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CCAT: Optical Responsivity, Noise, and Readout Optimization of KIDs for Prime-Cam
Authors:
Eliza Gazda,
Quintin Meyers,
James R. Burgoyne,
Scott Chapman,
Steve K. Choi,
Cody J. Duell,
Anthony I. Huber,
Inchara Jagadeesh,
David Faulkner Katz,
Ben Keller,
Lawrence T. Lin,
Paul Malachuk,
Michael D. Niemack,
Darshan A. Patel,
Gordon J. Stacey,
Benjamin J. Vaughan,
Eve M. Vavagiakis,
Samantha Walker,
Yuhan Wang,
Ruixuan,
Xie
Abstract:
The Prime-Cam instrument of the Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST) at the CCAT Observatory will conduct sensitive millimeter to submillimeter surveys for a range of astrophysical and cosmological sciences. Prime-Cam will use kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) sensitive to multiple frequency bands spanning 280--850 GHz. With over 100,000 sensors under development, these KID arrays will soon…
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The Prime-Cam instrument of the Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST) at the CCAT Observatory will conduct sensitive millimeter to submillimeter surveys for a range of astrophysical and cosmological sciences. Prime-Cam will use kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) sensitive to multiple frequency bands spanning 280--850 GHz. With over 100,000 sensors under development, these KID arrays will soon form the largest submillimeter focal plane ever built. With fixed microwave tones probing amplitude and phase modulations in the KIDs due to incoming radiation, challenges arise in determining the optimal readout settings, especially under varying atmospheric loading. Realizing the science goals of FYST requires operating the detectors at optimal performance and determining accurate responsivities, which depend on readout tone placement and power. To address these challenges, we present laboratory measurements of sample pixels from the 280 GHz TiN and Al arrays using a blackbody cold load to simulate observing conditions. These measurements probe detector responsivity and noise across varying optical loading, tone power, and tone placement, providing the foundation to guide in situ calibration and operation of the $>$100,000 KIDs. We characterize detector sensitivity via the Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) as a function of readout tone power and placement, and measure the impact of detuning due to varying optical power on the NEP. Our test setup and methodology will inform the commissioning of Prime-Cam, in situ detector calibration procedures, the cadence of probe tone resetting, and potential design refinements for future arrays, supporting FYST's planned first light in 2026.
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Submitted 14 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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CCAT: Readout of over 10,000 280 GHz KIDs in Mod-Cam using RFSoC Electronics
Authors:
Darshan A. Patel,
Yuhan Wang,
Cody J. Duell,
Jason E. Austermann,
James Beall,
James R. Burgoyne,
Scott Chapman,
Steve K. Choi,
Rodrigo G. Freundt,
Eliza Gazda,
Christopher Groppi,
Zachary B. Huber,
Johannes Hubmayr,
Ben Keller,
Lawerence T. Lin,
Philip Mauskopf,
Alicia Middleton,
Michael D. Niemack,
Cody Roberson,
Adrian K. Sinclair,
Ema Smith,
Jeff van Lanen,
Anna Vaskuri,
Benjamin J. Vaughan,
Eve M. Vavagiakis
, et al. (5 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Over the past decade, kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) have emerged as a viable superconducting technology for astrophysics at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. KIDs spanning 210 - 850 GHz across seven instrument modules will be deployed in the Prime-Cam instrument of CCAT Observatory's Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope at an elevation of 5600 m on Cerro Chajnantor in Chile's Atacama D…
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Over the past decade, kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) have emerged as a viable superconducting technology for astrophysics at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. KIDs spanning 210 - 850 GHz across seven instrument modules will be deployed in the Prime-Cam instrument of CCAT Observatory's Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope at an elevation of 5600 m on Cerro Chajnantor in Chile's Atacama Desert. The natural frequency-division multiplexed readout of KIDs allows hundreds of detectors to be coupled to a single radio frequency (RF) transmission line, but requires sophisticated warm readout electronics. The FPGA-based Xilinx ZCU111 radio frequency system on chip (RFSoC) offers a promising and flexible solution to the challenge of warm readout. CCAT uses custom packaged RFSoCs to read out KIDs in the Prime-Cam instrument. Each RFSoC can simultaneously read out four RF channels with up to 1,000 detectors spanning a 512 MHz bandwidth per channel using the current firmware. We use five RFSoCs to read out the >10,000 KIDs in the broadband 280 GHz instrument module inside a testbed receiver. Here, we describe and demonstrate the readout software and pipeline for the RFSoC system. We also present the preliminary averaged spectral responses of the 280 GHz instrument module using KIDs from the TiN array and the first Al array as a demonstration of the end-to-end performance of the readout and optical systems. These measurements demonstrate the foundation that will enable us to simultaneously read out over 10,000 KIDs with the RFSoC and represent a critical step toward reading out the ~100,000 KIDs in Prime-Cam in its future full capacity configuration.
