Showing 1–50 of 111 results for author: Youngblood, A

ESCAPE: a small explorer mission to study the stellar drivers of exoplanet evolution

Authors: Allison Youngblood, Kevin France, Brian Fleming, Tim H. Hellickson, Alan C. Hoskins, James Paul Mason, Dolon Bhattacharyya, Hannah Diamond-Lowe, Girish M. Duvvuri, Cynthia S. Froning, Vinay L. Kashyap, Tommi T. Koskinen, Yuta Notsu, Seth Redfield, David J. Wilson, Ute V. Amerstorfer, Tracy M. Becker, Francesco Borsa, David A. Brain, Luca Fossati, Briana Indahl, Meng Jin, Graham S. Kerr, Adam F. Kowalski, Rachel A. Osten , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The long-term stability of exoplanetary atmospheres depends critically on the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) photon and high-energy particle fluxes from the host star, which are poorly constrained. To address this key gap in our understanding of atmospheric retention, we present the Extreme-ultraviolet Stellar Characterization for Atmospheric Physics and Evolution (ESCAPE) mission, a NASA Small Explore… ▽ More The long-term stability of exoplanetary atmospheres depends critically on the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) photon and high-energy particle fluxes from the host star, which are poorly constrained. To address this key gap in our understanding of atmospheric retention, we present the Extreme-ultraviolet Stellar Characterization for Atmospheric Physics and Evolution (ESCAPE) mission, a NASA Small Explorer concept proposed in 2026. ESCAPE employs extreme- and far-ultraviolet spectroscopy (80 - 1650 Ang) to provide the first comprehensive study of the stellar EUV history and stellar coronal mass ejection (CME) environments that control atmospheric mass-loss and determine the habitability of rocky exoplanets. This paper outlines both the primary science goals of the mission, the breadth of future general observer investigations, and a detailed design study of the mission's instrumentation. The ESCAPE instrument comprises a grazing incidence telescope that feeds multiple diffraction gratings and a photon-counting detector. We describe a demonstration of the Hettrick-Bowyer telescope, etched silicon diffraction gratings, the microchannel plate detector and housing, and gold and zirconium coatings. We present a STOP analysis that verifies ESCAPE's ability to meet its structural integrity, thermal stability, and optical performance requirements throughout the mission environment. △ Less

Submitted 1 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Stellar impact on exoplanetary atmospheric evolution and habitability

Authors: Antígona Segura, Manuel Güdel, Konstantin Herbst, Dibyendu Nandy, Arghyadeep Paul, Raissa Estrela, Allison Youngblood

Abstract: This chapter will review the deep connection of planetary habitability and stellar irradiation. We present the long-term stellar evolution as one of the drivers of atmospheric escape and climate changes on exoplanets, as well as the chemistry driven by stellar UV and stellar energetic particles. Habitability is presented in the context of short and long-term stellar variability and evolution to la… ▽ More This chapter will review the deep connection of planetary habitability and stellar irradiation. We present the long-term stellar evolution as one of the drivers of atmospheric escape and climate changes on exoplanets, as well as the chemistry driven by stellar UV and stellar energetic particles. Habitability is presented in the context of short and long-term stellar variability and evolution to layout what we understand and what we need to know about stellar irradiation to constrain our planetary atmospheric models and choose the best targets for future missions that may characterize those exoplanets. △ Less

Submitted 31 July, 2026; v1 submitted 29 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 78 pages, 22 figures, submitted to Space Science Reviews

A Critical UV Legacy: A Hubble Roadmap for HWO Science Readiness

Authors: Sarah Peacock, Aiden S. Zelakewicz, Lisa Kaltenegger, Breanna A. Binder, José A. Caballero, Lía Corrales, Kevin France, Cynthia Froning, Eric Mamajek, Seth Redfield, Tyler Richey-Yowell, Keighley Rockcliffe, Edward Schwieterman, Riccardo Spinelli, Noah Tuchow, David Wilson, Allison Youngblood

Abstract: The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) will provide the first opportunity to directly image and spectrally characterize terrestrial exoplanets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Maximizing its scientific return requires a comprehensive understanding of the high-energy radiation environments of target stars, which shape planetary atmospheres and govern the production, destruction, and detectab… ▽ More The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) will provide the first opportunity to directly image and spectrally characterize terrestrial exoplanets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Maximizing its scientific return requires a comprehensive understanding of the high-energy radiation environments of target stars, which shape planetary atmospheres and govern the production, destruction, and detectability of biosignatures. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays a particularly critical role in atmospheric chemistry. Far-ultraviolet (FUV) and near-ultraviolet (NUV) photons regulate key photochemical pathways, influence ozone stability, and drive the formation of prebiotic molecules. However, the majority of high-priority HWO target stars lack high-quality UV observations. Existing datasets are sparse, heterogeneous, or limited by calibration uncertainties, and no comparable UV observatory is expected for at least 5-10 years (with UVEX offering more limited spectral resolution, wavelength coverage, and sensitivity). The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) remains the only observatory capable of acquiring high-resolution FUV and NUV spectra for these targets over the next 10-15 years. We therefore advocate for a coordinated HST program to systematically obtain UV spectra of high-priority HWO targets, ideally in conjunction with X-ray observations. This effort is essential for enabling accurate target prioritization, constraining stellar radiation environments, and ensuring robust interpretation of future HWO observations. △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: Building a Roadmap for Hubble science into the 2030s White Paper, 5 pages

The unique ability of the Hubble Space Telescope to characterize young exoplanet environments

Authors: Keighley E. Rockcliffe, Allison Youngblood, Kevin France, Cynthia Froning, P. C. Schneider, Elisabeth Newton, David J. Wilson, Vighnesh Nagpal, Sarah Peacock, Seth Redfield, Mayumi Liz de Andrade Miyazato, Hans-R. Müller, Aylin García Soto

Abstract: The chemical and mass evolution of exoplanet atmospheres is shaped by their specific X-ray through ultraviolet (5 - 3200 Angstroms) irradiance history. X-ray and EUV (5 - 911 Angstroms) radiation largely contributes to atmospheric heating via photoionization, while far- and near-UV emission (912 - 3200 Angstroms) drives photochemistry. The (uncharacterized) variance between young star spectra in t… ▽ More The chemical and mass evolution of exoplanet atmospheres is shaped by their specific X-ray through ultraviolet (5 - 3200 Angstroms) irradiance history. X-ray and EUV (5 - 911 Angstroms) radiation largely contributes to atmospheric heating via photoionization, while far- and near-UV emission (912 - 3200 Angstroms) drives photochemistry. The (uncharacterized) variance between young star spectra in this wavelength range for the same spectral type causes significant uncertainty in interpreting present-day transmission spectra of young exoplanets, directly impacting the science return of the James Webb Space Telescope and other programs. Additionally, the lack of direct X-ray through UV characterization for stars of all ages leads to large uncertainties in the high-energy irradiance history of all planetary systems, propagating into uncertainties in their chemical and mass evolution. This influences current and future observing programs, as well as the goal of the future flagship Habitable Worlds Observatory to find and characterize habitable exoplanets. There are less than a handful of young planet hosts with well-characterized X-ray through UV environments. The Hubble Space Telescope is the only observatory capable of measuring the UV spectrum and enabling the characterization of exoplanet high-energy environments. We advocate for an observing program to measure the UV, estimate the EUV, and measure the X-ray where possible and needed of all amenable young planet hosts, addressing the Space Telescope Science Institute's call for Building a Roadmap for Hubble Science into the 2030s. △ Less

Submitted 27 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: STScI "Building a Roadmap for Hubble Science into the 2030s" white paper

Revisiting the ultraviolet spectroscopy of the eta Tel edge-on debris disk

Authors: Allison Youngblood, Alexis Brandeker, Sebastian Perez, Aki Roberge, Alycia Weinberger, Meredith A. MacGregor, Barry Welsh

Abstract: We revisit the ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy of the edge-on debris disk surrounding the A0V star $η$ Telescopii. Previous work found absorption components at four velocities ($\sim$ -23, -18, -10, -1 km s$^{-1}$), with the most blueshifted component (-23 km s$^{-1}$) interpreted as a likely disk wind. However, optical spectroscopy of $η$ Tel and other nearby stars in projection demonstrate t… ▽ More We revisit the ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy of the edge-on debris disk surrounding the A0V star $η$ Telescopii. Previous work found absorption components at four velocities ($\sim$ -23, -18, -10, -1 km s$^{-1}$), with the most blueshifted component (-23 km s$^{-1}$) interpreted as a likely disk wind. However, optical spectroscopy of $η$ Tel and other nearby stars in projection demonstrate that the -23 km s$^{-1}$ component is likely interstellar in origin. We find that there are three interstellar components toward this sight line (-23, -18, -10 km s$^{-1}$), but that the fourth component near -1 km s$^{-1}$, which was only detected in O I, is inconsistent with an interstellar origin and could be circumstellar. We place a 3-$σ$ upper limit on the C/O ratio of the -1 km s$^{-1}$ gas (log C/O $<$ -2.1), finding that it is consistent with Earth and solar system comet abundances. However, the abundance is inconsistent with the carbon-rich disks of $β$ Pic (A5V) and 49 Cet (A1V), probably because $η$ Tel (A0V) is a warmer star imposing greater levels of radiation pressure on carbon atoms in the disk. A low C/O ratio is also inconsistent with Herschel's [CII] detection toward $η$ Tel and may indicate that carbon gas is misaligned from the line of sight or variable in time. △ Less

Submitted 12 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: Accepted to AJ

Foundations for Discovery: A Coordinated Fleet Approach to NASA Astrophysics

Authors: Regina Caputo, Francesca M. Civano, Knicole D. Colón, Brian Humensky, David T. Leisawitz, Avi M. Mandell, Conor A. Nixon, Georgia A. de Nolfo, Jeremy S. Perkins, Elisa V. Quintana, Judith L. Racusin, Joshua E. Schlieder, Albert Y. Shih, Amy A. Simon, Jacob Slutsky, Tonia M. Venters, Jennifer J. Wiseman, Allison A. Youngblood

Abstract: This white paper presents an analysis of Astro2020 science priorities and NASA's future astrophysics mission architecture, advocating for a coordinated fleet of \$1--2B missions, smaller than typical Flagship observatories, but strategically designed to complement them, i.e. a ``Next Generation Great Observatories" program. The study addresses opportunities in current mission planning, design, and… ▽ More This white paper presents an analysis of Astro2020 science priorities and NASA's future astrophysics mission architecture, advocating for a coordinated fleet of \$1--2B missions, smaller than typical Flagship observatories, but strategically designed to complement them, i.e. a ``Next Generation Great Observatories" program. The study addresses opportunities in current mission planning, design, and implementation and proposes a strategic approach to maximize scientific return on investment while strengthening partnerships across NASA divisions, other government organizations, universities, and industry. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2026; v1 submitted 4 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Comments: 32 pages, 10 figures

NASA's Pandora SmallSat Mission: Simulating the Impact of Stellar Photospheric Heterogeneity and Its Correction

Authors: Benjamin V. Rackham, Aishwarya R. Iyer, Dániel Apai, Peter McGill, Yoav Rotman, Knicole D. Colón, Brett M. Morris, Emily A. Gilbert, Elisa V. Quintana, Jessie L. Dotson, Thomas Barclay, Pete Supsinskas, Jordan Karburn, Christina Hedges, Jason F. Rowe, David R. Ciardi, Jessie L. Christiansen, Trevor O. Foote, Thomas P. Greene, Kelsey Hoffman, Rae Holcomb, Aurora Y. Kesseli, Veselin B. Kostov, Nikole K. Lewis, James P. Mason , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Stellar photospheric heterogeneity is a dominant astrophysical systematic impacting exoplanet transmission spectroscopy. NASA's Pandora SmallSat Mission is designed to address this challenge through contemporaneous visible photometry and NIR spectroscopy of exoplanet host stars. Here we present an end-to-end simulation study quantifying Pandora's ability to infer stellar photospheric properties an… ▽ More Stellar photospheric heterogeneity is a dominant astrophysical systematic impacting exoplanet transmission spectroscopy. NASA's Pandora SmallSat Mission is designed to address this challenge through contemporaneous visible photometry and NIR spectroscopy of exoplanet host stars. Here we present an end-to-end simulation study quantifying Pandora's ability to infer stellar photospheric properties and correct stellar contamination using out-of-transit observations. We construct eight representative stellar activity scenarios and generate 160 simulated Pandora datasets, incorporating time-dependent stellar spectra, instrument response, and noise. Given accurate models, Bayesian retrievals of Pandora spectrophotometry recover photospheric temperatures with typical uncertainties of ${\approx}30$ K, with no significant bias. Models with two spectral components (i.e., quiescent photosphere and spots) are strongly favored in 95% of cases; one-component models are preferred when true spot filling factors fall below a detection threshold of ${\approx}0.3$%. We propagate the true and inferred stellar parameters to compute true, inferred, and residual contamination signals under physically motivated spot geometries. For simple spot distributions, contamination signals of $10^2{-}10^3$ ppm are reduced to ${\lesssim}10$ ppm, well below Pandora's expected transmission spectroscopy precision (30$-$100 ppm). For more complex spot distributions, geometric degeneracies limit deterministic corrections, leaving residual contamination at the $10^3$ ppm level that must be mitigated using additional constraints, such as spot-crossing events and joint stellar-planetary retrievals of transmission spectra. These results define regimes in which stellar contamination can be corrected from stellar observations alone and show how Pandora stellar observations can identify cases where additional information is required. △ Less

