential for gaining new insights and advancing science. In particular, modern methods based on artificial intelligence rely on the availability of and access to large datasets. In the health sector, access to individual-level data is often challenging due to privacy concerns. A promising alternative is the generation of fully synthetic data, i.e. data generated through a randomised process that have similar statistical properties as the original data, but do not have a one-to-one correspondence with the original individual-level records. In this study, we use a state-of-the-art synthetic data generation method and perform in-depth quality analyses of the generated data for a specific use case in the field of nutrition. We demonstrate the need for careful analyses of synthetic data that go beyond descriptive statistics and provide valuable insights into how to realise the full potential of synthetic datasets. By extending the methods, but also by thoroughly analysing the effects of sampling from a trained model, we are able to largely reproduce significant real-world analysis results in the chosen use case. △ Less

Submitted 12 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Search for the Epoch of Reionisation with HERA: Upper Limits on the Closure Phase Delay Power Spectrum

Authors: Pascal M. Keller, Bojan Nikolic, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Chris L. Carilli, Gianni Bernardi, Ntsikelelo Charles, Landman Bester, Oleg M. Smirnov, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Bryna J. Hazelton, Miguel F. Morales, Daniel C. Jacobs, Aaron R. Parsons, Zara Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley , et al. (58 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Radio interferometers aiming to measure the power spectrum of the redshifted 21 cm line during the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) need to achieve an unprecedented dynamic range to separate the weak signal from overwhelming foreground emissions. Calibration inaccuracies can compromise the sensitivity of these measurements to the effect that a detection of the EoR is precluded. An alternative to standa… ▽ More Radio interferometers aiming to measure the power spectrum of the redshifted 21 cm line during the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) need to achieve an unprecedented dynamic range to separate the weak signal from overwhelming foreground emissions. Calibration inaccuracies can compromise the sensitivity of these measurements to the effect that a detection of the EoR is precluded. An alternative to standard analysis techniques makes use of the closure phase, which allows one to bypass antenna-based direction-independent calibration. Similarly to standard approaches, we use a delay spectrum technique to search for the EoR signal. Using 94 nights of data observed with Phase I of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA), we place approximate constraints on the 21 cm power spectrum at $z=7.7$. We find at 95% confidence that the 21 cm EoR brightness temperature is $\le$(372)$^2$ "pseudo" mK$^2$ at 1.14 "pseudo" $h$ Mpc$^{-1}$, where the "pseudo" emphasises that these limits are to be interpreted as approximations to the actual distance scales and brightness temperatures. Using a fiducial EoR model, we demonstrate the feasibility of detecting the EoR with the full array. Compared to standard methods, the closure phase processing is relatively simple, thereby providing an important independent check on results derived using visibility intensities, or related. △ Less

Submitted 15 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 16 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication by MNRAS

Moving Averages

Authors: Terrence Adams, Joseph Rosenblatt

Abstract: We consider the convergence of moving averages in the general setting of ergodic theory or stationary ergodic processes. We characterize when there is universal convergence of moving averages based on complete convergence to zero of the standard ergodic averages. Using a theorem of Hsu-Robbins (1947) for independent, identically distributed processes, we prove for any bounded measurable function… ▽ More We consider the convergence of moving averages in the general setting of ergodic theory or stationary ergodic processes. We characterize when there is universal convergence of moving averages based on complete convergence to zero of the standard ergodic averages. Using a theorem of Hsu-Robbins (1947) for independent, identically distributed processes, we prove for any bounded measurable function $f$ on a standard probability space $(X,\mathcal{B},μ)$, there exists a Bernoulli shift $T$, such that all moving averages $M(v_n, L_n)^T f = \frac{1}{L_n} \sum_{i=v_n+1}^{v_n+L_n} f \circ T^i$ with $L_n\geq n$ converge a.e. to $\int_X f dμ$. We refresh the reader about the cone condition established by Bellow, Jones, Rosenblatt (1990) which guarantees convergence of certain moving averages for all $f \in L^1(μ)$ and ergodic measure preserving maps $T$. We show given $f \in L^1(μ)$ and ergodic measure preserving $T$, there exists a moving average $M(v_n,L_n)^T f$ with $L_n$ strictly increasing such that $(v_n,L_n)$ does not satisfy the cone condition, but pointwise convergence holds a.e. We show for any non-zero $f\in L^1(μ)$, there is a generic class of ergodic maps $T$ such that each map has an associated moving average $M(v_n, L_n)^T f$ which does not converge pointwise. It is known if $f\in L^2(μ)$ is mean-zero, then there exist solutions $T$ and $g\in L^1(μ)$ to the coboundary equation: $f = g - g\circ T$. This implies $f$ and $T$ produce universal moving averages. We show this does not generalize to $L^p(μ)$ for $p<2$ by explicitly defining functions $f\in \cap_{p<2}L^p(μ)$ such that for each ergodic measure preserving $T$, there exists a moving average $M(v_n, L_n)^T f$ with $L_n\geq n$ such that these moving averages do not converge pointwise. Several of the results are generalized to the case of moving averages with polynomial growth. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: 30 pages

MSC Class: 37A30; 37A50; 26A21; 28D05

Chemo-dynamical substructure in the M31 inner halo globular clusters: Further evidence for a recent accretion event

Authors: Geraint F. Lewis, Brendon J. Brewer, Dougal Mackey, Annette M. N. Ferguson, Yuan, Li, Tim Adams