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Submitted 7 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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CCAT: Magnetic Sensitivity Measurements of Kinetic Inductance Detectors
Authors:
Benjamin J. Vaughan,
Yuhan Wang,
Cody J. Duell,
Jason Austermann,
James R. Burgoyne,
Scott Chapman,
Steve K. Choi,
Abigail T. Crites,
Eliza Gazda,
Ben Keller,
Michael D. Niemack,
Darshan A. Patel,
Anna Vaskuri,
Eve M. Vavagiakis,
Michael Vissers,
Samantha Walker,
Jordan Wheeler,
Ruixuan,
Xie
Abstract:
The CCAT Observatory is a ground-based submillimeter to millimeter experiment located on Cerro Chajnantor in the Atacama Desert, at an altitude of 5,600 meters. CCAT features the 6-meter Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST), which will cover frequency bands from 210 GHz to 850 GHz using its first-generation science instrument, Prime-Cam. The detectors used in Prime-Cam are feedhorn-coupled, l…
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The CCAT Observatory is a ground-based submillimeter to millimeter experiment located on Cerro Chajnantor in the Atacama Desert, at an altitude of 5,600 meters. CCAT features the 6-meter Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST), which will cover frequency bands from 210 GHz to 850 GHz using its first-generation science instrument, Prime-Cam. The detectors used in Prime-Cam are feedhorn-coupled, lumped-element superconducting microwave kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs). The telescope will perform wide-area surveys at speeds on the order of degrees per second. During telescope operation, the KIDs are exposed to changes in the magnetic field caused by the telescope's movement through Earth's magnetic field and internal sources within the telescope. We present and compare measurements of the magnetic sensitivity of three different CCAT KID designs at 100 mK. The measurements are conducted in a dilution refrigerator (DR) with a set of room temperature Helmholtz coils positioned around the DR. We discuss the implications of these results for CCAT field operations.
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Submitted 15 February, 2026; v1 submitted 3 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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CCAT: Mod-Cam Cryogenic Performance and its Impact on 280 GHz KID Array Noise
Authors:
Lawrence T. Lin,
Eve M. Vavagiakis,
Jason E. Austermann,
James R. Burgoyne,
Scott Chapman,
Steve K. Choi,
Abigail T. Crites,
Cody J. Duell,
Rodrigo G. Freundt,
Eliza Gazda,
Christopher Groppi,
Anthony I. Huber,
Zachary B. Huber,
Johannes Hubmayr,
Ben Keller,
Philip Mauskopf,
Alicia Middleton,
Michael D. Niemack,
Darshan A. Patel,
Cody Roberson,
Adrian K. Sinclair,
Ema Smith,
Anna Vaskuri,
Benjamin J. Vaughan,
Samantha Walker
, et al. (5 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The CCAT Observatory's Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST) is designed to observe submillimeter astronomical signals with high precision, using receivers fielding state-of-the-art kinetic inductance detector (KID) arrays. Mod-Cam, a first-light instrument for FYST, serves as a testbed for instrument module characterization, including detailed evaluation of thermal behavior under operating co…
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The CCAT Observatory's Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST) is designed to observe submillimeter astronomical signals with high precision, using receivers fielding state-of-the-art kinetic inductance detector (KID) arrays. Mod-Cam, a first-light instrument for FYST, serves as a testbed for instrument module characterization, including detailed evaluation of thermal behavior under operating conditions prior to deploying modules in the larger Prime-Cam instrument. Prime-Cam is a first generation multi-band, wide-field camera for FYST, designed to field up to seven instrument modules and provide unprecedented sensitivity across a broad frequency range.