Submitted 29 April, 2026; v1 submitted 4 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in AJ; 23 pages, 5 figures, 6 tables

The GAPS Programme at the TNG: LXX. TOI-5734b: A hot sub-Neptune orbiting a relatively young K dwarf with an Earth-like density

Authors: S. Filomeno, T. Trifonov, M. Damasso, M. Baratella, S. Benatti, K. Biazzo, K. A. Collins, R. Cosentino, S. Desidera, C. Di Maio, D. Locci, A. Maggio, L. Mancini, S. Messina, L. Naponiello, D. Nardiello, K. G. Stassun, F. Amadori, S. Antoniucci, F. Biassoni, A. S. Bonomo, L. Cabona, C. A. Clark, M. Gonzalez, A. F. Lanza , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Increasing interest in young exoplanets is leading to a growing effort to understand the formation and evolutionary processes responsible for their different architectures. One interesting target is TOI-5734, a relatively young K3-K4 dwarf star ($500_{-150}^{+300}$ Myr) showing a transiting candidate in photometric observations followed up with high-resolution spectroscopic data. Using Transiting… ▽ More Increasing interest in young exoplanets is leading to a growing effort to understand the formation and evolutionary processes responsible for their different architectures. One interesting target is TOI-5734, a relatively young K3-K4 dwarf star ($500_{-150}^{+300}$ Myr) showing a transiting candidate in photometric observations followed up with high-resolution spectroscopic data. Using Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry and High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern hemisphere (HARPS-N) radial-velocity (RV) data, we aim to validate the presence of the companion TOI-5734b, measure its planetary mass, size, and its orbital parameters after having characterised its host star. We then aim to study its possible planetary composition and atmospheric evolution. By simultaneously modelling photometry and high-cadence RVs, we measured the radius, mass, and density of TOI-5734b precisely. In particular, we employed Gaussian processes (GPs) with a flexible kernel to discriminate between the stellar activity of the young host and planetary signals. We confirmed the planetary nature of TOI-5734b and measured its orbital period ($P_{\rm b}\sim6.18$ d), radius ($R_{\rm b} = 2.10^{+0.12}_{-0.12}$ $R_\oplus$), and mass ($M_{\rm b}=9.1^{+2.6}_{-2.6}$ $M_\oplus$). By measuring its density ($ρ_{\rm b}=0.98_{-0.30}^{+0.36}$ $ρ_\oplus$), we infer that TOI-5734b is close to having a rocky composition and an almost completely depleted primary envelope. Our results point toward the possibility of considering the target for atmospheric studies with present and future ground- and space-based facilities. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 19 pages, 20 figures. Accepted for publication on A&A. Language editor corrected version. Abstract abridged

Journal ref: A&A 708, A90 (2026)

The MUSCLES Extension for Atmospheric Transmission Spectroscopy: Spectral energy distributions for 20 exoplanet host stars that JWST observed in Cycle 1

Authors: David J. Wilson, Allison Youngblood, Girish M. Duvvuri, Kevin France, P. Christian Schneider, Alexander Brown, Isabella Longo, Cynthia S. Froning, Jacob L. Bean, J. Sebastian Pineda, Eliza M. -R. Kempton, Yamila Miguel, Thomas M. Evans-Soma, Zachory Berta-Thompson

Abstract: Correctly interpreting JWST spectra of close-in exoplanets requires a measurement of the X-ray and ultraviolet light that the planets receive from their host stars. Here we provide spectral energy distributions (SEDs) covering the range $\approx5-1\times10^7$A for 20 transiting exoplanet host stars observed in JWST Cycle 1. The SEDs are constructed out of new and archival Hubble Space Telescope, C… ▽ More Correctly interpreting JWST spectra of close-in exoplanets requires a measurement of the X-ray and ultraviolet light that the planets receive from their host stars. Here we provide spectral energy distributions (SEDs) covering the range $\approx5-1\times10^7$A for 20 transiting exoplanet host stars observed in JWST Cycle 1. The SEDs are constructed out of new and archival Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra X-ray Observatory and/or XMM-Newton data combined with spectra from models or stars with similar properties (proxies) filling in unobserved gaps. We have also constructed SEDs of likely Habitable Worlds Observatory targets $κ^1$ Ceti, $τ$ Ceti, $ε$ Indi and 70 Oph B for use as proxies. We find that the JWST target planets almost all experience much stronger ultraviolet fluxes than the Earth, especially in the extreme ultraviolet, even for planets with similar overall instellation. Strong ongoing or past atmospheric escape is possible for a majority of these planets. We also assess the now considerable sample of panchromatic stellar SEDs and its applicability for current JWST observations and beyond. △ Less

Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in AJ

X-ray and UV Observations of the Young Sun HIP~67522: Evidence of Lyman-alpha Absorption Within the Planetary System

Authors: Cynthia S. Froning, Allison Youngblood, David J. Wilson, Girish M. Duvvuri, Kevin France, P. Christian Schneider, J. Sebastian Pineda, Alexander Brown, Angeli Sandoval, Thomas Ayres

Abstract: We present ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy of the 17 Myr, G0V star, HIP 67522. The UV spectrum is characterized by strong chromospheric and transition region emission lines. There was moderate spectral variability during the observations consisting of 15% stochastic fluctuation and two small flares releasing $E_{UV} \simeq 2-4\times10^{32}$ ergs in each event. We compare the broadband spectral energ… ▽ More We present ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy of the 17 Myr, G0V star, HIP 67522. The UV spectrum is characterized by strong chromospheric and transition region emission lines. There was moderate spectral variability during the observations consisting of 15% stochastic fluctuation and two small flares releasing $E_{UV} \simeq 2-4\times10^{32}$ ergs in each event. We compare the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED; 4.7 A - 13.0~$μ$m) of the star first presented in Thao et al. (2024) to the solar SED and show that X-ray/UV (XUV) flux density at 1 AU is $10^{2}-10^{5}$ stronger (from 1000 A down to 5 A) in the young star compared to the present-day Sun. Attempts to reconstruct the intrinsic Ly-alpha emission of the star failed to return physically realistic results. The discrepancy appears to arise from a population of neutral hydrogen within the system itself, extending to $> \pm500$ km/s. The absorption could be due to outflow from exoplanet atmospheric loss or from a stellar component; such a picture would require high spectral resolution observations and/or UV transit spectroscopy to confirm. Finally, we examine the evolution of the XUV emission from solar-type stars from ages of 17 Myr to 9.4 Gyr and derive a scaling relation between FUV Ly-alpha and EUV emission as a function of stellar age. X-ray (1--100 A) and EUV (100--900 A) contributions to high energy emission are 329 and 672 ergs/cm^2/s at 1 AU, respectively, suggesting that both may contribute to exoplanet heating at this epoch. The XUV emission levels at 17 Myr combined with the low density of the planet HIP67522b are consistent with models that predict that solar type stars born with high rotation and activity levels will drive substantial heating and escape on close-in, gaseous planets. △ Less

Submitted 31 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: AJ, accepted

Lyman-Alpha Emission from K and M Dwarfs: Intrinsic Profiles, Variability, and Flux in the Habitable Zone

Authors: Sarah Peacock, Travis S. Barman, R. O. Parke Loyd, Adam C. Schneider, Allison Youngblood, Kenneth G. Carpenter, Evgenya L. Shkolnik

Abstract: Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) is the most prominent ultraviolet emission line in low-mass stars, playing a crucial role in exoplanet atmospheric photochemistry, heating, and escape. However, interstellar medium (ISM) absorption typically obscures most of the Ly$α$ profile, requiring reconstructions that introduce systematic uncertainties. We present intrinsic Ly$α$ profiles for 12 high radial velocity K and M… ▽ More Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) is the most prominent ultraviolet emission line in low-mass stars, playing a crucial role in exoplanet atmospheric photochemistry, heating, and escape. However, interstellar medium (ISM) absorption typically obscures most of the Ly$α$ profile, requiring reconstructions that introduce systematic uncertainties. We present intrinsic Ly$α$ profiles for 12 high radial velocity K and M dwarfs, where Doppler shifting minimizes ISM contamination, allowing direct measurements of $\sim$50-95\% of the line flux. Our sample spans the K-to-M spectral transition, enabling us to constrain the dependence of self-reversals in Ly$α$ emission profiles on effective temperature ($T_{eff}$). The depth of self-reversal, driven by non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) effects, decreases with decreasing $T_{eff}$, with M dwarfs exhibiting little to none. Two stars, Ross 1044 and Ross 451, were observed over multiple days, revealing $\sim$20\% Ly$α$ variability confined to the line core - implying that studies relying on reconstructions may underestimate temporal variability. We find strong correlations between Ly$α$ flux, peak-to-trough ratio, and hydrogen departure coefficients with $T_{eff}$, providing empirical constraints for stellar atmosphere models. A comparison of Ly$α$ flux in the habitable zone shows measured values for high radial velocity stars less than the reconstructed values for the rest of the sample, likely due to the older ages of the high-RV stars and/or overestimated reconstructed fluxes due to model deficiency (e.g., neglecting self-reversal). Our results establish an empirical foundation for Ly$α$ emission in K and M dwarfs, reducing uncertainties in reconstructions and improving models of stellar UV emission relevant to exoplanetary studies. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables, accepted to ApJ

HWO Target Stars and Systems: A Survey of Archival UV and X-ray Data

Authors: Sarah Peacock, David J. Wilson, Tyler Richey-Yowell, Noah W. Tuchow, Kevin France, José A. Caballero, Riccardo Spinelli, Lía Corrales, Aiden S. Zelakiewicz, Seth Redfield, Keighley Rockcliffe, Allison Youngblood, Cynthia S. Froning, Girish M. Duvvuri, Breanna A. Binder, Natalie R. Hinkel, Eric E. Mamajek

Abstract: We assess archival high-energy data for key stars on the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) Target Stars and Systems 2025 list, as stellar radiation is critical to shaping and interpreting planetary atmospheres. Using a sample of 98 nearby stars (HWO Tier 1 targets), we compile and evaluate X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) data from archival eROSITA, Chandra, XMM-Newton, ROSAT, EUVE, Swift, FUSE, IUE, G… ▽ More We assess archival high-energy data for key stars on the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) Target Stars and Systems 2025 list, as stellar radiation is critical to shaping and interpreting planetary atmospheres. Using a sample of 98 nearby stars (HWO Tier 1 targets), we compile and evaluate X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) data from archival eROSITA, Chandra, XMM-Newton, ROSAT, EUVE, Swift, FUSE, IUE, GALEX, and HST. We examine spectral and temporal coverage, assess data quality, and identify major gaps. UV data are moderately available, with most coverage coming from near-UV spectra from IUE. Far fewer stars have far-UV spectra, especially from HST. In the X-ray regime, some stars have high-quality spectra, while others are limited to shallow detections or broad-band photometry. A small fraction of the sample has both X-ray and UV spectra of sufficient quality to support full spectral energy distribution modeling. Truly comprehensive coverage across X-ray, extreme-UV, and both UV bands remains extremely rare. Most datasets are single-epoch, limiting assessments of variability and flares - key factors in atmospheric photochemistry and escape. Moreover, the lack of simultaneous or contemporaneous observations across bands adds further uncertainty. Our findings underscore the need for new space-based missions and coordinated multiwavelength campaigns, ideally with overlapping coverage, to improve stellar characterization for HWO. As several key observatories age and face potential decommissioning, there is a narrow window of opportunity to secure these critical data. Investing in this effort now will directly support the science goals of HWO and enhance future studies of planetary habitability. △ Less

Submitted 10 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 32 pages, 13 Figures, 6 Tables, accepted to AJ

Toward a 2D H I Map of the Local Interstellar Medium

Authors: Allison Youngblood, Kevin France, Tommi Koskinen, James Paul Mason, Seth Redfield, Brian E. Wood, Vincent Bourrier, Leonardo dos Santos, Christopher Johns-Krull, George W. King, Jeffrey L. Linsky, Sarah Peacock

