Showing 1–50 of 78 results for author: Hooton, M J

Astra: an open-source fully autonomous robotic observatory control software

Authors: Peter P. Pedersen, David Degen, Lionel Garcia, Urs Schroffenegger, Daniel Sebastian, Sebastián Zúñiga-Fernández, Brice-Olivier Demory, Elsa Ducrot, Michaël Gillon, Matthew J. Hooton, Clàudia Janó-Muñoz, James McCormac, Mathilde Timmermans, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Didier Queloz

Abstract: Robotic and autonomous observatories are critical for modern time-domain and high-cadence astronomical surveys. The operation of these facilities requires complex software coordination to manage hardware, schedule observations, and ensure safety. However, existing observatory control software are often proprietary and platform-locked or require complex message-brokering infrastructure. Here we pre… ▽ More Robotic and autonomous observatories are critical for modern time-domain and high-cadence astronomical surveys. The operation of these facilities requires complex software coordination to manage hardware, schedule observations, and ensure safety. However, existing observatory control software are often proprietary and platform-locked or require complex message-brokering infrastructure. Here we present Astra (Automated Survey observaTory Robotised with Alpaca): an open-source, cross-platform Python system for the sustained, fully autonomous operation of astronomical observatories, requiring no external message-broker infrastructure. Astra controls observatory hardware via the ASCOM Alpaca protocol, and executes prescheduled observatory actions under continuous safety supervision. Its multi-device actions include plate-solve-based pointing correction with a local Gaia--2MASS catalogue fallback, PID-controlled autoguiding, and autofocus. A FastAPI web service provides a browser UI, REST and WebSocket APIs for real-time status, image previews, and SQLite-backed telemetry and logs. Astra has run in fully unattended production since January 2024, scaling to six telescopes across three facilities: the SPECULOOS-South network (4 $\times$ 1\,m class, Chile), SAINT-EX (1\,m class, Mexico), and the ETH Observatory (0.5\,m class, Switzerland), with no schedule aborts attributable to Astra software. Across the SPECULOOS-South network, it achieves sub-arcsecond autoguiding (0.11\unit{\arcsecond} median pointing scatter) and plate-solve failure rates below 1\% on three of the four telescopes (3\% on the narrowest-field unit), demonstrating that an open, standards-based software stack can meet the reliability demands of production survey astronomy. △ Less

Submitted 14 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 16 pages, 3 figures, proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2026, 14155-116

The Longest-period Young Transiting Exoplanets. A Duo of Puffy Giants inside a Debris Disk

Authors: Carlos del Burgo, Alejandro Suárez Mascareño, Ana Heras Pastor, Jonathan P. Marshall, Peter J. Wheatley, Edward M. Bryant, Samuel Gill, Jorge Fernández Fernández, David R. Anderson, Matthew P. Battley, Edward Gillen, Solène Ulmer-Moll, James McCormac, Monika Lendl, Ioannis Apergis, Faith Hawthorn, James S. Jenkins, Maximiliano Moyano, Louise D. Nielsen, Alexis M. S. Smith, Suman Saha, Stéphane Udry, Jose I. Vines, Richard G. West, Daniel Bayliss , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We identify two large-radius planets around the F-type star HD 114082 as the longest-period young transiting exoplanets known. From the first transit, detected by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), and a second dip, spotted by the Next-Generation Transit Survey (NGTS), we predicted mid-transit times for HD 114082 b (planet b). We pinpoint its orbit (period Pb= 225.5504$\pm$0.0004… ▽ More We identify two large-radius planets around the F-type star HD 114082 as the longest-period young transiting exoplanets known. From the first transit, detected by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), and a second dip, spotted by the Next-Generation Transit Survey (NGTS), we predicted mid-transit times for HD 114082 b (planet b). We pinpoint its orbit (period Pb= 225.5504$\pm$0.0004 days) from a third transit captured with the ESA's CHaracterising ExOplanet Satellite and the upgraded Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets telescope (ASTEP+), alongside orbit-discriminating observations. Another dimming partly covered by ASTEP+ completes the four-transit series. We support with dynamical evidence the planetary nature of a deeper transit detected with TESS and NGTS, identifying planet c. Additionally, we reexamine the debris disk, fitting its excess emission with two dust components. Fundamental stellar parameters are inferred from stellar evolution models, while a joint modeling of photometric and radial-velocity time series yields the planetary parameters, with masses further constrained using an N-body code. For planet b, the semimajor axis a$_b$= 0.791$\pm$0.008 au, eccentricity eb$\approx$ 0, inclination ib= 89.791$\pm$0.014 degrees, radius Rb= 1.046$\pm$0.014 R$_J$, and 95 % confidence upper limit on its mass M$_{95\%,b}$= 1.6 M$_J$. For planet c, a$_c$= 0.99$^{+0.03}_{-0.04}$ au, ec$\approx$ 0, i$_c$= 89.701$\pm$0.011 degrees, R$_c$= 1.36$\pm$0.03 R$_J$, and M$_{95\%,c}$= 2.0 M$_J$ (0.24 M$_J$ if adding transit timing variation constrains). They seem to be moderate-to-low-mass giants in nearly resonant, coplanar, circular orbits that formed in situ, or beyond the snowline, and migrated inwards, shaping the disk. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: Published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

Journal ref: ApJ Letters, 1003, L15 (16 pp.) 2026

A Previously Underexplored Regime in TESS: Minute-Scale Eclipses Reveal Ten White Dwarf-Cool M-Dwarf Binaries

Authors: Tristan Cavalier, Julien de Wit, Mathilde Timmermans, Benjamin V. Rackham, Mariangel Albornoz, Artem Y. Burdanov, Khalid Barkaoui, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Adam J. Burgasser, Brice-Olivier Demory, Elsa Ducrot, Michael Gillon, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Matthew J. Hooton, Peter P. Pedersen, Didier Queloz, Sebastián Zúñiga-Fernández

Abstract: Short-period white-dwarf (WD) binaries are post-common-envelope systems that constrain orbital shrinkage, envelope evolution, and the survival of low-mass companions. We report the discovery and confirmation of ten fully eclipsing short-period WD + cool M-dwarf binaries identified through a tailored search for minute-scale eclipses in Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) high-cadence data… ▽ More Short-period white-dwarf (WD) binaries are post-common-envelope systems that constrain orbital shrinkage, envelope evolution, and the survival of low-mass companions. We report the discovery and confirmation of ten fully eclipsing short-period WD + cool M-dwarf binaries identified through a tailored search for minute-scale eclipses in Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) high-cadence data and validated with SPECULOOS multi-band photometry. The systems have orbital periods of a few hours and companions with effective temperatures of 2700-3400 K. These discoveries demonstrate that TESS contains a previously underexplored population of compact WD binaries whose short-duration, high-frequency, and often diluted eclipse signals are not efficiently recovered by standard transit-search pipelines. Whereas the literature contained only one eclipsing WD+M binary reported as a TESS-based discovery, our pilot search of $\sim3.7\times10^4$ Gaia-selected WDs yields ten new confirmed systems, increasing the TESS-discovered sample by an order of magnitude. SPECULOOS follow-up confirms the eclipses occur on target and uses chromatic eclipse dilution to distinguish stellar from substellar companions. We combine multi-band eclipse photometry with Bayesian spectral energy distribution modeling to derive self-consistent WD and companion parameters. The resulting systems expand the known population of fully eclipsing WD+M binaries and notably double the number of systems in temperature regimes corresponding to M4 and M7 companions. This work establishes a scalable framework for identifying compact WD binaries in time-domain photometric surveys. Applied to TESS archival data across the full Gaia WD-candidate catalog ($\sim1.3\times10^6$ sources), this approach opens the prospect of assembling a population large enough to constrain post-common-envelope evolution and the stellar-substellar transition. △ Less

Submitted 2 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

J0404+1112: A 3-Hour Eclipsing White Dwarf-Brown Dwarf Probing Multiple Atmospheric Regimes

Authors: J. de Wit, R. Alonso, B. V. Rackham, S. M. Lederer, A. Y. Burdanov, S. L. Casewell, Y. Zhou, J. R. French, K. Barkaoui, M. Albornoz, A. J. Burgasser, T. Cavalier, B. -O. Demory, E. Ducrot, M. Gillon, Y. Gómez Maqueo Chew, M. J. Hooton, P. P. Pedersen, D. Queloz, M. Timmermans, A. H. M. J. Triaud, S. Zúñiga-Fernández

Abstract: White dwarf-brown dwarf (WD+BD) binaries are rare laboratories for probing both substellar survival through post-main-sequence evolution and the physics of strongly irradiated atmospheres. We present time-resolved eclipse photometry and radial-velocity confirmation of J0404+1112, a compact ($P = 2.93$ hr), totally eclipsing WD+BD system initially reported in a Research Note of the AAS. New high-ca… ▽ More White dwarf-brown dwarf (WD+BD) binaries are rare laboratories for probing both substellar survival through post-main-sequence evolution and the physics of strongly irradiated atmospheres. We present time-resolved eclipse photometry and radial-velocity confirmation of J0404+1112, a compact ($P = 2.93$ hr), totally eclipsing WD+BD system initially reported in a Research Note of the AAS. New high-cadence observations resolve a total eclipse of the WD and, combined with spectroscopy, broadband photometry, and the Gaia parallax, yield a revised system architecture. We find a hot DA WD with $T_{\rm eff} \simeq 28{,}000$ K, $\log g \simeq 8.0$, $M_{\rm WD} \simeq 0.6 \rm{M}_\odot$, and $R_{\rm WD} \simeq 0.015 \rm{R}_\odot$, orbited by a $\sim40 \rm{M}_{\rm Jup}$ BD with radius $\sim0.9 \rm{R}_{\rm Jup}$. These parameters supersede earlier SED-based estimates in which the WD temperature, radius, distance, and extinction were strongly covariant. We break this degeneracy with normalized Balmer-line profile fitting and high-cadence eclipse photometry that constraints the WD's radius geometrically. The total eclipses enable isolation of the BD flux and constrain its nightside emission. With its short orbital period and strong irradiation, J0404+1112 provides a uniquely compact, high-sensitivity JWST benchmark for probing atmospheric heat redistribution and photochemistry in the temperature regime of the hottest ultra-hot Jupiters, spanning dayside and nightside brightness temperatures of $\sim3{,}600$ K and $\sim1{,}800$ K within a single $\sim$3 hr orbit. △ Less

Submitted 2 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

TOI-4616 b: a benchmark Earth-sized planet transiting a nearby M4 dwarf

Authors: F. Zong Lang, B. O. Demory, Y. Gomez Maqueo Chew, Y. Schmid, M. Timmermans, F. J. Pozuelos, M. Gillon, Artem Y. Burdanov, Benjamin V. Rackham, Didier Queloz, Keivan G. Stassun, Khalid Barkaoui, Amaury Triaud, Julien de Wit, S. Zuniga-Fernandez, A. J. Burgasser, Elsa Ducrot, Madison G. Scott, D. Sebastian, A. Soubkiou, M. Lendl, I. Plauchu-Frayn, U. Schroffenegger, Erik Meier V., P. Pedersen , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Rocky exoplanets are particularly abundant around M-type stars. Their small radii and low luminosities provide favourable conditions for detecting transiting terrestrial planets and probing their atmospheric properties. We report the discovery and statistical validation of TOI-4616 b, an Earth-sized planet transiting a nearby mid-M dwarf observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TES… ▽ More Rocky exoplanets are particularly abundant around M-type stars. Their small radii and low luminosities provide favourable conditions for detecting transiting terrestrial planets and probing their atmospheric properties. We report the discovery and statistical validation of TOI-4616 b, an Earth-sized planet transiting a nearby mid-M dwarf observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). We confirm the planetary nature of the signal and determine the system parameters by combining TESS photometry with ground-based multi-band transit observations, high-resolution imaging, and optical and near-infrared spectroscopy. The host star lies at a distance of 28.10 +(-) 0.07 pc and has a radius of 0.1889 +(-)0.0096 solar radii, a mass of 0.1881 +(-) 0.0094 solar masses, and an effective temperature of 3150 +(-) 75 K. TOI-4616 b has a radius of 1.22 Earth radii and an orbital period of 1.55 days. The planet receives an incident flux of approximately 40 times that of Earth, corresponding to an equilibrium temperature of about 525 K. This places TOI-4616 b in a regime intermediate between Earth-sized planets orbiting early M dwarfs and those around ultra-cool hosts. Statistical validation with the TRICERATOPS framework, supported by high-resolution imaging and chromatic transit constraints, yields a false-positive probability of 0.0135, below the recommended validation threshold of 0.015, confirming TOI-4616 b as a validated planet. Owing to its proximity to Earth, well-constrained stellar properties, and extensive multi-band follow-up, TOI-4616 b constitutes a valuable benchmark system for comparative studies of terrestrial planets around mid-M dwarfs and for future atmospheric investigations. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Submitted to MNRAS, 22 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables

TOI-1080 b: a temperate, rocky planet orbiting a quiet M4V host

Authors: Y. Gómez Maqueo Chew, G. Dransfield, K. Barkaoui, C. Cadieux, E. Ducrot, B. V. Rackham, M. Timmermans, A. J. Burgasser, A. Segura, K. G. Stassun, C. Ziegler, A. Soubkiou, J. M. Almenara, B. O. Demory, M. Gillon, J. M. Jenkins, E. Jofré, A. Khandelwal, S. Páez, R. Petrucci, L. Parc, M. Pichardo Marcano, I. Plauchu-Frayn, U. Schroffenegger, R. Schwarz , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the detection and validation of a small, temperate transiting exoplanet orbiting TOI-1080 every 3.9652482$^{+0.0000014}_{-0.0000015}$ days. The host is a quiet M4V star at 25.6 pc. The planet signal was first detected by TESS and validated using TESS and ground-based observations. By fitting the available light curves, the planet radius is measured to be 1.200+- 0.058 Rearth and its equ… ▽ More We present the detection and validation of a small, temperate transiting exoplanet orbiting TOI-1080 every 3.9652482$^{+0.0000014}_{-0.0000015}$ days. The host is a quiet M4V star at 25.6 pc. The planet signal was first detected by TESS and validated using TESS and ground-based observations. By fitting the available light curves, the planet radius is measured to be 1.200+- 0.058 Rearth and its equilibrium temperature of 368$^{+12}_{-10}$ K. With NIRPS radial velocities, we are able to place a 3-sigma upper limit on the mass of TOI-1080 b of 10.7 Mearth. Our injection-recovery tests enable us to discard additional transiting planets in the TOI-1080 system with radii down to 0.9 Rearth and periods between 0.5 and 7.7 days, and planets with radii larger than 1.4 Rearth for periods up to 19 days. We demonstrate that it is highly amenable to characterisation of its mass and putative atmosphere. In particular, we find that TOI-1080 b is an exceptional target for the ongoing JWST+HST Rocky Worlds DDT programme, having a priority score that is higher than four out of nine targets currently being investigated by the programme. TOI-1080 b can be added to the sample of nearby benchmark planets accessible for detailed study with JWST. △ Less

Submitted 27 February, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Joint first authorship between Y. Gómez Maqueo Chew and G. Dransfield, as these two authors contributed equally to this work. 15 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Gas-depleted planet formation occurred in the four-planet system around the red dwarf LHS 1903