We present results from two key laboratory characterizations: an "optically open" cooldown to validate the overall thermal performance of the cryostat, and a "cold load" cooldown to measure the effect of focal plane temperature stability on detector noise. During the optically open test, we achieved stable base temperatures of 1.5 K on the 1 K stage and 85 mK at the detector stage. In the cold load configuration, we measured a detector focal plane RMS temperature stability of 3.2e-5 K. From this stability measurement, we demonstrate that the equivalent power from focal plane thermal fluctuations is only 0.0040% of a 5pW incident photon power for aluminum detectors and 0.0023% for titanium-nitride detectors, a negligible level for CCAT science goals. This highlights the success of the cryogenic system design and thermal management.
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Submitted 29 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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The Extreme Universe Observatory on a Super-Pressure Balloon II: Mission, Payload, and Flight
Authors:
James. H. Adams Jr.,
Denis Allard,
Phillip Alldredge,
Luis Anchordoqui,
Anna Anzalone,
Mahdi Bagheri,
Matteo Battisti,
Roberto Bellotti,
Alexander Belov,
Mario Bertaina,
Peter Bertone,
Sylvie Blin-Bondil,
Jordan Bogdan,
Julia Burton Heigbes,
Francis Cafagna,
Rosella Caruso,
Marco Casolino,
Karel Černý,
Mark J. Christl,
Roberta Colalillo,
Hank J. Crawford,
Alexandre Creusot,
Austin Cummings,
Julia Desiato,
Rebecca Diesing
, et al. (74 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon 2 (EUSO-SPB2) is a pathfinder mission toward a space-based observatory such as the Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA). The aim of POEMMA is the observation of Ultra High Energy COsmic Rays (UHECRs) in order to elucidate their nature and origins and to discover $\gtrsim$ 20 PeV very high energy neutrinos that ori…
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The Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon 2 (EUSO-SPB2) is a pathfinder mission toward a space-based observatory such as the Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA). The aim of POEMMA is the observation of Ultra High Energy COsmic Rays (UHECRs) in order to elucidate their nature and origins and to discover $\gtrsim$ 20 PeV very high energy neutrinos that originate from transient and steady astrophysical sources. EUSO-SPB2 was launched from Wānaka New Zealand on May 13th, 2023 as a NASA Balloon Program Office test flight. The mission goals included making the first near-space altitude observations of the fluorescence emission from UHECR-induced extensive air showers (EASs) and making the first direct Cherenkov light emission from PeV cosmic rays traversing Earth's atmosphere. In addition, a Target of Opportunity program was developed for selecting and scheduling observations of potential neutrino sources as they passed just below the Earth's limb. Although a leaky balloon forced termination over the Pacific Ocean after 37 hours, data was collected to demonstrate the successful commissioning and operation of the instruments. This paper includes a description of the payload and the key instruments, pre-flight instrument characterizations in the lab and in the desert, flight operations and examples of the data collected. The flight was too short to catch a UHECR event via fluorescence, however about 10 candidate EAS events from cosmic rays were recorded via Cherenkov light.
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Submitted 27 May, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Commissioning and Performance of the Trinity Demonstrator
Authors:
Mahdi Bagheri,
Adam Barletta,
Jordan Bogdan,
Anthony M. Brown,
Luigi Cedeno,
Mariia Fedkevych,
Srikar Gadamsetty,
Eliza Gazda,
Jamie Holder,
Eleanor Judd,
Dave Kieda,
Evgeny Kuznetsov,
Nolan Lew,
Oscar Romero Matamala,
Arnav Menon,
Nepomuk A. Otte,
Mathew Potts,
Wayne Springer,
Sofia Stepanoff,
Ace Wilcox,
Angelina Zhang
Abstract:
The Trinity Demonstrator is a proof of concept prototype for the Trinity Neutrino Observatory, which is sensitive to astrophysical neutrinos above PeV energies. The Demonstrator is a one-square meter class imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope deployed on Frisco Peak, Utah, and remotely operated. The light-collection surface is equipped with 77 mirror facets with 15 cm diameter, and its…
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The Trinity Demonstrator is a proof of concept prototype for the Trinity Neutrino Observatory, which is sensitive to astrophysical neutrinos above PeV energies. The Demonstrator is a one-square meter class imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope deployed on Frisco Peak, Utah, and remotely operated. The light-collection surface is equipped with 77 mirror facets with 15 cm diameter, and its $3.87^\circ\times3.87^\circ$ field of view is instrumented with a 256-pixel camera yielding a $0.24^\circ$ angular resolution. The camera signals are digitized with a 100 MS/s, and 12-bit resolution switched capacitor array readout. We discuss the Demonstrator's design, the telescope's deployment on Frisco Peak, and its commissioning.