Abstract: Based upon a metallicity selection, we identify a significant sub-population of the inner halo globular clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy which we name the Dulais Structure. It is distinguished as a co-rotating group of 10-20 globular clusters which appear to be kinematically distinct from, and on average more metal-poor than, the majority of the inner halo population. Intriguingly, the orbital axi… ▽ More Based upon a metallicity selection, we identify a significant sub-population of the inner halo globular clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy which we name the Dulais Structure. It is distinguished as a co-rotating group of 10-20 globular clusters which appear to be kinematically distinct from, and on average more metal-poor than, the majority of the inner halo population. Intriguingly, the orbital axis of this Dulais Structure is closely aligned with that of the younger accretion event recently identified using a sub-population of globular clusters in the outer halo of Andromeda, and this is strongly suggestive of a causal relationship between the two. If this connection is confirmed, a natural explanation for the kinematics of the globular clusters in the Dulais Structure is that they trace the accretion of a substantial progenitor (~10^11 Msun) into the halo of Andromeda during the last few billion years, that may have occurred as part of a larger group infall. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures - accepted for publication in MNRAS

Report number: GFL-001

Characterization Of Inpaint Residuals In Interferometric Measurements of the Epoch Of Reionization

Authors: Michael Pagano, Jing Liu, Adrian Liu, Nicholas S. Kern, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Philip Bull, Robert Pascua, Siamak Ravanbakhsh, Zara Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, Carina Cheng, David R. DeBoer , et al. (53 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is one of the systematic challenges preventing 21cm interferometric instruments from detecting the Epoch of Reionization. To mitigate the effects of RFI on data analysis pipelines, numerous inpaint techniques have been developed to restore RFI corrupted data. We examine the qualitative and quantitative errors introduced into the visibilities and power spectrum du… ▽ More Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is one of the systematic challenges preventing 21cm interferometric instruments from detecting the Epoch of Reionization. To mitigate the effects of RFI on data analysis pipelines, numerous inpaint techniques have been developed to restore RFI corrupted data. We examine the qualitative and quantitative errors introduced into the visibilities and power spectrum due to inpainting. We perform our analysis on simulated data as well as real data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase 1 upper limits. We also introduce a convolutional neural network that capable of inpainting RFI corrupted data in interferometric instruments. We train our network on simulated data and show that our network is capable at inpainting real data without requiring to be retrained. We find that techniques that incorporate high wavenumbers in delay space in their modeling are best suited for inpainting over narrowband RFI. We also show that with our fiducial parameters Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences (DPSS) and CLEAN provide the best performance for intermittent ``narrowband'' RFI while Gaussian Progress Regression (GPR) and Least Squares Spectral Analysis (LSSA) provide the best performance for larger RFI gaps. However we caution that these qualitative conclusions are sensitive to the chosen hyperparameters of each inpainting technique. We find these results to be consistent in both simulated and real visibilities. We show that all inpainting techniques reliably reproduce foreground dominated modes in the power spectrum. Since the inpainting techniques should not be capable of reproducing noise realizations, we find that the largest errors occur in the noise dominated delay modes. We show that in the future, as the noise level of the data comes down, CLEAN and DPSS are most capable of reproducing the fine frequency structure in the visibilities of HERA data. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2023; v1 submitted 26 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 21 pages, 13 figures

Improved Constraints on the 21 cm EoR Power Spectrum and the X-Ray Heating of the IGM with HERA Phase I Observations

Authors: The HERA Collaboration, Zara Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Rennan Barkana, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Daniela Breitman, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steve Carey, Chris L. Carilli, Carina Cheng, Samir Choudhuri, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Joshua S. Dillon , et al. (70 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the most sensitive upper limits to date on the 21 cm epoch of reionization power spectrum using 94 nights of observing with Phase I of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA). Using similar analysis techniques as in previously reported limits (HERA Collaboration 2022a), we find at 95% confidence that $Δ^2(k = 0.34$ $h$ Mpc$^{-1}$) $\leq 457$ mK$^2$ at $z = 7.9$ and that… ▽ More We report the most sensitive upper limits to date on the 21 cm epoch of reionization power spectrum using 94 nights of observing with Phase I of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA). Using similar analysis techniques as in previously reported limits (HERA Collaboration 2022a), we find at 95% confidence that $Δ^2(k = 0.34$ $h$ Mpc$^{-1}$) $\leq 457$ mK$^2$ at $z = 7.9$ and that $Δ^2 (k = 0.36$ $h$ Mpc$^{-1}) \leq 3,496$ mK$^2$ at $z = 10.4$, an improvement by a factor of 2.1 and 2.6 respectively. These limits are mostly consistent with thermal noise over a wide range of $k$ after our data quality cuts, despite performing a relatively conservative analysis designed to minimize signal loss. Our results are validated with both statistical tests on the data and end-to-end pipeline simulations. We also report updated constraints on the astrophysics of reionization and the cosmic dawn. Using multiple independent modeling and inference techniques previously employed by HERA Collaboration (2022b), we find that the intergalactic medium must have been heated above the adiabatic cooling limit at least as early as $z = 10.4$, ruling out a broad set of so-called "cold reionization" scenarios. If this heating is due to high-mass X-ray binaries during the cosmic dawn, as is generally believed, our result's 99% credible interval excludes the local relationship between soft X-ray luminosity and star formation and thus requires heating driven by evolved low-metallicity stars. △ Less

Submitted 19 January, 2023; v1 submitted 10 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 57 pages, 37 figures. Updated to match the accepted ApJ version. Corresponding author: Joshua S. Dillon

Journal ref: 2023 ApJ 945 124

Impact of instrument and data characteristics in the interferometric reconstruction of the 21 cm power spectrum