Authors: Thomas G. Wilson, Anna M. Simpson, Andrew Collier Cameron, Ryan Cloutier, Vardan Adibekyan, Ancy Anna John, Yann Alibert, Manu Stalport, Jo Ann Egger, Andrea Bonfanti, Nicolas Billot, Pascal Guterman, Pierre F. L. Maxted, Attila E. Simon, Sergio G. Sousa, Malcolm Fridlund, Mathias Beck, Anja Bekkelien, Sebastien Salmon, Valerie Van Grootel, Luca Fossati, Alexander James Mustill, Hugh P. Osborn, Tiziano Zingales, Matthew J. Hooton , et al. (151 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Small exoplanet radii show two populations, referred to as super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, separated by a gap known as the radius valley. This may be produced by the removal of atmospheres due to stellar or internal heating, or lack of an initial envelope. We us transit photometry and radial velocity measurements to detect and characterize four planets orbiting LHS 1903, a red dwarf (M-dwarf) star… ▽ More Small exoplanet radii show two populations, referred to as super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, separated by a gap known as the radius valley. This may be produced by the removal of atmospheres due to stellar or internal heating, or lack of an initial envelope. We us transit photometry and radial velocity measurements to detect and characterize four planets orbiting LHS 1903, a red dwarf (M-dwarf) star in the Milky Way's thick disk. The planets have orbital periods between 2.2 and 29.3 days, and span the radius valley within a single planetary system. The derived densities indicate that LHS 1903 b is rocky, while LHS 1903 c and LHS 1903 d have extended atmospheres. Although the most distant planet from the host star, LHS 1903 e, has no gaseous envelope, indicating it formed from gas-depleted material. △ Less

Submitted 11 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Science

JWST NIRSpec finds no clear signs of an atmosphere on TOI-1685 b

Authors: Chloe E. Fisher, Matthew J. Hooton, Amélie Gressier, Merlin Zgraggen, Meng Tian, Kevin Heng, Natalie H. Allen, Richard D. Chatterjee, Brett M. Morris, Nicholas W. Borsato, Néstor Espinoza, Daniel Kitzmann, Tobias G. Meier, Lars A. Buchhave, Adam J. Burgasser, Brice-Olivier Demory, Mark Fortune, H. Jens Hoeijmakers, Raphael Luque, Erik A. Meier Valdés, João M. Mendonça, Bibiana Prinoth, Alexander D. Rathcke, Jake Taylor

Abstract: Determining the prevalence of atmospheres on terrestrial planets is a core objective in exoplanetary science. While M dwarf systems offer a promising opportunity, conclusive observations of terrestrial atmospheres have remained elusive, with many yielding flat transmission spectra. We observe four transits of the hot terrestrial planet TOI-1685 b using JWST's NIRSpec G395H instrument. Combining th… ▽ More Determining the prevalence of atmospheres on terrestrial planets is a core objective in exoplanetary science. While M dwarf systems offer a promising opportunity, conclusive observations of terrestrial atmospheres have remained elusive, with many yielding flat transmission spectra. We observe four transits of the hot terrestrial planet TOI-1685 b using JWST's NIRSpec G395H instrument. Combining this with the transit from the previously-observed phase curve of the planet with the same instrument, we perform a detailed analysis to determine the possibility of an atmosphere on TOI-1685 b. From our retrievals, the Bayesian evidence favours a simple flat line model, indicating no evidence for an atmosphere on TOI-1685 b, in line with results from the phase curve analysis. Our results show that hydrogen-dominated atmospheres can be confidently ruled out. For heavier, secondary atmospheres we find a lower limit on the mean molecular weight of ~10, at a significance of ~5 sigma. Pure CO2, SO2, H2O, and CH4 atmospheres, or a mixed secondary atmosphere (CO+CO2+SO2) could explain the data (Delta lnZ < 3). However, pure CH4 atmospheres may be physically unlikely, and the pure H2O and CO2 cases require a high-altitude cloud, which could also be interpreted as a thin cloud-free atmosphere. We discuss the theoretical possibility for different types of atmosphere on this planet, and consider the effects of atmospheric escape and stellar activity on the system. Though we find that TOI-1685 b is likely a bare rock, this study also highlights the challenges of detecting secondary atmospheres on rocky planets with JWST. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2025; v1 submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables; Accepted for publication in MNRAS

TOI-7166 b: A Habitable Zone mini-Neptune planet around a nearby low-mass star

Authors: Khalid Barkaoui, Francisco J. Pozuelos, Benjamin V. Rackham, Adam J. Burgasser, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Miquel Serra-Ricart, Mathilde Timmermans, Selçuk. Yalçınkaya, Abderahmane Soubkiou, Keivan G. Stassun, Karen A. Collins, Pedro J. Amado, Özgur Baştürk, Artem Burdanov, Yasmin T. Davis, Julien de Wit, Brice-Olivier Demory, Sarah Deveny, Georgina Dransfield, Elsa Ducrot, Michaël Gillon, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Matthew J. Hooton, Keith Horne, Steve B. Howell , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery and validation of TOI-7166b, a 2.01+/-0.05R_Earth planet orbiting a nearby low-mass star. We validated the planet by combining TESS and multi-color high-precision photometric observations from ground-based telescopes, together with spectroscopic data, high-contrast imaging, archival images, and statistical arguments. The host star is an M4-type dwarf at a distance of ~35 p… ▽ More We present the discovery and validation of TOI-7166b, a 2.01+/-0.05R_Earth planet orbiting a nearby low-mass star. We validated the planet by combining TESS and multi-color high-precision photometric observations from ground-based telescopes, together with spectroscopic data, high-contrast imaging, archival images, and statistical arguments. The host star is an M4-type dwarf at a distance of ~35 pc from the Sun. It has a mass and a radius of Ms=0.190+/-0.004M_Sun and Rs=0.222+/-0.005R_Sun, respectively. TOI-7166b has an orbital period of 12.9 days, which places it close to the inner edge of the Habitable Zone of its host star, receiving an insolation flux of Sp=1.07+/-0.08S_Earth and an equilibrium temperature of Teq=249+/-5K (assuming a null Bond albedo). The brightness of the host star makes TOI-7166 a suitable target for radial velocity follow-up to measure the planetary mass and bulk density. Moreover, the physical parameters of the system including the infrared brightness (Kmag = 10.6) of the star and the planet-to-star radius ratio (0.0823+/-0.0012) make TOI-7166b an exquisite target for transmission spectroscopic observations with the JWST, to constrain the exoplanet atmospheric compositions. △ Less

Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 13 Figures and 4 Tables. Published in MNRAS

Journal ref: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2025, Volume 544, Issue 2, pp. 2637-2652, 16 pp

MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars

Authors: G. Dransfield, M. Timmermans, D. Sebastian, B. V. Rackham, A. Burgasser, K. Barkaoui, A. H. M. J. Triaud, M. Gillon, J. M. Almenara, S. L. Casewell, K. A. Collins, A. Fukui, C. Jano-Munoz, S. Kanodia, N. Narita, E. Palle, M. G. Scott, A. Soubkiou, A. Stokholm, J. Audenaert, G. Á. Bakos, Y. Beletsky, Z. L. de Beurs, Z. Benkhaldoun, A. Burdanov , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Giant planets orbiting low-mass stars on short orbits present a conundrum, as in the most extreme cases their existence cannot be reconciled with current models of core accretion. Therefore, surveys dedicated to finding these rare planets have a key role to play by growing the sample to overcome small number statistics. In this work we present MANGOS, a programme dedicated to the search for giant… ▽ More Giant planets orbiting low-mass stars on short orbits present a conundrum, as in the most extreme cases their existence cannot be reconciled with current models of core accretion. Therefore, surveys dedicated to finding these rare planets have a key role to play by growing the sample to overcome small number statistics. In this work we present MANGOS, a programme dedicated to the search for giant objects (planets, brown dwarfs, and low-mass stars) orbiting M dwarfs. We report on the discovery of five new giant planets (TOI-3288 Ab, TOI-4666 b, TOI-5007 b, TOI-5292 Ab, TOI-5916 b) first detected by TESS, and confirmed using ground-based photometry and spectroscopy. The five planets have radii in the range 0.99-1.12 $\mathrm{R_{Jup}}$, masses between 0.49--1.69~$\mathrm{M_{Jup}}$, and orbital periods between 1.43 and 2.91 days. We reveal that TOI-3288 and TOI-5292 are wide binaries, and in the case of TOI-5292 we are able to characterise both stellar components. We demonstrate that the planets presented are suitable for further characterisation of their obliquities and atmospheres. We detect a small but significant eccentricity for TOI-5007 b, although for this to be more robust, more observations are needed to fully sample the orbit. Finally, we reveal a correlation between stellar metallicity and planet bulk density for giant planets orbiting low-mass stars. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Submitted to MNRAS

Journal ref: Mon Not R Astron Soc (2026)

TOI-1743 b, TOI-5799 b, TOI-5799 c and TOI-6223 b: TESS discovery and validation of four super-Earth to Neptune-sized planets around M dwarfs

Authors: S. Yalçınkaya, K. Barkaoui, Ö. Baştürk, M. Gillon, F. J. Pozuelos, M. Timmermans, B. V. Rackham, A. J. Burgasser, P. Mistry, A. Peláez-Torres, G. Morello, E. K. Pass, A. Bieryla, D. W. Latham, K. A. Collins, F. Akar, Z. Benkhaldoun, A. Burdanov, J. Brande, D. R. Ciardi, C. A. Clark, E. Ducrot, J. de Wit, B. O. Demory, E. M. Esmer , et al. (40 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery by the TESS mission of one transiting Neptune-sized planet, TOI-6223 b and two transiting super-Earths, TOI-1743 b and TOI-5799 b. We validate these planets using a statistical validation method, multi-color light curves and other ancillary observations. We combined TESS and ground-based photometric data to constrain the physical properties of the planets. TOI-6223-b is sl… ▽ More We present the discovery by the TESS mission of one transiting Neptune-sized planet, TOI-6223 b and two transiting super-Earths, TOI-1743 b and TOI-5799 b. We validate these planets using a statistical validation method, multi-color light curves and other ancillary observations. We combined TESS and ground-based photometric data to constrain the physical properties of the planets. TOI-6223-b is slightly larger than Neptune ($R_p=5.12^{+0.24}_{-0.25}$ $R_\oplus$) orbiting an early M dwarf in 3.86 days, and it has an equilibrium temperature of $T_{\rm eq}=714\pm14$ K. TOI-1743 b orbits its M4V star every 4.27 days. It has a radius of $R_p=1.83^{+0.11}_{-0.10}$ $R_\oplus$ and an equilibrium temperature of $T_{\rm eq}=485^{+14}_{-13}$ K. TOI-5799 b has a radius of $R_p=1.733^{+0.096}_{-0.090}$ $R_\oplus$, and an equilibrium temperature of $T_{\rm eq}=505\pm16$ K orbits an M2 dwarf in 4.17 days. We also present the discovery of an additional transiting planet, TOI-5799 c, that we identified in the TESS data and validated using the SHERLOCK pipeline. TOI-5799 c is a super-Earth with a radius of $R_p=1.76^{+0.11}_{-0.10}$ $R_\oplus$. Its orbital period and its equilibrium temperature are 14.01 days and $T_{\rm eq}=337\pm11$ K, which place it near the inner edge of the habitable zone of its star.We show that these planets are suitable for both radial velocity follow-up and atmospheric characterization. They orbit bright (< 11 $K_{mag}$) early M dwarfs, making them accessible for precise mass measurements. The combination of the planet sizes and stellar brightness of their host stars also make them suitable targets for atmospheric exploration with the JWST. Such studies may provide insights into planet formation and evolution, as TOI-1743-b, TOI-5799-b, and TOI-5799-c lie within the so-called radius valley, while TOI-6223-b is located on the Neptunian ridge in the period-radius plane. △ Less

Submitted 5 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Journal ref: A&A 702, A209 (2025)

Two warm Earth-sized exoplanets and an Earth-sized candidate in the M5V-M6V binary system TOI-2267

Authors: S. Zúñiga-Fernández, F. J. Pozuelos, M. Dévora-Pajares, N. Cuello, M. Greklek-McKeon, K. G. Stassun, V. Van Grootel, B. Rojas-Ayala, J. Korth, M. N. Günther, A. J. Burgasser, C. Hsu, B. V. Rackham, K. Barkaoui, M. Timmermans, C. Cadieux, R. Alonso, I. A. Strakhov, S. B. Howell, C. Littlefield, E. Furlan, P. J. Amado, J. M. Jenkins, J. D. Twicken, M. Sucerquia , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report two warm Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting the close binary TOI-2267 (M5+M6, separation ~8 au). Data from TESS and ground-based facilities confirm the planets, but we cannot determine which star they orbit. The planets have radii of 1.00+/-0.11 R_Earth (TOI-2267 b, P=2.28 d) and 1.14+/-0.13 R_Earth (TOI-2267 c, P=3.49 d) if around TOI-2267A, or 1.22+/-0.29 R_Earth and 1.36+/-0.33 R_Earth i… ▽ More We report two warm Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting the close binary TOI-2267 (M5+M6, separation ~8 au). Data from TESS and ground-based facilities confirm the planets, but we cannot determine which star they orbit. The planets have radii of 1.00+/-0.11 R_Earth (TOI-2267 b, P=2.28 d) and 1.14+/-0.13 R_Earth (TOI-2267 c, P=3.49 d) if around TOI-2267A, or 1.22+/-0.29 R_Earth and 1.36+/-0.33 R_Earth if around TOI-2267B. TESS also shows a candidate signal (TOI-2267.02, P=2.03 d, 0.95+/-0.12 or 1.13+/-0.30 R_Earth). Dynamical analysis shows all three cannot orbit one star; the most stable configuration has planets b and c (near a 3:2 resonance) orbiting one star and the candidate the other. This scenario would make TOI-2267 the most compact binary system known to host planets, with both components harbouring transiting worlds, offering a unique benchmark for studying planet formation and evolution in compact binary. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2025; v1 submitted 19 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 18 pages article, 12 pages Appendix. Accepted for publication in A&A. Corresponding authors: S. Zúñiga-Fernández and F. J. Pozuelos

Journal ref: A&A 702, A85 (2025)

A transiting giant planet in orbit around a 0.2-solar-mass host star

Authors: Edward M. Bryant, Andrés Jordán, Joel D. Hartman, Daniel Bayliss, Elyar Sedaghati, Khalid Barkaoui, Jamila Chouqar, Francisco J. Pozuelos, Daniel P. Thorngren, Mathilde Timmermans, Jose Manuel Almenara, Igor V. Chilingarian, Karen A. Collins, Tianjun Gan, Steve B. Howell, Norio Narita, Enric Palle, Benjamin V. Rackham, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Gaspar Á. Bakos, Rafael Brahm, Melissa J. Hobson, Vincent Van Eylen, Pedro J. Amado, Luc Arnold , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Planet formation models suggest that the formation of giant planets is significantly harder around low-mass stars, due to the scaling of protoplanetary disc masses with stellar mass. The discovery of giant planets orbiting such low-mass stars thus imposes strong constraints on giant planet formation processes. Here, we report the discovery of a transiting giant planet orbiting a… ▽ More Planet formation models suggest that the formation of giant planets is significantly harder around low-mass stars, due to the scaling of protoplanetary disc masses with stellar mass. The discovery of giant planets orbiting such low-mass stars thus imposes strong constraints on giant planet formation processes. Here, we report the discovery of a transiting giant planet orbiting a $0.207 \pm 0.011 M_{\odot}$ star. The planet, TOI-6894 b, has a mass and radius of $M_P = 0.168 \pm 0.022 M_J (53.4 \pm 7.1 M_{\oplus})$ and $R_P = 0.855 \pm 0.022 R_J$, and likely includes $12 \pm 2 M_{\oplus}$ of metals. The discovery of TOI-6894 b highlights the need for a better understanding of giant planet formation mechanisms and the protoplanetary disc environments in which they occur. The extremely deep transits (17% depth) make TOI-6894 b one of the most accessible exoplanetary giants for atmospheric characterisation observations, which will be key for fully interpreting the formation history of this remarkable system and for the study of atmospheric methane chemistry. △ Less