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Submitted 19 May, 2025; v1 submitted 14 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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The Camera and Readout for the Trinity Demonstrator and the EUSO-SPB2 Cherenkov Telescope
Authors:
Mahdi Bagheri,
Srikar Gadamsetty,
Eliza Gazda,
Eleanor Judd,
Evgeny Kuznetsov,
A. Nepomuk Otte,
Mathew Potts,
Oscar Romero Matamala,
Noah Shapera,
Joshua Sorell,
Svanik Tandon,
Andrew Wang
Abstract:
We developed a modular silicon photomultiplier camera to detect Earth-skimming PeV to EeV tau neutrinos with the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique. We built two cameras, a 256-pixel camera with S14161-6050HS SiPMs for the Trinity Demonstrator located on Frisco Peak, Utah, and a 512-pixel camera with S14521-6050AN SiPMs for the EUSO-SPB2 Cherenkov Telescope. The front-end electronics are base…
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We developed a modular silicon photomultiplier camera to detect Earth-skimming PeV to EeV tau neutrinos with the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique. We built two cameras, a 256-pixel camera with S14161-6050HS SiPMs for the Trinity Demonstrator located on Frisco Peak, Utah, and a 512-pixel camera with S14521-6050AN SiPMs for the EUSO-SPB2 Cherenkov Telescope. The front-end electronics are based on the eMUSIC ASIC, and the camera signals are sampled and digitized with the 100MS/s and 12-bit AGET system. Both cameras are liquid-cooled. We detail the camera concept and the results from characterizing the SiPMs, bench testing, and calibrating the two cameras.
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Submitted 12 June, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
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EUSO-SPB1 Mission and Science
Authors:
JEM-EUSO Collaboration,
:,
G. Abdellaoui,
S. Abe,
J. H. Adams. Jr.,
D. Allard,
G. Alonso,
L. Anchordoqui,
A. Anzalone,
E. Arnone,
K. Asano,
R. Attallah,
H. Attoui,
M. Ave Pernas,
R. Bachmann,
S. Bacholle,
M. Bagheri,
M. Bakiri,
J. Baláz,
D. Barghini,
S. Bartocci,
M. Battisti,
J. Bayer,
B. Beldjilali,
T. Belenguer
, et al. (271 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon 1 (EUSO-SPB1) was launched in 2017 April from Wanaka, New Zealand. The plan of this mission of opportunity on a NASA super pressure balloon test flight was to circle the southern hemisphere. The primary scientific goal was to make the first observations of ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray extensive air showers (EASs) by looking down on…
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The Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon 1 (EUSO-SPB1) was launched in 2017 April from Wanaka, New Zealand. The plan of this mission of opportunity on a NASA super pressure balloon test flight was to circle the southern hemisphere. The primary scientific goal was to make the first observations of ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray extensive air showers (EASs) by looking down on the atmosphere with an ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence telescope from suborbital altitude (33~km). After 12~days and 4~hours aloft, the flight was terminated prematurely in the Pacific Ocean. Before the flight, the instrument was tested extensively in the West Desert of Utah, USA, with UV point sources and lasers. The test results indicated that the instrument had sensitivity to EASs of approximately 3 EeV. Simulations of the telescope system, telescope on time, and realized flight trajectory predicted an observation of about 1 event assuming clear sky conditions. The effects of high clouds were estimated to reduce this value by approximately a factor of 2. A manual search and a machine-learning-based search did not find any EAS signals in these data. Here we review the EUSO-SPB1 instrument and flight and the EAS search.
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Submitted 12 January, 2024;
originally announced January 2024.