Authors: Adélie Gorce, Samskruthi Ganjam, Adrian Liu, Steven G. Murray, Zara Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, Carina Cheng, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Joshua S. Dillon , et al. (53 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Combining the visibilities measured by an interferometer to form a cosmological power spectrum is a complicated process. In a delay-based analysis, the mapping between instrumental and cosmological space is not a one-to-one relation. Instead, neighbouring modes contribute to the power measured at one point, with their respective contributions encoded in the window functions. To better understand t… ▽ More Combining the visibilities measured by an interferometer to form a cosmological power spectrum is a complicated process. In a delay-based analysis, the mapping between instrumental and cosmological space is not a one-to-one relation. Instead, neighbouring modes contribute to the power measured at one point, with their respective contributions encoded in the window functions. To better understand the power measured by an interferometer, we assess the impact of instrument characteristics and analysis choices on these window functions. Focusing on the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) as a case study, we find that long-baseline observations correspond to enhanced low-k tails of the window functions, which facilitate foreground leakage, whilst an informed choice of bandwidth and frequency taper can reduce said tails. With simple test cases and realistic simulations, we show that, apart from tracing mode mixing, the window functions help accurately reconstruct the power spectrum estimator of simulated visibilities. The window functions depend strongly on the beam chromaticity, and less on its spatial structure - a Gaussian approximation, ignoring side lobes, is sufficient. Finally, we investigate the potential of asymmetric window functions, down-weighting the contribution of low-k power to avoid foreground leakage. The window functions presented here correspond to the latest HERA upper limits for the full Phase I data. They allow an accurate reconstruction of the power spectrum measured by the instrument and will be used in future analyses to confront theoretical models and data directly in cylindrical space. △ Less

Submitted 11 January, 2023; v1 submitted 7 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 18 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Mixing sequences for non-mixing transformations and group actions

Authors: el Houcein el Abdalaoui, Terry Adams

Abstract: We establish that there are non-mixing maps that are mixing on appropriate sequences including sequences $(s_i)$ which satisfy the Rajchman dissociated property. Our examples are based on the staircase rank one construction, $M$-towers constructions and the Gaussian transformations. As a consequence, we obtain there are non-mixing maps which are mixing along the squares. We further prove that a se… ▽ More We establish that there are non-mixing maps that are mixing on appropriate sequences including sequences $(s_i)$ which satisfy the Rajchman dissociated property. Our examples are based on the staircase rank one construction, $M$-towers constructions and the Gaussian transformations. As a consequence, we obtain there are non-mixing maps which are mixing along the squares. We further prove that a sequence $M=(m_n)$ is a mixing sequence for some weak mixing ${1}/{2}$-rigid transformation $T$ if and only if the complement of $M$ is a thick set. This result is generalized to ${r}/{(r+1)}$-rigid transformations for $r\in \mathbb{N}$. Moreover, by applying Host-Parreau characterization of the set of continuity from Harmonic Analysis, we extend our results to the infinite countable abelian group actions. △ Less

Submitted 1 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: 23 pages. This is our contribution to the question raised by Professor Vitaly Bergelson. The paper is dedicated to the 80th Anniversary of Professor Jean-Paul Thouvenot. Scientific suggestions and comments with questions are welcome

MSC Class: 37A25; 37A30; 43A25; 42A55

Direct Optimal Mapping for 21cm Cosmology: A Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array

Authors: Zhilei Xu, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Kai-Feng Chen, Honggeun Kim, Joshua S. Dillon, Nicholas S. Kern, Miguel F. Morales, Bryna J. Hazelton, Ruby Byrne, Nicolas Fagnoni, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Zara Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba , et al. (56 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Motivated by the desire for wide-field images with well-defined statistical properties for 21cm cosmology, we implement an optimal mapping pipeline that computes a maximum likelihood estimator for the sky using the interferometric measurement equation. We demonstrate this direct optimal mapping with data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization (HERA) Phase I observations. After validating the pipe… ▽ More Motivated by the desire for wide-field images with well-defined statistical properties for 21cm cosmology, we implement an optimal mapping pipeline that computes a maximum likelihood estimator for the sky using the interferometric measurement equation. We demonstrate this direct optimal mapping with data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization (HERA) Phase I observations. After validating the pipeline with simulated data, we develop a maximum likelihood figure-of-merit for comparing four sky models at 166MHz with a bandwidth of 100kHz. The HERA data agree with the GLEAM catalogs to <10%. After subtracting the GLEAM point sources, the HERA data discriminate between the different continuum sky models, providing most support for the model of Byrne et al. 2021. We report the computation cost for mapping the HERA Phase I data and project the computation for the HERA 320-antenna data; both are feasible with a modern server. The algorithm is broadly applicable to other interferometers and is valid for wide-field and non-coplanar arrays. △ Less

Submitted 26 October, 2022; v1 submitted 12 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022.

Comments: 16 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, published on ApJ

Compositional Studies of Metals with Complex Order by means of the Optical Floating-Zone Technique

Authors: Andreas Bauer, Georg Benka, Andreas Neubauer, Alexander Regnat, Alexander Engelhardt, Christoph Resch, Sabine Wurmehl, Christian G. F. Blum, Tim Adams, Alfonso Chacon, Rainer Jungwirth, Robert Georgii, Anatoliy Senyshyn, Björn Pedersen, Martin Meven, Christian Pfleiderer