Abstract: Obtaining a complete census of gas in the local interstellar medium (<100 pc) is challenging given the limited available tracers of the warm, partially-ionized medium. Medium-to-high resolution UV absorption spectroscopy toward individual nearby stars is the primary method used, and incomplete spatial sampling of this complex medium makes a global map of the material difficult. Using H I column de… ▽ More Obtaining a complete census of gas in the local interstellar medium (<100 pc) is challenging given the limited available tracers of the warm, partially-ionized medium. Medium-to-high resolution UV absorption spectroscopy toward individual nearby stars is the primary method used, and incomplete spatial sampling of this complex medium makes a global map of the material difficult. Using H I column density measurements derived from H I Lyman alpha spectroscopy toward 164 stars inside 100 pc, we have generated 2D spatially-interpolated N(HI) maps for different distance shells. Based on the area-weighted sky averages, we find that sightlines inside 10 pc typically have log N(HI) ~ 17.9. For greater distance shells, log N(HI) increases to 18.3 (10-20 pc), then to 18.4 (20-70 pc), and finally increasing to 18.6 (70-100 pc). This last increase is likely associated with the detection of the Local Bubble boundary, thus making the plateau of column density from 20-70 pc notable and suggestive of the rarity of warm LISM material beyond ~10-20 pc. We estimate that the uncertainties associated with N(HI) values inferred from the interpolated sky maps are approximately inversely correlated with the number of samples in each distance shell and are in the range of 0.20-0.48 dex, compared to 0.01-0.30 dex typically determined from direct Lyman alpha observations. We discuss the impact of these uncertainties on ISM corrections of EUV and Lyman alpha observations for nearby stars. Denser spatial sampling of the sky via UV absorption spectroscopy of nearby stars is required to improve the accuracy of these N(HI) estimates. △ Less

Submitted 9 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

FUMES IV: Optical and Far-ultraviolet Spectra of a Flare on the M Dwarf GJ 4334

Authors: Girish M. Duvvuri, J. Sebastian Pineda, Aylin García Soto, Zachory K. Berta-Thompson, Allison Youngblood, Kevin France, Elisabeth R. Newton, Keivan G. Stassun

Abstract: On 2017-09-20 we observed GJ 4334, an M5V dwarf rotating with a period of 23.5 days, simultaneously with both the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph aboard Hubble (1160 -- 1710 Angstroms) and the Dual Imaging Spectrograph mounted on the 3.5m telescope at Apache Point Observatory (3750 -- 5050; 5800 -- 6950 Angstroms) as part of a larger survey of intermediately active M dwarfs. GJ 4334 flared du… ▽ More On 2017-09-20 we observed GJ 4334, an M5V dwarf rotating with a period of 23.5 days, simultaneously with both the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph aboard Hubble (1160 -- 1710 Angstroms) and the Dual Imaging Spectrograph mounted on the 3.5m telescope at Apache Point Observatory (3750 -- 5050; 5800 -- 6950 Angstroms) as part of a larger survey of intermediately active M dwarfs. GJ 4334 flared during the observation, starting with a rise in the flux of optical chromospheric emission lines, followed by the rapid rise and decay of multiple far-ultraviolet emission lines formed in the transition region, followed by the slow decay of the optical lines. We find significant broadening and asymmetries in the optical emission lines that are potentially from bulk plasma motion, a post-flare elevated flux in both the optical and far-ultraviolet, and trends in the rise and decay timescales of the Balmer series such that higher-order lines rise earlier and decay faster than lower-order lines. The equivalent durations of the flare in individual lines range from 800 -- 3e4 seconds, mapping to flare energies of 1e28 -- 3e29 erg for each line. To contextualize GJ 4334's flare behavior we measure and compare its optical flare frequency distribution with TESS to EV Lacertae, a similar mass but faster rotating M dwarf, and find that GJ 4334 has an excess of large flares relative to the power-law established by the majority of its smaller flares. This dataset is a rare opportunity to characterize flares near a critical transition in stellar magnetic activity. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 40 pages, 7 tables, 18 figures (3 of which are representative of larger figuresets to be published in the online Astronomical Journal version)

Detecting Stellar Coronal Mass Ejections via Coronal Dimming in the Extreme Ultraviolet

Authors: James Paul Mason, Allison Youngblood, Kevin France, Astrid M. Veronig, Meng Jin

Abstract: Stellar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can strip planetary atmospheres, reducing the potential habitability of terrestrial planets. While flares have been observed for decades, stellar CMEs remain elusive. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emissions are sensitive to both flares and CME-induced coronal dimming. We assess the detectability of stellar CME-induced EUV dimming events by adapting a kn… ▽ More Stellar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can strip planetary atmospheres, reducing the potential habitability of terrestrial planets. While flares have been observed for decades, stellar CMEs remain elusive. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emissions are sensitive to both flares and CME-induced coronal dimming. We assess the detectability of stellar CME-induced EUV dimming events by adapting a known "Sun-as-a-star" dimming technique -- validated by the Solar Dynamics Observatory's EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) -- to stellar conditions. We adapt the solar data to reflect a range of stellar intensities, accounting for intrinsic brightness, distance, and interstellar medium (ISM) attenuation. We generate synthetic light curves for two different missions: the legacy EUV Explorer (EUVE) and the proposed ESCAPE mission. Our results indicate that dimming detections are well within reach. EUVE's broadband imager was capable of detecting stellar CMEs -- albeit with limited spectral (temperature) resolution -- but that was not part of the observing plan. EUVE's spectroscopic survey lacked sufficient sensitivity for CME detections. Optimizing modern instrument design for this task would make the observation fully feasible. In this work, we present a tool to explore the stellar-CME detection parameter space. Our tool shows that an instrument with performance similar to ESCAPE, setting a 600-second integration period, and integrating the spectra into bands, any star with an X-ray flux $\geq 2.51 \times 10^{-12}$ergs$^{-1}$~cm$^{-2}$ should have a $\geq 3σ$ detection even for a modest few-percent dimming profile, regardless of ISM attenuation. Such measurements would be crucial for understanding the space weather environments of exoplanet host stars and, ultimately, for evaluating planetary habitability. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 10 figures, published

Journal ref: ApJ 988 167 (2025)

A Semi-Empirical Estimate of Solar EUV Evolution from 10 Myr to 10 Gyr

Authors: Kevin France, Girish Duvvuri, Cynthia Froning, Alexander Brown, P. Christian Schneider, J. Sebastian Pineda, David Wilson, Allison Youngblood, Vladimir Airapetian, Kosuke Namekata, Yuta Notsu, Tristen Sextro

Abstract: The extreme-ultraviolet (EUV; 100 -- 911 Å) spectra of F, G, K, and M stars provide diagnostics of the stellar chromosphere through the corona, with line and continuum formation temperatures spanning roughly 10$^{4}$ - 10$^{7}$ K. The EUV stellar spectrum in turn drives atmospheric photochemistry and numerous escape processes on orbiting planets. We present a new study of the EUV history of solar-… ▽ More The extreme-ultraviolet (EUV; 100 -- 911 Å) spectra of F, G, K, and M stars provide diagnostics of the stellar chromosphere through the corona, with line and continuum formation temperatures spanning roughly 10$^{4}$ - 10$^{7}$ K. The EUV stellar spectrum in turn drives atmospheric photochemistry and numerous escape processes on orbiting planets. We present a new study of the EUV history of solar-type stars, using new and archival {\it Hubble Space Telescope} observations of solar analogs (T$_{\odot}$ $\pm$ 150 K for stars older than 100 Myr) and ``Young Suns" (age $<$ 100 Myr) that will evolve into main sequence early G-type stars to predict the 90 -- 360 Å EUV flux from a sample of 23 stars. We find that the EUV activity evolution for solar-type stars follows a two-component behavior: a saturated L(EUV)/L$_{bol}$ plateau (at a level of about 10$^{-4}$) followed by a power law decay ($α$ $\approx$ $-$1.1) after ages of $\approx$ 50 -- 100 Myr. Consequently, the EUV flux incident at 1 AU around solar analogs varies over the lifetime of the Sun, ranging from 100 $\times$ the present day UV irradiance at 10 Myr to 0.3 $\times$ the present-day level at 10 Gyr. We find that the EUV luminosity is approximately the same as the soft X-ray luminosity up to approximately 1 Gyr, after which the EUV luminosity of the stars dominate. In comparison to Sun-like stars, the EUV saturation level of early/mid M dwarfs is several times higher and lasts $\sim$10 -- 20 times longer. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 8 figures. Astronomical Journal, accepted

Far-ultraviolet flares and variability of the young M dwarf AU Mic: a non-detection of planet c in transit at Lyman-alpha

Authors: Keighley E. Rockcliffe, Elisabeth R. Newton, Allison Youngblood, Girish M. Duvvuri, Emily A. Gilbert, Peter Plavchan, Peter Gao, Hans-R. Müller, Adina D. Feinstein, Thomas Barclay, Eric D. Lopez

Abstract: Atmospheric escape's potential to shape the exoplanet population motivates detailed observations of systems actively undergoing escape. AU Mic is a young and active M dwarf hosting two close-in transiting sub- to Neptune-sized planets. Atmospheric escape was previously detected on the inner planet b, with radially-blown neutral hydrogen producing ~30% blue-shifted absorption in Lyman-alpha. We obt… ▽ More Atmospheric escape's potential to shape the exoplanet population motivates detailed observations of systems actively undergoing escape. AU Mic is a young and active M dwarf hosting two close-in transiting sub- to Neptune-sized planets. Atmospheric escape was previously detected on the inner planet b, with radially-blown neutral hydrogen producing ~30% blue-shifted absorption in Lyman-alpha. We obtained one HST/STIS transit of the outer planet c, to search for the planet's escaping atmosphere in transmission at Lyman-alpha and compare with AU Mic b. We detected 6 short-duration flares in Si IV and C IV, of which only one corresponded to a Lyman-alpha flare. We identified longer-duration stellar variability at the tens of percent level for lines less sensitive to stellar activity, including O I, C II and Lyman-alpha, which inhibits detection of an exosphere. We do not report absorption associated with an exosphere containing neutral hydrogen or any metals detectable in the far-ultraviolet, and discuss the implications of the non-detection. This work highlights the importance of 1) careful consideration of stellar variability in atmospheric escape observations, and 2) the dual-influence of photoionization and stellar wind when interpreting and modeling atmospheric escape. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 12 figures, 5 tables

Journal ref: AJ 169 321 (2025)

Mind the Gap II: the near-UV fluxes of M dwarfs

Authors: Wei-Chun Jao, Allison Youngblood

Abstract: Because of the continuous variations in mass, metallicity, and opacity, dwarf stars are distributed along the main sequence on optical and near-IR color-magnitude diagrams following a smooth polynomial. In this study of utilizing a catalog of cross-matched GALEX and Gaia sources, we identify two distinct populations of M dwarfs in the near-ultraviolet (NUV) band on the $M_{NUV}$ vs. $M_G$ diagram.… ▽ More Because of the continuous variations in mass, metallicity, and opacity, dwarf stars are distributed along the main sequence on optical and near-IR color-magnitude diagrams following a smooth polynomial. In this study of utilizing a catalog of cross-matched GALEX and Gaia sources, we identify two distinct populations of M dwarfs in the near-ultraviolet (NUV) band on the $M_{NUV}$ vs. $M_G$ diagram. We also reveal a pronounced increase in the number of stars exhibiting high NUV fluxes near the spectral type M2 or $M_G\sim9.4$, coinciding with the $H_2$ formation in the atmosphere to improve the energy transportation at the surface. This suggests that certain yet-to-be-understood stellar mechanisms drive heightened activity in the NUV band around the effective temperature of M2 and later types of M dwarfs. Through examination of archival Hubble Space Telescope spectra, we show that Fe II line forests at $\sim$2400A and 2800A dominate the spectral features in the GALEX NUV bandpass, contributing to the observed excess fluxes at a given mass between the two populations. Additionally, our investigation indicates that fast rotators and young stars likely increase brightness in the NUV band, but not all stars with bright NUV fluxes are fast rotators or young stars. △ Less

Submitted 17 January, 2025; v1 submitted 8 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 20 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables, accepted by AJ (make corrections of NUV filter in Table 3 and Figure 10, and remove uncited references.)