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JEM-EUSO Collaboration contributions to the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference
Authors:
S. Abe,
J. H. Adams Jr.,
D. Allard,
P. Alldredge,
R. Aloisio,
L. Anchordoqui,
A. Anzalone,
E. Arnone,
M. Bagheri,
B. Baret,
D. Barghini,
M. Battisti,
R. Bellotti,
A. A. Belov,
M. Bertaina,
P. F. Bertone,
M. Bianciotto,
F. Bisconti,
C. Blaksley,
S. Blin-Bondil,
K. Bolmgren,
S. Briz,
J. Burton,
F. Cafagna,
G. Cambiè
, et al. (133 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This is a collection of papers presented by the JEM-EUSO Collaboration at the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Nagoya, Japan, July 26-August 3, 2023)
This is a collection of papers presented by the JEM-EUSO Collaboration at the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Nagoya, Japan, July 26-August 3, 2023)
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Submitted 20 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 December, 2023;
originally announced December 2023.
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The EUSO-SPB2 Cherenkov Telescope -- Flight Performance and Preliminary Results
Authors:
Eliza Gazda
Abstract:
Astrophysical Very-High-Energy (VHE, >10PeV) neutrinos deliver crucial information about the sources of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs), the composition of UHECRs, and neutrino/particle physics at highest energies. UHE-tau neutrinos skimming the Earth's surface produce tau leptons, which can emerge from the ground, decay, and start an upward-going extensive air shower (EAS) in the Earth's a…
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Astrophysical Very-High-Energy (VHE, >10PeV) neutrinos deliver crucial information about the sources of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs), the composition of UHECRs, and neutrino/particle physics at highest energies. UHE-tau neutrinos skimming the Earth's surface produce tau leptons, which can emerge from the ground, decay, and start an upward-going extensive air shower (EAS) in the Earth's atmosphere. The tau neutrino can be reconstructed by imaging the EAS. We developed an atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope flying on the Extreme Universe Space Observatory Super Pressure Balloon 2 (EUSO-SPB2) mission to test the air-shower imaging concept at highest altitudes. The EUSO-SPB2 ultra-long-duration balloon mission is a precursor of the Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA), a candidate for an astrophysics probe-class mission. The telescope implements Schmidt optics with a 0.785 m^2 light collection area and a 512-pixel SiPM camera covering a 12.8° by 6.4° (Horizontal by Vertical) field-of-view with 0.4° resolution. The camera signals are sampled with 100MSa/s and digitized with 12-bit resolution. The objectives of the EUSO-SPB2 Cherenkov telescope include a search for UHE neutrinos below Earth's limb, UHECRs above the limb, the study of the night sky background, and studying the telescope's performance. In this presentation, I will present an overview of the Cherenkov telescope and discuss the in-flight performance of the telescope.
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Submitted 29 August, 2023;
originally announced August 2023.
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JEM-EUSO Collaboration contributions to the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference
Authors:
G. Abdellaoui,
S. Abe,
J. H. Adams Jr.,
D. Allard,
G. Alonso,
L. Anchordoqui,
A. Anzalone,
E. Arnone,
K. Asano,
R. Attallah,
H. Attoui,
M. Ave Pernas,
M. Bagheri,
J. Baláz,
M. Bakiri,
D. Barghini,
S. Bartocci,
M. Battisti,
J. Bayer,
B. Beldjilali,
T. Belenguer,
N. Belkhalfa,
R. Bellotti,
A. A. Belov,
K. Benmessai
, et al. (267 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Compilation of papers presented by the JEM-EUSO Collaboration at the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), held on July 12-23, 2021 (online) in Berlin, Germany.
Compilation of papers presented by the JEM-EUSO Collaboration at the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), held on July 12-23, 2021 (online) in Berlin, Germany.
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Submitted 20 January, 2026; v1 submitted 28 January, 2022;
originally announced January 2022.