Abstract: The availability of large high-quality single crystals is an important prerequisite for many studies in solid-state research. The optical floating-zone technique is an elegant method to grow such crystals, offering potential to prepare samples that may be hardly accessible with other techniques. As elaborated in this report, examples include single crystals with intentional compositional gradients… ▽ More The availability of large high-quality single crystals is an important prerequisite for many studies in solid-state research. The optical floating-zone technique is an elegant method to grow such crystals, offering potential to prepare samples that may be hardly accessible with other techniques. As elaborated in this report, examples include single crystals with intentional compositional gradients, deliberate off-stoichiometry, or complex metallurgy. For the cubic chiral magnets Mn$_{1-x}$Fe$_{x}$Si and Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$Si, we prepared single crystals in which the composition was varied during growth from $x = 0 - 0.15$ and from $x = 0.1 - 0.3$, respectively. Such samples allowed us to efficiently study the evolution of the magnetic properties as a function of composition, as demonstrated by means of neutron scattering. For the archetypical chiral magnet MnSi and the itinerant antiferromagnet CrB$_{2}$, we grew single crystals with varying initial manganese (0.99 to 1.04) and boron (1.95 to 2.1) content. Measurements of the low-temperature properties addressed the correlation between magnetic transition temperature and sample quality. Furthermore, we prepared single crystals of the diborides ErB$_{2}$, MnB$_{2}$, and VB$_{2}$. In addition to high vapor pressures, these materials suffer from peritectic formation, potential decomposition, and high melting temperature, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 18 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: 16 pages, 13 figures

Journal ref: physica status solidi (b) 2100159 (2021)

Investigating Crowdsourcing Protocols for Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Summaries

Authors: Xiangru Tang, Alexander Fabbri, Haoran Li, Ziming Mao, Griffin Thomas Adams, Borui Wang, Asli Celikyilmaz, Yashar Mehdad, Dragomir Radev

Abstract: Current pre-trained models applied to summarization are prone to factual inconsistencies which either misrepresent the source text or introduce extraneous information. Thus, comparing the factual consistency of summaries is necessary as we develop improved models. However, the optimal human evaluation setup for factual consistency has not been standardized. To address this issue, we crowdsourced e… ▽ More Current pre-trained models applied to summarization are prone to factual inconsistencies which either misrepresent the source text or introduce extraneous information. Thus, comparing the factual consistency of summaries is necessary as we develop improved models. However, the optimal human evaluation setup for factual consistency has not been standardized. To address this issue, we crowdsourced evaluations for factual consistency using the rating-based Likert scale and ranking-based Best-Worst Scaling protocols, on 100 articles from each of the CNN-Daily Mail and XSum datasets over four state-of-the-art models, to determine the most reliable evaluation framework. We find that ranking-based protocols offer a more reliable measure of summary quality across datasets, while the reliability of Likert ratings depends on the target dataset and the evaluation design. Our crowdsourcing templates and summary evaluations will be publicly available to facilitate future research on factual consistency in summarization. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2022; v1 submitted 19 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

A flexible design platform for Si/SiGe exchange-only qubits with low disorder

Authors: Wonill Ha, Sieu D. Ha, Maxwell D. Choi, Yan Tang, Adele E. Schmitz, Mark P. Levendorf, Kangmu Lee, James M. Chappell, Tower S. Adams, Daniel R. Hulbert, Edwin Acuna, Ramsey S. Noah, Justine W. Matten, Michael P. Jura, Jeffrey A. Wright, Matthew T. Rakher, Matthew G. Borselli

Abstract: Spin-based silicon quantum dots are an attractive qubit technology for quantum information processing with respect to coherence time, control, and engineering. Here we present an exchange-only Si qubit device platform that combines the throughput of CMOS-like wafer processing with the versatility of direct-write lithography. The technology, which we coin "SLEDGE," features dot-shaped gates that ar… ▽ More Spin-based silicon quantum dots are an attractive qubit technology for quantum information processing with respect to coherence time, control, and engineering. Here we present an exchange-only Si qubit device platform that combines the throughput of CMOS-like wafer processing with the versatility of direct-write lithography. The technology, which we coin "SLEDGE," features dot-shaped gates that are patterned simultaneously on one topographical plane and subsequently connected by vias to interconnect metal lines. The process design enables non-trivial layouts as well as flexibility in gate dimensions, material selection, and additional device features such as for rf qubit control. We show that the SLEDGE process has reduced electrostatic disorder with respect to traditional overlapping gate devices with lift-off metallization, and we present spin coherent exchange oscillations and single qubit blind randomized benchmarking data. △ Less

Submitted 22 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Learning from the Pandemic: the Future of Meetings in HEP and Beyond

Authors: Mark S. Neubauer, Todd Adams, Jennifer Adelman-McCarthy, Gabriele Benelli, Tulika Bose, David Britton, Pat Burchat, Joel Butler, Timothy A. Cartwright, Tomáš Davídek, Jacques Dumarchez, Peter Elmer, Matthew Feickert, Ben Galewsky, Mandeep Gill, Maciej Gladki, Aman Goel, Jonathan E. Guyer, Bo Jayatilaka, Brendan Kiburg, Benjamin Krikler, David Lange, Claire Lee, Nick Manganelli, Giovanni Marchiori , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has by-and-large prevented in-person meetings since March 2020. While the increasing deployment of effective vaccines around the world is a very positive development, the timeline and pathway to "normality" is uncertain and the "new normal" we will settle into is anyone's guess. Particle physics, like many other scientific fields, has more than a year of experience in holding… ▽ More The COVID-19 pandemic has by-and-large prevented in-person meetings since March 2020. While the increasing deployment of effective vaccines around the world is a very positive development, the timeline and pathway to "normality" is uncertain and the "new normal" we will settle into is anyone's guess. Particle physics, like many other scientific fields, has more than a year of experience in holding virtual meetings, workshops, and conferences. A great deal of experimentation and innovation to explore how to execute these meetings effectively has occurred. Therefore, it is an appropriate time to take stock of what we as a community learned from running virtual meetings and discuss possible strategies for the future. Continuing to develop effective strategies for meetings with a virtual component is likely to be important for reducing the carbon footprint of our research activities, while also enabling greater diversity and inclusion for participation. This report summarizes a virtual two-day workshop on Virtual Meetings held May 5-6, 2021 which brought together experts from both inside and outside of high-energy physics to share their experiences and practices with organizing and executing virtual workshops, and to develop possible strategies for future meetings as we begin to emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic. This report outlines some of the practices and tools that have worked well which we hope will serve as a valuable resource for future virtual meeting organizers in all scientific fields. △ Less

