Showing 1–50 of 172 results for author: Villasenor, J

A Galactic intermediate-mass stripped star with a Wolf-Rayet-like wind

Authors: Johanna Müller-Horn, Kareem El-Badry, Andreas A. C. Sander, Hans-Walter Rix, Lisa Blomberg, J. J. Hermes, Pranav Nagarajan, Sahar Shahaf, Harim Jin, Dominick M. Rowan, Debasish Dutta, José G. Fernández-Trincado, Ylva Götberg, Ilya Ilyin, Tom Maccarone, José Eduardo Méndez Delgado, Guy S. Stringfellow, Andrew Tkachenko, Jaime I. Villaseñor, Eleonora Zari

Abstract: Binary interaction in massive stars is expected to produce a large population of intermediate-mass ($2$-$8$ M$_\odot$) envelope-stripped stars, yet such objects have remained elusive in the Milky Way. We report the identification of an unambiguous Galactic example in a short-period ($P=5.94$ d), double-lined spectroscopic binary, discovered in the SDSS-V Milky Way Mapper survey. The system consist… ▽ More Binary interaction in massive stars is expected to produce a large population of intermediate-mass ($2$-$8$ M$_\odot$) envelope-stripped stars, yet such objects have remained elusive in the Milky Way. We report the identification of an unambiguous Galactic example in a short-period ($P=5.94$ d), double-lined spectroscopic binary, discovered in the SDSS-V Milky Way Mapper survey. The system consists of a rapidly rotating O-type star and a hotter, lower-mass companion, which shows He II and N IV emission lines with large radial velocity variations, revealing its binary nature. Combined orbital constraints and joint spectroscopic and photometric modelling show that the companion is a hot ($T_\ast \approx 60$ kK), helium-rich star with a mass of $3.2$-$5.8$ M$_\odot$, placing it squarely in the intermediate-mass regime and below values typically inferred for classical Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. The system's short period, negligible eccentricity, and rapidly rotating O-star point to a post-interaction configuration following efficient mass transfer and spin-up of the accretor. Comparison with binary evolution models suggests that the stripped star is observed in a brief inflated phase following mass transfer, which increases its optical flux contribution and facilitates its detection. The inferred mass-loss rate $\log \dot{M} = -6.3 \pm 0.1$ is in line with mass-loss rates observed for classical WR stars in the Milky Way and exceeds those measured for intermediate-mass stripped stars in the Magellanic Clouds, with the caveat that our target selection is biased towards systems with stronger emission features. As an unambiguous and well-characterised intermediate-mass stripped star, this system provides a key benchmark for models of binary evolution at solar metallicity, stripped-envelope supernova progenitors, and the formation of compact-object binaries. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: submitted to A&A, comments welcome, 19 pages, 14 figures

Multiplicity of Massive Stars at Low Metallicity: Early Results from the BLOeM Campaign

Authors: T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, M. Abdul-Masih, F. Backs, S. R. Berlanas, J. M. Bestenlehner, A. Bobrick, D. M. Bowman, N. Britavskiy, P. A. Crowther, K. Deshmukh, M. Fabry, M. Gieles, A. Gilkis, G. González i Torà, G. Gräfener, M. Gull, Y. Götberg, C. Hawcroft, V. Hénault-Brunet, A. Herrero, G. Holgado, R. G. Izzard, S. Janssens, H. Jin , et al. (51 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Massive stars at low metallicity (Z) play a central role in shaping the high-redshift Universe, yet their multiplicity remains poorly constrained. The Binarity at Low Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign is a two-year survey of 929 stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud with the Fibre Large Array Multi Element Spectrograph (FLAMES) instrument at ESO's Very Large Telescope, providing the first large-scale spe… ▽ More Massive stars at low metallicity (Z) play a central role in shaping the high-redshift Universe, yet their multiplicity remains poorly constrained. The Binarity at Low Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign is a two-year survey of 929 stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud with the Fibre Large Array Multi Element Spectrograph (FLAMES) instrument at ESO's Very Large Telescope, providing the first large-scale spectroscopic monitoring of massive stars at low Z (1/5 solar). Analysis of the initial nine epochs reveals high intrinsic binary fractions (>70%) on the main sequence and a steep decline in evolved objects. Analysis of the full dataset will yield orbital solutions, identify black-hole companions, and allow a derivation of the initial mass function for single and binary stars at low Z. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures; published in The Messenger (ESO)

Journal ref: The Messenger (ESO), Vol. 196, pp. 15-19 (2026)

The Twentieth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First All-Sky BOSS Spectra, eROSITA-SDSS-V Mapper Coordinated Observations, and a Preview of the Local Volume Mapper

Authors: SDSS Collaboration, Mojgan Aghakhanloo, David Aguilar, James Aird, Andrés Almeida, Bella Abigail Sanabria Alonso, Hillary Diane Andales, Scott F. Anderson, Stefan Arseneau, Consuelo González Ávila, Shir Aviram, Catarina Aydar, Carles Badenes, Carolina Andonie, Jorge K. Barrera-Ballesteros, Franz E. Bauer, Chad Bender, Michelle A. Berg, F. Besser, Binod Bhattarai, Christian Moni Bidin, Jonathan C. Bird, Dmitry Bizyaev, Guillermo A. Blanc, Alexandra Bonkoski , et al. (251 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper presents the twentieth data release (DR20) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the third data release of its fifth generation (SDSS-V). SDSS-V is a panoptic spectroscopy survey that is mapping the stars, gas, and galaxies through three scientific programs: the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), the Local Volume Mapper (LVM), and the Black Hole Mapper (BHM). DR20 presents the first optical (BOSS) SD… ▽ More This paper presents the twentieth data release (DR20) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the third data release of its fifth generation (SDSS-V). SDSS-V is a panoptic spectroscopy survey that is mapping the stars, gas, and galaxies through three scientific programs: the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), the Local Volume Mapper (LVM), and the Black Hole Mapper (BHM). DR20 presents the first optical (BOSS) SDSS-V spectra from southern hemisphere for the MWM and BHM surveys; new optical MWM and BHM data from the northern hemisphere are also available, for a total over 3 million spectra of 1.5 million stars and half a million galaxies and quasars, with galactic and extragalactic x-ray targets coordinate with eROSITA DR2. DR20 includes integral field spectroscopy maps from LVM of six targets and 169 tiles, spanning Galactic HII regions, planetary nebulae, and nearby galaxies. Additionally, eighteen value added catalogs are also released with DR20, based on SDSS-V MWM and BHM data, and we present a new LVM visualization tool including an RGB HiPS map as a value added product. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 81 pages, 13 figures, 8 tables

SpecFANN: Spectral Fitting via Artificial Neural Networks I. A deep learning based fastwind emulator and fitting suite

Authors: M. Abdul-Masih, C. Hawcroft, T. Lechien, S. Simon-Diaz, H. Sana, K. Deshmukh, J. Vrancken, J. I. Villaseñor, J. Müller-Horn, A. J. Kalita, B. Ludwig, J. Bodensteiner, D. M. Bowman, A. Escorza, G. Holgado, J. Puls, A. de Vicente

Abstract: The importance of massive stars cannot be overstated: they are powerful probes of the early universe, play a vital role in the chemical and mechanical evolution of their host environments and their end products allow us to study the most extreme physics in the universe. Obtaining accurate stellar and surface parameters for large samples of massive stars is vital to our understanding of how they ev… ▽ More The importance of massive stars cannot be overstated: they are powerful probes of the early universe, play a vital role in the chemical and mechanical evolution of their host environments and their end products allow us to study the most extreme physics in the universe. Obtaining accurate stellar and surface parameters for large samples of massive stars is vital to our understanding of how they evolve, and how their births, lives and deaths affect their surroundings. With the large volume of data expected from upcoming spectroscopic surveys, computational limitations will likely be the most important bottleneck impeding our progress. To address this and dramatically decrease computing times, we aim to develop a robust emulator for the FASTWIND radiative transfer and spectral synthesis code. Additionally, we aim to explore alternative fitting methods that have not been feasible until now due to computational costs. We calculate a set of FASTWIND synthetic spectra of OB-type stars, and we train a collection of neural networks to emulate these models. We also develop the open-source python package SpecFANN, which provides users with a suite of fitting methods that can be used with these or other user-generated neural networks. The majority of the trained neural networks reach average accuracies of better than ~0.01-0.1% for photospheric lines and better than ~0.1-1% for wind lines. SpecFANN is able to obtain robust and accurate stellar parameters that are consistent with the literature for a sample of 52 early-type stars. Using SpecFANN we find that we can achieve the same fit in ~1/360,000 of the time when compared to alternative techniques that rely on on-the-fly FASTWIND computations. We have demonstrated that neural networks offer a viable path forward to address the computational limitations of our current atmosphere analysis and stellar parameter determination methods for hot stars. △ Less