Innovative SiC ultraviolet instrumentation development with potential applications for the Habitable Worlds Observatory

Authors: Prabal Saxena, Zeynep Dilli, Peter Snapp, Tilak Hewagama, Shahid Aslam, Chullhee Cho, Augustyn Waczynski, Nader Abuhassan, Anh T. La, Bryan K. Place, Allison Youngblood, Thomas F. Hanisco, Ryan Stauffer, Dina Bower, Akin Akturk, Neil Goldsman, Bryce Galey, Ethan Mountfort, Mitchell Gross, Ryan Purcell, Usama Khalid, Yekta Kamali, Chris Darmody, Robert Washington, Tim Livengood , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this paper, we detail recent and current work that is being carried out to fabricate and advance novel SiC UV instrumentation that is aimed at enabling more sensitive measurements across numerous disciplines, with a short discussion of the promise such detectors may hold for the Habitable Worlds Observatory. We discuss SiC instrument development progress that is being carried out under multiple… ▽ More In this paper, we detail recent and current work that is being carried out to fabricate and advance novel SiC UV instrumentation that is aimed at enabling more sensitive measurements across numerous disciplines, with a short discussion of the promise such detectors may hold for the Habitable Worlds Observatory. We discuss SiC instrument development progress that is being carried out under multiple NASA grants, including several PICASSO and SBIR grants, as well as an ECI grant. Testing of pixel design, properties and layout as well as maturation of the integration scheme developed through these efforts provide key technology and engineering advancement for potential HWO detectors. Achieving desired noise characteristics, responsivity, and validating operation of SiC detectors using standard read out techniques offers a compelling platform for operation of denser and higher dimensionality SiC photodiode arrays of interest for use in potential HWO Coronagraph, Spectrograph, and High Resolution Imaging Instruments. We incorporate these SiC detector properties into a simulation of potential NUV exoplanet observations by HWO using SiC detectors and also discuss potential application to HWO. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2025; v1 submitted 30 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 10 figures, 1 table Modified version published in JATIS special on HWO

Journal ref: J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 11(4) 042225 (24 September 2025)

The Mega-MUSCLES Treasury Survey: X-ray to infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of a representative sample of M dwarfs

Authors: David J. Wilson, Cynthia S. Froning, Girish M. Duvvuri, Allison Youngblood, Kevin France, Alexander Brown, Zachory Berta-Thompson, P. Christian Schneider, Andrea P. Buccino, Jeffrey Linsky, R. O. Parke Loyd, Yamila Miguel, Elisabeth Newton, J. Sebastian Pineda, Seth Redfield, Aki Roberge, Sarah Rugheimer, Mariela C. Vieytes

Abstract: We present 5-1x10^7 Angstrom spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for twelve M dwarf stars covering spectral types M0-M8. Our SEDs are provided for community use as a sequel to the Measurements of the Ultraviolet Spectral Characteristics of Low-mass Exoplanetary Systems (MUSCLES) survey. The twelve stars include eight known exoplanet hosts and four stars chosen to fill out key parameter space in s… ▽ More We present 5-1x10^7 Angstrom spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for twelve M dwarf stars covering spectral types M0-M8. Our SEDs are provided for community use as a sequel to the Measurements of the Ultraviolet Spectral Characteristics of Low-mass Exoplanetary Systems (MUSCLES) survey. The twelve stars include eight known exoplanet hosts and four stars chosen to fill out key parameter space in spectral type and rotation period. The SEDs are constructed from Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet spectroscopy and XMM Newton, Chandra and/or Swift X-ray observations and completed with various model data, including Lyman alpha reconstructions, PHOENIX optical models, APEC coronal models and Differential Emission Measure models in the currently-unobservable Extreme Ultraviolet. We provide a complete overview of the Mega-MUSCLES program, including a description of the observations, models, and SED construction. The SEDs are available as MAST High-Level Science Products and we describe the various data products here. We also present ensemble measurements from our sample that are of particular relevance to exoplanet science, including the high-energy fluxes in the habitable zone and the FUV/NUV ratio. Combined with MUSCLES, Mega-MUSCLES provides SEDs covering a wide range of M\,dwarf spectral types and ages such that suitable proxies for any M dwarf planet host of interest may be found in our sample. However, we find that ultraviolet and X-ray fluxes can vary even between stars with similar parameters, such that observations of each exoplanet host star will remain the gold standard for interpreting exoplanet atmosphere observations. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: Updated Mega-MUSCLES SEDs available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4556130

The Featherweight Giant: Unraveling the Atmosphere of a 17 Myr Planet with JWST

Authors: Pa Chia Thao, Andrew W. Mann, Adina D. Feinstein, Peter Gao, Daniel Thorngren, Yoav Rotman, Luis Welbanks, Alexander Brown, Girish M. Duvvuri, Kevin France, Isabella Longo, Angeli Sandoval, P. Christian Schneider, David J. Wilson, Allison Youngblood, Andrew Vanderburg, Madyson G. Barber, Mackenna L. Wood, Natasha E. Batalha, Adam L. Kraus, Catriona Anne Murray, Elisabeth R. Newton, Aaron Rizzuto, Benjamin M. Tofflemire, Shang-Min Tsai , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The characterization of young planets (< 300 Myr) is pivotal for understanding planet formation and evolution. We present the 3-5$μ$m transmission spectrum of the 17 Myr, Jupiter-size ($R$ $\sim$10$R_{\oplus}$) planet, HIP 67522 b, observed with JWST/NIRSpec/G395H. To check for spot contamination, we obtain a simultaneous $g$-band transit with SOAR. The spectrum exhibits absorption features 30-50%… ▽ More The characterization of young planets (< 300 Myr) is pivotal for understanding planet formation and evolution. We present the 3-5$μ$m transmission spectrum of the 17 Myr, Jupiter-size ($R$ $\sim$10$R_{\oplus}$) planet, HIP 67522 b, observed with JWST/NIRSpec/G395H. To check for spot contamination, we obtain a simultaneous $g$-band transit with SOAR. The spectrum exhibits absorption features 30-50% deeper than the overall depth, far larger than expected from an equivalent mature planet, and suggests that HIP 67522 b's mass is $<$20 $M_{\oplus}$ irrespective of cloud cover and stellar contamination. A Bayesian retrieval analysis returns a mass constraint of $13.8\pm1.0M_{\oplus}$. This challenges the previous classification of HIP 67522 b as a hot Jupiter and instead, positions it as a precursor to the more common sub-Neptunes. With a density of $<$0.10g/cm$^{3}$, HIP 67522 b is one of the lowest density planets known. We find strong absorption from H$_{2}$O and CO$_{2}$ ($\ge7σ$), a modest detection of CO (3.5$σ$), and weak detections of H$_2$S and SO$_2$ ($\simeq2σ$). Comparisons with radiative-convective equilibrium models suggest supersolar atmospheric metallicities and solar-to-subsolar C/O ratios, with photochemistry further constraining the inferred atmospheric metallicity to 3$\times$10 Solar due to the amplitude of the SO$_2$ feature. These results point to the formation of HIP 67522 b beyond the water snowline, where its envelope was polluted by icy pebbles and planetesimals. The planet is likely experiencing substantial mass loss (0.01-0.03 M$_{\oplus}$ Myr$^{-1}$), sufficient for envelope destruction within a Gyr. This highlights the dramatic evolution occurring within the first 100 Myr of its existence. △ Less

Submitted 24 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal; 32 pages, 18 figures, 7 tables

The Smallsat Technology Accelerated Maturation Platform-1 (STAMP-1): A Proposal to Advance Ultraviolet Science, Workforce, and Technology for the Habitable Worlds Observatory

Authors: Kevin France, Jason Tumlinson, Brian Fleming, Mario Gennaro, Erika Hamden, Stephan R. McCandliss, Paul Scowen, Evgenya Shkolnik, Sarah Tuttle, Carlos J. Vargas, Allison Youngblood

Abstract: NASA's Great Observatories Maturation Program (GOMAP) will advance the science definition, technology, and workforce needed for the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) with the goal of a Phase A start by the end of the current decade. GOMAP offers long-term cost and schedule savings compared to the 'TRL 6 by Preliminary Design Review' paradigm historically adopted by large NASA missions. Many of th… ▽ More NASA's Great Observatories Maturation Program (GOMAP) will advance the science definition, technology, and workforce needed for the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) with the goal of a Phase A start by the end of the current decade. GOMAP offers long-term cost and schedule savings compared to the 'TRL 6 by Preliminary Design Review' paradigm historically adopted by large NASA missions. Many of the key technologies in the development queue for HWO require the combined activities of 1) facility and process development for validation of technologies at the scale required for HWO and 2) deployment in the 'real world' environment of mission Integration & Test prior to on-orbit operations. We present a concept for the Smallsat Technology Accelerated Maturation Platform (STAMP), an integrated facility, laboratory, and instrument prototype development program that could be supported through the GOMAP framework and applied to any of NASA's Future Great Observatories (FGOs). This brief describes the recommendation for the first entrant into this program, "STAMP-1", an ESPA Grande-class mission advancing key technologies to enable the ultraviolet capabilities of HWO. STAMP-1 would advance new broadband optical coatings, high-sensitivity ultraviolet detector systems, and multi-object target selection technology to TRL 6 with a flight demonstration. STAMP-1 advances HWO technology on an accelerated timescale, building on current ROSES SAT+APRA programs, reducing cost and schedule risk for HWO while conducting a compelling program of preparatory science and workforce development with direct benefits for HWO mission implementation in the 2030s. △ Less

Submitted 19 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 14 pages, 4 figure. JATIS - accepted

High-energy spectra of LTT 1445A and GJ 486 reveal flares and activity

Authors: H. Diamond-Lowe, G. W. King, A. Youngblood, A. Brown, W. S. Howard, J. G. Winters, D. J. Wilson, K. France, J. M. Mendonça, L. A. Buchhave, L. Corrales, L. Kreidberg, A. A. Medina, J. L. Bean, Z. K. Berta-Thompson, T. M. Evans-Soma, C. Froning, G. M. Duvvuri, E. M. -R. Kempton, Y. Miguel, J. S. Pineda, C. Schneider

Abstract: The high-energy radiative output, from the X-ray to the ultraviolet, of exoplanet host stars drives photochemical reactions and mass loss in the upper regions of planetary atmospheres. In order to place constraints on the atmospheric properties of the three closest terrestrial exoplanets transiting M dwarfs, we observe the high-energy spectra of the host stars LTT1445A and GJ486 in the X-ray with… ▽ More The high-energy radiative output, from the X-ray to the ultraviolet, of exoplanet host stars drives photochemical reactions and mass loss in the upper regions of planetary atmospheres. In order to place constraints on the atmospheric properties of the three closest terrestrial exoplanets transiting M dwarfs, we observe the high-energy spectra of the host stars LTT1445A and GJ486 in the X-ray with XMM-Newton and Chandra and in the ultraviolet with HST/COS and STIS. We combine these observations with estimates of extreme ultraviolet flux, reconstructions of the Ly-a lines, and stellar models at optical and infrared wavelengths to produce panchromatic spectra from 1A--20um for each star. While LTT1445Ab, LTT1445Ac, and GJ486b do not possess primordial hydrogen-dominated atmospheres, we calculate that they are able to retain pure CO2 atmospheres if starting with 10, 15, and 50% of Earth's total CO2 budget, respectively, in the presence of their host stars' stellar wind. We use age-activity relationships to place lower limits of 2.2 and 6.6 Gyr on the ages of the host stars LTT1445A and GJ486. Despite both LTT1445A and GJ486 appearing inactive at optical wavelengths, we detect flares at ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths for both stars. In particular, GJ486 exhibits two flares with absolute energies of 10^29.5 and 10^30.1 erg (equivalent durations of 4357+/-96 and 19724+/-169 s) occurring three hours apart, captured with HST/COS G130M. Based on the timing of the observations, we suggest that these high-energy flares are related and indicative of heightened flaring activity that lasts for a period of days, but our interpretations are limited by sparse time-sampling. Consistent high-energy monitoring is needed to determine the duration and extent of high-energy activity on individual M dwarfs, as well as the population as a whole. △ Less

Submitted 30 August, 2024; v1 submitted 28 June, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 21 pages, published in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 689, A48 (2024)

The TEMPO Survey II: Science Cases Leveraged from a Proposed 30-Day Time Domain Survey of the Orion Nebula with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope

Authors: Melinda Soares-Furtado, Mary Anne Limbach, Andrew Vanderburg, John Bally, Juliette Becker, Anna L. Rosen, Luke G. Bouma, Johanna M. Vos, Steve B. Howell, Thomas G. Beatty, William M. J. Best, Anne Marie Cody, Adam Distler, Elena D'Onghia, René Heller, Brandon S. Hensley, Natalie R. Hinkel, Brian Jackson, Marina Kounkel, Adam Kraus, Andrew W. Mann, Nicholas T. Marston, Massimo Robberto, Joseph E. Rodriguez, Jason H. Steffen , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The TEMPO (Transiting Exosatellites, Moons, and Planets in Orion) Survey is a proposed 30-day observational campaign using the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. By providing deep, high-resolution, short-cadence infrared photometry of a dynamic star-forming region, TEMPO will investigate the demographics of exosatellites orbiting free-floating planets and brown dwarfs -- a largely unexplored disco… ▽ More The TEMPO (Transiting Exosatellites, Moons, and Planets in Orion) Survey is a proposed 30-day observational campaign using the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. By providing deep, high-resolution, short-cadence infrared photometry of a dynamic star-forming region, TEMPO will investigate the demographics of exosatellites orbiting free-floating planets and brown dwarfs -- a largely unexplored discovery space. Here, we present the simulated detection yields of three populations: extrasolar moon analogs orbiting free-floating planets, exosatellites orbiting brown dwarfs, and exoplanets orbiting young stars. Additionally, we outline a comprehensive range of anticipated scientific outcomes accompanying such a survey. These science drivers include: obtaining observational constraints to test prevailing theories of moon, planet, and star formation; directly detecting widely separated exoplanets orbiting young stars; investigating the variability of young stars and brown dwarfs; constraining the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function; constructing the distribution of dust in the Orion Nebula and mapping evolution in the near-infrared extinction law; mapping emission features that trace the shocked gas in the region; constructing a dynamical map of Orion members using proper motions; and searching for extragalactic sources and transients via deep extragalactic observations reaching a limiting magnitude of $m_{AB}=29.7$\,mag (F146 filter). △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 15 pages, 6 figures, submitted to OJAp