Submitted 29 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: A report from the "Virtual Meetings" IRIS-HEP Blueprint Workshop: https://indico.cern.ch/event/1026363/

Comparison of $pp$ and $p \bar{p}$ differential elastic cross sections and observation of the exchange of a colorless $C$-odd gluonic compound

Authors: V. M. Abazov, B. Abbott, B. S. Acharya, M. Adams, T. Adams, J. P. Agnew, G. D. Alexeev, G. Alkhazov, A. Alton, G. A. Alves, G. Antchev, A. Askew, P. Aspell, A. C. S. Assis Jesus, I. Atanassov, S. Atkins, K. Augsten, V. Aushev, Y. Aushev, V. Avati, C. Avila, F. Badaud, J. Baechler, L. Bagby, C. Baldenegro Barrera , et al. (451 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We describe an analysis comparing the $p\bar{p}$ elastic cross section as measured by the D0 Collaboration at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV to that in $pp$ collisions as measured by the TOTEM Collaboration at 2.76, 7, 8, and 13 TeV using a model-independent approach. The TOTEM cross sections extrapolated to a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} =$ 1.96 TeV are compared with the D0 measurement… ▽ More We describe an analysis comparing the $p\bar{p}$ elastic cross section as measured by the D0 Collaboration at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV to that in $pp$ collisions as measured by the TOTEM Collaboration at 2.76, 7, 8, and 13 TeV using a model-independent approach. The TOTEM cross sections extrapolated to a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} =$ 1.96 TeV are compared with the D0 measurement in the region of the diffractive minimum and the second maximum of the $pp$ cross section. The two data sets disagree at the 3.4$σ$ level and thus provide evidence for the $t$-channel exchange of a colorless, $C$-odd gluonic compound, also known as the odderon. We combine these results with a TOTEM analysis of the same $C$-odd exchange based on the total cross section and the ratio of the real to imaginary parts of the forward elastic scattering amplitude in $pp$ scattering. The combined significance of these results is larger than 5$σ$ and is interpreted as the first observation of the exchange of a colorless, $C$-odd gluonic compound. △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2021; v1 submitted 7 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: D0 and TOTEM Collaborations

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 062003 (2021)

Genericity and Rigidity for Slow Entropy Transformations

Authors: Terry Adams

Abstract: The notion of slow entropy, both upper and lower slow entropy, was defined by Katok and Thouvenot as a more refined measure of complexity for dynamical systems, than the classical Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy. For any subexponential rate function $a_n(t)$, we prove there exists a generic class of invertible measure preserving systems such that the lower slow entropy is zero and the upper slow entropy… ▽ More The notion of slow entropy, both upper and lower slow entropy, was defined by Katok and Thouvenot as a more refined measure of complexity for dynamical systems, than the classical Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy. For any subexponential rate function $a_n(t)$, we prove there exists a generic class of invertible measure preserving systems such that the lower slow entropy is zero and the upper slow entropy is infinite. Also, given any subexponential rate $a_n(t)$, we show there exists a rigid, weak mixing, invertible system such that the lower slow entropy is infinite with respect to $a_n(t)$. This gives a general solution to a question on the existence of rigid transformations with positive polynomial upper slow entropy, Finally, we connect slow entropy with the notion of entropy covergence rate presented by Blume. In particular, we show slow entropy is a strictly stronger notion of complexity and give examples which have zero upper slow entropy, but also have an arbitrary sublinear positive entropy convergence rate. △ Less

Submitted 15 July, 2020; v1 submitted 27 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Comments: 21 pages

MSC Class: 37A35

A Functional Decomposition of Finite Bandwidth Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces

Authors: Gregory T. Adams, Nathan A. Wagner

Abstract: In this work, we consider "finite bandwidth" reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces which have orthonormal bases of the form $f_n(z)=z^n \prod_{j=1}^J \left( 1 - a_{n}w_j z \right)$, where $w_1 ,w_2, \ldots w_J $ are distinct points on the circle $\mathbb{T}$ and $\{ a_n \}$ is a sequence of complex numbers with limit $1$. We provide general conditions based on a matrix recursion that guarantee such sp… ▽ More In this work, we consider "finite bandwidth" reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces which have orthonormal bases of the form $f_n(z)=z^n \prod_{j=1}^J \left( 1 - a_{n}w_j z \right)$, where $w_1 ,w_2, \ldots w_J $ are distinct points on the circle $\mathbb{T}$ and $\{ a_n \}$ is a sequence of complex numbers with limit $1$. We provide general conditions based on a matrix recursion that guarantee such spaces contain a functional multiple of the Hardy space. Then we apply this general method to obtain strong results for finite bandwidth spaces when $\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} n (1-a_n)=p$. In particular, we show that point evaluation can be extended boundedly to precisely $J$ additional points on $\mathbb{T}$ and we obtain an explicit functional decomposition of these spaces for $p>1/2$ in analogy with a previous result in the tridiagonal case due to Adams and McGuire. We also prove that multiplication by $z$ is a bounded operator on these spaces and that they contain the polynomials. △ Less

Submitted 28 August, 2019; originally announced August 2019.