Submitted 10 June, 2025; v1 submitted 9 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: Published in Nature Astronomy (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-025-02552-4)

TOI-2407 b: a warm Neptune in the desert

Authors: C. Janó Muñoz, M. J. Hooton, P. P. Pedersen, K. Barkaoui, B. V. Rackham, A. J. Burgasser, F. J. Pozuelos, K. G. Stassun, D. Queloz, A. H. M. J. Triaud, C. Ziegler, J. M. Almenara, M. Timmermans, X. Bonfils, K. A. Collins, B. O. Demory, G. Dransfield, M. Ghachoui, M. Gillon, E. Jehin, A. W. Mann, D. Sebastian, S. Thompson, J. D. Twicken, J. de Wit S. Zúñiga-Fernández

Abstract: We present the validation of TOI-2407 b, a warm Neptune-sized planet with a radius of 4.26 $\pm$ 0.26 R$_\oplus$, orbiting an early M-type star with a period of 2.7 days and an equilibrium temperature of 705 $\pm$ 12 K. The planet was identified by TESS photometry and validated in this work through multi-wavelength ground-based follow-up observations. We include an observation with the novel CMOS-… ▽ More We present the validation of TOI-2407 b, a warm Neptune-sized planet with a radius of 4.26 $\pm$ 0.26 R$_\oplus$, orbiting an early M-type star with a period of 2.7 days and an equilibrium temperature of 705 $\pm$ 12 K. The planet was identified by TESS photometry and validated in this work through multi-wavelength ground-based follow-up observations. We include an observation with the novel CMOS-based infrared instrument SPIRIT at the SPECULOOS Southern Observatory. The high-precision transit data enabled by CMOS detectors underscore their potential for improving the detection and characterisation of exoplanets orbiting M-dwarfs, particularly in the infrared, where these stars emit most of their radiation. TOI-2407 b lies within the boundaries of the period-radius Neptune desert, an apparent scarcity of Neptune-sized planets at short orbits. Further characterisation of TOI-2407 b, such as radial velocity measurements, will refine its position within planetary demographic trends. This system also provides a comparison case for the well-studied Neptune-sized planet Gliese 436 b, of similar radius, period and stellar type. Comparison studies could aid the understanding of the formation and evolution of Neptune-like planets around M-dwarfs. △ Less

Submitted 6 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 12 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication 06-06-2025

TOI-6508b: A massive transiting brown dwarf orbiting a low-mass star

Authors: K. Barkaoui, D. Sebastian, S. Zúñiga-Fernández, A. H. M. J. Triaud, B. V. Rackham, A. J. Burgasser, T. W. Carmichael, M. Gillon, C. Theissen, E. Softich, B. Rojas-Ayala, G. Srdoc, A. Soubkiou, A. Fukui, M. Timmermans, M. Stalport, A. Burdanov, D. R. Ciardi, K. A. Collins, Y. T. Davis, F. Davoudi, J. de Wit, B. O. Demory, S. Deveny, G. Dransfield , et al. (22 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of a transiting brown dwarf orbiting a low-mass star, TOI-6508b. Today, only ~50 transiting brown dwarfs have been discovered. TOI-6508b was first detected with data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in Sectors 10, 37, and 63. Ground-based follow-up photometric data were collected with the SPECULOOS-South and LCOGT-1.0m telescopes, and RV measurements we… ▽ More We report the discovery of a transiting brown dwarf orbiting a low-mass star, TOI-6508b. Today, only ~50 transiting brown dwarfs have been discovered. TOI-6508b was first detected with data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in Sectors 10, 37, and 63. Ground-based follow-up photometric data were collected with the SPECULOOS-South and LCOGT-1.0m telescopes, and RV measurements were obtained with the Near InfraRed Planet Searcher (NIRPS) spectrograph. We find that TOI-6508b has a mass of Mp=72.5+7.6-5.1MJup and a radius of Rp=1.03+/-0.03RJup. Our modeling shows that the data are consistent with an eccentric orbit of 19day and an eccentricity of e=0.28+0.09-0.08. TOI-6508b has a mass ratio of M_BD/Ms=0.40, makes it the second highest mass ratio brown dwarf that transits a low-mass star. The host has a mass of Ms=0.174+/-0.004M_Sun, a radius of Rs=0.205+/-0.006R_Sun, an effective temperature of Teff=2930+/-70K, and a metallicity of [Fe/H]=-0.22+/-0.08. This makes TOI-6508b an interesting discovery that has come to light in a region still sparsely populated. △ Less

Submitted 27 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

TOI-2015b: a sub-Neptune in strong gravitational interaction with an outer non-transiting planet

Authors: K. Barkaoui, J. Korth, E. Gaidos, E. Agol, H. Parviainen, F. J. Pozuelos, E. Palle, N. Narita, S. Grimm, M. Brady, J. L. Bean, G. Morello, B. V. Rackham, A. J. Burgasser, V. Van Grootel, B. Rojas-Ayala, A. Seifahrt, E. Marfil, V. M. Passegger, M. Stalport, M. Gillon, K. A. Collins, A. Shporer, S. Giacalone, S. Yalçınkaya , et al. (97 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: TOI-2015 is a known exoplanetary system around an M4 dwarf star, consisting of a transiting sub-Neptune planet in a 3.35-day orbital period, TOI-2015b, accompanied by a non-transiting companion, TOI-2015c. High-precision RV measurements were taken with the MAROON-X spectrograph, and high-precision photometric data were collected several networks. We re-characterize the target star by combining opt… ▽ More TOI-2015 is a known exoplanetary system around an M4 dwarf star, consisting of a transiting sub-Neptune planet in a 3.35-day orbital period, TOI-2015b, accompanied by a non-transiting companion, TOI-2015c. High-precision RV measurements were taken with the MAROON-X spectrograph, and high-precision photometric data were collected several networks. We re-characterize the target star by combining optical spectr, Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) analysis. The TOI-2015 host star is a K=10.3mag M4-type dwarf with a sub-solar metallicity of [Fe/H]=-0.31+/-0.16, and a Teff=3200K. Our photodynamical analysis of the system strongly favors the 5:3 mean motion resonance and in this scenario the planet b has an orbital period of 3.34days, a mass of Mp=9.02+/-0.34Me, a radius of Rp=3.309+/-0.012Re, resulting in a density of rhop= 1.40+/-0.06g/cm3, indicative of a Neptune like composition. Its transits exhibit large (>1hr) timing variations indicative of an outer perturber in the system. We performed a global analysis of the high-resolution RV measurements, the photometric data, and the TTVs, and inferred that TOI-2015 hosts a second planet, TOI-2015c, in a non-transiting configuration. TOI-2015c has an orbital period of Pc=5.583days and a mass of Mp=8.91+0.38-0.40Me. The dynamical configuration of TOI-2015b and TOI-2015c can be used to constrain the system's planetary formation and migration history. Based on the mass-radius composition models, TOI-2015b is a water-rich or rocky planet with a hydrogen-helium envelope. Moreover, TOI-2015b has a high transmission spectroscopic metric (TSM=149), making it a favorable target for future transmission spectroscopic observations with JWST to constrain the atmospheric composition of the planet. Such observations would also help to break the degeneracies in theoretical models of the planet's interior structure. △ Less

Submitted 10 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: The paper has been accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

CHEOPS observations confirm nodal precession in the WASP-33 system

Authors: A. M. S. Smith, Sz. Csizmadia, V. Van Grootel, M. Lendl, C. M. Persson, G. Olofsson, D. Ehrenreich, M. N. Günther, A. Heitzmann, S. C. C. Barros, A. Bonfanti, A. Brandeker, J. Cabrera, O. D. S. Demangeon, L. Fossati, J. -V. Harre, M. J. Hooton, S. Hoyer, Sz. Kalman, S. Salmon, S. G. Sousa, Gy. M. Szabó, T. G. Wilson, Y. Alibert, R. Alonso , et al. (64 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Aims: We aim to observe the transits and occultations of WASP-33b, which orbits a rapidly-rotating $δ$ Scuti pulsator, with the goal of measuring the orbital obliquity via the gravity-darkening effect, and constraining the geometric albedo via the occultation depth. Methods: We observed four transits and four occultations with CHEOPS, and employ a variety of techniques to remove the effects of the… ▽ More Aims: We aim to observe the transits and occultations of WASP-33b, which orbits a rapidly-rotating $δ$ Scuti pulsator, with the goal of measuring the orbital obliquity via the gravity-darkening effect, and constraining the geometric albedo via the occultation depth. Methods: We observed four transits and four occultations with CHEOPS, and employ a variety of techniques to remove the effects of the stellar pulsations from the light curves, as well as the usual CHEOPS systematic effects. We also performed a comprehensive analysis of low-resolution spectral and Gaia data to re-determine the stellar properties of WASP-33. Results: We measure an orbital obliquity 111.3 +0.2 -0.7 degrees, which is consistent with previous measurements made via Doppler tomography. We also measure the planetary impact parameter, and confirm that this parameter is undergoing rapid secular evolution as a result of nodal precession of the planetary orbit. This precession allows us to determine the second-order fluid Love number of the star, which we find agrees well with the predictions of theoretical stellar models. We are unable to robustly measure a unique value of the occultation depth, and emphasise the need for long-baseline observations to better measure the pulsation periods. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 2025 693 A128

A joint effort to discover and characterize two resonant mini Neptunes around TOI-1803 with TESS, HARPS-N and CHEOPS

Authors: T. Zingales, L. Malavolta, L. Borsato, D. Turrini, A. Bonfanti, D. Polychroni, G. Mantovan, D. Nardiello, V. Nascimbeni, A. F. Lanza, A. Bekkelien, A. Sozzetti, C. Broeg, L. Naponiello, M. Lendl, A. S. Bonomo, A. E. Simon, S. Desidera, G. Piotto, L. Mancini, M. J. Hooton, A. Bignamini, J. A. Egger, A. Maggio, Y. Alibert , et al. (108 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery of two mini Neptunes near a 2:1 orbital resonance configuration orbiting the K0 star TOI-1803. We describe their orbital architecture in detail and suggest some possible formation and evolution scenarios. Using CHEOPS, TESS, and HARPS-N datasets we can estimate the radius and the mass of both planets. We used a multidimensional Gaussian Process with a quasi-periodic kernel… ▽ More We present the discovery of two mini Neptunes near a 2:1 orbital resonance configuration orbiting the K0 star TOI-1803. We describe their orbital architecture in detail and suggest some possible formation and evolution scenarios. Using CHEOPS, TESS, and HARPS-N datasets we can estimate the radius and the mass of both planets. We used a multidimensional Gaussian Process with a quasi-periodic kernel to disentangle the planetary components from the stellar activity in the HARPS-N dataset. We performed dynamical modeling to explain the orbital configuration and performed planetary formation and evolution simulations. For the least dense planet, we define possible atmospheric characterization scenarios with simulated JWST observations. TOI-1803 b and TOI-1803 c have orbital periods of $\sim$6.3 and $\sim$12.9 days, respectively, residing in close proximity to a 2:1 orbital resonance. Ground-based photometric follow-up observations revealed significant transit timing variations (TTV) with an amplitude of $\sim$10 min and $\sim$40 min, respectively, for planet -b and -c. With the masses computed from the radial velocities data set, we obtained a density of (0.39$\pm$0.10) $ρ_{earth}$ and (0.076$\pm$0.038) $ρ_{earth}$ for planet -b and -c, respectively. TOI-1803 c is among the least dense mini Neptunes currently known, and due to its inflated atmosphere, it is a suitable target for transmission spectroscopy with JWST. We report the discovery of two mini Neptunes close to a 2:1 orbital resonance. The detection of significant TTVs from ground-based photometry opens scenarios for a more precise mass determination. TOI-1803 c is one of the least dense mini Neptune known so far, and it is of great interest among the scientific community since it could constrain our formation scenarios. △ Less

Submitted 6 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 26 Pages, 21 Figures Accepted for Publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 695, A273 (2025)

Infrared photometry with InGaAs detectors: First light with SPECULOOS

Authors: Peter P. Pedersen, Didier Queloz, Lionel Garcia, Yannick Schacke, Laetitia Delrez, Brice-Olivier Demory, Elsa Ducrot, Georgina Dransfield, Michael Gillon, Matthew J. Hooton, Clàudia Janó-Muñoz, Emmanuël Jehin, Daniel Sebastian, Mathilde Timmermans, Samantha Thompson, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Julien de Wit, Sebastián Zúñiga-Fernández

Abstract: We present the photometric performance of SPIRIT, a ground-based near-infrared InGaAs CMOS-based instrument (1280 by 1024 pixels, 12 micron pitch), using on-sky results from the SPECULOOS-Southern Observatory during 2022 - 2023. SPIRIT was specifically designed to optimise time-series photometric precision for observing late M and L type stars. To achieve this, a custom wide-pass filter (0.81 - 1.… ▽ More We present the photometric performance of SPIRIT, a ground-based near-infrared InGaAs CMOS-based instrument (1280 by 1024 pixels, 12 micron pitch), using on-sky results from the SPECULOOS-Southern Observatory during 2022 - 2023. SPIRIT was specifically designed to optimise time-series photometric precision for observing late M and L type stars. To achieve this, a custom wide-pass filter (0.81 - 1.33 microns, zYJ ) was used, which was also designed to minimise the effects of atmospheric precipitable water vapour (PWV) variability on differential photometry. Additionally, SPIRIT was designed to be maintenance-free by eliminating the need for liquid nitrogen for cooling. We compared SPIRIT's performance with a deeply-depleted (2048 by 2048 pixels, 13.5 micron pitch) CCD-based instrument (using an I+z' filter, 0.7 - 1.1 microns) through simultaneous observations. For L type stars and cooler, SPIRIT exhibited better photometric noise performance compared to the CCD-based instrument. The custom filter also significantly minimised red noise in the observed light curves typically introduced by atmospheric PWV variability. In SPIRIT observations, the detector's read noise was the dominant limitation, although in some cases, we were limited by the lack of comparison stars. △ Less

Submitted 29 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024

Journal ref: Proceedings Volume 13096, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy X; 130963X (2024), Paper 13096-149