Host Stars and How Their Compositions Influence Exoplanets

Authors: Natalie R. Hinkel, Allison Youngblood, Melinda Soares-Furtado

Abstract: It has become a common practice within the exoplanet field to say that "to know the star is to know the planet." The properties of the host star have a strong, direct influence on the interior and surface conditions of the orbiting planet and oftentimes measurements of planetary properties are made relative to the star's properties. Not only are observational measurements of the star necessary to… ▽ More It has become a common practice within the exoplanet field to say that "to know the star is to know the planet." The properties of the host star have a strong, direct influence on the interior and surface conditions of the orbiting planet and oftentimes measurements of planetary properties are made relative to the star's properties. Not only are observational measurements of the star necessary to determine even the most basic aspects of the planet (such as mass and radius), but the stellar environment influences how the planet evolves. Therefore, in this chapter, we begin by discussing the basics of stars, providing an overview of stellar formation, structure, photon and particle emissions, and evolution. Next, we go over the possible ways to determine the age of a star. We then outline how different kinds of stars are distributed within the Milky Way galaxy. Afterwards, we explain how to measure the composition of stars and the underlying math inherent to those observations, including caveats that are important when using the data for research applications. Finally, we explain the underlying physics and observations that enable stellar composition to be used as a proxy for planetary composition. In addition, given that this chapter focuses more on astronomy/astrophysics and uses a variety of important terms that may not be familiar to all readers, we have defined many terms either within the text or as a footnote for better interdisciplinary comprehension. △ Less

Submitted 23 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: Chapter 1 accepted for publication in the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (RiMG) Volume 90 on "Exoplanets: Compositions, Mineralogy, and Evolution" edited by Natalie Hinkel, Keith Putirka, and Siyi Xu; 21 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, 6 equations, 24 footnotes

A Multiwavelength Survey of Nearby M dwarfs: Optical and Near-Ultraviolet Flares and Activity with Contemporaneous TESS, Kepler/K2, \textit{Swift}, and HST Observations

Authors: Rishi R. Paudel, Thomas Barclay, Allison Youngblood, Elisa V. Quintana, Joshua E. Schlieder, Laura D. Vega, Emily A. Gilbert, Rachel A. Osten, Sarah Peacock, Isaiah I. Tristan, Dax L. Feliz, Patricia T. Boyd, James R. A. Davenport, Daniel Huber, Adam F. Kowalski, Teresa A. Monsue, Michele L. Silverstein

Abstract: We present a comprehensive multiwavelength investigation into flares and activity in nearby M~dwarf stars. We leverage the most extensive contemporaneous dataset obtained through the Transiting Exoplanet Sky Survey (TESS), Kepler/K2, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (\textit{Swift}), and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), spanning the optical and near-ultraviolet (NUV) regimes. In total, we obser… ▽ More We present a comprehensive multiwavelength investigation into flares and activity in nearby M~dwarf stars. We leverage the most extensive contemporaneous dataset obtained through the Transiting Exoplanet Sky Survey (TESS), Kepler/K2, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (\textit{Swift}), and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), spanning the optical and near-ultraviolet (NUV) regimes. In total, we observed 213 NUV flares on 24 nearby M dwarfs, with $\sim$27\% of them having detected optical counterparts, and found that all optical flares had NUV counterparts. We explore NUV/optical energy fractionation in M dwarf flares. Our findings reveal a slight decrease in the ratio of optical to NUV energies with increasing NUV energies, a trend in agreement with prior investigations on G-K stars' flares at higher energies. Our analysis yields an average NUV fraction of flaring time for M0-M3 dwarfs of 2.1\%, while for M4-M6 dwarfs, it is 5\%. We present an empirical relationship between NUV and optical flare energies and compare to predictions from radiative-hydrodynamic and blackbody models. We conducted a comparison of the flare frequency distribution (FFDs) of NUV and optical flares, revealing the FFDs of both NUV and optical flares exhibit comparable slopes across all spectral subtypes. NUV flares on stars affect the atmospheric chemistry, the radiation environment, and the overall potential to sustain life on any exoplanets they host. We find that early and mid-M dwarfs (M0-M5) have the potential to generate NUV flares capable of initiating abiogenesis. △ Less

Submitted 18 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 41 pages, 22 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

Correlating Intrinsic Stellar Parameters with Mg II Self-Reversal Depths

Authors: Anna Taylor, Audrey Dunn, Sarah Peacock, Allison Youngblood, Seth Redfield

Abstract: The Mg II h&k emission lines (2803, 2796 A) are a useful tool for understanding stellar chromospheres and transition regions due to their intrinsic brightness, relatively low interstellar medium (ISM) absorption interference, and abundance of archival spectra available. Similar to other optically thick chromospheric emission lines such as H I Lya, Mg II emissions commonly present with a self-rever… ▽ More The Mg II h&k emission lines (2803, 2796 A) are a useful tool for understanding stellar chromospheres and transition regions due to their intrinsic brightness, relatively low interstellar medium (ISM) absorption interference, and abundance of archival spectra available. Similar to other optically thick chromospheric emission lines such as H I Lya, Mg II emissions commonly present with a self-reversed line core, the depth and shape of which vary from star to star. We explore the relationship between self-reversal and the stellar atmosphere by investigating the extent that fundamental stellar parameters affect self-reversal. We present a search for correlations between photospheric parameters such as effective temperature, surface gravity, and metallicity with the Mg II k self-reversal depth for a group of 135 FGKM main sequence stars with high-resolution near-ultraviolet spectra from the Hubble Space Telescope. We modeled the observed MgII k line profiles to correct for ISM attenuation and recover the depth of emission line's self-reversal in relation to the intensity of the line. We used the PHOENIX atmosphere code to homogeneously determine the stellar parameters by computing a suite of stellar atmosphere models that include a chromosphere and transition region, and using archival photometry to guide the models of each star. We quantify the sensitivity of the visible and near-infrared photometry to chromospheric and photospheric parameters. We find weak trends between Mg II k self-reversal depth and age, rotation period, Mg II luminosity, temperature, and mass. All stars in our sample older than ~2 Gyr or rotating slower than ~10 days exhibit self-reversal. △ Less

Submitted 1 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal

Atmospheric Escape From Three Terrestrial Planets in the L 98-59 System

Authors: Emeline F. Fromont, John P. Ahlers, Laura N. R. do Amaral, Rory Barnes, Emily A. Gilbert, Elisa V. Quintana, Sarah Peacock, Thomas Barclay, Allison Youngblood

Abstract: A critically important process affecting the climate evolution and potential habitability of an exoplanet is atmospheric escape, in which high-energy radiation from a star drives the escape of hydrogen atoms and other light elements from a planet's atmosphere. L 98-59 is a benchmark system for studying such atmospheric processes, with three transiting terrestrial-size planets receiving Venus-like… ▽ More A critically important process affecting the climate evolution and potential habitability of an exoplanet is atmospheric escape, in which high-energy radiation from a star drives the escape of hydrogen atoms and other light elements from a planet's atmosphere. L 98-59 is a benchmark system for studying such atmospheric processes, with three transiting terrestrial-size planets receiving Venus-like instellations (4-25 S$_\oplus$) from their M3 host star. We use the VPLanet model to simulate the evolution of the L 98-59 system and the atmospheric escape of its inner three small planets, given different assumed initial water quantities. We find that, regardless of their initial water content, all three planets accumulate significant quantities of oxygen due to efficient water photolysis and hydrogen loss. All three planets also receive enough XUV flux to drive rapid water loss, which considerably affects their developing climates and atmospheres. Even in scenarios of low initial water content, our results suggest that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be sensitive to observations of retained oxygen on the L 98-59 planets in its future scheduled observations, with planets b and c being the most likely targets to possess an extended atmosphere. Our results constrain the atmospheric evolution of these small rocky planets, and they provide context for current and future observations of the L 98-59 system to generalize our understanding of multi-terrestrial planet systems. △ Less

Submitted 29 November, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 17 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

Degenerate interpretations of O$_3$ spectral features in exoplanet atmosphere observations due to stellar UV uncertainties: a 3D case study with TRAPPIST-1e

Authors: Gregory Cooke, Dan Marsh, Catherine Walsh, Allison Youngblood

Abstract: TRAPPIST-1e is a potentially habitable terrestrial exoplanet orbiting an ultra-cool M Dwarf star and is a key target for observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). One-dimensional photochemical modelling of terrestrial planetary atmospheres has shown the importance of the incoming stellar UV flux in modulating the concentration of chemical species, such as O$_3$ and H$_2$O. In additi… ▽ More TRAPPIST-1e is a potentially habitable terrestrial exoplanet orbiting an ultra-cool M Dwarf star and is a key target for observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). One-dimensional photochemical modelling of terrestrial planetary atmospheres has shown the importance of the incoming stellar UV flux in modulating the concentration of chemical species, such as O$_3$ and H$_2$O. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) modelling has demonstrated anisotropy in chemical abundances due to transport in tidally locked exoplanet simulations. We use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 6 (WACCM6), a 3D Earth System Model, to investigate how uncertainties in the incident UV flux, combined with transport, affect observational predictions for TRAPPIST-1e (assuming an initial Earth-like atmospheric composition). We use two semi-empirical stellar spectra for TRAPPIST-1 from the literature. The UV flux ratio between them can be as large as a factor of 5000 in some wavelength bins. Consequently, the photochemically-produced total O$_3$ columns differ by a factor of 26. Spectral features of O$_3$ in both transmission and emission spectra vary between these simulations (e.g. differences of 19 km in transmission spectra effective altitude for O$_3$ at 0.6 $μ$m). This leads to potential ambiguities when interpreting observations, including overlap with scenarios that assume alternative O$_2$ concentrations. Hence, to achieve robust interpretations of terrestrial exoplanetary spectra, characterisation of the UV spectra of their host stars is critical. In the absence of such stellar measurements, atmospheric context can still be gained from other spectral features (e.g. H$_2$O), or by comparing direct imaging and transmission spectra in conjunction. △ Less

Submitted 26 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: 20 pages, 11 figures, accepted in ApJ

The Variable Detection of Atmospheric Escape around the young, Hot Neptune AU Mic b

Authors: Keighley E. Rockcliffe, Elisabeth R. Newton, Allison Youngblood, Girish M. Duvvuri, Peter Plavchan, Peter Gao, Andrew W. Mann, Patrick J. Lowrance

Abstract: Photoevaporation is a potential explanation for several features within exoplanet demographics. Atmospheric escape observed in young Neptune-sized exoplanets can provide insight into and characterize which mechanisms drive this evolution and at what times they dominate. AU Mic b is one such exoplanet, slightly larger than Neptune (4.19 Earth radii). It closely orbits a 23 Myr pre-Main Sequence M d… ▽ More Photoevaporation is a potential explanation for several features within exoplanet demographics. Atmospheric escape observed in young Neptune-sized exoplanets can provide insight into and characterize which mechanisms drive this evolution and at what times they dominate. AU Mic b is one such exoplanet, slightly larger than Neptune (4.19 Earth radii). It closely orbits a 23 Myr pre-Main Sequence M dwarf with a period of 8.46 days. We obtained two visits of AU Mic b at Lyman-alpha with HST/STIS. One flare within the first HST visit is characterized and removed from our search for a planetary transit. We present a non-detection in our first visit followed by the detection of escaping neutral hydrogen ahead of the planet in our second visit. The outflow absorbed about 30% of the star's Lyman-alpha blue-wing 2.5 hours before the planet's white-light transit. We estimate the highest velocity escaping material has a column density of 10^13.96 cm^-2 and is moving 61.26 km/s away from the host star. AU Mic b's large high energy irradiation could photoionize its escaping neutral hydrogen in 44 minutes, rendering it temporarily unobservable. Our time-variable Lyman-alpha transit ahead of AU Mic b could also be explained by an intermediate stellar wind strength from AU Mic that shapes the escaping material into a leading tail. Future Lyman-alpha observations of this system will confirm and characterize the unique variable nature of its Lyman-alpha transit, which combined with modeling will tune the importance of stellar wind and photoionization. △ Less

Submitted 27 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 24 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: The Astronomical Journal, Volume 166, Number 2, 2023

Enabling Stellar Flare Science in the Roman Galactic Bulge Survey: Cadence, Filters, and the Read-Out Strategy Matter

Authors: Guadalupe Tovar Mendoza, Robert F. Wilson, Allison Youngblood, Laura D. Vega, Thomas Barclay, James R. A. Davenport, Jordan Ealy