Comments: 19 pages with references

MSC Class: 47

Journal ref: Oper. Matrices 15 (2021), no. 4, 1521-1539

Fast localization of coalescing binaries with a heterogeneous network of advanced gravitational wave detectors

Authors: Y. Fujii, T. Adams, F. Marion, R. Flaminio

Abstract: We present the expected performance regarding fast sky localization of coalescing binaries with a network of three gravitational wave detectors having heterogeneous sensitivities, such as the LIGO-Virgo network. A hierarchical approach can be used in order to make an effective use of information from the least sensitive detector. In this approach, the presence of an event seen in coincidence in th… ▽ More We present the expected performance regarding fast sky localization of coalescing binaries with a network of three gravitational wave detectors having heterogeneous sensitivities, such as the LIGO-Virgo network. A hierarchical approach can be used in order to make an effective use of information from the least sensitive detector. In this approach, the presence of an event seen in coincidence in the two more sensitive detectors triggers a focused search in the data of the third, less sensitive, detector with a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. We investigate the benefit for sky localization that can be expected in such an approach, using simulated data and signals. We find that as the sensitivity of Virgo approaches one third of the LIGO sensitivity, the accuracy and precision of the localization can be improved by about a factor 3 when Virgo data are searched with an SNR threshold around 3.5. △ Less

Submitted 7 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019.

Comments: 13 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics

Searching for long-lived particles beyond the Standard Model at the Large Hadron Collider

Authors: Juliette Alimena, James Beacham, Martino Borsato, Yangyang Cheng, Xabier Cid Vidal, Giovanna Cottin, Albert De Roeck, Nishita Desai, David Curtin, Jared A. Evans, Simon Knapen, Sabine Kraml, Andre Lessa, Zhen Liu, Sascha Mehlhase, Michael J. Ramsey-Musolf, Heather Russell, Jessie Shelton, Brian Shuve, Monica Verducci, Jose Zurita, Todd Adams, Michael Adersberger, Cristiano Alpigiani, Artur Apresyan , et al. (176 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Particles beyond the Standard Model (SM) can generically have lifetimes that are long compared to SM particles at the weak scale. When produced at experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, these long-lived particles (LLPs) can decay far from the interaction vertex of the primary proton-proton collision. Such LLP signatures are distinct from those of promptly decaying particles t… ▽ More Particles beyond the Standard Model (SM) can generically have lifetimes that are long compared to SM particles at the weak scale. When produced at experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, these long-lived particles (LLPs) can decay far from the interaction vertex of the primary proton-proton collision. Such LLP signatures are distinct from those of promptly decaying particles that are targeted by the majority of searches for new physics at the LHC, often requiring customized techniques to identify, for example, significantly displaced decay vertices, tracks with atypical properties, and short track segments. Given their non-standard nature, a comprehensive overview of LLP signatures at the LHC is beneficial to ensure that possible avenues of the discovery of new physics are not overlooked. Here we report on the joint work of a community of theorists and experimentalists with the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb experiments --- as well as those working on dedicated experiments such as MoEDAL, milliQan, MATHUSLA, CODEX-b, and FASER --- to survey the current state of LLP searches at the LHC, and to chart a path for the development of LLP searches into the future, both in the upcoming Run 3 and at the High-Luminosity LHC. The work is organized around the current and future potential capabilities of LHC experiments to generally discover new LLPs, and takes a signature-based approach to surveying classes of models that give rise to LLPs rather than emphasizing any particular theory motivation. We develop a set of simplified models; assess the coverage of current searches; document known, often unexpected backgrounds; explore the capabilities of proposed detector upgrades; provide recommendations for the presentation of search results; and look towards the newest frontiers, namely high-multiplicity "dark showers", highlighting opportunities for expanding the LHC reach for these signals. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019.

Journal ref: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 47 090501 (2020)

Existence and Non-existence of Solutions to the Coboundary Equation for Measure Preserving Systems

Authors: Terrence Adams, Joseph Rosenblatt

Abstract: Let $(X,\mathcal{B},μ)$ be a standard probability space. We give new fundamental results determining solutions to the coboundary equation: \begin{eqnarray*} f = g - g \circ T \end{eqnarray*} where $f \in L^p$ and $T$ is ergodic invertible measure preserving on $(X, \mathcal{B}, μ)$. We extend previous results by showing for any measurable $f$ that is non-zero on a set of positive measure, the clas… ▽ More Let $(X,\mathcal{B},μ)$ be a standard probability space. We give new fundamental results determining solutions to the coboundary equation: \begin{eqnarray*} f = g - g \circ T \end{eqnarray*} where $f \in L^p$ and $T$ is ergodic invertible measure preserving on $(X, \mathcal{B}, μ)$. We extend previous results by showing for any measurable $f$ that is non-zero on a set of positive measure, the class of measure preserving $T$ with a measurable solution $g$ is meager (including the case where $\int_X f dμ= 0$). From this fact, a natural question arises: given $f$, does there always exist a solution pair $T$ and $g$? In regards to this question, our main results are: (i) Given measurable $f$, there exists an ergodic invertible measure preserving transformation $T$ and measurable function $g$ such that $f(x) = g(x) - g(Tx)$ for a.e. $x\in X$, if and only if $\int_{f > 0} f dμ= - \int_{f < 0} f dμ$ (whether finite or $\infty$). (ii) Given mean-zero $f \in L^p$ for $p \geq 1$, there exists an ergodic invertible measure preserving $T$ and $g \in L^{p-1}$ such that $f(x) = g(x) - g( Tx )$ for a.e. $x \in X$. (iii) In some sense, the previous existence result is the best possible. For $p \geq 1$, there exist mean-zero $f \in L^p$ such that for any ergodic invertible measure preserving $T$ and any measurable $g$ such that $f(x) = g(x) - g(Tx)$ a.e., then $g \notin L^q$ for $q > p - 1$. Also, we show this situation is generic for mean-zero $f \in L^p$. Finally, it is shown that we cannot expect finite moments for solutions $g$, when $f \in L^1$. In particular, given any $φ: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that $\lim_{x\to \infty} φ(x) = \infty$, there exist mean-zero $f \in L^1$ such that for any solutions $T$ and $g$, the transfer function $g$ satisfies: \begin{eqnarray*} \int_{X} φ\big( | g(x) | \big) dμ= \infty. \end{eqnarray*} △ Less

Submitted 15 October, 2019; v1 submitted 24 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019.