Architecture of TOI-561 planetary system

Authors: G. Piotto, T. Zingales, L. Borsato, J. A. Egger, A. C. M. Correia, A. E. Simon, H. G. Florén, S. G. Sousa, P. F. L. Maxted, D. Nardiello, L. Malavolta, T. G. Wilson, Y. Alibert, V. Adibekyan, A. Bonfanti, R. Luque, N. C. Santos, M. J. Hooton, L. Fossati, A. M. S. Smith, S. Salmon, G. Lacedelli, R. Alonso, T. Bárczy, D. Barrado Navascues , et al. (68 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present new observations from CHEOPS and TESS to clarify the architecture of the planetary system hosted by the old Galactic thick disk star TOI-561. Our global analysis, which also includes previously published photometric and radial velocity data, incontrovertibly proves that TOI-561 is hosting at least four transiting planets with periods of 0.44 days (TOI-561 b), 10.8 days (TOI-561 c), 25.7… ▽ More We present new observations from CHEOPS and TESS to clarify the architecture of the planetary system hosted by the old Galactic thick disk star TOI-561. Our global analysis, which also includes previously published photometric and radial velocity data, incontrovertibly proves that TOI-561 is hosting at least four transiting planets with periods of 0.44 days (TOI-561 b), 10.8 days (TOI-561 c), 25.7 days (TOI-561 d), and 77.1 days (TOI-561 e) and a fifth non-transiting candidate, TOI-561f with a period of 433 days. The precise characterisation of TOI-561's orbital architecture is interesting since old and metal-poor thick disk stars are less likely to host ultra-short period Super-Earths like TOI-561 b. The new period of planet -e is consistent with the value obtained using radial velocity alone and is now known to be $77.14399\pm0.00025$ days, thanks to the new CHEOPS and TESS transits. The new data allowed us to improve its radius ($R_p = 2.517 \pm 0.045 R_{\oplus}$ from 5$\%$ to 2$\%$ precision) and mass ($M_p = 12.4 \pm 1.4 M_{\oplus}$) estimates, implying a density of $ρ_p = 0.778 \pm 0.097 ρ_{\oplus}$. Thanks to recent TESS observations and the focused CHEOPS visit of the transit of TOI-561 e, a good candidate for exomoon searches, the planet's period is finally constrained, allowing us to predict transit times through 2030 with 20-minute accuracy. We present an updated version of the internal structure of the four transiting planets. We finally performed a detailed stability analysis, which confirmed the long-term stability of the outer planet TOI-561 f. △ Less

Submitted 31 October, 2024; v1 submitted 23 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 13 pages, 10 Figures. Accepted on MNRAS. Updated the author list

Hot Rocks Survey I : A possible shallow eclipse for LHS 1478 b

Authors: Prune C. August, Lars A. Buchhave, Hannah Diamond-Lowe, João M. Mendonça, Amélie Gressier, Alexander D. Rathcke, Natalie H. Allen, Mark Fortune, Kathryn D. Jones, Erik A. Meier-Valdés, Brice-Olivier Demory, Nestor Espinoza, Chloe E. Fisher, Neale P. Gibson, Kevin Heng, Jens Hoeijmakers, Matthew J. Hooton, Daniel Kitzmann, Bibiana Prinoth, Jason D. Eastman, Rory Barnes

Abstract: M dwarf systems offer an opportunity to study terrestrial exoplanetary atmospheres due to their small size and cool temperatures. However, the extreme conditions imposed by these host stars raise question about whether their close-in rocky planets are able to retain any atmosphere at all. The Hot Rocks Survey aims to answer this question by targeting nine different M dwarf rocky planets. Of these,… ▽ More M dwarf systems offer an opportunity to study terrestrial exoplanetary atmospheres due to their small size and cool temperatures. However, the extreme conditions imposed by these host stars raise question about whether their close-in rocky planets are able to retain any atmosphere at all. The Hot Rocks Survey aims to answer this question by targeting nine different M dwarf rocky planets. Of these, LHS 1478 b orbits an M3-type star, has an equilibrium temperature of T$_{eq}$ = 585 K and receives 21 times Earth's instellation. We observe two secondary eclipses using photometric imaging at 15$μ$m using the Mid-Infrared Instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST MIRI) to measure thermal emission from the dayside of the planet. We compare these values to atmospheric models to evaluate potential heat transport and CO$_2$ absorption signatures. We find that a secondary eclipse depth of $138\pm 53$ppm at the expected time for a circular orbit is preferred over a null model at $2.8σ$, a moderate detection, though dynamical models do favour a non-eccentric orbit for this planet. The second observation results in a non-detection due to significantly larger unexplained systematics. Based on the first observation alone, we can reject the null hypothesis of the dark (zero Bond albedo) no atmosphere bare rock model with a confidence level of 3.3$σ$, though for $A_B=0.2$ the significance decreases to $2.1σ$. The tentative secondary eclipse depth is consistent with the majority of atmospheric scenarios we considered, spanning CO$_2$-rich atmospheres with surface pressures from 0.1 to 10 bar. However, we stress that the two observations from our program do not yield consistent results, and more observations are needed to verify our findings. The Hot Rocks Survey serves as a relevant primer for the Director's Discretionary Time (DDT) Rocky Worlds program. △ Less

Submitted 17 February, 2025; v1 submitted 14 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 695, A171 (2025)

JWST reveals a rapid and strong day side variability of 55 Cancri e

Authors: J. A. Patel, A. Brandeker, D. Kitzmann, D. J. M. Petit dit de la Roche, A. Bello-Arufe, K. Heng, E. Meier Valdés, C. M. Persson, M. Zhang, B. -O. Demory, V. Bourrier, A. Deline, D. Ehrenreich, M. Fridlund, R. Hu, M. Lendl, A. V. Oza, Y. Alibert, M. J. Hooton

Abstract: The nature of the close-in rocky planet 55 Cnc e is puzzling despite having been observed extensively. Its optical and infrared occultation depths show temporal variability, in addition to a phase curve variability observed in the optical. We wish to explore the possibility that the variability originates from the planet being in a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, thus showing different sides during occu… ▽ More The nature of the close-in rocky planet 55 Cnc e is puzzling despite having been observed extensively. Its optical and infrared occultation depths show temporal variability, in addition to a phase curve variability observed in the optical. We wish to explore the possibility that the variability originates from the planet being in a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, thus showing different sides during occultations. We proposed and were awarded Cycle 1 time at the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to test this hypothesis. JWST/NIRCam observed five occultations (secondary eclipses), of which four were observed within a week, of the planet simultaneously at 2.1 and 4.5 μm. While the former gives band-integrated photometry, the latter provides a spectrum between 3.9-5.0 μm. We find that the occultation depths in both bandpasses are highly variable and change between a non-detection (-5 +/- 6 ppm and 7 +/- 9 ppm) to 96 +/- 8 ppm and 119 (+34) (-19) ppm at 2.1 μm and 4.5 μm, respectively. Interestingly, the variations in both bandpasses are not correlated and do not support the 3:2 spin-orbit resonance explanation. The measured brightness temperature at 4.5 μm varies between 873-2256 K and is lower than the expected dayside temperature of bare rock with no heat re-distribution (2500 K) which is indicative of an atmosphere. Our atmospheric retrieval analysis of occultation depth spectra at 4.5 μm finds that different visits statistically favour various atmospheric scenarios including a thin outgassed CO/CO2 atmosphere and a silicate rock vapour atmosphere. Some visits even support a flat line model. The observed variability could be explained by stochastic outgassing of CO/CO2, which is also hinted by retrievals. Alternatively, the variability, observed at both 2.1 and 4.5 μm, could be the result of a circumstellar patchy dust torus generated by volcanism on the planet. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 32 pages, 10 + 15 figures, 3+2 tables, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 690, A159 (2024)

TOI 762 A b and TIC 46432937 b: Two Giant Planets Transiting M Dwarf Stars

Authors: Joel D. Hartman, Daniel Bayliss, Rafael Brahm, Edward M. Bryant, Andrés Jordán, Gáspár Á. Bakos, Melissa J. Hobson, Elyar Sedaghati, Xavier Bonfils, Marion Cointepas, Jose Manuel Almenara, Khalid Barkaoui, Mathilde Timmermans, George Dransfield, Elsa Ducrot, Sebastián Zúñiga-Fernández, Matthew J. Hooton, Peter Pihlmann Pedersen, Francisco J. Pozuelos, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Michaël Gillon, Emmanuel Jehin, William C. Waalkes, Zachory K. Berta-Thompson, Steve B. Howell , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery of TOI 762 A b and TIC 46432937 b, two giant planets transiting M dwarf stars. Transits of both systems were first detected from observations by the NASA TESS mission, and the transiting objects are confirmed as planets through high-precision radial velocity (RV) observations carried out with VLT/ESPRESSO. TOI 762 A b is a warm sub-Saturn with a mass of 0.251 +- 0.042 M_J,… ▽ More We present the discovery of TOI 762 A b and TIC 46432937 b, two giant planets transiting M dwarf stars. Transits of both systems were first detected from observations by the NASA TESS mission, and the transiting objects are confirmed as planets through high-precision radial velocity (RV) observations carried out with VLT/ESPRESSO. TOI 762 A b is a warm sub-Saturn with a mass of 0.251 +- 0.042 M_J, a radius of 0.744 +- 0.017 R_J, and an orbital period of 3.4717 d. It transits a mid-M dwarf star with a mass of 0.442 +- 0.025 M_S and a radius of 0.4250 +- 0.0091 R_S. The star TOI 762 A has a resolved binary star companion TOI 762 B that is separated from TOI 762 A by 3.2" (~ 319 AU) and has an estimated mass of 0.227 +- 0.010 M_S. The planet TIC 46432937 b is a warm Super-Jupiter with a mass of 3.20 +- 0.11 M_J and radius of 1.188 +- 0.030 R_J. The planet's orbital period is P = 1.4404 d, and it undergoes grazing transits of its early M dwarf host star, which has a mass of 0.563 +- 0.029 M_S and a radius of 0.5299 +- 0.0091 R_S. TIC 46432937 b is one of the highest mass planets found to date transiting an M dwarf star. TIC 46432937 b is also a promising target for atmospheric observations, having the highest Transmission Spectroscopy Metric or Emission Spectroscopy Metric value of any known warm Super-Jupiter (mass greater than 3.0 M_J, equilibrium temperature below 1000 K). △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 29 pages, 7 figures, 8 tables, accepted for publication in AAS Journals

Characterisation of the Warm-Jupiter TOI-1130 system with CHEOPS and photo-dynamical approach

Authors: L. Borsato, D. Degen, A. Leleu, M. J. Hooton, J. A. Egger, A. Bekkelien, A. Brandeker, A. Collier Cameron, M. N. Günther, V. Nascimbeni, C. M. Persson, A. Bonfanti, T. G. Wilson, A. C. M. Correia, T. Zingales, T. Guillot, A. H. M. J. Triaud, G. Piotto, D. Gandolfi, L. Abe, Y. Alibert, R. Alonso, T. Bárczy, D. Barrado Navascues, S. C. C. Barros , et al. (71 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Among the thousands of exoplanets discovered to date, approximately a few hundred gas giants on short-period orbits are classified as "lonely" and only a few are in a multi-planet system with a smaller companion on a close orbit. The processes that formed multi-planet systems hosting gas giants on close orbits are poorly understood, and only a few examples of this kind of system have been observed… ▽ More Among the thousands of exoplanets discovered to date, approximately a few hundred gas giants on short-period orbits are classified as "lonely" and only a few are in a multi-planet system with a smaller companion on a close orbit. The processes that formed multi-planet systems hosting gas giants on close orbits are poorly understood, and only a few examples of this kind of system have been observed and well characterised. Within the contest of multi-planet system hosting gas-giant on short orbits, we characterise TOI-1130 system by measuring masses and orbital parameters. This is a 2-transiting planet system with a Jupiter-like planet (c) on a 8.35 days orbit and a Neptune-like planet (b) on an inner (4.07 days) orbit. Both planets show strong anti-correlated transit timing variations (TTVs). Furthermore, radial velocity (RV) analysis showed an additional linear trend, a possible hint of a non-transiting candidate planet on a far outer orbit. Since 2019, extensive transit and radial velocity observations of the TOI-1130 have been acquired using TESS and various ground-based facilities. We present a new photo-dynamical analysis of all available transit and RV data, with the addition of new CHEOPS and ASTEP+ data that achieve the best precision to date on the planetary radii and masses and on the timings of each transit. We were able to model interior structure of planet b constraining the presence of a gaseous envelope of H/He, while it was not possible to assess the possible water content. Furthermore, we analysed the resonant state of the two transiting planets, and we found that they lie just outside the resonant region. This could be the result of the tidal evolution that the system underwent. We obtained both masses of the planets with a precision less than 1.5%, and radii with a precision of about 1% and 3% for planet b and c, respectively. △ Less

Submitted 8 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 22 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication by Astronomy and Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 689, A52 (2024)

Unveiling the internal structure and formation history of the three planets transiting HIP 29442 (TOI-469) with CHEOPS

Authors: J. A. Egger, H. P. Osborn, D. Kubyshkina, C. Mordasini, Y. Alibert, M. N. Günther, M. Lendl, A. Brandeker, A. Heitzmann, A. Leleu, M. Damasso, A. Bonfanti, T. G. Wilson, S. G. Sousa, J. Haldemann, L. Delrez, M. J. Hooton, T. Zingales, R. Luque, R. Alonso, J. Asquier, T. Bárczy, D. Barrado Navascues, S. C. C. Barros, W. Baumjohann , et al. (69 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Multiplanetary systems spanning the radius valley are ideal testing grounds for exploring the proposed explanations for the observed bimodality in the radius distribution of close-in exoplanets. One such system is HIP 29442 (TOI-469), an evolved K0V star hosting two super-Earths and a sub-Neptune. We observe HIP 29442 with CHEOPS for a total of 9.6 days, which we model jointly with 2 sectors of TE… ▽ More Multiplanetary systems spanning the radius valley are ideal testing grounds for exploring the proposed explanations for the observed bimodality in the radius distribution of close-in exoplanets. One such system is HIP 29442 (TOI-469), an evolved K0V star hosting two super-Earths and a sub-Neptune. We observe HIP 29442 with CHEOPS for a total of 9.6 days, which we model jointly with 2 sectors of TESS data to derive planetary radii of $3.410\pm0.046$, $1.551\pm0.045$ and $1.538\pm0.049$ R$_\oplus$ for planets b, c and d, which orbit HIP 29442 with periods of 13.6, 3.5 and 6.4 days. For planet d, this value deviates by more than 3 sigma from the median value reported in the discovery paper, leading us to conclude that caution is required when using TESS photometry to determine the radii of small planets with low per-transit S/N and large gaps between observations. Given the high precision of these new radii, combining them with published RVs from ESPRESSO and HIRES provides us with ideal conditions to investigate the internal structure and formation pathways of the planets in the system. We introduce the publicly available code plaNETic, a fast and robust neural network-based Bayesian internal structure modelling framework. We then apply hydrodynamic models to explore the upper atmospheric properties of these inferred structures. Finally, we identify planetary system analogues in a synthetic population generated with the Bern model for planet formation and evolution. Based on this analysis, we find that the planets likely formed on opposing sides of the water iceline from a protoplanetary disk with an intermediate solid mass. We finally report that the observed parameters of the HIP 29442 system are compatible with both a scenario where the second peak in the bimodal radius distribution corresponds to sub-Neptunes with a pure H/He envelope as well as a scenario with water-rich sub-Neptunes. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 30 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 688, A223 (2024)

Detection of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the nearby ultracool dwarf star SPECULOOS-3