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Trinity: An Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescope to Search for Ultra-High-Energy Neutrinos
Authors:
Anthony M. Brown,
Mahdi Bagheri,
Michele Doro,
Eliza Gazda,
Dave Kieda,
Chaoxian Lin,
Yasar Onel,
Nepomuk Otte,
Ignacio Taboada,
Andrew Wang
Abstract:
Earth-skimming neutrinos are those which travel through the Earth's crust at a shallow angle. For Ultra-High-Energy (E > 1 PeV; UHE) earth-skimming tau neutrinos, there is a high-probability that the tau lepton created by a neutrino-Earth interaction will emerge from the ground before it decays. When this happens, the decaying tau particle initiates an air shower of relativistic sub-atomic particl…
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Earth-skimming neutrinos are those which travel through the Earth's crust at a shallow angle. For Ultra-High-Energy (E > 1 PeV; UHE) earth-skimming tau neutrinos, there is a high-probability that the tau lepton created by a neutrino-Earth interaction will emerge from the ground before it decays. When this happens, the decaying tau particle initiates an air shower of relativistic sub-atomic particles which emit Cherenkov radiation. To observe this Cherenkov radiation, we propose the Trinity Observatory. Using a novel optical structure design, pointing at the horizon, Trinity will observe the Cherenkov radiation from upward-going neutrino-induced air showers. Being sensitive to neutrinos in the 1-10,000 PeV energy range, Trinity's expected sensitivity will have a unique role to play filling the gap between the observed astrophysical neutrinos observed by IceCube and the expected sensitivity of radio UHE neutrino detectors.
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Submitted 7 September, 2021;
originally announced September 2021.
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Overview of Cherenkov Telescope on-board EUSO-SPB2 for the Detection of Very-High-Energy Neutrinos
Authors:
Mahdi Bagheri,
Peter Bertone,
Ivan Fontane,
Eliza Gazda,
Eleanor G. Judd,
John F. Krizmanic,
Evgeny N. Kuznetsov,
Michael J. Miller,
Jane Nachtman,
Yasar Onel,
A. Nepomuk Otte,
Patrick J. Reardon,
Oscar Romero Matamala,
Andrew Wang,
Lawrence Wiencke
Abstract:
We present the status of the development of a Cherenkov telescope to be flown on a long-duration balloon flight, the Extreme Universe Space Observatory Super Pressure Balloon 2 (EUSO-SPB2). EUSO-SPB2 is an approved NASA balloon mission that is planned to fly in 2023 and is a precursor of the Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA), a candidate for an Astrophysics probe-class mission…
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We present the status of the development of a Cherenkov telescope to be flown on a long-duration balloon flight, the Extreme Universe Space Observatory Super Pressure Balloon 2 (EUSO-SPB2). EUSO-SPB2 is an approved NASA balloon mission that is planned to fly in 2023 and is a precursor of the Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA), a candidate for an Astrophysics probe-class mission. The purpose of the Cherenkov telescope on-board EUSOSPB2 is to classify known and unknown sources of backgrounds for future space-based neutrino detectors. Furthermore, we will use the Earth-skimming technique to search for Very-High-Energy (VHE) tau neutrinos below the limb (E > 10 PeV) and observe air showers from cosmic rays above the limb. The 0.785 m^2 Cherenkov telescope is equipped with a 512-pixel SiPM camera covering a 12.8° x 6.4° (Horizontal x Vertical) field of view. The camera signals are digitized with a 100 MS/s readout system. In this paper, we discuss the status of the telescope development, the camera integration, and simulation studies of the camera response.
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Submitted 4 September, 2021;
originally announced September 2021.
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Trinity's Sensitivity to Isotropic and Point-Source Neutrinos
Authors:
Andrew Wang,
Chaoxian Lin,
Nepomuk Otte,
Michele Doro,
Eliza Gazda,
Ignacio Taboada,
Anthony Brown,
Mahdi Bagheri
Abstract:
The neutrino band above 10 PeV remains one of the last multi-messenger windows to be opened, a challenge that several groups tackle. One of the proposed instruments is Trinity, a system of air-shower imaging telescopes to detect Earth-skimming neutrinos with energies from $10^6$ GeV to $10^{10}$ GeV. We present updated sensitivity calculations demonstrating Trinity's capability of not only detecti…
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The neutrino band above 10 PeV remains one of the last multi-messenger windows to be opened, a challenge that several groups tackle. One of the proposed instruments is Trinity, a system of air-shower imaging telescopes to detect Earth-skimming neutrinos with energies from $10^6$ GeV to $10^{10}$ GeV. We present updated sensitivity calculations demonstrating Trinity's capability of not only detecting the IceCube measured diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux but doing so in an energy band that overlaps with IceCube's. Trinity will distinguish between different cutoff scenarios of the astrophysical neutrino flux, which will help identify their sources. We also discuss Trinity's sensitivity to transient sources on timescales from hours to years.