Submitted 19 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A; 12 pages (+2 appendix pages), 9 figures (+2 appendix figures)

From Holst to Carroll Gravity, a Hamiltonian point of view

Authors: J. Fernando Barbero G, Juan Margalef-Bentabol, Valle Varo, Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor

Abstract: The Carrollian regime of gravity provides a useful ultrarelativistic framework for studying asymptotically flat spacetimes, horizon dynamics, and condensed matter systems. In this paper, we present a comprehensive Hamiltonian analysis of the most general Carroll-invariant Lagrangian that can be derived from the Holst action. To guide the analysis, Cartan geometry tools are used. We identify the fu… ▽ More The Carrollian regime of gravity provides a useful ultrarelativistic framework for studying asymptotically flat spacetimes, horizon dynamics, and condensed matter systems. In this paper, we present a comprehensive Hamiltonian analysis of the most general Carroll-invariant Lagrangian that can be derived from the Holst action. To guide the analysis, Cartan geometry tools are used. We identify the full constraint structure of the theory, characterize its gauge symmetries, obtain the explicit form of the Hamiltonian vector fields and introduce Ashtekar-like variables for the magnetic Carrollian regime. We also discuss in detail an analog of the time gauge employed in the Hamiltonian analysis of the Holst action for general relativity. △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Comments: 21 pages, no figures

The GAPS Programme at the TNG: LXX. TOI-5734b: A hot sub-Neptune orbiting a relatively young K dwarf with an Earth-like density

Authors: S. Filomeno, T. Trifonov, M. Damasso, M. Baratella, S. Benatti, K. Biazzo, K. A. Collins, R. Cosentino, S. Desidera, C. Di Maio, D. Locci, A. Maggio, L. Mancini, S. Messina, L. Naponiello, D. Nardiello, K. G. Stassun, F. Amadori, S. Antoniucci, F. Biassoni, A. S. Bonomo, L. Cabona, C. A. Clark, M. Gonzalez, A. F. Lanza , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Increasing interest in young exoplanets is leading to a growing effort to understand the formation and evolutionary processes responsible for their different architectures. One interesting target is TOI-5734, a relatively young K3-K4 dwarf star ($500_{-150}^{+300}$ Myr) showing a transiting candidate in photometric observations followed up with high-resolution spectroscopic data. Using Transiting… ▽ More Increasing interest in young exoplanets is leading to a growing effort to understand the formation and evolutionary processes responsible for their different architectures. One interesting target is TOI-5734, a relatively young K3-K4 dwarf star ($500_{-150}^{+300}$ Myr) showing a transiting candidate in photometric observations followed up with high-resolution spectroscopic data. Using Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry and High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern hemisphere (HARPS-N) radial-velocity (RV) data, we aim to validate the presence of the companion TOI-5734b, measure its planetary mass, size, and its orbital parameters after having characterised its host star. We then aim to study its possible planetary composition and atmospheric evolution. By simultaneously modelling photometry and high-cadence RVs, we measured the radius, mass, and density of TOI-5734b precisely. In particular, we employed Gaussian processes (GPs) with a flexible kernel to discriminate between the stellar activity of the young host and planetary signals. We confirmed the planetary nature of TOI-5734b and measured its orbital period ($P_{\rm b}\sim6.18$ d), radius ($R_{\rm b} = 2.10^{+0.12}_{-0.12}$ $R_\oplus$), and mass ($M_{\rm b}=9.1^{+2.6}_{-2.6}$ $M_\oplus$). By measuring its density ($ρ_{\rm b}=0.98_{-0.30}^{+0.36}$ $ρ_\oplus$), we infer that TOI-5734b is close to having a rocky composition and an almost completely depleted primary envelope. Our results point toward the possibility of considering the target for atmospheric studies with present and future ground- and space-based facilities. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 19 pages, 20 figures. Accepted for publication on A&A. Language editor corrected version. Abstract abridged

Journal ref: A&A 708, A90 (2026)

The Tarantula massive binary monitoring VII. The nature of the eccentric O+BH binary candidate VFTS 812

Authors: K. Deshmukh, H. Sana, O. Verhamme, R. Willcox, P. Marchant, T. Shenar, F. Backs, S. Janssens, B. Ludwig, L. Mahy, J. O. Sundqvist, J. I. Villaseñor

Abstract: Massive O-type stars ($M\gtrsim15\,M_\odot$) with an X-ray quiet black hole (BH) companion represent a crucial stage in massive binary evolution leading to binary BH mergers. The population of such binaries remains elusive, with $\lesssim5$ candidate or confirmed systems. The Tarantula nebula harbors thousands of massive stars, 2-3 % of which are expected to have BH companions. It is therefore an… ▽ More Massive O-type stars ($M\gtrsim15\,M_\odot$) with an X-ray quiet black hole (BH) companion represent a crucial stage in massive binary evolution leading to binary BH mergers. The population of such binaries remains elusive, with $\lesssim5$ candidate or confirmed systems. The Tarantula nebula harbors thousands of massive stars, 2-3 % of which are expected to have BH companions. It is therefore an ideal place to hunt for such systems. Here we analyse 30 epochs of VLT/FLAMES IFU high-resolution observations of the H$δ$ region, as well as archival FLAMES spectroscopy, of VFTS 812, a 17-day single-lined spectroscopic binary with an O4V primary and a minimum secondary mass of $5.1\,M_\odot$. Following careful removal of the nebular contamination, spectral disentangling on the new data did not reveal any signature of the hidden companion. We derive $T_\mathrm{eff}=49^{+3}_{-4}$ kK, $\log L/L_\odot=5.7\pm0.1$ and $v_\mathrm{rot,max}{\rm \,sin\,}i=110^{+25}_{-35}$ km/s for the O4V component, yielding a (single star) evolutionary mass of $53^{+6}_{-5}$ $M_\odot$ and an age in the range of 0-1.6 Myr. Using injection tests of various luminous artificial companions in our data, we exhaustively rule out the presence of any luminous signature from a main sequence star more massive than $6\,M_\odot$. We discuss the possible nature of the companion, suggesting that the rejuvenated O star + BH companion is the most suitable scenario to consistently explain the location, (rejuvenated) young age, eccentricity and lack of companion signature. While this establishes VFTS 812 as a strong candidate O+BH system, follow-up observations are deemed necessary for robust confirmation and to search for accretion signatures on the O4V star. △ Less

Submitted 10 February, 2026; v1 submitted 3 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 8 pages, 6 figures. Accepted in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 706, L17 (2026)

Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Projected rotational velocities

Authors: D. J. Lennon, S. R. Berlanas, A. Herrero, N. Britavskiy, P. L. Dufton, N. Langer, H. Jin, A. Schootemeijer, A. Menon, J. Bestenlehner, P. Crowther, J. S. Vink, J. Bodensteiner, T. Shenar, K. Deshmukh, J. Villasenor, L. Patrick, F. Najarro, A. de Koter, L. Mahy, D. M. Bowman, A. Bobrick, C. J. Evans, M. Gull, G. Holgado , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) survey is an ESO large programme designed to obtain multi-epoch spectroscopy for 929 massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). It will provide binary fractions and orbital configurations of binary systems, and search for dormant black-hole binary candidates (OB+BH). Here we present projected rotational velocities (vsini) of all sources and, using th… ▽ More The Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) survey is an ESO large programme designed to obtain multi-epoch spectroscopy for 929 massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). It will provide binary fractions and orbital configurations of binary systems, and search for dormant black-hole binary candidates (OB+BH). Here we present projected rotational velocities (vsini) of all sources and, using the multiplicity properties presented in previous papers, we derive the vsini distributions of apparent single stars, single lined spectroscopic (SB1) binaries, and SB2 systems. We identify a locus in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram where rotational velocities decrease significantly; we interpret this feature as broadly corresponding to the terminal-age main sequence. The main sequence cohort is distinguished by a broad range of vsini values, but with a strong peak in the distribution in the range 30-60 km/s, close to the resolution limit of 30 km/s. Sources in this low vsini peak are distributed throughout the main sequence, and are also present in the SB1 sample, though less prominent than in the single star distribution. A preliminary analysis of the lowest vsini cohort, that includes SB1 systems, implies that roughly one third may be nitrogen rich and we speculate that this cohort is a mix of pristine single stars, long period binaries, and merger products. The SB2 systems appear to be mostly short period binaries in synchronous rotation and have vsini estimates distributed around a mean value of approximately 140 km/s . Higher vsini sources are also present in the single and SB1 systems, all of which have tail to higher vsini values, consistent with tidal and mass-transfer effects. The supergiants, with a few exceptions, have low vsini, the bulk of these systems being essentially unresolved at current spectral resolution. △ Less