Authors: Michaël Gillon, Peter P. Pedersen, Benjamin V. Rackham, Georgina Dransfield, Elsa Ducrot, Khalid Barkaoui, Artem Y. Burdanov, Urs Schroffenegger, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Susan M. Lederer, Roi Alonso, Adam J. Burgasser, Steve B. Howell, Norio Narita, Julien de Wit, Brice-Olivier Demory, Didier Queloz, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Laetitia Delrez, Emmanuël Jehin, Matthew J. Hooton, Lionel J. Garcia, Clàudia Jano Muñoz, Catriona A. Murray, Francisco J. Pozuelos , et al. (59 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Located at the bottom of the main sequence, ultracool dwarf stars are widespread in the solar neighbourhood. Nevertheless, their extremely low luminosity has left their planetary population largely unexplored, and only one of them, TRAPPIST-1, has so far been found to host a transiting planetary system. In this context, we present the SPECULOOS project's detection of an Earth-sized planet in a 17… ▽ More Located at the bottom of the main sequence, ultracool dwarf stars are widespread in the solar neighbourhood. Nevertheless, their extremely low luminosity has left their planetary population largely unexplored, and only one of them, TRAPPIST-1, has so far been found to host a transiting planetary system. In this context, we present the SPECULOOS project's detection of an Earth-sized planet in a 17 h orbit around an ultracool dwarf of M6.5 spectral type located 16.8 pc away. The planet's high irradiation (16 times that of Earth) combined with the infrared luminosity and Jupiter-like size of its host star make it one of the most promising rocky exoplanet targets for detailed emission spectroscopy characterization with JWST. Indeed, our sensitivity study shows that just ten secondary eclipse observations with the Mid-InfraRed Instrument/Low-Resolution Spectrometer on board JWST should provide strong constraints on its atmospheric composition and/or surface mineralogy. △ Less

Submitted 2 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

TOI-1685 b is a Hot Rocky Super-Earth: Updates to the Stellar and Planet Parameters of a Popular JWST Cycle 2 Target

Authors: Jennifer A. Burt, Matthew J. Hooton, Eric E. Mamajek, Oscar Barragán, Sarah C. Millholland, Tyler R. Fairnington, Chloe Fisher, Samuel P. Halverson, Chelsea X. Huang, Madison Brady, Andreas Seifahrt, Eric Gaidos, Rafael Luque, David Kasper, Jacob L. Bean

Abstract: We present an updated characterization of the TOI-1685 planetary system, which consists of a P$_{\rm{b}}$ = 0.69\,day USP super-Earth planet orbiting a nearby ($d$ = 37.6\,pc) M2.5V star (TIC 28900646, 2MASS J04342248+4302148). This planet was previously featured in two contemporaneous discovery papers, but the best-fit planet mass, radius, and bulk density values were discrepant allowing it to be… ▽ More We present an updated characterization of the TOI-1685 planetary system, which consists of a P$_{\rm{b}}$ = 0.69\,day USP super-Earth planet orbiting a nearby ($d$ = 37.6\,pc) M2.5V star (TIC 28900646, 2MASS J04342248+4302148). This planet was previously featured in two contemporaneous discovery papers, but the best-fit planet mass, radius, and bulk density values were discrepant allowing it to be interpreted either as a hot, bare rock or a 50\% H$_{2}$O / 50\% MgSiO$_{3}$ water world. TOI-1685 b will be observed in three independent JWST cycle two programs, two of which assume the planet is a water world while the third assumes that it is a hot rocky planet. Here we include a refined stellar classification with a focus on addressing the host star's metallicity, an updated planet radius measurement that includes two sectors of TESS data and multi-color photometry from a variety of ground-based facilities, and a more accurate dynamical mass measurement from a combined CARMENES, IRD, and MAROON-X radial velocity data set. We find that the star is very metal-rich ([Fe/H] $\simeq$ +0.3) and that the planet is systematically smaller, lower mass, and higher density than initially reported, with new best-fit parameters of \Rpl = 1.468 $^{+0.050}_{-0.051}$ \Rearth\ and \Mpl = 3.03$^{+0.33}_{-0.32}$ \Mearth. These results fall in between the previously derived values and suggest that TOI-1685 b is a hot, rocky, planet with an Earth-like density (\Rhopl = 5.3 $\pm$ 0.8 g cm$^{-3}$, or 0.96 \rhoearth), high equilibrium temperature (T$_{\rm{eq}}$ = 1062 $\pm$ 27 K) and negligible volatiles, rather than a water world. △ Less

Submitted 21 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 20 pages, 9 Figures, accepted for publication in ApJL. Datasets and software available via Zenodo and GitHub links found in the paper

Photo-dynamical characterisation of the TOI-178 resonant chain

Authors: A. Leleu, J. -B. Delisle, L. Delrez, E. M. Bryant, A. Brandeker, H. P. Osborn, N. Hara, T. G. Wilson, N. Billot, M. Lendl, D. Ehrenreich, H. Chakraborty, M. N. Günther, M. J. Hooton, Y. Alibert, R. Alonso, D. R. Alves, D. R. Anderson, I. Apergis, D. Armstrong, T. Bárczy, D. Barrado Navascues, S. C. C. Barros, M. P. Battley, W. Baumjohann , et al. (82 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The TOI-178 system consists of a nearby late K-dwarf transited by six planets in the super-Earth to mini-Neptune regime, with radii ranging from 1.2 to 2.9 earth radius and orbital periods between 1.9 and 20.7 days. All planets but the innermost one form a chain of Laplace resonances. The fine-tuning and fragility of such orbital configurations ensure that no significant scattering or collision ev… ▽ More The TOI-178 system consists of a nearby late K-dwarf transited by six planets in the super-Earth to mini-Neptune regime, with radii ranging from 1.2 to 2.9 earth radius and orbital periods between 1.9 and 20.7 days. All planets but the innermost one form a chain of Laplace resonances. The fine-tuning and fragility of such orbital configurations ensure that no significant scattering or collision event has taken place since the formation and migration of the planets in the protoplanetary disc, hence providing important anchors for planet formation models. We aim to improve the characterisation of the architecture of this key system, and in particular the masses and radii of its planets. In addition, since this system is one of the few resonant chains that can be characterised by both photometry and radial velocities, we aim to use it as a test bench for the robustness of the planetary mass determination with each technique. We perform a global analysis of all available photometry and radial velocity. We also try different sets of priors on the masses and eccentricity, as well as different stellar activity models, to study their effects on the masses estimated by each method. We show how stellar activity is preventing us from obtaining a robust mass estimation for the three outer planets using radial velocity data alone. We also show that our joint photo-dynamical and radial velocity analysis resulted in a robust mass determination for planets c to g, with precision of 12% for the mass of planet c, and better than 10% for planets d to g. The new precisions on the radii range from 2 to 3%. The understanding of this synergy between photometric and radial velocity measurements will be valuable during the PLATO mission. We also show that TOI-178 is indeed currently locked in the resonant configuration, librating around an equilibrium of the chain. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Journal ref: A&A 688, A211 (2024)

Gliese 12 b, A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 Parsecs Discovered with TESS and CHEOPS

Authors: Shishir Dholakia, Larissa Palethorpe, Alexander Venner, Annelies Mortier, Thomas G. Wilson, Chelsea X. Huang, Ken Rice, Vincent Van Eylen, Emma Nabbie, Ryan Cloutier, Walter Boschin, David Ciardi, Laetitia Delrez, Georgina Dransfield, Elsa Ducrot, Zahra Essack, Mark E. Everett, Michaël Gillon, Matthew J. Hooton, Michelle Kunimoto, David W. Latham, Mercedes López-Morales, Bin Li, Fan Li, Scott McDermott , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on the discovery of Gliese 12 b, the nearest transiting temperate, Earth-sized planet found to date. Gliese 12 is a bright ($V=12.6$ mag, $K=7.8$ mag) metal-poor M4V star only $12.162\pm0.005$ pc away from the Solar System with one of the lowest stellar activity levels known for an M-dwarf. A planet candidate was detected by TESS based on only 3 transits in sectors 42, 43, and 57, with a… ▽ More We report on the discovery of Gliese 12 b, the nearest transiting temperate, Earth-sized planet found to date. Gliese 12 is a bright ($V=12.6$ mag, $K=7.8$ mag) metal-poor M4V star only $12.162\pm0.005$ pc away from the Solar System with one of the lowest stellar activity levels known for an M-dwarf. A planet candidate was detected by TESS based on only 3 transits in sectors 42, 43, and 57, with an ambiguity in the orbital period due to observational gaps. We performed follow-up transit observations with CHEOPS and ground-based photometry with MINERVA-Australis, SPECULOOS, and Purple Mountain Observatory, as well as further TESS observations in sector 70. We statistically validate Gliese 12 b as a planet with an orbital period of $12.76144\pm0.00006$ days and a radius of $1.0\pm{0.1}$ R$_\oplus$, resulting in an equilibrium temperature of $\sim$315K. Gliese 12 b has excellent future prospects for precise mass measurement, which may inform how planetary internal structure is affected by the stellar compositional environment. Gliese 12 b also represents one of the best targets to study whether Earth-like planets orbiting cool stars can retain their atmospheres, a crucial step to advance our understanding of habitability on Earth and across the Galaxy. △ Less

Submitted 21 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 19 pages, 7 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS, Authors Shishir Dholakia and Larissa Palethorpe contributed equally

TOI-4336 A b: A temperate sub-Neptune ripe for atmospheric characterization in a nearby triple M-dwarf system

Authors: M. Timmermans, G. Dransfield, M. Gillon, A. H. M. J. Triaud, B. V. Rackham, C. Aganze, K. Barkaoui, C. Briceño, A. J. Burgasser, K. A. Collins, M. Cointepas, M. Dévora-Pajares, E. Ducrot, S. Zúñiga-Fernández, S. B. Howell, L. Kaltenegger, C. A. Murray, E. K. Pass, S. N. Quinn, S. N. Raymond, D. Sebastian, K. G. Stassun, C. Ziegler, J. M. Almenara, Z. Benkhaldoun , et al. (32 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Small planets transiting bright nearby stars are essential to our understanding of the formation and evolution of exoplanetary systems. However, few constitute prime targets for atmospheric characterization, and even fewer are part of multiple star systems. This work aims to validate TOI-4336 A b, a sub-Neptune-sized exoplanet candidate identified by the TESS space-based transit survey around a ne… ▽ More Small planets transiting bright nearby stars are essential to our understanding of the formation and evolution of exoplanetary systems. However, few constitute prime targets for atmospheric characterization, and even fewer are part of multiple star systems. This work aims to validate TOI-4336 A b, a sub-Neptune-sized exoplanet candidate identified by the TESS space-based transit survey around a nearby M-dwarf. We validate the planetary nature of TOI-4336 A b through the global analysis of TESS and follow-up multi-band high-precision photometric data from ground-based telescopes, medium- and high-resolution spectroscopy of the host star, high-resolution speckle imaging, and archival images. The newly discovered exoplanet TOI-4336 A b has a radius of 2.1$\pm$0.1R$_{\oplus}$. Its host star is an M3.5-dwarf star of mass 0.33$\pm$0.01M$_{\odot}$ and radius 0.33$\pm$0.02R$_{\odot}$ member of a hierarchical triple M-dwarf system 22 pc away from the Sun. The planet's orbital period of 16.3 days places it at the inner edge of the Habitable Zone of its host star, the brightest of the inner binary pair. The parameters of the system make TOI-4336 A b an extremely promising target for the detailed atmospheric characterization of a temperate sub-Neptune by transit transmission spectroscopy with JWST. △ Less

Submitted 19 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 27 pages, 19 figures, 7 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 687, A48 (2024)

Precise characterisation of HD 15337 with CHEOPS: a laboratory for planet formation and evolution

Authors: N. M. Rosário, O. D. S. Demangeon, S. C. C. Barros, D. Gandolfi, J. A. Egger, L. M. Serrano, H. P. Osborn, M. Beck, W. Benz, H. -G. Florén, P. Guterman, T. G. Wilson, Y. Alibert, L. Fossati, M. J. Hooton, L. Delrez, N. C. Santos, S. G. Sousa, A. Bonfanti, S. Salmon, V. Adibekyan, A. Nigioni, J. Venturini, R. Alonso, G. Anglada , et al. (68 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We aim to constrain the internal structure and composition of HD 15337 b and c, two short-period planets situated on opposite sides of the radius valley, using new transit photometry and radial velocity data. We acquire 6 new transit visits with the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) and 32 new radial velocity measurements from the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) to… ▽ More We aim to constrain the internal structure and composition of HD 15337 b and c, two short-period planets situated on opposite sides of the radius valley, using new transit photometry and radial velocity data. We acquire 6 new transit visits with the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) and 32 new radial velocity measurements from the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) to improve the accuracy of the mass and radius estimates for both planets. We reanalyse light curves from TESS sectors 3 and 4 and analyse new data from sector 30, correcting for long-term stellar activity. Subsequently, we perform a joint fit of the TESS and CHEOPS light curves, and all available RV data from HARPS and the Planet Finder Spectrograph (PFS). Our model fits the planetary signals, the stellar activity signal and the instrumental decorrelation model for the CHEOPS data simultaneously. The stellar activity was modelled using a Gaussian-process regression on both the RV and activity indicators. We finally employ a Bayesian retrieval code to determine the internal composition and structure of the planets. We derive updated and highly precise parameters for the HD 15337 system. Our improved precision on the planetary parameters makes HD 15337 b one of the most precisely characterised rocky exoplanets, with radius and mass measurements achieving a precision better than 2\% and 7\%, respectively. We are able to improve the precision of the radius measurement of HD 15337 c to 3\%. Our results imply that the composition of HD 15337 b is predominantly rocky, while HD 15337 c exhibits a gas envelope with a mass of at least $0.01\ M_\oplus$.Our results lay the groundwork for future studies, which can further unravel the atmospheric evolution of these exoplanets and give new insights into their composition and formation history and the causes behind the radius gap. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 17 pages, including appendix

Journal ref: A&A 686, A282 (2024)

The tidal deformation and atmosphere of WASP-12b from its phase curve

Authors: B. Akinsanmi, S. C. C. Barros, M. Lendl, L. Carone, P. E. Cubillos, A. Bekkelien, A. Fortier, H. -G. Florén, A. Collier Cameron, G. Boué, G. Bruno, B. -O. Demory, A. Brandeker, S. G. Sousa, T. G. Wilson, A. Deline, A. Bonfanti, G. Scandariato, M. J. Hooton, A. C. M. Correia, O. D. S. Demangeon, A. M. S. Smith, V. Singh, Y. Alibert, R. Alonso , et al. (63 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Ultra-hot Jupiters present a unique opportunity to understand the physics and chemistry of planets at extreme conditions. WASP-12b stands out as an archetype of this class of exoplanets. We performed comprehensive analyses of the transits, occultations, and phase curves of WASP-12b by combining new CHEOPS observations with previous TESS and Spitzer data to measure the planet's tidal deformation, a… ▽ More Ultra-hot Jupiters present a unique opportunity to understand the physics and chemistry of planets at extreme conditions. WASP-12b stands out as an archetype of this class of exoplanets. We performed comprehensive analyses of the transits, occultations, and phase curves of WASP-12b by combining new CHEOPS observations with previous TESS and Spitzer data to measure the planet's tidal deformation, atmospheric properties, and orbital decay rate. The planet was modeled as a triaxial ellipsoid parameterized by the second-order fluid Love number, $h_2$, which quantifies its radial deformation and provides insight into the interior structure. We measured the tidal deformation of WASP-12b and estimated a Love number of $h_2=1.55_{-0.49}^{+0.45}$ (at 3.2$σ$) from its phase curve. We measured occultation depths of $333\pm24$ppm and $493\pm29$ppm in the CHEOPS and TESS bands, respectively, while the dayside emission spectrum indicates that CHEOPS and TESS probe similar pressure levels in the atmosphere at a temperature of 2900K. We also estimated low geometric albedos of $0.086\pm0.017$ and $0.01\pm0.023$ in the CHEOPS and TESS passbands, respectively, suggesting the absence of reflective clouds in the dayside of the WASP-12b. The CHEOPS occultations do not show strong evidence for variability in the dayside atmosphere of the planet. Finally, we refine the orbital decay rate by 12% to a value of -30.23$\pm$0.82 ms/yr. WASP-12b becomes the second exoplanet, after WASP-103b, for which the Love number has been measured (at 3$sigma$) from the effect of tidal deformation in the light curve. However, constraining the core mass fraction of the planet requires measuring $h_2$ with a higher precision. This can be achieved with high signal-to-noise observations with JWST since the phase curve amplitude, and consequently the induced tidal deformation effect, is higher in the infrared. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2024; v1 submitted 16 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: accepted for publication in A&A