Comments: 29 pages

MSC Class: 37A05; 37A20; 26A21

Response of the skyrmion lattice in MnSi to cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropies

Authors: T. Adams, M. Garst, A. Bauer, R. Georgii, C. Pfleiderer

Abstract: We report high-precision small angle neutron scattering of the orientation of the skyrmion lattice in a spherical sample of MnSi under systematic changes of the magnetic field direction. For all field directions the skyrmion lattice may be accurately described as a triple-$\vec{Q}$ state, where the modulus $\vert \vec{Q} \vert$ is constant and the wave vectors enclose rigid angles of… ▽ More We report high-precision small angle neutron scattering of the orientation of the skyrmion lattice in a spherical sample of MnSi under systematic changes of the magnetic field direction. For all field directions the skyrmion lattice may be accurately described as a triple-$\vec{Q}$ state, where the modulus $\vert \vec{Q} \vert$ is constant and the wave vectors enclose rigid angles of $120^{\circ}$. Along a great circle across $\langle 100\rangle$, $\langle 110\rangle$, and $\langle 111\rangle$ the normal to the skyrmion-lattice plane varies systematically by $\pm3^{\circ}$ with respect to the field direction, while the in-plane alignment displays a reorientation by $15^{\circ}$ for magnetic field along $\langle 100\rangle$. Our observations are qualitatively and quantitatively in excellent agreement with an effective potential, that is determined by the symmetries of the tetrahedral point group $T$ and includes contributions up to sixth-order in spin-orbit coupling, providing a full account of the effect of cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropies on the skyrmion lattice in MnSi. △ Less

Submitted 29 November, 2018; originally announced November 2018.

Journal ref: PRL 121, 187205 (2018)

Evolution of magneto-crystalline anisotropies in Mn$_{1-x}$Fe$_x$Si and Mn$_{1-x}$Co$_x$Si as inferred from small-angle neutron scattering and bulk properties

Authors: J. Kindervater, T. Adams, A. Bauer, F. Haslbeck, A. Chacon, S. Mühlbauer, F. Jonietz, A. Neubauer, U. Gasser, G. Nagy, N. Martin, W. Häußler, R. Georgii, M. Garst, C. Pfleiderer

Abstract: We report a comprehensive small-angle neutron scattering~(SANS) study of Mn$_{1-x}$Fe$_{x}$Si at zero magnetic field. To delineate changes of magneto-crystalline anisotropies (MCAs) from effects due to defects and disorder, we recorded complementary susceptibility and specific heat data, and investigated selected compositions of Mn$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$Si. For all systems studied the transition temperat… ▽ More We report a comprehensive small-angle neutron scattering~(SANS) study of Mn$_{1-x}$Fe$_{x}$Si at zero magnetic field. To delineate changes of magneto-crystalline anisotropies (MCAs) from effects due to defects and disorder, we recorded complementary susceptibility and specific heat data, and investigated selected compositions of Mn$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$Si. For all systems studied the transition temperature and magnetic phase diagrams evolve monotonically with composition consistent with literature. The SANS patterns of the magnetic order recorded under zero-field cooling display strong changes of the directions of the intensity maxima and smeared out intensity distributions as a function of composition. We show that cubic MCAs account for the complex evolution of the SANS patterns, where for increasing $x$ the character of the MCAs shifts from terms that are fourth-order to terms that are sixth order in spin--orbit coupling. The magnetic field dependence of the susceptibility and SANS establishes that the helix reorientation as a function of magnetic field for Fe- or Co-doped MnSi is dominated by pinning due to defects and disorder. The presence of thermodynamic anomalies of the specific heat at the phase boundaries of the skyrmion lattice phase in the doped samples and properties observed in Mn$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$Si establishes that the pinning due to defects and disorder remains, however, weak and comparable to the field scale of the helix reorientation. The observation that MCAs, that are sixth order in spin-orbit coupling, play an important role for the spontaneous order in Mn$_{1-x}$Fe$_{x}$Si and Mn$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$Si, offering a fresh perspective for a wide range of topics in cubic chiral magnets such as the generic magnetic phase diagram, the morphology of topological spin textures, the paramagnetic-to-helical transition, and quantum phase transitions. △ Less

Submitted 5 March, 2020; v1 submitted 29 November, 2018; originally announced November 2018.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. B 101, 104406 (2020)

Search for pressure-induced tricriticality in Cr

Authors: Alexander Schade, Tim Adams, Alfonso Chacon, Christian Pfleiderer, Peter B\''oni

Abstract: The antiferromagnetic ordering of chromium has long been known for its peculiar physical properties. One of them is the observation of the weak first-order character of the N'eel transition that is explained by the lack of a stable fixed point by Bak and Mukamel. Barak et al. predicted that by lowering the symmetry of the order parameter by the application of uniaxial pressure along the [110] dire… ▽ More The antiferromagnetic ordering of chromium has long been known for its peculiar physical properties. One of them is the observation of the weak first-order character of the N'eel transition that is explained by the lack of a stable fixed point by Bak and Mukamel. Barak et al. predicted that by lowering the symmetry of the order parameter by the application of uniaxial pressure along the [110] direction changes the N'eel transition to second-order. In a previous experiment by Fawcett et al., irreversible broadening of the Néel transition was already observed between 160 bar and 300 bar, which could, however, be caused by plastic deformation. Using an improved setup with reduced stress inhomogeneities we succeeded to increase the pressure range until irreversible broadening is observed above 450 bar. Despite the observed tripling of the intensity of the magnetic Bragg peak $[0, 0, 1-δ]$ at $p_{[110]}\geq450\,$bar, indicating a single $\bf{\text{Q}}_\pm$-domain state of the sample, no hints for a tricritical point were observed. △ Less