Submitted 29 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 18 figures. 3 tables are only available in electronic form. Accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 707, A204 (2026)

A 43 day transiting Neptune and two 25 day Saturns from TESS, NGTS and ASTEP

Authors: Alicia Kendall, Solène Ulmer-Moll, Samuel Gill, Matthew R. Burleigh, Michael R. Goad, David R. Anderson, Edward M. Bryant, Baptiste Lavie, Maddalena Bugatti, Javier A. Acevedo Barroso, Michal Steiner, Diana Dragomir, Steven Villanueva Jr., Daniel J. Stevens, Arvind F. Gupta, Scott Gaudi, Guoyou Sun, Alastair Claringbold, Lauren Doyle, Tristan Guillot, Olga Suarez, Djamel Mékarnia, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Philippe Bendjoya, Carl Ziegler , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Beyond orbital periods of 10 days, there is a dearth of known transiting gas giants. On longer orbits, planets are less affected by their host star, and become ideal probes of planet formation, migration and evolution. We report the discovery of a long period Neptune and two Saturns, each initially identified as single transits in the TESS photometry, and solved through additional transits from gr… ▽ More Beyond orbital periods of 10 days, there is a dearth of known transiting gas giants. On longer orbits, planets are less affected by their host star, and become ideal probes of planet formation, migration and evolution. We report the discovery of a long period Neptune and two Saturns, each initially identified as single transits in the TESS photometry, and solved through additional transits from ground-based follow-up photometric observations by NGTS and ASTEP. High-resolution radial velocity mass measurements using CORALIE and HARPS confirm their planetary nature. From joint modelling of the photometric and spectroscopic data, we determine an orbital period of $43.12655_{-0.00017}^{+0.00012}~$days, radius of $3.65\pm0.22~\mathrm{R_{\oplus}}$, and mass of $19.1_{-4.5}^{+4.9}~\mathrm{M_{\oplus}}$ for NGTS-34b, making it one of the longest period well-characterized transiting Neptunes. Orbiting a late F-type star, bright in the K-band (Kmag$~\simeq7.9$), it is amenable for cool atmosphere studies using JWST or Ariel. TOI-4940b is a small Saturn on a $25.867811_{-0.000056}^{+0.000058}~$day orbit with a radius of $6.61\pm0.37~\mathrm{R_{\oplus}}$ and an upper mass limit $<89~\mathrm{M_{\oplus}}$. NGTS-35b(=TOI-6669b) is a larger Saturn on a $25.241192\pm0.000022~$day, moderately eccentric orbit ($e = 0.192_{-0.033}^{+0.037}$), with a radius of $10.90\pm0.65~\mathrm{R_{\oplus}}$ and a mass of $152_{-19}^{+22}~\mathrm{M_{\oplus}}$. With an assumed albedo $A=0.3$, each of these planets has an equilibrium temperature below 700K, with NGTS-35b especially cold at $450~$K. These three giants add to the small but growing population of long period planets that can further our understanding of planet formation mechanisms. △ Less

Submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 20 pages + 12 pages supplementary material, 15 figures + 13 supplementary figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Interacting binaries on the Main Sequence as in-situ tracers of mass transfer efficiency and stability

Authors: Koushik Sen, Mathieu Renzo, Harim Jin, Norbert Langer, Abel Schootemeijer, Jaime I. Villaseñor, Laurent Mahy, Aldana Grichener, Neev Shah, Chen Wang, Xiao-Tian Xu

Abstract: Understanding the transfer of mass and angular momentum in binary interactions is crucial for modelling the evolution of any interacting binary after the first mass transfer phase. Mass transfer physics assumptions shape the predictions for later stages of binary evolution, such as the immediate progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae and gravitational wave mergers. We constrain the efficiency… ▽ More Understanding the transfer of mass and angular momentum in binary interactions is crucial for modelling the evolution of any interacting binary after the first mass transfer phase. Mass transfer physics assumptions shape the predictions for later stages of binary evolution, such as the immediate progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae and gravitational wave mergers. We constrain the efficiency and stability of thermal timescale mass transfer in massive binary evolution using the observed population of 62 massive interacting binaries on the Main Sequence (`Algols') in the Milky Way, Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. We find that purely conservative or non-conservative mass transfer cannot explain the current mass ratio and orbital period of all massive Algols. Angular momentum conservation rules out conservative mass transfer in $\sim$28\,\% of massive Algols in the SMC. About three-quarters of all massive Algols are consistent with having undergone inefficient mass transfer ($\lesssim$\,50\,\%), while the remaining systems, mostly residing in the LMC and Milky Way, require mass transfer to have been more efficient than 25\%. For our fiducial assumption on the extent of envelope stripping, the current sample of massive Algols does not require mass transfer to be efficient at the shortest orbital periods ($\sim$2\,d) at any metallicity. We find evidence that mass transfer on the Main Sequence needs to be stable for initial accretor-to-donor mass ratios as unequal as $\sim 0.6$. Unless biased by observational selection effects, the massive Algols in the SMC seem to have undergone less efficient mass transfer than those in the LMC and Milky Way. △ Less

Submitted 4 February, 2026; v1 submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: Accepted in ApJ

The physical properties of post-mass-transfer binaries

Authors: Rhys Seeburger, Hans-Walter Rix, Kareem El-Badry, Johanna Müller-Horn, Alex J. Dimoff, Jan Henneco, Jaime I. Villaseñor

Abstract: Aims. We present and analyse the detailed physical properties of six binary stellar systems, originally proposed as possible star-black hole binaries on the basis of radial velocities from Gaia's third data release, but soon recognised as likely post-mass-transfer binary systems with stripped companions. Methods. We used multi-epoch high-resolution FEROS spectra and spectral disentangling paired w… ▽ More Aims. We present and analyse the detailed physical properties of six binary stellar systems, originally proposed as possible star-black hole binaries on the basis of radial velocities from Gaia's third data release, but soon recognised as likely post-mass-transfer binary systems with stripped companions. Methods. We used multi-epoch high-resolution FEROS spectra and spectral disentangling paired with stellar templates to derive effective temperatures, $T_\mathrm{eff}$; stellar radii, R*; and projected rotational velocities, v$\sin{i}$ for both components in all systems along with the mass ratio, q = $M_\mathrm{accretor}/M_\mathrm{donor}$ and the components' flux ratio as a function of wavelength. Results. Our analysis directly confirms that all systems are post-mass-transfer binaries with two luminous stars, i.e. no black hole companions. Each system contains an A-type accretor component that is rapidly rotating and a cooler very low-mass donor (~ 0.25M$\odot$) that is overluminous. Five of the systems show no trace of any emission lines, implying that there is no current mass transfer, consistent with our inferred radii, in all cases within the Roche volume. The data are generally consistent with stable case AB mass transfer with $β$ (the fraction of mass lost from the accretor) less than 0.7. While the accretor components rotate rapidly, they rotate well below the critical rotation rate, $v_\mathrm{crit}$, even though there must have been enough mass transfer to spin them up to a significant fraction of $v_\mathrm{crit}$, according to theoretical models of angular momentum transfer. As neither magnetic braking nor tidal synchronisation should have been effective in spinning down the stars, our results suggest that either mass accretion does not increase the angular momentum of the accretors to their critical values or the systems never reached these values in the first place. △ Less

Submitted 17 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

The binary landscape of massive stars at low $Z$: Insights from the BLOeM Campaign

Authors: J. I. Villaseñor, H. Sana, J. Bodensteiner, N. Britavskiy, L. R. Patrick, T. Shenar, the BLOeM Collaboration

Abstract: We present an overview of our recent results from the BLOeM campaign in the Small Magellanic Cloud ($Z=0.2\,{\rm Z}_{\odot}$). Using nine-epoch VLT/FLAMES spectroscopy, we investigated the multiplicity of 929 massive stars. Our findings reveal contrasting binary properties across evolutionary stages: O-type stars show an intrinsic close-binary fraction of $70\%$, and early B-type dwarfs/giants rea… ▽ More We present an overview of our recent results from the BLOeM campaign in the Small Magellanic Cloud ($Z=0.2\,{\rm Z}_{\odot}$). Using nine-epoch VLT/FLAMES spectroscopy, we investigated the multiplicity of 929 massive stars. Our findings reveal contrasting binary properties across evolutionary stages: O-type stars show an intrinsic close-binary fraction of $70\%$, and early B-type dwarfs/giants reach ${\sim80}\%$, exceeding higher-metallicity samples. In contrast, B0-B3 supergiants drop to ${\sim40}\%$, and A-F supergiants to ${\sim8}\%$; intrinsic variability likely inflates the latter, so the true multiplicity may be lower. OBe stars display distinct binary properties consistent with a post-interaction origin. These results have profound implications for massive-star evolution at low metallicity, including the production of exotic transients, gravitational-wave progenitors, and ionising radiation in the early Universe. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 5 pages, 5 figures, IAU Symposium 402 proceedings "Massive Stars Across Redshifts in the Era of JWST and Large-Scale Surveys"

MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars

Authors: G. Dransfield, M. Timmermans, D. Sebastian, B. V. Rackham, A. Burgasser, K. Barkaoui, A. H. M. J. Triaud, M. Gillon, J. M. Almenara, S. L. Casewell, K. A. Collins, A. Fukui, C. Jano-Munoz, S. Kanodia, N. Narita, E. Palle, M. G. Scott, A. Soubkiou, A. Stokholm, J. Audenaert, G. Á. Bakos, Y. Beletsky, Z. L. de Beurs, Z. Benkhaldoun, A. Burdanov , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Giant planets orbiting low-mass stars on short orbits present a conundrum, as in the most extreme cases their existence cannot be reconciled with current models of core accretion. Therefore, surveys dedicated to finding these rare planets have a key role to play by growing the sample to overcome small number statistics. In this work we present MANGOS, a programme dedicated to the search for giant… ▽ More Giant planets orbiting low-mass stars on short orbits present a conundrum, as in the most extreme cases their existence cannot be reconciled with current models of core accretion. Therefore, surveys dedicated to finding these rare planets have a key role to play by growing the sample to overcome small number statistics. In this work we present MANGOS, a programme dedicated to the search for giant objects (planets, brown dwarfs, and low-mass stars) orbiting M dwarfs. We report on the discovery of five new giant planets (TOI-3288 Ab, TOI-4666 b, TOI-5007 b, TOI-5292 Ab, TOI-5916 b) first detected by TESS, and confirmed using ground-based photometry and spectroscopy. The five planets have radii in the range 0.99-1.12 $\mathrm{R_{Jup}}$, masses between 0.49--1.69~$\mathrm{M_{Jup}}$, and orbital periods between 1.43 and 2.91 days. We reveal that TOI-3288 and TOI-5292 are wide binaries, and in the case of TOI-5292 we are able to characterise both stellar components. We demonstrate that the planets presented are suitable for further characterisation of their obliquities and atmospheres. We detect a small but significant eccentricity for TOI-5007 b, although for this to be more robust, more observations are needed to fully sample the orbit. Finally, we reveal a correlation between stellar metallicity and planet bulk density for giant planets orbiting low-mass stars. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Submitted to MNRAS

Journal ref: Mon Not R Astron Soc (2026)

A high fraction of close massive binary stars at low metallicity

Authors: H. Sana, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, N. Britavskiy, N. Langer, D. J. Lennon, L. Mahy, I. Mandel, S. E. de Mink, L. R. Patrick, J. I. Villasenor, M. Dirickx, M. Abdul-Masih, L. A. Almeida, F. Backs, S. R. Berlanas, M. Bernini-Peron, D. M. Bowman, V. A. Bronner, P. A. Crowther, K. Deshmukh, C. J. Evans, M. Fabry, M. Gieles, A. Gilkis , et al. (52 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: At high metallicity, a majority of massive stars have at least one close stellar companion. The evolution of such binaries is subject to strong interaction processes, heavily impacting the characteristics of their life-ending supernova and compact remnants. For the low-metallicity environments of high-redshift galaxies constraints on the multiplicity properties of massive stars over the separation… ▽ More At high metallicity, a majority of massive stars have at least one close stellar companion. The evolution of such binaries is subject to strong interaction processes, heavily impacting the characteristics of their life-ending supernova and compact remnants. For the low-metallicity environments of high-redshift galaxies constraints on the multiplicity properties of massive stars over the separation range leading to binary interaction are crucially missing. Here we show that the presence of massive stars in close binaries is ubiquitous, even at low metallicity. Using the Very Large Telescope, we obtained multi-epoch radial velocity measurements of a representative sample of 139 massive O-type stars across the Small Magellanic Cloud, which has a metal content of about one fifth of the solar value. We find that 45% of them show radial velocity variations which demonstrate that they are members of close binary systems, and predominantly have orbital periods shorter than one year. Correcting for observational biases indicates that at least 70[+11:-6]% of the O stars in our sample are in close binaries, and that at least 68[+7:-8]% of all O stars interact with a companion star during their lifetime. We found no evidence supporting a statistically significant trend of the multiplicity properties with metallicity. Our results indicate that multiplicity and binary interactions govern the evolution of massive stars and determine their cosmic feedback and explosive fates. △ Less

Submitted 15 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 32 pages, 12 figures

Journal ref: Nature Astronomy (2025)

The large-scale kinematics of young stars in the Milky Way disc: first results from SDSS-V

Authors: Eleonora Zari, Jaime Villaseñor, Marina Kounkel, Hans-Walter Rix, Neige Frankel, Andrew Tkachenko, Sergey Khoperskov, Elena D'Onghia, Alexandre Roman-Lopes, Carlos Román-Zúñiga, Guy S. Stringfellow, Jonathan C. Tan, Aida Wofford, Dmitry Bizyaev, John Donor, José G. Fernández-Trincado, Sean Morrison, Kaike Pan, Sebastian F. Sanchez, Andrew Saydjari

Abstract: We present a first large-scale kinematic map of $\sim$50,000 young OB stars ($T_{\rm eff} \geq 10,000$ K), based on BOSS spectroscopy from the Milky Way Mapper OB program in the ongoing Sloan Digital Sky Survey V (SDSS-V). Using photogeometric distances, line-of-sight velocities and Gaia DR3 proper motions, we map 3D Galactocentric velocities across the Galactic plane to $\sim$5 kpc from the Sun,… ▽ More We present a first large-scale kinematic map of $\sim$50,000 young OB stars ($T_{\rm eff} \geq 10,000$ K), based on BOSS spectroscopy from the Milky Way Mapper OB program in the ongoing Sloan Digital Sky Survey V (SDSS-V). Using photogeometric distances, line-of-sight velocities and Gaia DR3 proper motions, we map 3D Galactocentric velocities across the Galactic plane to $\sim$5 kpc from the Sun, with a focus on radial motions ($v_R$). Our results reveal mean radial motion with amplitudes of $\pm 30$ km/s that are coherent on kiloparsec scales, alternating between inward and outward motions. These $\bar{v}_R$ amplitudes are considerably higher than those observed for older, red giant populations. These kinematic patterns show only a weak correlation with spiral arm over-densities. Age estimates, derived from MIST isochrones, indicate that 85% of the sample is younger than $\sim300$ Myr and that the youngest stars ($\le 30$ Myr) align well with density enhancements. The age-dependent $\bar{v}_R$ in Auriga makes it plausible that younger stars exhibits different velocity variations than older giants. The origin of the radial velocity features remains uncertain, and may result from a combination of factors, including spiral arm dynamics, the Galactic bar, resonant interactions, or phase mixing following a perturbation. The present analysis is based on approximately one-third of the full target sample. The completed survey will enable a more comprehensive investigation of these features and a detailed dynamical interpretation. △ Less

Submitted 15 September, 2025; v1 submitted 12 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 13 pages (13 figures) + 3 pages of appendices (5 figures). Under review at A&A; revised after first referee comments

Journal ref: A&A 703, A303 (2025)

Husain-Kuchař model as the Carrollian limit of the Holst term

Authors: J. Fernando Barbero G., Juan Margalef-Bentabol, Aitor Vicente-Cano, Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor

Abstract: We show how the Husain-Kuchař model can be understood as a Carrollian limit of the Holst term in the context of background-independent field theories described in terms of coframes and spin connections. We also discuss the footprint of the Carrollian symmetry in the Hamiltonian formulation of the Husain-Kuchař action. We show how the Husain-Kuchař model can be understood as a Carrollian limit of the Holst term in the context of background-independent field theories described in terms of coframes and spin connections. We also discuss the footprint of the Carrollian symmetry in the Hamiltonian formulation of the Husain-Kuchař action. △ Less

Submitted 28 May, 2026; v1 submitted 21 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 13 pages

Journal ref: Classical and Quantum Gravity, 43 (2026) 105006

Hidden diffeos in the Hamiltonian formulation of a background independent field theory