Abstract: As was discovered with other wide field, precise imagers, the stable photometry necessary for the microlensing surveys is well-suited to general stellar astrophysics, including stellar flares, which are important for understanding stellar magnetic activity and even the space weather environments of exoplanets. Large stellar flare surveys have never been performed before in the Roman spectral range… ▽ More As was discovered with other wide field, precise imagers, the stable photometry necessary for the microlensing surveys is well-suited to general stellar astrophysics, including stellar flares, which are important for understanding stellar magnetic activity and even the space weather environments of exoplanets. Large stellar flare surveys have never been performed before in the Roman spectral range, and Roman may reveal new information about flare emission mechanisms (blackbody, recombination continuum, chromospheric emission lines) and how flare rates change with stellar age and metallicity. For instance, the Galactic Bulge stars will be much older than the typical studied flare stars, and Roman's wide field and exquisite imaging may provide sufficient statistics to probe the flare behavior and properties of such an old stellar population. However, the information yield will likely depend on sky location, cadence, read-out strategy, and filter choices. Stellar flare timescales range from seconds to hours, so Roman may only be able to resolve the longest, most energetic events. However, because a single exposure in the Galactic Bulge Time Domain Survey will consist of several non-destructive reads, short duration events can be modeled from the flux variations within a single exposure. Here we provide a proof of concept, showing that flare morphologies can be significantly better constrained if sub-exposure data are analyzed. As a result, we advocate that such data be made publicly available for Roman flare studies, with minimal on-board processing. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: Roman Core Community Survey White Paper, 6 pages, 2 figures

The MUSCLES Extension for Atmospheric and Transmission Spectroscopy: UV and X-ray Host-star Observations for JWST ERS & GTO Targets

Authors: Patrick R. Behr, Kevin France, Alexander Brown, Girish Duvvuri, Jacob L. Bean, Zachory Berta-Thompson, Cynthia Froning, Yamila Miguel, J. Sebastian Pineda, David Wilson, Allison Youngblood

Abstract: X-ray through infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are essential for understanding a star's effect on exoplanet atmospheric composition and evolution. We present a catalog of panchromatic SEDs, hosted on the Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST), for 11 exoplanet hosting stars which have guaranteed JWST observation time as part of the ERS or GTO programs but have no prev… ▽ More X-ray through infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are essential for understanding a star's effect on exoplanet atmospheric composition and evolution. We present a catalog of panchromatic SEDs, hosted on the Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST), for 11 exoplanet hosting stars which have guaranteed JWST observation time as part of the ERS or GTO programs but have no previous UV characterization. The stars in this survey range from spectral type F4-M6 (0.14-1.57 M$_\odot$), rotation periods of ~4-132 days, and ages of approximately 0.5-11.4 Gyr. The SEDs are composite spectra using data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton, the Hubble Space Telescope, BT-Settl stellar atmosphere models, and scaled spectra of proxy stars of similar spectral type and activity. From our observations, we have measured a set of UV and X-ray fluxes as indicators of stellar activity level. We compare the chromospheric and coronal activity indicators of our exoplanet-hosting stars to the broader population of field stars and find that a majority of our targets have activity levels lower than the average population of cool stars in the solar neighborhood. This suggests that using SEDs of stars selected from exoplanet surveys to compute generic exoplanet atmosphere models may underestimate the typical host star's UV flux by an order of magnitude or more, and consequently, that the observed population of exoplanetary atmospheres receive lower high-energy flux levels than the typical planet in the solar neighborhood. △ Less

Submitted 8 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 28 pages, 10 figures, 7 tables, accepted for publication in AJ

Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Authors: James Paul Mason, Alexandra Werth, Colin G. West, Allison A. Youngblood, Donald L. Woodraska, Courtney Peck, Kevin Lacjak, Florian G. Frick, Moutamen Gabir, Reema A. Alsinan, Thomas Jacobsen, Mohammad Alrubaie, Kayla M. Chizmar, Benjamin P. Lau, Lizbeth Montoya Dominguez, David Price, Dylan R. Butler, Connor J. Biron, Nikita Feoktistov, Kai Dewey, N. E. Loomis, Michal Bodzianowski, Connor Kuybus, Henry Dietrick, Aubrey M. Wolfe , et al. (977 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms th… ▽ More Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfvén waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, $α=2$ as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed $>$600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that $α= 1.63 \pm 0.03$. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfvén waves are an important driver of coronal heating. △ Less

Submitted 9 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 71

Three long period transiting giant planets from TESS

Authors: Rafael Brahm, Solène Ulmer-Moll, Melissa J. Hobson, Andrés Jordán, Thomas Henning, Trifon Trifonov, Matías I. Jones, Martin Schlecker, Nestor Espinoza, Felipe I. Rojas, Pascal Torres, Paula Sarkis, Marcelo Tala, Jan Eberhardt, Diana Kossakowski, Diego J. Muñoz, Joel D. Hartman, Gavin Boyle, Vincent Suc, François Bouchy, Adrien Deline, Guillaume Chaverot, Nolan Grieves, Monika Lendl, Olga Suarez , et al. (30 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery and orbital characterization of three new transiting warm giant planets. These systems were initially identified as presenting single transit events in the light curves generated from the full frame images of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Follow-up radial velocity measurements and additional light curves were used to determine the orbital periods and con… ▽ More We report the discovery and orbital characterization of three new transiting warm giant planets. These systems were initially identified as presenting single transit events in the light curves generated from the full frame images of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Follow-up radial velocity measurements and additional light curves were used to determine the orbital periods and confirm the planetary nature of the candidates. The planets orbit slightly metal-rich late F- and early G-type stars. We find that TOI 4406b has a mass of $M_P$= 0.30 $\pm$ 0.04 $M_J$ , a radius of $R_P$= 1.00 $\pm$ 0.02 $R_J$ , and a low eccentricity orbit (e=0.15 $\pm$ 0.05) with a period of P= 30.08364 $\pm$ 0.00005 d . TOI 2338b has a mass of $M_P$= 5.98 $\pm$ 0.20 $M_J$ , a radius of $R_P$= 1.00 $\pm$ 0.01 $R_J$ , and a highly eccentric orbit (e= 0.676 $\pm$ 0.002 ) with a period of P= 22.65398 $\pm$ 0.00002 d . Finally, TOI 2589b has a mass of $M_P$= 3.50 $\pm$ 0.10 $M_J$ , a radius of $R_P$= 1.08 $\pm$ 0.03 $R_J$ , and an eccentric orbit (e = 0.522 $\pm$ 0.006 ) with a period of P= 61.6277 $\pm$ 0.0002 d . TOI 4406b and TOI 2338b are enriched in metals compared to their host stars, while the structure of TOI 2589b is consistent with having similar metal enrichment to its host star. △ Less

Submitted 4 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: 24 pages, 16 figures, accepted in AJ

A High-Eccentricity Warm Jupiter Orbiting TOI-4127

Authors: Arvind F. Gupta, Jonathan M. Jackson, Guillaume Hebrard, Andrea S. Lin, Keivan G. Stassun, Jiayin Dong, Steven Villanueva, Diana Dragomir, Suvrath Mahadevan, Jason T. Wright, Jose Manuel Almenara, Cullen H. Blake, Isabelle Boisse, Pia Cortes-Zuleta, Paul A. Dalba, Rodrigo F. Diaz, Eric B. Ford, Thierry Forveille, Robert Gagliano, Samuel P. Halverson, Neda Heidari, Shubham Kanodia, Flavien Kiefer, David W. Latham, Michael W. McElwain , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of TOI-4127 b, a transiting, Jupiter-sized exoplanet on a long-period ($P = 56.39879^{+0.00010}_{-0.00010}$ d), high-eccentricity orbit around a late F-type dwarf star. This warm Jupiter was first detected and identified as a promising candidate from a search for single-transit signals in TESS Sector 20 data, and later characterized as a planet following two subsequent tran… ▽ More We report the discovery of TOI-4127 b, a transiting, Jupiter-sized exoplanet on a long-period ($P = 56.39879^{+0.00010}_{-0.00010}$ d), high-eccentricity orbit around a late F-type dwarf star. This warm Jupiter was first detected and identified as a promising candidate from a search for single-transit signals in TESS Sector 20 data, and later characterized as a planet following two subsequent transits (TESS Sectors 26 and 53) and follow-up ground-based RV observations with the NEID and SOPHIE spectrographs. We jointly fit the transit and RV data to constrain the physical ($R_p = 1.096^{+0.039}_{-0.032} R_J$, $M_p = 2.30^{+0.11}_{-0.11} M_J$) and orbital parameters of the exoplanet. Given its high orbital eccentricity ($e=0.7471^{+0.0078}_{-0.0086}$), TOI-4127 b is a compelling candidate for studies of warm Jupiter populations and of hot Jupiter formation pathways. We show that the present periastron separation of TOI-4127 b is too large for high-eccentricity tidal migration to circularize its orbit, and that TOI-4127 b is unlikely to be a hot Jupiter progenitor unless it is undergoing angular momentum exchange with an undetected outer companion. Although we find no evidence for an external companion, the available observational data are insufficient to rule out the presence of a perturber that can excite eccentricity oscillations and facilitate tidal migration. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Coronal X-Ray Emission from Nearby, Low-Mass, Exoplanet Host Stars Observed by the MUSCLES and Mega-MUSCLES HST Treasury Survey Projects

Authors: Alexander Brown, P. Christian Schneider, Kevin France, Cynthia S. Froning, Allison A. Youngblood, David J. Wilson, R. O. Parke Loyd, J. Sebastian Pineda, Girish M. Duvvuri, Adam F. Kowalski, Zachory K. Berta-Thompson

Abstract: The high energy X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) radiation fields of exoplanet host stars play a crucial role in controlling the atmospheric conditions and the potential habitability of exoplanets. Major surveys of the X-ray/UV emissions from late-type (K and M spectral type) exoplanet hosts have been conducted by the MUSCLES and Mega-MUSCLES Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Treasury programs. These samples… ▽ More The high energy X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) radiation fields of exoplanet host stars play a crucial role in controlling the atmospheric conditions and the potential habitability of exoplanets. Major surveys of the X-ray/UV emissions from late-type (K and M spectral type) exoplanet hosts have been conducted by the MUSCLES and Mega-MUSCLES Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Treasury programs. These samples primarily consist of relatively old, ``inactive'', low mass stars. In this paper we present results from X-ray observations of the coronal emission from these stars obtained using the Chandra X-ray Observatory, the XMM-Newton Observatory, and the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. The stars effectively sample the coronal activity of low-mass stars at a wide range of masses and ages. The vast majority (21 of 23) of the stars are detected and their X-ray luminosities measured. Short-term flaring variability is detected for most of the fully-convective (M $\leq$ 0.35 M$_{\odot}$) stars but not for the more massive M dwarfs during these observations. Despite this difference, the mean X-ray luminosities for these two sets of M dwarfs are similar with more massive (0.35 M$_{\odot}$ $\leq$ M $\leq$ 0.6 M$_{\odot}$) M dwarfs at $\sim$5 $\times$ 10$^{26}$ erg s$^{-1}$ compared to $\sim$2 $\times$ 10$^{26}$ erg s$^{-1}$ for fully-convective stars older than 1 Gyr. Younger, fully-convective M dwarfs have X-ray luminosities between 3 and 6 $\times$ 10$^{27}$ erg s$^{-1}$.The coronal X-ray spectra have been characterized and provide important information that is vital for the modeling of the stellar EUV spectra. △ Less

Submitted 22 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 39 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

Observations of GRB 230307A by TESS

Authors: Michael M. Fausnaugh, Rahul Jayaraman, Roland Vanderspek, George R. Ricker, Christopher J. Burke, Knicole D. Colon, Scott W. Fleming, Hannah M. Lewis, Susan Mullally, Allison Youngblood, Thomas Barclay, Eric Burns, David W. Latham, S. Seager, Joshua N. Winn, Jon M. Jenkins

Abstract: We present the TESS light curve of GRB 230307A. We find two distinct components: a bright, prompt optical component at the time of the Fermi observation that peaked at TESS magnitude 14.49 (averaged over 200 seconds), followed by a gradual rise and fall over 0.5 days, likely associated with the afterglow, that peaked at 17.65 mag. The prompt component is observed in a single 200s Full Frame Image… ▽ More We present the TESS light curve of GRB 230307A. We find two distinct components: a bright, prompt optical component at the time of the Fermi observation that peaked at TESS magnitude 14.49 (averaged over 200 seconds), followed by a gradual rise and fall over 0.5 days, likely associated with the afterglow, that peaked at 17.65 mag. The prompt component is observed in a single 200s Full Frame Image and was undetectable in the next TESS image ($T_{\rm mag} > 17.79$). Assuming that the onset of the optical transient was coincident with the gamma-ray emission, the prompt emission lasted less than 73.6 seconds, which implies the true peak was actually brighter than $T_{\rm mag} =$ 13.40. We also fit parametric models to the afterglow to characterize its shape. The TESS light curve can be retrieved at https://tess.mit.edu/public/tesstransients/light_curves/lc_grb230307A_cleaned.txt. △ Less

Submitted 29 March, 2023; v1 submitted 13 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: Published as a Research Notes of the AAS