Submitted 26 November, 2018; originally announced November 2018.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. B 100, 035122 (2019)

Tests of General Relativity with GW170817

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, T. Adams, P. Addesso, R. X. Adhikari, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, B. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, B. Allen, G. Allen, A. Allocca, M. A. Aloy , et al. (1123 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The recent discovery by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo of a gravitational wave signal from a binary neutron star inspiral has enabled tests of general relativity (GR) with this new type of source. This source, for the first time, permits tests of strong-field dynamics of compact binaries in presence of matter. In this paper, we place constraints on the dipole radiation and possible deviations fr… ▽ More The recent discovery by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo of a gravitational wave signal from a binary neutron star inspiral has enabled tests of general relativity (GR) with this new type of source. This source, for the first time, permits tests of strong-field dynamics of compact binaries in presence of matter. In this paper, we place constraints on the dipole radiation and possible deviations from GR in the post-Newtonian coefficients that govern the inspiral regime. Bounds on modified dispersion of gravitational waves are obtained; in combination with information from the observed electromagnetic counterpart we can also constrain effects due to large extra dimensions. Finally, the polarization content of the gravitational wave signal is studied. The results of all tests performed here show good agreement with GR. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2019; v1 submitted 1 November, 2018; originally announced November 2018.

Comments: 15 pages, 4 figures. Matches journal submission

Report number: LIGO-P1800059

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 011102 (2019)

A Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor Search for Electromagnetic Signals Coincident with Gravitational-Wave Candidates in Advanced LIGO's First Observing Run

Authors: The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor Team, The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, :, E. Burns, A. Goldstein, C. M. Hui, L. Blackburn, M. S. Briggs, V. Connaughton, R. Hamburg, D. Kocevski, P. Veres, C. A. Wilson-Hodge, E. Bissaldi, W. H. Cleveland, M. M. Giles, B. Mailyan, C. A. Meegan, W. A. Paciesas, S. Poolakkil, R. D. Preece, J. L. Racusin, O. J. Roberts, A. von Kienlin , et al. (1139 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a search for prompt gamma-ray counterparts to compact binary coalescence gravitational wave (GW) candidates from Advanced LIGO's first observing run (O1). As demonstrated by the multimessenger observations of GW170817/GRB 170817A, electromagnetic and GW observations provide complementary information about the astrophysical source and, in the case of weaker candidates, may strengthen the… ▽ More We present a search for prompt gamma-ray counterparts to compact binary coalescence gravitational wave (GW) candidates from Advanced LIGO's first observing run (O1). As demonstrated by the multimessenger observations of GW170817/GRB 170817A, electromagnetic and GW observations provide complementary information about the astrophysical source and, in the case of weaker candidates, may strengthen the case for an astrophysical origin. Here we investigate low-significance GW candidates from the O1 compact-binary coalescence searches using the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM), leveraging its all-sky and broad energy coverage. Candidates are ranked and compared to background to measure significance. Those with false alarm rates of less than 10^-5 Hz (about one per day) are used as the search sample for gamma-ray follow-up. No GW candidates were found to be coincident with gamma-ray transients independently identified by blind searches of the GBM data. In addition, GW candidate event times were followed up by a separate targeted search of GBM data. Among the resulting GBM events, the two with lowest false alarm rates were the gamma-ray transient GW150914-GBM presented in Connaughton et al. (2016) and a solar flare in chance coincidence with a GW candidate. △ Less

Submitted 18 November, 2019; v1 submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018.

Comments: Published in ApJ

Search for gravitational waves from a long-lived remnant of the binary neutron star merger GW170817

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, T. Adams, P. Addesso, R. X. Adhikari, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, B. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, B. Allen, G. Allen, A. Allocca, M. A. Aloy , et al. (1116 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: One unanswered question about the binary neutron star coalescence GW170817 is the nature of its post-merger remnant. A previous search for post-merger gravitational waves targeted high-frequency signals from a possible neutron star remnant with a maximum signal duration of 500 s. Here we revisit the neutron star remnant scenario with a focus on longer signal durations up until the end of the Secon… ▽ More One unanswered question about the binary neutron star coalescence GW170817 is the nature of its post-merger remnant. A previous search for post-merger gravitational waves targeted high-frequency signals from a possible neutron star remnant with a maximum signal duration of 500 s. Here we revisit the neutron star remnant scenario with a focus on longer signal durations up until the end of the Second Advanced LIGO-Virgo Observing run, 8.5 days after the coalescence of GW170817. The main physical scenario for such emission is the power-law spindown of a massive magnetar-like remnant. We use four independent search algorithms with varying degrees of restrictiveness on the signal waveformand different ways of dealing with noise artefacts. In agreement with theoretical estimates, we find no significant signal candidates. Through simulated signals, we quantify that with the current detector sensitivity, nowhere in the studied parameter space are we sensitive to a signal from more than 1 Mpc away, compared to the actual distance of 40 Mpc. This study however serves as a prototype for post-merger analyses in future observing runs with expected higher sensitivity. △ Less

Submitted 4 October, 2019; v1 submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018.

Comments: main paper: 9 pages and 3 figures; total with appendices: 24 pages and 9 figures. Full UL tables available as MRT ancillary files

Report number: LIGO-P1800195

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal 875:160 (2019)