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Submitted 5 August, 2021;
originally announced August 2021.
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The POEMMA (Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics) Observatory
Authors:
A. V. Olinto,
J. Krizmanic,
J. H. Adams,
R. Aloisio,
L. A. Anchordoqui,
A. Anzalone,
M. Bagheri,
D. Barghini,
M. Battisti,
D. R. Bergman,
M. E. Bertaina,
P. F. Bertone,
F. Bisconti,
M. Bustamante,
F. Cafagna,
R. Caruso,
M. Casolino,
K. Černý,
M. J. Christl,
A. L. Cummings,
I. De Mitri,
R. Diesing,
R. Engel,
J. Eser,
K. Fang
, et al. (51 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) is designed to accurately observe ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and cosmic neutrinos from space with sensitivity over the full celestial sky. POEMMA will observe the extensive air showers (EASs) from UHECRs and UHE neutrinos above 20 EeV via air fluorescence. Additionally, POEMMA will observe the Cherenkov signal from upward-movin…
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The Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) is designed to accurately observe ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and cosmic neutrinos from space with sensitivity over the full celestial sky. POEMMA will observe the extensive air showers (EASs) from UHECRs and UHE neutrinos above 20 EeV via air fluorescence. Additionally, POEMMA will observe the Cherenkov signal from upward-moving EASs induced by Earth-interacting tau neutrinos above 20 PeV. The POEMMA spacecraft are designed to quickly re-orientate to follow up transient neutrino sources and obtain unparalleled neutrino flux sensitivity. Developed as a NASA Astrophysics Probe-class mission, POEMMA consists of two identical satellites flying in loose formation in 525 km altitude orbits. Each POEMMA instrument incorporates a wide field-of-view (45$^\circ$) Schmidt telescope with over 6 m$^2$ of collecting area. The hybrid focal surface of each telescope includes a fast (1~$μ$s) near-ultraviolet camera for EAS fluorescence observations and an ultrafast (10~ns) optical camera for Cherenkov EAS observations. In a 5-year mission, POEMMA will provide measurements that open new multi-messenger windows onto the most energetic events in the universe, enabling the study of new astrophysics and particle physics at these otherwise inaccessible energies.
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Submitted 24 May, 2021; v1 submitted 14 December, 2020;
originally announced December 2020.
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Snowmass 2021 Letter of Interest: The Probe Of Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA)
Authors:
A. V. Olinto,
F. Sarazin,
J. H. Adams,
R. Aloisio,
L. A. Anchordoqui,
M. Bagheri,
D. Barghini,
M. Battisti,
D. R. Bergman,
M. E. Bertaina,
P. F. Bertone,
F. Bisconti,
M. Bustamante,
M. Casolino,
M. J. Christl,
A. L. Cummings,
I. De Mitri,
R. Diesing,
R. Engel,
J. Eser,
K. Fang,
G. Fillipatos,
F. Fenu,
E. Gazda,
C. Guepin
, et al. (39 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) is designed to identify the sources of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) and to observe cosmic neutrinos, both with full-sky coverage. Developed as a NASA Astrophysics Probe-class mission, POEMMA consists of two spacecraft flying in a loose formation at 525 km altitude, 28.5 deg inclination orbits. Each spacecraft hosts a Schmidt tele…
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The Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) is designed to identify the sources of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) and to observe cosmic neutrinos, both with full-sky coverage. Developed as a NASA Astrophysics Probe-class mission, POEMMA consists of two spacecraft flying in a loose formation at 525 km altitude, 28.5 deg inclination orbits. Each spacecraft hosts a Schmidt telescope with a large collecting area and wide field of view. A novel focal plane is optimized to observe both the UV fluorescence signal from extensive air showers (EASs) and the beamed optical Cherenkov signals from EASs. In POEMMA-stereo fluorescence mode, POEMMA will measure the spectrum, composition, and full-sky distribution of the UHECRs above 20 EeV with high statistics along with remarkable sensitivity to UHE neutrinos. The spacecraft are designed to quickly re-orient to a POEMMA-limb mode to observe neutrino emission from Target-of-Opportunity (ToO) transient astrophysical sources viewed just below the Earth's limb. In this mode, POEMMA will have unique sensitivity to cosmic neutrino tau events above 20 PeV by measuring the upward-moving EASs induced by the decay of the emerging tau leptons following the interactions of neutrino tau inside the Earth.