The transmission spectrum of the potentially rocky planet L 98-59 c

Authors: Thomas Barclay, Kyle B. Sheppard, Natasha Latouf, Avi M. Mandell, Elisa V. Quintana, Emily A. Gilbert, Giuliano Liuzzi, Geronimo L. Villanueva, Giada Arney, Jonathan Brande, Knicole D. Colón, Giovanni Covone, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Mario Damiano, Shawn D. Domagal-Goldman, Thomas J. Fauchez, Stefano Fiscale, Francesco Gallo, Christina L. Hedges, Renyu Hu, Edwin S. Kite, Daniel Koll, Ravi K. Kopparapu, Veselin B. Kostov, Laura Kreidberg , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present observations of the 1.35+/-0.07 Earth-radius planet L 98-59 c, collected using Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope. L 98-59 is a nearby (10.6 pc), bright (H=7.4 mag), M3V star that harbors three small, transiting planets. As one of the closest known transiting multi-planet systems, L 98-59 offers one of the best opportunities to probe and compare the atmospheres of rocky p… ▽ More We present observations of the 1.35+/-0.07 Earth-radius planet L 98-59 c, collected using Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope. L 98-59 is a nearby (10.6 pc), bright (H=7.4 mag), M3V star that harbors three small, transiting planets. As one of the closest known transiting multi-planet systems, L 98-59 offers one of the best opportunities to probe and compare the atmospheres of rocky planets that formed in the same stellar environment. We measured the transmission spectrum of L 98-59 c and the extracted spectrum showed marginal evidence (2.1σ) for wavelength-dependent transit depth variations that could indicate the presence of an atmosphere. We forward-modeled possible atmospheric compositions of the planet based on the transmission spectrum. Although L 98-59 was previously thought to be a fairly quiet star, we have seen evidence for stellar activity, and therefore we assessed a scenario where the source of the signal originates with inhomogeneities on stellar surface. We also see a correlation between transits of L 98-59 c and L 98-59 b collected 12.5 hours apart, which is suggestive (but at <2σ confidence) of a contaminating component from the star impacting the exoplanet spectrum. While intriguing, our results are inconclusive and additional data is needed to verify any atmospheric signal. Fortunately, additional data has been collected from both HST and JWST. Should this result be confirmed with additional data, L 98-59 c would be the first planet smaller than two Earth-radii with a detected atmosphere. △ Less

Submitted 6 January, 2025; v1 submitted 25 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

Disentangling Stellar and Airglow Emission Lines from HST-COS Spectra

Authors: Fernando Cruz Aguirre, Allison Youngblood, Kevin France, Vincent Bourrier

Abstract: H I Ly$α$ (1215.67 Å) and the O I triplet (1302.17, 1304.86, and 1306.03 Å) are bright far-ultraviolet (FUV) emission lines that trace the stellar chromosphere. Observations of stellar Ly$α$ and O I using the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) most sensitive FUV spectrograph, the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS), are contaminated with geocoronal emission, or airglow. This study demonstrates that airg… ▽ More H I Ly$α$ (1215.67 Å) and the O I triplet (1302.17, 1304.86, and 1306.03 Å) are bright far-ultraviolet (FUV) emission lines that trace the stellar chromosphere. Observations of stellar Ly$α$ and O I using the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) most sensitive FUV spectrograph, the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS), are contaminated with geocoronal emission, or airglow. This study demonstrates that airglow emission profiles as observed by COS are sufficiently stable to create airglow templates which can be reliably subtracted from the data, recovering the underlying stellar flux. We developed a graphical user interface to implement the airglow subtraction on a sample of 171 main sequence F, G, K, and M-type dwarfs from the COS data archive. Correlations between recovered stellar emission and measures of stellar activity were investigated. Several power law relationships are presented for predicting the stellar Ly$α$ and O I emission. The apparent brightness of the stellar emission relative to the airglow is a critical factor in the success or failure of an airglow subtraction. We developed a predictor for the success of an airglow subtraction using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the nearby chromospheric emission line Si III (1206.51 Å). The minimum attenuated Ly$α$ flux which was successfully recovered is 1.39$\times$10$^{-14}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, and we recommend this as a minimum flux for COS Ly$α$ recoveries. △ Less

Submitted 20 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 38 pages, 27 figures, to be published in ApJ

A Second Earth-Sized Planet in the Habitable Zone of the M Dwarf, TOI-700

Authors: Emily A. Gilbert, Andrew Vanderburg, Joseph E. Rodriguez, Benjamin J. Hord, Matthew S. Clement, Thomas Barclay, Elisa V. Quintana, Joshua E. Schlieder, Stephen R. Kane, Jon M. Jenkins, Joseph D. Twicken, Michelle Kunimoto, Roland Vanderspek, Giada N. Arney, David Charbonneau, Maximilian N. Günther, Chelsea X. Huang, Giovanni Isopi, Veselin B. Kostov, Martti H. Kristiansen, David W. Latham, Franco Mallia, Eric E. Mamajek, Ismael Mireles, Samuel N. Quinn , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of TOI-700 e, a 0.95 R$_\oplus$ planet residing in the Optimistic Habitable Zone (HZ) of its host star. This discovery was enabled by multiple years of monitoring from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. The host star, TOI-700 (TIC 150428135), is a nearby (31.1 pc), inactive, M2.5 dwarf ($V_{mag} = 13.15$). TOI-700 is already known to host three pla… ▽ More We report the discovery of TOI-700 e, a 0.95 R$_\oplus$ planet residing in the Optimistic Habitable Zone (HZ) of its host star. This discovery was enabled by multiple years of monitoring from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. The host star, TOI-700 (TIC 150428135), is a nearby (31.1 pc), inactive, M2.5 dwarf ($V_{mag} = 13.15$). TOI-700 is already known to host three planets, including the small, HZ planet, TOI-700 d. The new planet has an orbital period of 27.8 days and, based on its radius (0.95 R$_\oplus$), it is likely rocky. TOI-700 was observed for 21 sectors over Years 1 and 3 of the TESS mission, including 10 sectors at 20-second cadence in Year 3. Using this full set of TESS data and additional follow-up observations, we identify, validate, and characterize TOI-700 e. This discovery adds another world to the short list of small, HZ planets transiting nearby and bright host stars. Such systems, where the stars are bright enough that follow-up observations are possible to constrain planet masses and atmospheres using current and future facilities, are incredibly valuable. The presence of multiple small, HZ planets makes this system even more enticing for follow-up observations. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 16 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJL

Photochemically-produced SO$_2$ in the atmosphere of WASP-39b

Authors: Shang-Min Tsai, Elspeth K. H. Lee, Diana Powell, Peter Gao, Xi Zhang, Julianne Moses, Eric Hébrard, Olivia Venot, Vivien Parmentier, Sean Jordan, Renyu Hu, Munazza K. Alam, Lili Alderson, Natalie M. Batalha, Jacob L. Bean, Björn Benneke, Carver J. Bierson, Ryan P. Brady, Ludmila Carone, Aarynn L. Carter, Katy L. Chubb, Julie Inglis, Jérémy Leconte, Mercedes Lopez-Morales, Yamila Miguel , et al. (60 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Photochemistry is a fundamental process of planetary atmospheres that regulates the atmospheric composition and stability. However, no unambiguous photochemical products have been detected in exoplanet atmospheres to date. Recent observations from the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Early Release Science Program found a spectral absorption feature at 4.05 $μ$m arising from SO$_2$ in the atmosphere of WA… ▽ More Photochemistry is a fundamental process of planetary atmospheres that regulates the atmospheric composition and stability. However, no unambiguous photochemical products have been detected in exoplanet atmospheres to date. Recent observations from the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Early Release Science Program found a spectral absorption feature at 4.05 $μ$m arising from SO$_2$ in the atmosphere of WASP-39b. WASP-39b is a 1.27-Jupiter-radii, Saturn-mass (0.28 M$_J$) gas giant exoplanet orbiting a Sun-like star with an equilibrium temperature of $\sim$1100 K. The most plausible way of generating SO$_2$ in such an atmosphere is through photochemical processes. Here we show that the SO$_2$ distribution computed by a suite of photochemical models robustly explains the 4.05 $μ$m spectral feature identified by JWST transmission observations with NIRSpec PRISM (2.7$σ$) and G395H (4.5$σ$). SO$_2$ is produced by successive oxidation of sulphur radicals freed when hydrogen sulphide (H$_2$S) is destroyed. The sensitivity of the SO$_2$ feature to the enrichment of the atmosphere by heavy elements (metallicity) suggests that it can be used as a tracer of atmospheric properties, with WASP-39b exhibiting an inferred metallicity of $\sim$10$\times$ solar. We further point out that SO$_2$ also shows observable features at ultraviolet and thermal infrared wavelengths not available from the existing observations. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2023; v1 submitted 18 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 39 pages, 14 figures, accepted to be published in Nature

FUMES III: Ultraviolet and Optical Variability of M Dwarf Chromospheres

Authors: Girish M. Duvvuri, J. Sebastian Pineda, Zachory K. Berta-Thompson, Kevin France, Allison Youngblood

Abstract: We obtained ultraviolet and optical spectra for 9 M~dwarfs across a range of rotation periods to determine whether they showed stochastic intrinsic variability distinguishable from flares. The ultraviolet spectra were observed during the Far Ultraviolet M~Dwarf Evolution Survey \emph{Hubble~Space~Telescope} program using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. The optical observations were taken… ▽ More We obtained ultraviolet and optical spectra for 9 M~dwarfs across a range of rotation periods to determine whether they showed stochastic intrinsic variability distinguishable from flares. The ultraviolet spectra were observed during the Far Ultraviolet M~Dwarf Evolution Survey \emph{Hubble~Space~Telescope} program using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. The optical observations were taken from the Apache Point Observatory 3.5-meter telescope using the Dual Imaging Spectrograph and from the Gemini South Observatory using the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph. We used the optical spectra to measure multiple chromospheric lines: the Balmer series from H$α$ to H$10$ and the \ion{Ca}{2}~H and K lines. We find that after excising flares, these lines vary on the order of $1-20\%$ at minute-cadence over the course of an hour. The absolute amplitude of variability was greater for the faster rotating M~dwarfs in our sample. Among the 5 stars for which measured the weaker Balmer lines, we note a tentative trend that the fractional amplitude of the variability increases for higher order Balmer lines. We measured the integrated flux of multiple ultraviolet emission features formed in the transition region: the \ion{N}{5}, \ion{Si}{4} and \ion{C}{4} resonance line doublets, and the \ion{C}{2} and \ion{He}{2} multiplets. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the UV data was too low for us to detect non-flare variability at the same scale and time cadence as the optical. We consider multiple mechanisms for the observed stochastic variability and propose both observational and theoretical avenues of investigation to determine the physical causes of intrinsic variability in the chromospheres of M~dwarfs. △ Less

Submitted 17 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

A Pilot Survey of an M Dwarf Flare Star with Swift's UV Grism

Authors: Shashank Chavali, Allison Youngblood, Rishi R. Paudel, R. O. Parke Loyd, Karan Molaverdikhani, J. Sebastian Pineda, Thomas Barclay, Laura D. Vega

Abstract: The near-ultraviolet (NUV) spectral region is a useful diagnostic for stellar flare physics and assessing the energy environment of young exoplanets, especially as relates to prebiotic chemistry. We conducted a pilot NUV spectroscopic flare survey of the young M dwarf AU Mic with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory's UltraViolet and Optical Telescope. We detected four flares and three other epochs… ▽ More The near-ultraviolet (NUV) spectral region is a useful diagnostic for stellar flare physics and assessing the energy environment of young exoplanets, especially as relates to prebiotic chemistry. We conducted a pilot NUV spectroscopic flare survey of the young M dwarf AU Mic with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory's UltraViolet and Optical Telescope. We detected four flares and three other epochs of significantly elevated count rates during the 9.6 hours of total exposure time, consistent with a NUV flare rate of $\sim$0.5 hour$^{-1}$. The largest flare we observed released a minimum energy of 6$\times$10$^{33}$ erg between 1730-5000 Å. All flares had durations longer than the $\sim$14-17 minute duration of each Swift visit, making measuring total flare energy and duration infeasible. △ Less

Submitted 3 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: Published in Research Notes of the AAS (RNAAS)

X-ray Emission from the Exoplanet Hosting LTT 1445 Triple Star System

Authors: Alexander Brown, Cynthia S. Froning, Allison Youngblood, Kevin France, David J. Wilson, Girish Duvvuri, Yamila Miguel, Hannah Diamond-Lowe

Abstract: JWST will be able to observe the atmospheres of rocky planets transiting nearby M dwarfs. The M dwarf triple star system LTT 1445, at a distance of 6.86 pc, hosts some of the nearest rocky terrestrial planets. These planets most likely orbit the M 3.5V star LTT 1445A. During a 28.6 ksec Chandra ACIS-S3 observation we have i) spatially resolved and detected all three stars in the LTT 1445 system, i… ▽ More JWST will be able to observe the atmospheres of rocky planets transiting nearby M dwarfs. The M dwarf triple star system LTT 1445, at a distance of 6.86 pc, hosts some of the nearest rocky terrestrial planets. These planets most likely orbit the M 3.5V star LTT 1445A. During a 28.6 ksec Chandra ACIS-S3 observation we have i) spatially resolved and detected all three stars in the LTT 1445 system, ii) measured the X-ray luminosity of the individual stars, including LTT 1445A, for the first time, iii) studied the flux variability of the X-ray sources and found strong variability from the A and C components, and iv) investigated how the coronal luminosities, temperatures and volume emission measures vary at different activity levels. Combining these X-ray data with upcoming HST ultraviolet observations will allow a differential emission measure (DEM) estimation of the star's EUV spectrum, thereby facilitating modeling of the rocky planets' atmospheres. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 18 pages, 4 figures. Accepted to The Astronomical Journal (2022 September 1)