NGTS-28Ab: A short period transiting brown dwarf

Authors: Beth A. Henderson, Sarah L. Casewell, Michael R. Goad, Jack S. Acton, Maximilian N. Günther, Louise D. Nielsen, Matthew R. Burleigh, Claudia Belardi, Rosanna H. Tilbrook, Oliver Turner, Steve B. Howell, Catherine A. Clark, Colin Littlefield, Khalid Barkaoui, Douglas R. Alves, David R. Anderson, Daniel Bayliss, Francois Bouchy, Edward M. Bryant, George Dransfield, Elsa Ducrot, Philipp Eigmüller, Samuel Gill, Edward Gillen, Michaël Gillon , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of a brown dwarf orbiting a M1 host star. We first identified the brown dwarf within the Next Generation Transit Survey data, with supporting observations found in TESS sectors 11 and 38. We confirmed the discovery with follow-up photometry from the South African Astronomical Observatory, SPECULOOS-S, and TRAPPIST-S, and radial velocity measurements from HARPS, which allowe… ▽ More We report the discovery of a brown dwarf orbiting a M1 host star. We first identified the brown dwarf within the Next Generation Transit Survey data, with supporting observations found in TESS sectors 11 and 38. We confirmed the discovery with follow-up photometry from the South African Astronomical Observatory, SPECULOOS-S, and TRAPPIST-S, and radial velocity measurements from HARPS, which allowed us to characterise the system. We find an orbital period of ~1.25 d, a mass of 69.0+5.3-4.8 MJ, close to the Hydrogen burning limit, and a radius of 0.95 +- 0.05 RJ. We determine the age to be >0.5 Gyr, using model isochrones, which is found to be in agreement with SED fitting within errors. NGTS-28Ab is one of the shortest period systems found within the brown dwarf desert, as well as one of the highest mass brown dwarfs that transits an M dwarf. This makes NGTS-28Ab another important discovery within this scarcely populated region. △ Less

Submitted 15 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 20 pages (inc. appendices), 16 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Discovery of two warm mini-Neptunes with contrasting densities orbiting the young K3V star TOI-815

Authors: Angelica Psaridi, Hugh Osborn, François Bouchy, Monika Lendl, Léna Parc, Nicolas Billot, Christopher Broeg, Sérgio G. Sousa, Vardan Adibekyan, Omar Attia, Andrea Bonfanti, Hritam Chakraborty, Karen A. Collins, Jeanne Davoult, Elisa Delgado-Mena, Nolan Grieves, Tristan Guillot, Alexis Heitzmann, Ravit Helled, Coel Hellier, Jon M. Jenkins, Henrik Knierim, Andreas Krenn, JackJ. Lissauer, Rafael Luque , et al. (108 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery and characterization of two warm mini-Neptunes transiting the K3V star TOI-815 in a K-M binary system. Analysis of the spectra and rotation period reveal it to be a young star with an age of $200^{+400}_{-200}$Myr. TOI-815b has a 11.2-day period and a radius of 2.94$\pm$0.05$\it{R_{\rm\mathrm{\oplus}}}$ with transits observed by TESS, CHEOPS, ASTEP, and LCOGT. The outer pl… ▽ More We present the discovery and characterization of two warm mini-Neptunes transiting the K3V star TOI-815 in a K-M binary system. Analysis of the spectra and rotation period reveal it to be a young star with an age of $200^{+400}_{-200}$Myr. TOI-815b has a 11.2-day period and a radius of 2.94$\pm$0.05$\it{R_{\rm\mathrm{\oplus}}}$ with transits observed by TESS, CHEOPS, ASTEP, and LCOGT. The outer planet, TOI-815c, has a radius of 2.62$\pm$0.10$\it{R_{\rm\mathrm{\oplus}}}$, based on observations of three non-consecutive transits with TESS, while targeted CHEOPS photometry and radial velocity follow-up with ESPRESSO were required to confirm the 35-day period. ESPRESSO confirmed the planetary nature of both planets and measured masses of 7.6$\pm$1.5 $\it{M_{\rm \mathrm{\oplus}}}$ ($ρ_\mathrm{P}$=1.64$^{+0.33}_{-0.31}$gcm$^{-3}$) and 23.5$\pm$2.4$\it{M_{\rm\mathrm{\oplus}}}$ ($ρ_\mathrm{P}$=7.2$^{+1.1}_{-1.0}$gcm$^{-3}$) respectively. Thus, the planets have very different masses, unlike the usual similarity of masses in compact multi-planet systems. Moreover, our statistical analysis of mini-Neptunes orbiting FGK stars suggests that weakly irradiated planets tend to have higher bulk densities compared to those suffering strong irradiation. This could be ascribed to their cooler atmospheres, which are more compressed and denser. Internal structure modeling of TOI-815b suggests it likely has a H-He atmosphere constituting a few percent of the total planet mass, or higher if the planet is assumed to have no water. In contrast, the measured mass and radius of TOI-815c can be explained without invoking any atmosphere, challenging planetary formation theories. Finally, we infer from our measurements that the star is viewed close to pole-on, which implies a spin-orbit misalignment at the 3$σ$ level. △ Less

Submitted 30 January, 2024; v1 submitted 28 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 24 pages, 27 figures, 6 tables

A long-period transiting substellar companion in the super-Jupiters to brown dwarfs mass regime and a prototypical warm-Jupiter detected by TESS

Authors: Matias I. Jones, Yared Reinarz, Rafael Brahm, Marcelo Tala Pinto, Jan Eberhardt, Felipe Rojas, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Arvind F. Gupta, Carl Ziegler, Melissa J. Hobson, Andres Jordan, Thomas Henning, Trifon Trifonov, Martin Schlecker, Nestor Espinoza, Pascal Torres-Miranda, Paula Sarkis, Solene Ulmer-Moll, Monika Lendl, Murat Uzundag, Maximiliano Moyano, Katharine Hesse, Douglas A. Caldwell, Avi Shporer, Michael B. Lund , et al. (26 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on the confirmation and follow-up characterization of two long-period transiting substellar companions on low-eccentricity orbits around TIC 4672985 and TOI-2529, whose transit events were detected by the TESS space mission. Ground-based photometric and spectroscopic follow-up from different facilities, confirmed the substellar nature of TIC 4672985 b, a massive gas giant, in the transit… ▽ More We report on the confirmation and follow-up characterization of two long-period transiting substellar companions on low-eccentricity orbits around TIC 4672985 and TOI-2529, whose transit events were detected by the TESS space mission. Ground-based photometric and spectroscopic follow-up from different facilities, confirmed the substellar nature of TIC 4672985 b, a massive gas giant, in the transition between the super Jupiters and brown dwarfs mass regime. From the joint analysis we derived the following orbital parameters: P = 69.0480 d, Mp = 12.74 Mjup, Rp = 1.026 Rjup and e = 0.018. In addition, the RV time series revealed a significant trend at the 350 m/s/yr level, which is indicative of the presence of a massive outer companion in the system. TIC 4672985 b is a unique example of a transiting substellar companion with a mass above the deuterium-burning limit, located beyond 0.1 AU and in a nearly circular orbit. These planetary properties are difficult to reproduce from canonical planet formation and evolution models. For TOI-2529 b, we obtained the following orbital parameters: P = 64.5949 d, Mp = 2.340 Mjup, Rp = 1.030 Rjup and e = 0.021, making this object a new example of a growing population of transiting warm giant planets. △ Less

Submitted 17 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: Accepted in A&A

Evidence for transit-timing variations of the 11 Myr exoplanet TOI-1227 b

Authors: J. M. Almenara, X. Bonfils, T. Guillot, M. Timmermans, R. F. Díaz, J. Venturini, A. C. Petit, T. Forveille, O. Suarez, D. Mekarnia, A. H. M. J. Triaud, L. Abe, P. Bendjoya, F. Bouchy, J. Bouvier, L. Delrez, G. Dransfield, E. Ducrot, M. Gillon, M. J. Hooton, E. Jehin, A. W. Mann, R. Mardling, F. Murgas, A. Leleu , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: TOI-1227 b is an 11 Myr old validated transiting planet in the middle of its contraction phase, with a current radius of 0.85 R$_J$. It orbits a low-mass pre-main sequence star (0.170 M$_\odot$, 0.56 R$_\odot$) every 27.4 days. The magnetic activity of its young host star induces radial velocity jitter and prevents good measurements of the planetary mass. We gathered additional transit observation… ▽ More TOI-1227 b is an 11 Myr old validated transiting planet in the middle of its contraction phase, with a current radius of 0.85 R$_J$. It orbits a low-mass pre-main sequence star (0.170 M$_\odot$, 0.56 R$_\odot$) every 27.4 days. The magnetic activity of its young host star induces radial velocity jitter and prevents good measurements of the planetary mass. We gathered additional transit observations of TOI-1227 b with space- and ground-based telescopes, and we detected highly significant transit-timing variations (TTVs). Their amplitude is about 40 minutes and their dominant timescale is longer than 3.7 years. Their most probable origin is dynamical interactions with additional planets in the system. We modeled the TTVs with inner and outer perturbers near first and second order resonances; several orbital configurations provide an acceptable fit. More data are needed to determine the actual orbital configuration and eventually measure the planetary masses. These TTVs and an updated transit chromaticity analysis reinforce the evidence that TOI-1227 b is a planet. △ Less

Submitted 10 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 12 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

A resonant sextuplet of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright star HD 110067

Authors: R. Luque, H. P. Osborn, A. Leleu, E. Pallé, A. Bonfanti, O. Barragán, T. G. Wilson, C. Broeg, A. Collier Cameron, M. Lendl, P. F. L. Maxted, Y. Alibert, D. Gandolfi, J. -B. Delisle, M. J. Hooton, J. A. Egger, G. Nowak, M. Lafarga, D. Rapetti, J. D. Twicken, J. C. Morales, I. Carleo, J. Orell-Miquel, V. Adibekyan, R. Alonso , et al. (127 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Planets with radii between that of the Earth and Neptune (hereafter referred to as sub-Neptunes) are found in close-in orbits around more than half of all Sun-like stars. Yet, their composition, formation, and evolution remain poorly understood. The study of multi-planetary systems offers an opportunity to investigate the outcomes of planet formation and evolution while controlling for initial con… ▽ More Planets with radii between that of the Earth and Neptune (hereafter referred to as sub-Neptunes) are found in close-in orbits around more than half of all Sun-like stars. Yet, their composition, formation, and evolution remain poorly understood. The study of multi-planetary systems offers an opportunity to investigate the outcomes of planet formation and evolution while controlling for initial conditions and environment. Those in resonance (with their orbital periods related by a ratio of small integers) are particularly valuable because they imply a system architecture practically unchanged since its birth. Here, we present the observations of six transiting planets around the bright nearby star HD 110067. We find that the planets follow a chain of resonant orbits. A dynamical study of the innermost planet triplet allowed the prediction and later confirmation of the orbits of the rest of the planets in the system. The six planets are found to be sub-Neptunes with radii ranging from 1.94 to 2.85 Re. Three of the planets have measured masses, yielding low bulk densities that suggest the presence of large hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. △ Less

Submitted 29 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: Published in Nature on November 30, 2023. Supplementary Information can be found in the online version of the paper in the journal

Journal ref: Nature 623, 932-937 (2023)

Characterising TOI-732 b and c: New insights into the M-dwarf radius and density valley

Authors: A. Bonfanti, M. Brady, T. G. Wilson, J. Venturini, J. A. Egger, A. Brandeker, S. G. Sousa, M. Lendl, A. E. Simon, D. Queloz, G. Olofsson, V. Adibekyan, Y. Alibert, L. Fossati, M. J. Hooton, D. Kubyshkina, R. Luque, F. Murgas, A. J. Mustill, N. C. Santos, V. Van Grootel, R. Alonso, J. Asquier, T. Bandy, T. Bárczy , et al. (66 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: TOI-732 is an M dwarf hosting two transiting planets that are located on the two opposite sides of the radius valley. By doubling the number of available space-based observations and increasing the number of radial velocity (RV) measurements, we aim at refining the parameters of TOI-732 b and c. We also use the results to study the slope of the radius valley and the density valley for a well-chara… ▽ More TOI-732 is an M dwarf hosting two transiting planets that are located on the two opposite sides of the radius valley. By doubling the number of available space-based observations and increasing the number of radial velocity (RV) measurements, we aim at refining the parameters of TOI-732 b and c. We also use the results to study the slope of the radius valley and the density valley for a well-characterised sample of M-dwarf exoplanets. We performed a global MCMC analysis by jointly modelling ground-based light curves and CHEOPS and TESS observations, along with RV time series both taken from the literature and obtained with the MAROON-X spectrograph. The slopes of the M-dwarf valleys were quantified via a Support Vector Machine (SVM) procedure. TOI-732 b is an ultrashort-period planet ($P\sim0.77$ d) with a radius $R_b=1.325_{-0.058}^{+0.057}$ $R_{\oplus}$ and a mass $M_b=2.46\pm0.19$ $M_{\oplus}$ (mean density $ρ_b=5.8_{-0.8}^{+1.0}$ g cm$^{-3}$), while the outer planet at $P\sim12.25$ d has $R_c=2.39_{-0.11}^{+0.10}$ $R_{\oplus}$, $M_c=8.04_{-0.48}^{+0.50}$ $M_{\oplus}$, and thus $ρ_c=3.24_{-0.43}^{+0.55}$ g cm$^{-3}$. Also taking into account our interior structure calculations, TOI-732 b is a super-Earth and TOI-732 c is a mini-Neptune. Following the SVM approach, we quantified $\mathrm{d}\log{R_{p,{\mathrm{valley}}}}/\mathrm{d}\log{P}=-0.065_{-0.013}^{+0.024}$, which is flatter than for Sun-like stars. In line with former analyses, we note that the radius valley for M-dwarf planets is more densely populated, and we further quantify the slope of the density valley as $\mathrm{d}\log{\hatρ_{\mathrm{valley}}}/\mathrm{d}\log{P}=-0.02_{-0.04}^{+0.12}$. Compared to FGK stars, the weaker dependence of the position of the radius valley on the orbital period might indicate that the formation shapes the radius valley around M dwarfs more strongly than the evolution mechanisms. △ Less

Submitted 30 November, 2023; v1 submitted 21 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 28 pages (17 in the main text), 18 figures (9 in the main text), 11 tables (7 in the main text). Accepted for publication in A&A

CHEOPS observations of KELT-20 b/MASCARA-2 b: An aligned orbit and signs of variability from a reflective dayside