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Submitted 1 September, 2020; v1 submitted 29 August, 2020;
originally announced August 2020.
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Development of a Cherenkov Telescope for the Detection of Ultrahigh Energy Neutrinos with EUSO-SPB2 and POEMMA
Authors:
A. Nepomuk Otte,
Eliza Gazda,
Eleanor Judd,
John F. Krizmanic,
Evgeny Kutzenzov,
Oscar Romero Matamala,
Patrick J. Reardon,
Lawrence Wiencke
Abstract:
The detection of astrophysical neutrinos by IceCube and the potential to constrain source models of ultra-high energy cosmic rays provide the motivation to develop instruments for the observation of neutrinos above $10^7$ GeV. Among the different techniques to detect ultra-high energy neutrinos is the Earth-skimming technique. It makes use of the fact that the tau produced in a tau neutrino intera…
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The detection of astrophysical neutrinos by IceCube and the potential to constrain source models of ultra-high energy cosmic rays provide the motivation to develop instruments for the observation of neutrinos above $10^7$ GeV. Among the different techniques to detect ultra-high energy neutrinos is the Earth-skimming technique. It makes use of the fact that the tau produced in a tau neutrino interaction inside the Earth can emerge from the ground and initiate an upward-going particle shower in the atmosphere. The particle shower and thus the neutrino can be reconstructed by measuring the Cherenkov and radio emission from the shower particles. In this presentation, we discuss our ongoing development of a Cherenkov telescope for the detection of tau neutrinos, which is to be deployed on the Extreme Universe Space Observatory Super Pressure Balloon 2 (EUSO-SPB2) and is a precursor experiment for the proposed Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) mission. POEMMA aims at the detection of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and ultrahigh energy neutrinos from low earth orbit. The 1 m$^2$ Cherenkov telescope for EUSO-SPB2 will use silicon photomultipliers coupled to a 100 MS/s readout based on the ASIC for General Electronics for TPC`s (AGET) switch capacitor ring sampler. We present the optics, results from our studies to qualify the readout concept and the design of the mechanical integration of the photon detectors and the readout into the telescope.
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Submitted 19 July, 2019;
originally announced July 2019.
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Photon Detection Efficiency Measurements of the VERITAS Cherenkov Telescope Photomultipliers after four Years of Operation
Authors:
Eliza Gazda,
Thanh Nguyen,
Nepomuk Otte,
Gregory Richards
Abstract:
The photon detection efficiency of two sets of R10560-100-20 superbialkali photomultiplier tubes from Hamamatsu were measured between 200 nm and 750 nm to quantify a possible degradation of the photocathode sensitivity after four years of operation in the cameras of the VERITAS Cherenkov telescopes. A sample of 20 photomultiplier tubes, which was removed from the telescopes was compared with a sam…
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The photon detection efficiency of two sets of R10560-100-20 superbialkali photomultiplier tubes from Hamamatsu were measured between 200 nm and 750 nm to quantify a possible degradation of the photocathode sensitivity after four years of operation in the cameras of the VERITAS Cherenkov telescopes. A sample of 20 photomultiplier tubes, which was removed from the telescopes was compared with a sample of 20 spare photomultiplier tubes, which had been kept in storage. It is found that the average photocathode sensitivity marginally increased below 300 nm and dropped by 10% to 30% above 500 nm. The average photocathode sensitivity folded with the Cherenkov spectrum emitted by particles in air showers, however, reveals a consistent detection yield of 18.9+/-0.2% and 19.1+/-0.2% for the sample removed from the telescope and the spare sample, respectively.
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Submitted 6 October, 2016;
originally announced October 2016.