Authors: J. Fernando Barbero G., Bogar Díaz, Juan Margalef-Bentabol, Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor

Abstract: We analyze from a geometric perspective the Hamiltonian formulation of a recent modification of the Husain-Kuchař model where, while preserving the connection as a dynamical variable, the other field is restricted to be the exterior covariant derivative of a Lie algebra-valued function. We prove that 3-dimensional diffeomorphisms can be accommodated among the local gauge transformations of the mod… ▽ More We analyze from a geometric perspective the Hamiltonian formulation of a recent modification of the Husain-Kuchař model where, while preserving the connection as a dynamical variable, the other field is restricted to be the exterior covariant derivative of a Lie algebra-valued function. We prove that 3-dimensional diffeomorphisms can be accommodated among the local gauge transformations of the model in addition to the internal gauge symmetries. △ Less

Submitted 16 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 17 pages

Journal ref: Geometric Mechanics, 02 (2025) 385

The Nineteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Authors: SDSS Collaboration, Gautham Adamane Pallathadka, Mojgan Aghakhanloo, James Aird, Andrés Almeida, Singh Amrita, Friedrich Anders, Scott F. Anderson, Stefan Arseneau, Consuelo González Avila, Shir Aviram, Catarina Aydar, Carles Badenes, Jorge K. Barrera-Ballesteros, Franz E. Bauer, Aida Behmard, Michelle Berg, F. Besser, Christian Moni Bidin, Dmitry Bizyaev, Guillermo Blanc, Michael R. Blanton, Jo Bovy, William Nielsen Brandt, Joel R. Brownstein , et al. (187 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Mapping the local and distant Universe is key to our understanding of it. For decades, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has made a concerted effort to map millions of celestial objects to constrain the physical processes that govern our Universe. The most recent and fifth generation of SDSS (SDSS-V) is organized into three scientific ``mappers". Milky Way Mapper (MWM) that aims to chart the var… ▽ More Mapping the local and distant Universe is key to our understanding of it. For decades, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has made a concerted effort to map millions of celestial objects to constrain the physical processes that govern our Universe. The most recent and fifth generation of SDSS (SDSS-V) is organized into three scientific ``mappers". Milky Way Mapper (MWM) that aims to chart the various components of the Milky Way and constrain its formation and assembly, Black Hole Mapper (BHM), which focuses on understanding supermassive black holes in distant galaxies across the Universe, and Local Volume Mapper (LVM), which uses integral field spectroscopy to map the ionized interstellar medium in the local group. This paper describes and outlines the scope and content for the nineteenth data release (DR19) of SDSS and the most substantial to date in SDSS-V. DR19 is the first to contain data from all three mappers. Additionally, we also describe nine value added catalogs (VACs) that enhance the science that can be conducted with the SDSS-V data. Finally, we discuss how to access SDSS DR19 and provide illustrative examples and tutorials. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Submitted to AASJournals. 56 Pages, 9 Tables, 11 Figures

Sloan Digital Sky Survey-V: Pioneering Panoptic Spectroscopy

Authors: Juna A. Kollmeier, Hans-Walter Rix, Conny Aerts, James Aird, Pablo Vera Alfaro, Andrés Almeida, Scott F. Anderson, Óscar Jiménez Arranz, Stefan M. Arseneau, Roberto Assef, Shir Aviram, Catarina Aydar, Carles Badenes, Avrajit Bandyopadhyay, Kat Barger, Robert H. Barkhouser, Franz E. Bauer, Chad Bender, Felipe Besser, Binod Bhattarai, Pavaman Bilgi, Jonathan Bird, Dmitry Bizyaev, Guillermo A. Blanc, Michael R. Blanton , et al. (195 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey-V (SDSS-V) is pioneering panoptic spectroscopy: it is the first all-sky, multi-epoch, optical-to-infrared spectroscopic survey. SDSS-V is mapping the sky with multi-object spectroscopy (MOS) at telescopes in both hemispheres (the 2.5-m Sloan Foundation Telescope at Apache Point Observatory and the 100-inch du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory), where 500 zonal… ▽ More The Sloan Digital Sky Survey-V (SDSS-V) is pioneering panoptic spectroscopy: it is the first all-sky, multi-epoch, optical-to-infrared spectroscopic survey. SDSS-V is mapping the sky with multi-object spectroscopy (MOS) at telescopes in both hemispheres (the 2.5-m Sloan Foundation Telescope at Apache Point Observatory and the 100-inch du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory), where 500 zonal robotic fiber positioners feed light from a wide-field focal plane to an optical (R$\sim 2000$, 500 fibers) and a near-infrared (R$\sim 22,000$, 300 fibers) spectrograph. In addition to these MOS capabilities, the survey is pioneering ultra wide-field ($\sim$ 4000~deg$^2$) integral field spectroscopy enabled by a new dedicated facility (LVM-I) at Las Campanas Observatory, where an integral field spectrograph (IFS) with 1801 lenslet-coupled fibers arranged in a 0.5 degree diameter hexagon feeds multiple R$\sim$4000 optical spectrographs that cover 3600-9800 angstroms. SDSS-V's hardware and multi-year survey strategy are designed to decode the chemo-dynamical history of the Milky Way Galaxy and tackle fundamental open issues in stellar physics in its Milky Way Mapper program, trace the growth physics of supermassive black holes in its Black Hole Mapper program, and understand the self-regulation mechanisms and the chemical enrichment of galactic ecosystems at the energy-injection scale in its Local Volume Mapper program. The survey is well-timed to multiply the scientific output from major all-sky space missions. The SDSS-V MOS programs began robotic operations in 2021; IFS observations began in 2023 with the completion of the LVM-I facility. SDSS-V builds upon decades of heritage of SDSS's pioneering advances in data analysis, collaboration spirit, infrastructure, and product deliverables in astronomy. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 76 pages, submitted to the Astronomical Journal

HIP 15429: A newborn Be star on an eccentric binary orbit

Authors: Johanna Müller-Horn, Kareem El-Badry, Hans-Walter Rix, Tomer Shenar, Rhys Seeburger, Jaime I. Villaseñor, Julia Bodensteiner, David W. Latham, Allyson Bieryla, Lars A. Buchhave, Howard Isaacson, Andrew W. Howard

Abstract: We identified a new post-interaction binary, HIP 15429, consisting of a stripped star and a recently formed, rapidly rotating Be star companion ($v \sin i \approx 270$ km/s) sharing many similarities with recently identified bloated stripped stars. From orbital fitting of multi-epoch radial velocities we find a 221-day period. We also find an eccentricity of $e=0.52$, which is unexpectedly high as… ▽ More We identified a new post-interaction binary, HIP 15429, consisting of a stripped star and a recently formed, rapidly rotating Be star companion ($v \sin i \approx 270$ km/s) sharing many similarities with recently identified bloated stripped stars. From orbital fitting of multi-epoch radial velocities we find a 221-day period. We also find an eccentricity of $e=0.52$, which is unexpectedly high as tides are expected to have circularised the orbit efficiently during the presumed recent mass transfer. The formation of a circumbinary disk during the mass transfer phase or the presence of an unseen tertiary companion might explain the orbit's high eccentricity. We determined physical parameters for both stars by fitting the spectra of the disentangled binary components and multi-band photometry. The stripped nature of the donor star is affirmed by its high luminosity at a low inferred mass ($\lesssim 1 \mathrm{M}_\odot$) and imprints of CNO-processed material in the surface abundances. The donor's relatively large radius and cool temperature ($T_{\mathrm{eff}} = 13.5 \pm 0.5$ kK) suggest that it has only recently ceased mass transfer. Evolutionary models assuming a 5-6 $\mathrm{M}_\odot$ progenitor can reproduce these parameters and imply that the binary is currently evolving towards a stage where the donor becomes a subdwarf orbiting a Be star. The remarkably high eccentricity of HIP 15429 challenges standard tidal evolution models, suggesting either inefficient tidal dissipation or external influences, such as a tertiary companion or circumbinary disk. This underscores the need to identify and characterise more post-mass transfer binaries to benchmark and refine theoretical models of binary evolution. △ Less

Submitted 8 August, 2025; v1 submitted 9 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 701, A9 (2025)

Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Enhanced multiplicity of early B-type dwarfs and giants at $Z=0.2\,{\rm Z}_\odot$