Authors: V. Singh, G. Scandariato, A. M. S. Smith, P. E. Cubillos, M. Lendl, N. Billot, A. Fortier, D. Queloz, S. G. Sousa, Sz. Csizmadia, A. Brandeker, L. Carone, T. G. Wilson, B. Akinsanmi, J. A. Patel, A. Krenn, O. D. S. Demangeon, G. Bruno, I. Pagano, M. J. Hooton, J. Cabrera, N. C. Santos, Y. Alibert, R. Alonso, J. Asquier , et al. (65 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Occultations are windows of opportunity to indirectly peek into the dayside atmosphere of exoplanets. High-precision transit events provide information on the spin-orbit alignment of exoplanets around fast-rotating hosts. We aim to precisely measure the planetary radius and geometric albedo of the ultra-hot Jupiter (UHJ) KELT-20 b as well as the system's spin-orbit alignment. We obtained optical h… ▽ More Occultations are windows of opportunity to indirectly peek into the dayside atmosphere of exoplanets. High-precision transit events provide information on the spin-orbit alignment of exoplanets around fast-rotating hosts. We aim to precisely measure the planetary radius and geometric albedo of the ultra-hot Jupiter (UHJ) KELT-20 b as well as the system's spin-orbit alignment. We obtained optical high-precision transits and occultations of KELT-20 b using CHEOPS observations in conjunction with the simultaneous TESS observations. We interpreted the occultation measurements together with archival infrared observations to measure the planetary geometric albedo and dayside temperatures. We further used the host star's gravity-darkened nature to measure the system's obliquity. We present a time-averaged precise occultation depth of 82(6) ppm measured with seven CHEOPS visits and 131(+8/-7) ppm from the analysis of all available TESS photometry. Using these measurements, we precisely constrain the geometric albedo of KELT-20 b to 0.26(0.04) and the brightness temperature of the dayside hemisphere to 2566(+77/-80) K. Assuming Lambertian scattering law, we constrain the Bond albedo to 0.36(+0.04/-0.05) along with a minimal heat transfer to the night side. Furthermore, using five transit observations we provide stricter constraints of 3.9(1.1) degrees on the sky-projected obliquity of the system. The aligned orbit of KELT-20 b is in contrast to previous CHEOPS studies that have found strongly inclined orbits for planets orbiting other A-type stars. The comparably high planetary geometric albedo of KELT-20 b corroborates a known trend of strongly irradiated planets being more reflective. Finally, we tentatively detect signs of temporal variability in the occultation depths, which might indicate variable cloud cover advecting onto the planetary day side. △ Less

Submitted 29 November, 2023; v1 submitted 6 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: 27 pages, 15 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Refining the properties of the TOI-178 system with CHEOPS and TESS

Authors: L. Delrez, A. Leleu, A. Brandeker, M. Gillon, M. J. Hooton, A. Collier Cameron, A. Deline, A. Fortier, D. Queloz, A. Bonfanti, V. Van Grootel, T. G. Wilson, J. A. Egger, Y. Alibert, R. Alonso, G. Anglada, J. Asquier, T. Bárczy, D. Barrado y Navascues, S. C. C. Barros, W. Baumjohann, M. Beck, T. Beck, W. Benz, N. Billot , et al. (62 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The TOI-178 system consists of a nearby late K-dwarf transited by six planets in the super-Earth to mini-Neptune regime, with orbital periods between 1.9 and 20.7 days. All planets but the innermost one form a chain of Laplace resonances. Mass estimates derived from a preliminary radial velocity (RV) dataset suggest that the planetary densities do not decrease in a monotonic way with the orbital d… ▽ More The TOI-178 system consists of a nearby late K-dwarf transited by six planets in the super-Earth to mini-Neptune regime, with orbital periods between 1.9 and 20.7 days. All planets but the innermost one form a chain of Laplace resonances. Mass estimates derived from a preliminary radial velocity (RV) dataset suggest that the planetary densities do not decrease in a monotonic way with the orbital distance to the star, contrary to what one would expect based on simple formation and evolution models. To improve the characterisation of this key system and prepare for future studies (in particular with JWST), we perform a detailed photometric study based on 40 new CHEOPS visits, one new TESS sector, as well as previously published CHEOPS, TESS, and NGTS data. First we perform a global analysis of the 100 transits contained in our data to refine the transit parameters of the six planets and study their transit timing variations (TTVs). We then use our extensive dataset to place constraints on the radii and orbital periods of potential additional transiting planets in the system. Our analysis significantly refines the transit parameters of the six planets, most notably their radii, for which we now obtain relative precisions $\lesssim$3%, with the exception of the smallest planet $b$ for which the precision is 5.1%. Combined with the RV mass estimates, the measured TTVs allow us to constrain the eccentricities of planets $c$ to $g$, which are found to be all below 0.02, as expected from stability requirements. Taken alone, the TTVs also suggest a higher mass for planet $d$ than the one estimated from the RVs, which had been found to yield a surprisingly low density for this planet. However, the masses derived from the current TTV dataset are very prior-dependent and further observations, over a longer temporal baseline, are needed to deepen our understanding of this iconic planetary system. △ Less

Submitted 22 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: 20 pages, 5 figures, 9 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 678, A200 (2023)

An M dwarf accompanied by a close-in giant orbiter with SPECULOOS

Authors: Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Georgina Dransfield, Taiki Kagetani, Mathilde Timmermans, Norio Narita, Khalid Barkaoui, Teruyuki Hirano, Benjamin V. Rackham, Mayuko Mori, Thomas Baycroft, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Adam J. Burgasser, Douglas A. Caldwell, Karen A. Collins, Yasmin T. Davis, Laetitia Delrez, Brice-Oliver Demory, Elsa Ducrot, Akihiko Fukui, Clàudia Jano Muñoz, Emmanuël Jehin, Lionel J. García, Mourad Ghachoui, Michaël Gillon, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In the last decade, a dozen close-in giant planets have been discovered orbiting stars with spectral types ranging from M0 to M4, a mystery since known formation pathways do not predict the existence of such systems. Here, we confirm TOI-4860 b, a Jupiter-sized planet orbiting an M4.5 host, a star at the transition between fully and partially convective interiors. First identified with TESS data,… ▽ More In the last decade, a dozen close-in giant planets have been discovered orbiting stars with spectral types ranging from M0 to M4, a mystery since known formation pathways do not predict the existence of such systems. Here, we confirm TOI-4860 b, a Jupiter-sized planet orbiting an M4.5 host, a star at the transition between fully and partially convective interiors. First identified with TESS data, we validate the transiting companion's planetary nature through multicolour photometry from the TRAPPIST-South/North, SPECULOOS, and MuSCAT3 facilities. Our analysis yields a radius of $0.76 \pm 0.02~ \rm R_{Jup}$ for the planet, a mass of $0.34~\rm M_\odot$ for the star, and an orbital period of 1.52 d. Using the newly commissioned SPIRIT InGaAs camera at the SPECULOOS-South Observatory, we collect infrared photometry in zYJ that spans the time of secondary eclipse. These observations do not detect a secondary eclipse, placing an upper limit on the brightness of the companion. The planetary nature of the companion is further confirmed through high-resolution spectroscopy obtained with the IRD spectrograph at Subaru Telescope, from which we measure a mass of $0.67 \pm 0.14~\rm M_{Jup}$ . Based on its overall density, TOI-4860 b appears to be rich in heavy elements, like its host star. △ Less

Submitted 3 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS Letters

A massive hot Jupiter orbiting a metal-rich early-M star discovered in the TESS full frame images

Authors: Tianjun Gan, Charles Cadieux, Farbod Jahandar, Allona Vazan, Sharon X. Wang, Shude Mao, Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes, D. N. C. Lin, Étienne Artigau, Neil J. Cook, René Doyon, Andrew W. Mann, Keivan G. Stassun, Adam J. Burgasser, Benjamin V. Rackham, Steve B. Howell, Karen A. Collins, Khalid Barkaoui, Avi Shporer, Jerome de Leon, Luc Arnold, George R. Ricker, Roland Vanderspek, David W. Latham, Sara Seager , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Observations and statistical studies have shown that giant planets are rare around M dwarfs compared with Sun-like stars. The formation mechanism of these extreme systems remains under debate for decades. With the help of the TESS mission and ground based follow-up observations, we report the discovery of TOI-4201b, the most massive and densest hot Jupiter around an M dwarf known so far with a rad… ▽ More Observations and statistical studies have shown that giant planets are rare around M dwarfs compared with Sun-like stars. The formation mechanism of these extreme systems remains under debate for decades. With the help of the TESS mission and ground based follow-up observations, we report the discovery of TOI-4201b, the most massive and densest hot Jupiter around an M dwarf known so far with a radius of $1.22\pm 0.04\ R_J$ and a mass of $2.48\pm0.09\ M_J$, about 5 times heavier than most other giant planets around M dwarfs. It also has the highest planet-to-star mass ratio ($q\sim 4\times 10^{-3}$) among such systems. The host star is an early-M dwarf with a mass of $0.61\pm0.02\ M_{\odot}$ and a radius of $0.63\pm0.02\ R_{\odot}$. It has significant super-solar iron abundance ([Fe/H]=$0.52\pm 0.08$ dex). However, interior structure modeling suggests that its planet TOI-4201b is metal-poor, which challenges the classical core-accretion correlation of stellar-planet metallicity, unless the planet is inflated by additional energy sources. Building on the detection of this planet, we compare the stellar metallicity distribution of four planetary groups: hot/warm Jupiters around G/M dwarfs. We find that hot/warm Jupiters show a similar metallicity dependence around G-type stars. For M dwarf host stars, the occurrence of hot Jupiters shows a much stronger correlation with iron abundance, while warm Jupiters display a weaker preference, indicating possible different formation histories. △ Less

Submitted 13 September, 2023; v1 submitted 13 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 24 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables, accepted to AJ

TESS discovery of a super-Earth orbiting the M dwarf star TOI-1680

Authors: M. Ghachoui, A. Soubkiou, R. D. Wells, B. V. Rackham, A. H. M. J. Triaud, D. Sebastian, S. Giacalone, K. G. Stassun, D. R. Ciardi, K. A. Collins, A. Liu, Y. Gómez Maqueo Chew, M. Gillon, Z. Benkhaldoun, L. Delrez, J. D. Eastman, O. Demangeon, K. Barkaoui, A. Burdanov, B. -O. Demory, J. de Wit, G. Dransfield, E. Ducrot, L. Garcia, M. A. Gómez-Muñoz , et al. (30 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery by the TESS mission of a super-Earth on a 4.8-d orbit around an inactive M4.5 dwarf (TOI-1680) validated by ground-based facilities. The host star is located 37.14 pc away, with a radius of 0.2100+/-0.0064 R_sun, mass of 0.1800+/-0.0044 M_sun and an effective temperature of 3211+/-100 K. We validated and characterized the planet using TESS data, ground-based multi-wavelengt… ▽ More We report the discovery by the TESS mission of a super-Earth on a 4.8-d orbit around an inactive M4.5 dwarf (TOI-1680) validated by ground-based facilities. The host star is located 37.14 pc away, with a radius of 0.2100+/-0.0064 R_sun, mass of 0.1800+/-0.0044 M_sun and an effective temperature of 3211+/-100 K. We validated and characterized the planet using TESS data, ground-based multi-wavelength photometry from TRAPPIST, SPECULOOS, and LCO, as well as high-resolution AO observations from Keck/NIRC2 and Shane. Our analyses have determined the following parameters for the planet: a radius of 1.466+0.063/-0.049 R_earth and an equilibrium temperature of 404+/-14 K, assuming no albedo and perfect heat redistribution. Assuming a mass based on mass-radius relations, this planet is a promising target for atmospheric characterization with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). △ Less

Submitted 20 July, 2023; v1 submitted 11 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: Accepted in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 677, A31 (2023)

TOI-2084 b and TOI-4184 b: two new sub-Neptunes around M dwarf stars

Authors: K. Barkaoui, M. Timmermans, A. Soubkiou, B. V. Rackham, A. J. Burgasser, J. Chouqar, F. J. Pozuelos, K. A. Collins, S. B. Howell, R. Simcoe, C. Melis, K. G. Stassun, J. Tregloan-Reed, M. Cointepas, M. Gillon, X. Bonfils, E. Furlan, C. L. Gnilka, J. M. Almenara, R. Alonso, Z. Benkhaldoun, M. Bonavita, F. Bouchy, A. Burdanov, P. Chinchilla , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery and validation of two TESS exoplanets orbiting nearby M dwarfs: TOI-2084b, and TOI-4184b. We characterized the host stars by combining spectra from Shane/Kast and Magellan/FIRE, SED (Spectral Energy Distribution) analysis, and stellar evolutionary models. In addition, we used Gemini-South/Zorro & -North/Alopeke high-resolution imaging, archival science images, and statisti… ▽ More We present the discovery and validation of two TESS exoplanets orbiting nearby M dwarfs: TOI-2084b, and TOI-4184b. We characterized the host stars by combining spectra from Shane/Kast and Magellan/FIRE, SED (Spectral Energy Distribution) analysis, and stellar evolutionary models. In addition, we used Gemini-South/Zorro & -North/Alopeke high-resolution imaging, archival science images, and statistical validation packages to support the planetary interpretation. We performed a global analysis of multi-colour photometric data from TESS and ground-based facilities in order to derive the stellar and planetary physical parameters for each system. We find that TOI-2084b and TOI-4184b are sub-Neptune-sized planets with radii of Rp = 2.47 +/- 0.13R_Earth and Rp = 2.43 +/- 0.21R_Earth, respectively. TOI-2084b completes an orbit around its host star every 6.08 days, has an equilibrium temperature of T_eq = 527 +/- 8K and an irradiation of S_p = 12.8 +/- 0.8 S_Earth. Its host star is a dwarf of spectral M2.0 +/- 0.5 at a distance of 114pc with an effective temperature of T_eff = 3550 +/- 50 K, and has a wide, co-moving M8 companion at a projected separation of 1400 au. TOI-4184b orbits around an M5.0 +/- 0.5 type dwarf star (Kmag = 11.87) each 4.9 days, and has an equilibrium temperature of T_eq = 412 +/- 8 K and an irradiation of S_p = 4.8 +/- 0.4 S_Earth. TOI-4184 is a metal poor star ([Fe/H] = -0.27 +/- 0.09 dex) at a distance of 69 pc with an effective temperature of T_eff = 3225 +/- 75 K. Both planets are located at the edge of the sub-Jovian desert in the radius-period plane. The combination of the small size and the large infrared brightness of their host stars make these new planets promising targets for future atmospheric exploration with JWST. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A

TESS and CHEOPS Discover Two Warm Sub-Neptunes Transiting the Bright K-dwarf HD 15906