The Mouse that Squeaked: A small flare from Proxima Cen observed in the millimeter, optical, and soft X-ray with Chandra and ALMA

Authors: Ward S. Howard, Meredith A. MacGregor, Rachel Osten, Jan Forbrich, Steven R. Cranmer, Isaiah Tristan, Alycia J. Weinberger, Allison Youngblood, Thomas Barclay, R. O. Parke Loyd, Evgenya L. Shkolnik, Andrew Zic, David J. Wilner

Abstract: We present millimeter, optical, and soft X-ray observations of a stellar flare with an energy squarely in the regime of typical X1 solar flares. The flare was observed from Proxima Cen on 2019 May 6 as part of a larger multi-wavelength flare monitoring campaign and was captured by Chandra, LCOGT, du Pont, and ALMA. Millimeter emission appears to be a common occurrence in small stellar flares that… ▽ More We present millimeter, optical, and soft X-ray observations of a stellar flare with an energy squarely in the regime of typical X1 solar flares. The flare was observed from Proxima Cen on 2019 May 6 as part of a larger multi-wavelength flare monitoring campaign and was captured by Chandra, LCOGT, du Pont, and ALMA. Millimeter emission appears to be a common occurrence in small stellar flares that had gone undetected until recently, making it difficult to interpret these events within the current multi-wavelength picture of the flaring process. The May 6 event is the smallest stellar millimeter flare detected to date. We compare the relationship between the soft X-ray and millimeter emission to that observed in solar flares. The X-ray and optical flare energies of 10$^{30.3\pm0.2}$ and 10$^{28.9\pm0.1}$ erg, respectively, the coronal temperature of T=11.0$\pm$2.1 MK, and the emission measure of 9.5$\pm$2.2 X 10$^{49}$ cm$^{-3}$ are consistent with M-X class solar flares. We find the soft X-ray and millimeter emission during quiescence are consistent with the Gudel-Benz Relation, but not during the flare. The millimeter luminosity is >100X higher than that of an equivalent X1 solar flare and lasts only seconds instead of minutes as seen for solar flares. △ Less

Submitted 12 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 12 pages, 5 figures. Accepted to ApJ

Testing Lyman alpha emission line reconstruction routines at multiple velocities in one system

Authors: David J. Wilson, Allison Youngblood, Odette Toloza, Jeremy J. Drake, Kevin France, Cynthia S. Froning, Boris T. Gaensicke, Seth Redfield, Brian E. Wood

Abstract: The 1215.67A HI Lyman alpha emission line dominates the ultraviolet flux of low mass stars, including the majority of known exoplanet hosts. Unfortunately, strong attenuation by the interstellar medium (ISM) obscures the line core at most stars, requiring the intrinsic Lyman alpha flux to be reconstructed based on fits to the line wings. We present a test of the widely-used Lyman alpha emission li… ▽ More The 1215.67A HI Lyman alpha emission line dominates the ultraviolet flux of low mass stars, including the majority of known exoplanet hosts. Unfortunately, strong attenuation by the interstellar medium (ISM) obscures the line core at most stars, requiring the intrinsic Lyman alpha flux to be reconstructed based on fits to the line wings. We present a test of the widely-used Lyman alpha emission line reconstruction code LYAPY using phase-resolved, medium-resolution STIS G140M observations of the close white dwarf-M dwarf binary EG UMa. The Doppler shifts induced by the binary orbital motion move the Lyman alpha emission line in and out of the region of strong ISM attenuation. Reconstructions to each spectrum should produce the same Lyman alpha profile regardless of phase, under the well-justified assumption that there is no intrinsic line variability between observations. Instead, we find that the reconstructions underestimate the Lyman alpha flux by almost a factor of two for the lowest-velocity, most attenuated spectrum, due to a degeneracy between the intrinsic Lyman alpha and ISM profiles. Our results imply that many stellar Lyman alpha fluxes derived from G140M spectra reported in the literature may be underestimated, with potential consequences for, for example, estimates of extreme-ultraviolet stellar spectra and ultraviolet inputs into simulations of exoplanet atmospheres. △ Less

Submitted 8 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJ

The K2-3 system revisited: testing photoevaporation and core-powered mass loss with three small planets spanning the radius valley

Authors: Hannah Diamond-Lowe, Laura Kreidberg, C. E. Harman, Eliza M. -R. Kempton, Leslie A. Rogers, Simon R. G. Joyce, Jason D. Eastman, George W. King, Ravi Kopparapu, Allison Youngblood, Molly R. Kosiarek, John H. Livingston, Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman, Ian J. M. Crossfield

Abstract: Multi-planet systems orbiting M dwarfs provide valuable tests of theories of small planet formation and evolution. K2-3 is an early M dwarf hosting three small exoplanets (1.5-2.0 Earth radii) at distances of 0.07-0.20 AU. We measure the high-energy spectrum of K2-3 with HST/COS and XMM-Newton, and use empirically-driven estimates of Ly-alpha and extreme ultraviolet flux. We use EXOFASTv2 to joint… ▽ More Multi-planet systems orbiting M dwarfs provide valuable tests of theories of small planet formation and evolution. K2-3 is an early M dwarf hosting three small exoplanets (1.5-2.0 Earth radii) at distances of 0.07-0.20 AU. We measure the high-energy spectrum of K2-3 with HST/COS and XMM-Newton, and use empirically-driven estimates of Ly-alpha and extreme ultraviolet flux. We use EXOFASTv2 to jointly fit radial velocity, transit, and SED data. This constrains the K2-3 planet radii to 4% uncertainty and the masses of K2-3b and c to 13% and 30%, respectively; K2-3d is not detected in RV measurements. K2-3b and c are consistent with rocky cores surrounded by solar composition envelopes (mass fractions of 0.36% and 0.07%), H2O envelopes (55% and 16%), or a mixture of both. However, based on the high-energy output and estimated age of K2-3, it is unlikely that K2-3b and c retain solar composition atmospheres. We pass the planet parameters and high-energy stellar spectrum to atmospheric models. Dialing the high-energy spectrum up and down by a factor of 10 produces significant changes in trace molecule abundances, but not at a level detectable with transmission spectroscopy. Though the K2-3 planets span the small planet radius valley, the observed system architecture cannot be readily explained by photoevaporation or core-powered mass loss. We instead propose 1) the K2-3 planets are all volatile-rich, with K2-3d having a lower density than typical of super-Earths, and/or 2) the K2-3 planet architecture results from more stochastic processes such as planet formation, planet migration, and impact erosion. △ Less

Submitted 4 October, 2022; v1 submitted 26 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 15 pages, 7 figure, published in AJ, HLSPs at https://archive.stsci.edu/hlsp/mstarpanspec

Detection Feasibility of H$_2$ in Ultra-hot Jupiter Atmospheres

Authors: Anastasia Morgan, P. Wilson Cauley, Kevin France, Allison Youngblood, Tommi T. Koskinen

Abstract: Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) have recently been the focus of several atmospheric studies due to their extreme properties. While molecular hydrogen (H$_2$) plays a key role in UHJ atmospheres, it has not been directly detected on an exoplanet. To determine the feasibility of H$_2$ detection via transmission spectroscopy of the Lyman and Werner bands, we modeled UHJ atmospheres with H$_2$ rotational te… ▽ More Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) have recently been the focus of several atmospheric studies due to their extreme properties. While molecular hydrogen (H$_2$) plays a key role in UHJ atmospheres, it has not been directly detected on an exoplanet. To determine the feasibility of H$_2$ detection via transmission spectroscopy of the Lyman and Werner bands, we modeled UHJ atmospheres with H$_2$ rotational temperatures varying from 2000 K to 4000 K orbiting A-type stars ranging from $T_{eff}$ = 8,500 K to $T_{eff}$ = 10,300 K. We present simulated transmission spectra for each planet-star temperature combination while adding Poisson noise varying in magnitude from 0.5% to 2.0%. Finally, we cross-correlated the spectra with expected atmospheric H$_2$ absorption templates for each temperature combination. Our results suggest that H$_2$ detection with current facilities, namely the Hubble Space Telescope, is not possible. However, direct atmospheric transmission spectroscopy of H$_2$ may be viable with future UV-capable flagship missions. △ Less

Submitted 13 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Constraining the Physical Properties of Stellar Coronal Mass Ejections with Coronal Dimming: Application to Far Ultraviolet Data of $ε$ Eridani

Authors: R. O. Parke Loyd, James Mason, Meng Jin, Evgenya L. Shkolnik, Kevin France, Allison Youngblood, Jackie Villadsen, Christian Schneider, Adam C. Schneider, Joseph Llama, Tahina Ramiaramanantsoa, Tyler Richey-Yowell

Abstract: Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are a prominent contributor to solar system space weather and might have impacted the Sun's early angular momentum evolution. A signal diagnostic of CMEs on the Sun is coronal dimming: a drop in coronal emission, tied to the mass of the CME, that is the direct result of removing emitting plasma from the corona. We present the results of a coronal dimming analysis of F… ▽ More Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are a prominent contributor to solar system space weather and might have impacted the Sun's early angular momentum evolution. A signal diagnostic of CMEs on the Sun is coronal dimming: a drop in coronal emission, tied to the mass of the CME, that is the direct result of removing emitting plasma from the corona. We present the results of a coronal dimming analysis of Fe XII 1349 A and Fe XXI 1354 A emission from $ε$ Eridani ($ε$ Eri), a young K2 dwarf, with archival far-ultraviolet observations by the Hubble Space Telescope's Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. Following a flare in February 2015, $ε$ Eri's Fe XXI emission declined by $81\pm5$%. Although enticing, a scant 3.8 min of preflare observations allows for the possibility that the Fe XXI decline was the decay of an earlier, unseen flare. Dimming nondetections following each of three prominent flares constrain the possible mass of ejected Fe XII-emitting (1 MK) plasma to less than a few $\times10^{15}$ g. This implies that CMEs ejecting this much or more 1 MK plasma occur less than a few times per day on $ε$ Eri. On the Sun, $10^{15}$ g CMEs occur once every few days. For $ε$ Eri, the mass loss rate due to CME-ejected 1 MK plasma could be $<0.6$ $\dot{M}_\odot$, well below the star's estimated 30 $\dot{M}_\odot$ mass loss rate (wind + CMEs). The order-of-magnitude formalism we developed for these mass estimates can be broadly applied to coronal dimming observations of any star. △ Less

Submitted 13 July, 2022; v1 submitted 11 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 27 pages, 22 figures, accepted to ApJ

No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation

Authors: NLLB Team, Marta R. Costa-jussà, James Cross, Onur Çelebi, Maha Elbayad, Kenneth Heafield, Kevin Heffernan, Elahe Kalbassi, Janice Lam, Daniel Licht, Jean Maillard, Anna Sun, Skyler Wang, Guillaume Wenzek, Al Youngblood, Bapi Akula, Loic Barrault, Gabriel Mejia Gonzalez, Prangthip Hansanti, John Hoffman, Semarley Jarrett, Kaushik Ram Sadagopan, Dirk Rowe, Shannon Spruit, Chau Tran , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Driven by the goal of eradicating language barriers on a global scale, machine translation has solidified itself as a key focus of artificial intelligence research today. However, such efforts have coalesced around a small subset of languages, leaving behind the vast majority of mostly low-resource languages. What does it take to break the 200 language barrier while ensuring safe, high quality res… ▽ More Driven by the goal of eradicating language barriers on a global scale, machine translation has solidified itself as a key focus of artificial intelligence research today. However, such efforts have coalesced around a small subset of languages, leaving behind the vast majority of mostly low-resource languages. What does it take to break the 200 language barrier while ensuring safe, high quality results, all while keeping ethical considerations in mind? In No Language Left Behind, we took on this challenge by first contextualizing the need for low-resource language translation support through exploratory interviews with native speakers. Then, we created datasets and models aimed at narrowing the performance gap between low and high-resource languages. More specifically, we developed a conditional compute model based on Sparsely Gated Mixture of Experts that is trained on data obtained with novel and effective data mining techniques tailored for low-resource languages. We propose multiple architectural and training improvements to counteract overfitting while training on thousands of tasks. Critically, we evaluated the performance of over 40,000 different translation directions using a human-translated benchmark, Flores-200, and combined human evaluation with a novel toxicity benchmark covering all languages in Flores-200 to assess translation safety. Our model achieves an improvement of 44% BLEU relative to the previous state-of-the-art, laying important groundwork towards realizing a universal translation system. Finally, we open source all contributions described in this work, accessible at https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq/tree/nllb. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2022; v1 submitted 11 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 190 pages

MSC Class: 68T50 ACM Class: I.2.7