Authors: J. I. Villaseñor, H. Sana, L. Mahy, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, N. Britavskiy, D. J. Lennon, M. Moe, L. R. Patrick, M. Pawlak, D. M. Bowman, P. A. Crowther, S. E. de Mink, K. Deshmukh, C. J. Evans, M. Fabry, M. Fouesneau, A. Herrero, G. Holgado, N. Langer, J. Maíz Apellániz, I. Mandel, L. M. Oskinova, D. Pauli, V. Ramachandran , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Early B-type stars ($M_i=8-15$ M$_\odot$) are frequently in multiple systems, as evidenced by spectroscopic campaigns in the Milky Way (MW) and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Previous studies have shown no strong metallicity dependence in the close-binary (a>10 au) fraction or orbital-period distributions between the MW's solar metallicity (Z$_\odot$) and that of the LMC (Z=0.5 Z$_\odot$). Howe… ▽ More Early B-type stars ($M_i=8-15$ M$_\odot$) are frequently in multiple systems, as evidenced by spectroscopic campaigns in the Milky Way (MW) and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Previous studies have shown no strong metallicity dependence in the close-binary (a>10 au) fraction or orbital-period distributions between the MW's solar metallicity (Z$_\odot$) and that of the LMC (Z=0.5 Z$_\odot$). However, similar analyses in more metal-poor environments are still scarce. We focus on 309 early B-type stars (luminosity classes III-V) from the Binarity at LOw Metallicity campaign in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC, Z=0.2 Z$_\odot$) using VLT/FLAMES multi-epoch spectroscopy. By applying binary detection criteria consistent with previous works, we identify 153 stars (91 SB1, 59 SB2, 3 SB3) exhibiting significant radial-velocity (RV) variations, resulting in an observed multiplicity fraction of $f^{obs}_{mult}=50\pm3\%$. Using Monte Carlo simulations to account for observational biases, we infer an intrinsic close-binary fraction of $f_{mult}=80\pm8\%$. A Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of the peak-to-peak RV distribution ($Δ{\rm RV}_{\rm max}$) confirms a high multiplicity fraction of $f_{mult}=78\pm5\%$. These findings suggest a possible anti-correlation between metallicity and the fraction of close B-type binaries, with the SMC multiplicity fraction significantly exceeding previous measurements in the LMC and MW. The enhanced fraction of close binaries at SMC's low metallicity may have broad implications for massive-star evolution in the early Universe. More frequent mass transfer and envelope stripping could boost the production of exotic transients, stripped supernovae, gravitational-wave progenitors, and sustained UV ionising flux, potentially affecting cosmic reionisation. Theoretical predictions of binary evolution under metal-poor conditions will provide a key test of our results. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2025; v1 submitted 27 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 18 figures (additional 10 pages and 7 figures in appendices). Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 698, A41 (2025)

Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Multiplicity of early B-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Authors: N. Britavskiy, L. Mahy, D. J. Lennon, L. R. Patrick, H. Sana, J. I. Villaseñor, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, M. Bernini-Peron, S. R. Berlanas, D. M. Bowman, P. A. Crowther, S. E. de Mink, C. J. Evans, Y. Götberg, G. Holgado, C. Johnston, Z. Keszthelyi, J. Klencki, N. Langer, I. Mandel, A. Menon, M. Moe, L. M. Oskinova, D. Pauli , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The blue supergiant (BSG) domain contains a large variety of stars whose past and future evolutionary paths are still highly uncertain. Since binary interaction plays a crucial role in the fate of massive stars, investigating the multiplicity among BSGs helps shed light on the fate of such objects. We aim to estimate the binary fraction of a large sample of BSGs in the Small Magellanic Cloud withi… ▽ More The blue supergiant (BSG) domain contains a large variety of stars whose past and future evolutionary paths are still highly uncertain. Since binary interaction plays a crucial role in the fate of massive stars, investigating the multiplicity among BSGs helps shed light on the fate of such objects. We aim to estimate the binary fraction of a large sample of BSGs in the Small Magellanic Cloud within the Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) survey. In total, we selected 262 targets with spectral types B0-B3 and luminosity classes I-II. This work is based on spectroscopic data collected by the GIRAFFE instrument, mounted on the Very Large Telescope, which gathered nine epochs over three months. Our spectroscopic analysis for each target includes the individual and peak-to-peak radial velocity measurements, an investigation of the line profile variability, and a periodogram analysis to search for possible short- and long-period binaries. By applying a 20 km s$^{-1}$ threshold on the peak-to-peak radial velocities above which we would consider the star to be binary, the resulting observed spectroscopic binary fraction for our BSG sample is 23 $\pm$ 3$\%$. In addition, we derived reliable orbital periods for 41 spectroscopic binaries and potential binary candidates, among which there are 17 eclipsing binaries, including 20 SB1 and SB2 systems with periods of less than 10 days. We reported a significant drop in the binary fraction of BSGs with spectral types later than B2 and effective temperatures less than 18 kK, which could indicate the end of the main sequence phase in this temperature regime. We found no metallicity dependence in the binary fraction of BSGs, compared to existing spectroscopic surveys of the Galaxy and Large Magellanic Cloud. △ Less

Submitted 28 April, 2025; v1 submitted 17 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 18 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 698, A40 (2025)

Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): The multiplicity properties and evolution of BAF-type supergiants

Authors: L. R. Patrick, D. J. Lennon, F. Najarro, T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, H. Sana, P. A. Crowther, N. Britavskiy, N. Langer, A. Schootemeijer, C. J. Evans, L. Mahy, Y. Götberg, S. E. de Mink, F. R. N. Schneider, A. J. G. O'Grady, J. I. Villaseñor, M. Bernini-Peron, D. M. Bowman, A. de Koter, K. Deshmukh, A. Gilkis, G. González-Torà, V. M. Kalari, Z. Keszthelyi , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Given the uncertain evolutionary status of blue supergiant stars, their multiplicity properties hold vital clues to better understand their origin and evolution. As part of The Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign in the Small Magellanic Cloud we present a multi-epoch spectroscopic survey of 128 supergiant stars of spectral type B5--F5, which roughly correspond to initial masses in the ran… ▽ More Given the uncertain evolutionary status of blue supergiant stars, their multiplicity properties hold vital clues to better understand their origin and evolution. As part of The Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign in the Small Magellanic Cloud we present a multi-epoch spectroscopic survey of 128 supergiant stars of spectral type B5--F5, which roughly correspond to initial masses in the range 6 to 30 solar masses. The observed binary fraction for the B5-9 supergiants is 25+/-6 % (10+/-4 %) and 5+/-2 % (0 %) for the A-F stars, using a radial velocity (RV) variability threshold of 5 kms (10 kms) as a criterion for binarity. Accounting for observational biases we find an intrinsic multiplicity fraction of less than 18% for the B5-9 stars and 8$^{+9}_{-7}$% for the AF stars, for the orbital periods up to 10$^{3.5}$day and mass-ratios (q) in the range 0.1 < q < 1. The large stellar radii of these supergiant stars prevent short orbital periods but we demonstrate that this effect alone cannot explain our results. We assess the spectra and RV time series of the detected binary systems and find that only a small fraction display convincing solutions. We conclude that the multiplicity fractions are compromised by intrinsic stellar variability such that the true multiplicity fraction may be significantly smaller. Our main conclusions from comparing the multiplicity properties of the B5-9 and AF supergiants to that of their less evolved counterparts is that such stars cannot be explained by a direct evolution from the main sequence. Furthermore, by comparing their multiplicity properties to red supergiant stars we conclude that the AF supergiant stars are neither progenitors nor descendants of red supergiants. △ Less

Submitted 4 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: Accepted in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 698, A39 (2025)

Binarity at Low Metallicity (BLOeM) -- Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars

Authors: J. Bodensteiner, T. Shenar, H. Sana, N. Britavskiy, P. A. Crowther, N. Langer, D. J. Lennon, L. Mahy, L. R. Patrick, J. I. Villaseñor, M. Abdul-Masih, D. M. Bowman, A. de Koter, S. E. de Mink, K. Deshmukh, M. Fabry, A. Gilkis, Y. Götberg, G. Holgado, R. G. Izzard, S. Janssens, V. M. Kalari, Z. Keszthelyi, J. Kubát, I. Mandel , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Rapidly rotating classical OBe stars have been proposed as the products of binary interactions, and the fraction of Be stars with compact companions implies that at least some are. However, to constrain the interaction physics spinning up the OBe stars, a large sample of homogeneously analysed OBe stars with well-determined binary characteristics and orbital parameters are required. We investigate… ▽ More Rapidly rotating classical OBe stars have been proposed as the products of binary interactions, and the fraction of Be stars with compact companions implies that at least some are. However, to constrain the interaction physics spinning up the OBe stars, a large sample of homogeneously analysed OBe stars with well-determined binary characteristics and orbital parameters are required. We investigate the multiplicity properties of a sample of 18 Oe, 62 Be, and two Of?p stars observed within the BLOeM survey in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We analyse the first nine epochs of spectroscopic observations obtained over approximately three months in 2023. Radial velocities (RVs) of all stars are measured. Applying commonly-used binarity criteria we classify objects as binaries, binary candidates, and apparently single (RV stable) objects. We further inspect the spectra for double-lined spectroscopic binaries and cross-match with catalogues of X-ray sources and photometric binaries. We classify 14 OBe stars as binaries, and an additional 11 as binary candidates. The two Of?p stars are apparently single. Two more objects are most likely currently interacting binaries. Without those, the observed binary fraction for the OBe sample (78 stars) is f_OBe_obs=0.18+/-0.04 (f_obs_cand=0.32+/-0.05 including candidates). This fraction is less than half of that measured for OB stars in BLOeM. Combined with the lower fraction of SB2s, this suggests that OBe stars have indeed fundamentally different binary properties than OB stars. We find no evidence for OBe binaries with massive compact companions, in contrast to expectations from binary population synthesis. Our results support the binary scenario as an important formation channel for OBe stars, as post-interaction binaries may have been disrupted or the stripped companions of OBe stars are harder to detect. △ Less

Submitted 4 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 12 pages (+appendix), 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 698, A38 (2025)

A giant planet transiting a 3-Myr protostar with a misaligned disk

Authors: Madyson G. Barber, Andrew W. Mann, Andrew Vanderburg, Daniel Krolikowski, Adam Kraus, Megan Ansdell, Logan Pearce, Gregory N. Mace, Sean M. Andrews, Andrew W. Boyle, Karen A. Collins, Matthew De Furio, Diana Dragomir, Catherine Espaillat, Adina D. Feinstein, Matthew Fields, Daniel Jaffe, Ana Isabel Lopez Murillo, Felipe Murgas, Elisabeth R. Newton, Enric Palle, Erica Sawczynec, Richard P. Schwarz, Pa Chia Thao, Benjamin M. Tofflemire , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Astronomers have found more than a dozen planets transiting 10-40 million year old stars, but even younger transiting planets have remained elusive. A possible reason for the lack of such discoveries is that newly formed planets are not yet in a configuration that would be recognized as a transiting planet or cannot exhibit transits because our view is blocked by a protoplanetary disk. However, we… ▽ More Astronomers have found more than a dozen planets transiting 10-40 million year old stars, but even younger transiting planets have remained elusive. A possible reason for the lack of such discoveries is that newly formed planets are not yet in a configuration that would be recognized as a transiting planet or cannot exhibit transits because our view is blocked by a protoplanetary disk. However, we now know that many outer disks are warped; provided the inner disk is depleted, transiting planets may thus be visible. Here we report the observations of the transiting planet IRAS 04125+2902 b orbiting a 3 Myr, 0.7 M$_\odot$, pre-main sequence star in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. IRAS 04125+2902 hosts a nearly face-on (i $\sim$ 30$^\circ$) transitional disk and a wide binary companion. The planet has a period of 8.83 days, a radius of 10.9 R$_\oplus$ (0.97R$_J$), and a 95%-confidence upper limit on its mass of 90M$_\oplus$ (0.3M$_J$) from radial velocity measurements, making it a possible precursor of the super-Earths and sub-Neptunes that are commonly found around main-sequence stars. The rotational broadening of the star and the orbit of the wide (4", 635 AU) companion are both consistent with edge-on orientations. Thus, all components of the system appear to be aligned except the outer disk; the origin of this misalignment is unclear. Given the rare set of circumstances required to detect a transiting planet at ages when the disk is still present, IRAS 04125+2902 b likely provides a unique window into sub-Neptunes immediately following formation. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: Initial version submitted to Nature. Stellar, and hence planetary, parameters slightly differ from final version. Published version available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08123-3

Journal ref: Nature 635, 574-577 (2024)

Dynamical time and Ashtekar variables for the Husain-Kuchař model

Authors: J. Fernando Barbero G., Juan Margalef-Bentabol, Aitor Vicente-Cano, Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor

Abstract: The relation between the Husain-Kuchař model and some extensions thereof that incorporate a dynamical time variable is explored. To this end, we rely on the geometric approach to the Hamiltonian dynamics of singular (constrained) systems provided by the Gotay-Nester-Hinds method (GNH). We also use recent results regarding the derivation of the Ashtekar formulation for Euclidean general relativity… ▽ More The relation between the Husain-Kuchař model and some extensions thereof that incorporate a dynamical time variable is explored. To this end, we rely on the geometric approach to the Hamiltonian dynamics of singular (constrained) systems provided by the Gotay-Nester-Hinds method (GNH). We also use recent results regarding the derivation of the Ashtekar formulation for Euclidean general relativity without using the time gauge. The insights provided by the geometric approach followed in the paper shed light on several issues related to the dynamics of general relativity and the role of time. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2024; v1 submitted 16 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 30 pages

Journal ref: Physical Review D, 110 (2024) 124072

What is the Role of Large Language Models in the Evolution of Astronomy Research?

Authors: Morgan Fouesneau, Ivelina G. Momcheva, Urmila Chadayammuri, Mariia Demianenko, Antoine Dumont, Raphael E. Hviding, K. Angelique Kahle, Nadiia Pulatova, Bhavesh Rajpoot, Marten B. Scheuck, Rhys Seeburger, Dmitry Semenov, Jaime I. Villaseñor

Abstract: ChatGPT and other state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming multiple fields, offering powerful tools for a wide range of applications. These models, commonly trained on vast datasets, exhibit human-like text generation capabilities, making them useful for research tasks such as ideation, literature review, coding, drafting, and outreach. We conducted a study involving… ▽ More ChatGPT and other state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming multiple fields, offering powerful tools for a wide range of applications. These models, commonly trained on vast datasets, exhibit human-like text generation capabilities, making them useful for research tasks such as ideation, literature review, coding, drafting, and outreach. We conducted a study involving 13 astronomers at different career stages and research fields to explore LLM applications across diverse tasks over several months and to evaluate their performance in research-related activities. This work was accompanied by an anonymous survey assessing participants' experiences and attitudes towards LLMs. We provide a detailed analysis of the tasks attempted and the survey answers, along with specific output examples. Our findings highlight both the potential and limitations of LLMs in supporting research while also addressing general and research-specific ethical considerations. We conclude with a series of recommendations, emphasizing the need for researchers to complement LLMs with critical thinking and domain expertise, ensuring these tools serve as aids rather than substitutes for rigorous scientific inquiry. △ Less

Submitted 1 October, 2024; v1 submitted 30 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: Paper submitted to RASTI. We share our experience, ethical and legal concerns (5.3), and recommendations for individuals and journals (6.). We welcome feedback

TOI-5005 b: A super-Neptune in the savanna near the ridge

Authors: A. Castro-González, J. Lillo-Box, D. J. Armstrong, L. Acuña, A. Aguichine, V. Bourrier, S. Gandhi, S. G. Sousa, E. Delgado-Mena, A. Moya, V. Adibekyan, A. C. M. Correia, D. Barrado, M. Damasso, J. N. Winn, N. C. Santos, K. Barkaoui, S. C. C. Barros, Z. Benkhaldoun, F. Bouchy, C. Briceño, D. A. Caldwell, K. A. Collins, Z. Essack, M. Ghachoui , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Neptunian desert and savanna have recently been found to be separated by a ridge, an overdensity of planets in the period range of $\simeq$3-5 days. These features are thought to be shaped by dynamical and atmospheric processes, but their roles are not yet well understood. Our aim was to confirm and characterize the super-Neptune TESS candidate TOI-5005.01, which orbits a moderately bright (V… ▽ More The Neptunian desert and savanna have recently been found to be separated by a ridge, an overdensity of planets in the period range of $\simeq$3-5 days. These features are thought to be shaped by dynamical and atmospheric processes, but their roles are not yet well understood. Our aim was to confirm and characterize the super-Neptune TESS candidate TOI-5005.01, which orbits a moderately bright (V = 11.8) solar-type star (G2 V) with an orbital period of 6.3 days. We confirm TOI-5005 b to be a transiting super-Neptune with a radius of $R_{\rm p}$ = $6.25\pm 0.24$ $\rm R_{\rm \oplus}$ ($R_{\rm p}$ = $0.558\pm 0.021$ $\rm R_{\rm J}$) and a mass of $M_{\rm p}$ = $32.7\pm 5.9$ $\rm M_{\oplus}$ ($M_{\rm p}$ = $0.103\pm 0.018$ $\rm M_{\rm J}$), which corresponds to a mean density of $ρ_{\rm p}$ = $0.74 \pm 0.16$ $\rm g \, cm^{-3}$. Our internal structure modelling indicates that the overall metal mass fraction is well constrained to a value slightly lower than that of Neptune and Uranus ($Z_{\rm planet}$ = $0.76^{+0.04}_{-0.11}$). We also estimated the present-day atmospheric mass-loss rate of TOI-5005 b, but found contrasting predictions depending on the choice of photoevaporation model. At a population level, we find statistical evidence ($p$-value = $0.0092^{+0.0184}_{-0.0066}$) that planets in the savanna such as TOI-5005 b tend to show lower densities than planets in the ridge, with a dividing line around 1 $\rm g \, cm^{-3}$, which supports the hypothesis of different evolutionary pathways populating the two regimes. TOI-5005 b is located in a key region of the period-radius space to study the transition between the Neptunian ridge and the savanna. It orbits the brightest star of all such planets, which makes it a target of interest for atmospheric and orbital architecture observations that will bring a clearer picture of its overall evolution. △ Less