Authors: Amy Tuson, Didier Queloz, Hugh P. Osborn, Thomas G. Wilson, Matthew J. Hooton, Mathias Beck, Monika Lendl, Göran Olofsson, Andrea Fortier, Andrea Bonfanti, Alexis Brandeker, Lars A. Buchhave, Andrew Collier Cameron, David R. Ciardi, Karen A. Collins, Davide Gandolfi, Zoltan Garai, Steven Giacalone, João Gomes da Silva, Steve B. Howell, Jayshil A. Patel, Carina M. Persson, Luisa M. Serrano, Sérgio G. Sousa, Solène Ulmer-Moll , et al. (97 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of two warm sub-Neptunes transiting the bright (G = 9.5 mag) K-dwarf HD 15906 (TOI 461, TIC 4646810). This star was observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in sectors 4 and 31, revealing two small transiting planets. The inner planet, HD 15906 b, was detected with an unambiguous period but the outer planet, HD 15906 c, showed only two transits separated… ▽ More We report the discovery of two warm sub-Neptunes transiting the bright (G = 9.5 mag) K-dwarf HD 15906 (TOI 461, TIC 4646810). This star was observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in sectors 4 and 31, revealing two small transiting planets. The inner planet, HD 15906 b, was detected with an unambiguous period but the outer planet, HD 15906 c, showed only two transits separated by $\sim$ 734 days, leading to 36 possible values of its period. We performed follow-up observations with the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) to confirm the true period of HD 15906 c and improve the radius precision of the two planets. From TESS, CHEOPS and additional ground-based photometry, we find that HD 15906 b has a radius of 2.24 $\pm$ 0.08 R$_\oplus$ and a period of 10.924709 $\pm$ 0.000032 days, whilst HD 15906 c has a radius of 2.93$^{+0.07}_{-0.06}$ R$_\oplus$ and a period of 21.583298$^{+0.000052}_{-0.000055}$ days. Assuming zero bond albedo and full day-night heat redistribution, the inner and outer planet have equilibrium temperatures of 668 $\pm$ 13 K and 532 $\pm$ 10 K, respectively. The HD 15906 system has become one of only six multiplanet systems with two warm ($\lesssim$ 700 K) sub-Neptune sized planets transiting a bright star (G $\leq$ 10 mag). It is an excellent target for detailed characterisation studies to constrain the composition of sub-Neptune planets and test theories of planet formation and evolution. △ Less

Submitted 7 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 30 pages, 20 figures, 11 tables (including appendix). Published in MNRAS

Journal ref: MNRAS, volume 523, issue 2, pp 3090-3118 (2023)

Refined parameters of the HD 22946 planetary system and the true orbital period of planet d

Authors: Z. Garai, H. P. Osborn, D. Gandolfi, A. Brandeker, S. G. Sousa, M. Lendl, A. Bekkelien, C. Broeg, A. Collier Cameron, J. A. Egger, M. J. Hooton, Y. Alibert, L. Delrez, L. Fossati, S. Salmon, T. G. Wilson, A. Bonfanti, A. Tuson, S. Ulmer-Moll, L. M. Serrano, L. Borsato, R. Alonso, G. Anglada, J. Asquier, D. Barrado y Navascues , et al. (63 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Multi-planet systems are important sources of information regarding the evolution of planets. However, the long-period planets in these systems often escape detection. HD 22946 is a bright star around which 3 transiting planets were identified via TESS photometry, but the true orbital period of the outermost planet d was unknown until now. We aim to use CHEOPS to uncover the true orbital period of… ▽ More Multi-planet systems are important sources of information regarding the evolution of planets. However, the long-period planets in these systems often escape detection. HD 22946 is a bright star around which 3 transiting planets were identified via TESS photometry, but the true orbital period of the outermost planet d was unknown until now. We aim to use CHEOPS to uncover the true orbital period of HD 22946d and to refine the orbital and planetary properties of the system, especially the radii of the planets. We used the available TESS photometry of HD 22946 and observed several transits of the planets b, c, and d using CHEOPS. We identified 2 transits of planet d in the TESS photometry, calculated the most probable period aliases based on these data, and then scheduled CHEOPS observations. The photometric data were supplemented with ESPRESSO radial velocity data. Finally, a combined model was fitted to the entire dataset. We successfully determined the true orbital period of the planet d to be 47.42489 $\pm$ 0.00011 d, and derived precise radii of the planets in the system, namely 1.362 $\pm$ 0.040 R$_\oplus$, 2.328 $\pm$ 0.039 R$_\oplus$, and 2.607 $\pm$ 0.060 R$_\oplus$ for planets b, c, and d, respectively. Due to the low number of radial velocities, we were only able to determine 3$σ$ upper limits for these respective planet masses, which are 13.71 M$_\oplus$, 9.72 M$_\oplus$, and 26.57 M$_\oplus$. We estimated that another 48 ESPRESSO radial velocities are needed to measure the predicted masses of all planets in HD 22946. Planet c appears to be a promising target for future atmospheric characterisation. We can also conclude that planet d, as a warm sub-Neptune, is very interesting because there are only a few similar confirmed exoplanets to date. Such objects are worth investigating in the near future, for example in terms of their composition and internal structure. △ Less

Submitted 7 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Journal ref: A&A 674, A44 (2023)

Two Warm Neptunes transiting HIP 9618 revealed by TESS & Cheops

Authors: Hugh P. Osborn, Grzegorz Nowak, Guillaume Hébrard, Thomas Masseron, J. Lillo-Box, Enric Pallé, Anja Bekkelien, Hans-Gustav Florén, Pascal Guterman, Attila E. Simon, V. Adibekyan, Allyson Bieryla, Luca Borsato, Alexis Brandeker, David R. Ciardi, Andrew Collier Cameron, Karen A. Collins, Jo A. Egger, Davide Gandolfi, Matthew J. Hooton, David W. Latham, Monika Lendl, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Amy Tuson, Solène Ulmer-Moll , et al. (104 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: HIP 9618 (HD 12572, TOI-1471, TIC 306263608) is a bright ($G=9.0$ mag) solar analogue. TESS photometry revealed the star to have two candidate planets with radii of $3.9 \pm 0.044$ $R_\oplus$ (HIP 9618 b) and $3.343 \pm 0.039$ $R_\oplus$ (HIP 9618 c). While the 20.77291 day period of HIP 9618 b was measured unambiguously, HIP 9618 c showed only two transits separated by a 680-day gap in the time s… ▽ More HIP 9618 (HD 12572, TOI-1471, TIC 306263608) is a bright ($G=9.0$ mag) solar analogue. TESS photometry revealed the star to have two candidate planets with radii of $3.9 \pm 0.044$ $R_\oplus$ (HIP 9618 b) and $3.343 \pm 0.039$ $R_\oplus$ (HIP 9618 c). While the 20.77291 day period of HIP 9618 b was measured unambiguously, HIP 9618 c showed only two transits separated by a 680-day gap in the time series, leaving many possibilities for the period. To solve this issue, CHEOPS performed targeted photometry of period aliases to attempt to recover the true period of planet c, and successfully determined the true period to be 52.56349 d. High-resolution spectroscopy with HARPS-N, SOPHIE and CAFE revealed a mass of $10.0 \pm 3.1 M_\oplus$ for HIP 9618 b, which, according to our interior structure models, corresponds to a $6.8\pm1.4\%$ gas fraction. HIP 9618 c appears to have a lower mass than HIP 9618 b, with a 3-sigma upper limit of $< 18M_\oplus$. Follow-up and archival RV measurements also reveal a clear long-term trend which, when combined with imaging and astrometric information, reveal a low-mass companion ($0.08^{+0.12}_{-0.05} M_\odot$) orbiting at $26^{+19}_{-11}$ au. This detection makes HIP 9618 one of only five bright ($K<8$ mag) transiting multi-planet systems known to host a planet with $P>50$ d, opening the door for the atmospheric characterisation of warm ($T_{\rm eq}<750$ K) sub-Neptunes. △ Less

Submitted 7 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 19 pages, 16 figures, 9 tables. Accepted at MNRAS. CHEOPS, RV and ground-based photometric data is available on CDS at https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/523/3069

Journal ref: MNRAS, Vol. 523, 2023, issue 2, pp 3069-3089

A 1.55 R$_{\oplus}$ habitable-zone planet hosted by TOI-715, an M4 star near the ecliptic South Pole

Authors: Georgina Dransfield, Mathilde Timmermans, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Martín Dévora-Pajares, Christian Aganze, Khalid Barkaoui, Adam J. Burgasser, Karen A. Collins, Marion Cointepas, Elsa Ducrot, Maximilian N. Günther, Steve B. Howell, Catriona A. Murray, Prajwal Niraula, Benjamin V. Rackham, Daniel Sebastian, Keivan G. Stassun, Sebastián Zúñiga-Fernández, José Manuel Almenara, Xavier Bonfils, François Bouchy, Christopher J. Burke, David Charbonneau, Jessie L. Christiansen, Laetitia Delrez , et al. (26 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A new generation of observatories is enabling detailed study of exoplanetary atmospheres and the diversity of alien climates, allowing us to seek evidence for extraterrestrial biological and geological processes. Now is therefore the time to identify the most unique planets to be characterised with these instruments. In this context, we report on the discovery and validation of TOI-715 b, a… ▽ More A new generation of observatories is enabling detailed study of exoplanetary atmospheres and the diversity of alien climates, allowing us to seek evidence for extraterrestrial biological and geological processes. Now is therefore the time to identify the most unique planets to be characterised with these instruments. In this context, we report on the discovery and validation of TOI-715 b, a $R_{\rm b}=1.55\pm 0.06\rm R_{\oplus}$ planet orbiting its nearby ($42$ pc) M4 host (TOI-715/TIC 271971130) with a period $P_{\rm b} = 19.288004_{-0.000024}^{+0.000027}$ days. TOI-715 b was first identified by TESS and validated using ground-based photometry, high-resolution imaging and statistical validation. The planet's orbital period combined with the stellar effective temperature $T_{\rm eff}=3075\pm75~\rm K$ give this planet an instellation $S_{\rm b} = 0.67_{-0.20}^{+0.15}~\rm S_\oplus$, placing it within the most conservative definitions of the habitable zone for rocky planets. TOI-715 b's radius falls exactly between two measured locations of the M-dwarf radius valley; characterising its mass and composition will help understand the true nature of the radius valley for low-mass stars. We demonstrate TOI-715 b is amenable for characterisation using precise radial velocities and transmission spectroscopy. Additionally, we reveal a second candidate planet in the system, TIC 271971130.02, with a potential orbital period of $P_{02} = 25.60712_{-0.00036}^{+0.00031}$ days and a radius of $R_{02} = 1.066\pm0.092\,\rm R_{\oplus}$, just inside the outer boundary of the habitable zone, and near a 4:3 orbital period commensurability. Should this second planet be confirmed, it would represent the smallest habitable zone planet discovered by TESS to date. △ Less

Submitted 10 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

A super-Earth and a mini-Neptune near the 2:1 MMR straddling the radius valley around the nearby mid-M dwarf TOI-2096

Authors: F. J. Pozuelos, M. Timmermans, B. V. Rackham, L. J. Garcia, A. J. Burgasser, S. R. Kane, M. N. Günther, K. G. Stassun, V. Van Grootel, M. Dévora-Pajares, R. Luque, B. Edwards, P. Niraula, N. Schanche, R. D. Wells, E. Ducrot, S. Howell, D. Sebastian, K. Barkaoui, W. Waalkes, C. Cadieux, R. Doyon, R. P. Boyle, J. Dietrich, A. Burdanov , et al. (50 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Several planetary formation models have been proposed to explain the observed abundance and variety of compositions of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes. In this context, multitransiting systems orbiting low-mass stars whose planets are close to the radius valley are benchmark systems, which help to elucidate which formation model dominates. We report the discovery, validation, and initial characteri… ▽ More Several planetary formation models have been proposed to explain the observed abundance and variety of compositions of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes. In this context, multitransiting systems orbiting low-mass stars whose planets are close to the radius valley are benchmark systems, which help to elucidate which formation model dominates. We report the discovery, validation, and initial characterization of one such system, TOI-2096, composed of a super-Earth and a mini-Neptune hosted by a mid-type M dwarf located 48 pc away. We first characterized the host star by combining different methods. Then, we derived the planetary properties by modeling the photometric data from TESS and ground-based facilities. We used archival data, high-resolution imaging, and statistical validation to support our planetary interpretation. We found that TOI-2096 corresponds to a dwarf star of spectral type M4. It harbors a super-Earth (R$\sim1.2 R_{\oplus}$) and a mini-Neptune (R$\sim1.90 R_{\oplus}$) in likely slightly eccentric orbits with orbital periods of 3.12 d and 6.39 d, respectively. These orbital periods are close to the first-order 2:1 mean-motion resonance (MMR), which may lead to measurable transit timing variations (TTVs). We computed the expected TTVs amplitude for each planet and found that they might be measurable with high-precision photometry delivering mid-transit times with accuracies of $\lesssim$2 min. Moreover, measuring the planetary masses via radial velocities (RVs) is also possible. Lastly, we found that these planets are among the best in their class to conduct atmospheric studies using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The properties of this system make it a suitable candidate for further studies, particularly for mass determination using RVs and/or TTVs, decreasing the scarcity of systems that can be used to test planetary formation models around low-mass stars. △ Less

Submitted 14 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023.

Comments: 25 pages, 21 figures. Aceptted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 672, A70 (2023)

HIP 33609 b: An Eccentric Brown Dwarf Transiting a V=7.3 Rapidly Rotating B-Star

Authors: Noah Vowell, Joseph E. Rodriguez, Samuel N. Quinn, George Zhou, Andrew Vanderburg, Andrew W. Mann, Matthew J. Hooton, Keivan G. Stassun, Saburo Howard, Allyson Bieryla, David W. Latham, Steve B. Howell, Tristan Guillot, Carl Ziegler, Karen A. Collins, Theron W. Carmichael, Jon M. Jenkins, Avi Shporer, Lyu ABE, Philippe Bendjoya, Jonathan L. Bush, Marco Buttu, Kevin I. Collins, Jason D. Eastman, Matthew J. Fields , et al. (19 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery and characterization of HIP 33609 b, a transiting warm brown dwarf orbiting a late B star, discovered by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite TESS as TOI-588 b. HIP 33609 b is a large (R$_{b}$ = 1.580$_{-0.070}^{+0.074}$ R$_{J}$) brown dwarf on a highly eccentric (e = 0.560$_{-0.031}^{+0.029}$) orbit with a 39-day period. The host star is a bright (V = 7.3 mag), T… ▽ More We present the discovery and characterization of HIP 33609 b, a transiting warm brown dwarf orbiting a late B star, discovered by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite TESS as TOI-588 b. HIP 33609 b is a large (R$_{b}$ = 1.580$_{-0.070}^{+0.074}$ R$_{J}$) brown dwarf on a highly eccentric (e = 0.560$_{-0.031}^{+0.029}$) orbit with a 39-day period. The host star is a bright (V = 7.3 mag), T$_{eff}$ = 10,400$_{-660}^{+800}$ K star with a mass of M$_{*}$ = 2.383$_{-0.095}^{+0.10}$ M$_{\odot}$ and radius of R$_{*}$ = 1.863$_{-0.082}^{+0.087}$ R$_{\odot}$, making it the hottest transiting brown dwarf host star discovered to date. We obtained radial velocity measurements from the CHIRON spectrograph confirming the companion's mass of M$_{b}$ = 68.0$_{-7.1}^{+7.4}$ M$_{J}$ as well as the host star's rotation rate ($vsini_{*} = 55.6 \pm 1.8$ km/s). We also present the discovery of a new comoving group of stars, designated as MELANGE-6, and determine that HIP 33609 is a member. We use a combination of rotation periods and isochrone models fit to the cluster members to estimate an age of 150 $\pm$ 25 Myr. With a measured mass, radius, and age, HIP 33609 b becomes a benchmark for substellar evolutionary models. △ Less

Submitted 23 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables, Submitted to AAS Journals