Submitted 28 April, 2025; v1 submitted 26 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: Published in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Abstract shortened. 35 pages, 26 figures

Journal ref: A&A 691, A233 (2024)

Investigating 39 Galactic Wolf-Rayet stars with VLTI/GRAVITY: Uncovering A Long Period Binary Desert

Authors: K. Deshmukh, H. Sana, A. Mérand, E. Bordier, N. Langer, J. Bodensteiner, K. Dsilva, A. J. Frost, E. Gosset, J. -B. Le Bouquin, R. R. Lefever, L. Mahy, L. R. Patrick, M. Reggiani, A. A. C. Sander, T. Shenar, F. Tramper, J. I. Villaseñor, I. Waisberg

Abstract: Wolf-Rayet stars (WRs) are one of the final evolutionary stages of massive stars and immediate progenitors of stellar-mass black holes. Their multiplicity forms an important anchor point in single and binary population models for predicting gravitational-wave progenitors. Recent spectroscopic campaigns have suggested incompatible multiplicity fractions and period distributions for N- and C-rich Ga… ▽ More Wolf-Rayet stars (WRs) are one of the final evolutionary stages of massive stars and immediate progenitors of stellar-mass black holes. Their multiplicity forms an important anchor point in single and binary population models for predicting gravitational-wave progenitors. Recent spectroscopic campaigns have suggested incompatible multiplicity fractions and period distributions for N- and C-rich Galactic WRs (WNs and WCs) at short as well as long orbital periods, in contradiction with evolutionary model predictions. In this work, we employed infrared interferometry using the $K$-band instrument GRAVITY at the VLTI to investigate the multiplicity of WRs at long periods and explore the nature of their companions. We present a survey of 39 Galactic WRs, including 11 WN, 15 WC and 13 H-rich WN (WNh) stars. We detected wide companions with GRAVITY for only four stars: WR 48, WR 89, WR 93 and WR 115. Combining with spectroscopic studies, we arrived at multiplicity fractions of $f^{\rm WN}_{\rm obs} = 0.55\pm0.15$, $f^{\rm WC}_{\rm obs} = 0.40\pm0.13$ and $f^{\rm WNh}_{\rm obs} = 0.23\pm0.12$. In addition, we also found other features in the GRAVITY dataset such as (i) a diffuse extended component in over half the WR sample; (ii) five known spectroscopic binaries resolved in differential phase data and (iii) spatially resolved winds in four stars: WR 16, WR 31a, WR 78 and WR 110. Our survey reveals a lack of intermediate (few 100s d) and long- (few years to decades) period WR systems. The 200-d peak in the period distributions of WR+OB and BH+OB binaries predicted by Case B mass-transfer binary evolution models is not seen in our data. The rich companionship of their O-type progenitors in this separation range suggest that the WR progenitor stars expand and interact with their companions, most likely through unstable mass-transfer, resulting in either a short-period system or a merger. △ Less

Submitted 25 October, 2024; v1 submitted 23 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Comments: Accepted in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 692, A109 (2024)

TOI-757 b: an eccentric transiting mini-Neptune on a 17.5-d orbit

Authors: A. Alqasim, N. Grieves, N. M. Rosário, D. Gandolfi, J. H. Livingston, S. Sousa, K. A. Collins, J. K. Teske, M. Fridlund, J. A. Egger, J. Cabrera, C. Hellier, A. F. Lanza, V. Van Eylen, F. Bouchy, R. J. Oelkers, G. Srdoc, S. Shectman, M. Günther, E. Goffo, T. Wilson, L. M. Serrano, A. Brandeker, S. X. Wang, A. Heitzmann , et al. (107 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the spectroscopic confirmation and fundamental properties of TOI-757 b, a mini-Neptune on a 17.5-day orbit transiting a bright star ($V = 9.7$ mag) discovered by the TESS mission. We acquired high-precision radial velocity measurements with the HARPS, ESPRESSO, and PFS spectrographs to confirm the planet detection and determine its mass. We also acquired space-borne transit photometry wi… ▽ More We report the spectroscopic confirmation and fundamental properties of TOI-757 b, a mini-Neptune on a 17.5-day orbit transiting a bright star ($V = 9.7$ mag) discovered by the TESS mission. We acquired high-precision radial velocity measurements with the HARPS, ESPRESSO, and PFS spectrographs to confirm the planet detection and determine its mass. We also acquired space-borne transit photometry with the CHEOPS space telescope to place stronger constraints on the planet radius, supported with ground-based LCOGT photometry. WASP and KELT photometry were used to help constrain the stellar rotation period. We also determined the fundamental parameters of the host star. We find that TOI-757 b has a radius of $R_{\mathrm{p}} = 2.5 \pm 0.1 R_{\oplus}$ and a mass of $M_{\mathrm{p}} = 10.5^{+2.2}_{-2.1} M_{\oplus}$, implying a bulk density of $ρ_{\text{p}} = 3.6 \pm 0.8$ g cm$^{-3}$. Our internal composition modeling was unable to constrain the composition of TOI-757 b, highlighting the importance of atmospheric observations for the system. We also find the planet to be highly eccentric with $e$ = 0.39$^{+0.08}_{-0.07}$, making it one of the very few highly eccentric planets among precisely characterized mini-Neptunes. Based on comparisons to other similar eccentric systems, we find a likely scenario for TOI-757 b's formation to be high eccentricity migration due to a distant outer companion. We additionally propose the possibility of a more intrinsic explanation for the high eccentricity due to star-star interactions during the earlier epoch of the Galactic disk formation, given the low metallicity and older age of TOI-757. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 26 pages, 14 figures, 6 tables

Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): a spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC

Authors: T. Shenar, J. Bodensteiner, H. Sana, P. A. Crowther, D. J. Lennon, M. Abdul-Masih, L. A. Almeida, F. Backs, S. R. Berlanas, M. Bernini-Peron, J. M. Bestenlehner, D. M. Bowman, V. A. Bronner, N. Britavskiy, A. de Koter, S. E. de Mink, K. Deshmukh, C. J. Evans, M. Fabry, M. Gieles, A. Gilkis, G. González-Torà, G. Gräfener, Y. Götberg, C. Hawcroft , et al. (52 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Surveys in the Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud revealed that the majority of massive stars will interact with companions during their lives. However, knowledge of the binary properties of massive stars at low metallicity, which approaches the conditions of the Early Universe, remains sparse. We present the Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign - an ESO large programme designed to obtai… ▽ More Surveys in the Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud revealed that the majority of massive stars will interact with companions during their lives. However, knowledge of the binary properties of massive stars at low metallicity, which approaches the conditions of the Early Universe, remains sparse. We present the Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign - an ESO large programme designed to obtain 25 epochs of spectroscopy for 929 massive stars in the SMC - the lowest metallicity conditions in which multiplicity is probed to date (Z = 0.2 Zsun). BLOeM will provide (i) the binary fraction, (ii) the orbital configurations of systems with periods P < 3 yr, (iii) dormant OB+BH binaries, and (iv) a legacy database of physical parameters of massive stars at low metallicity. The stars are observed with the LR02 setup of the giraffe instrument of the Very Large Telescope (3960-4570A, resolving power R=6200; typical signal-to-noise ratio S/N=70-100). This paper utilises the first 9 epochs obtained over a three-month time. We describe the survey and data reduction, perform a spectral classification of the stacked spectra, and construct a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of the sample via spectral-type and photometric calibrations. The sample covers spectral types from O4 to F5, spanning the effective temperature and luminosity ranges 6.5<Teff/kK<45 and 3.7<log L/Lsun<6.1 and initial masses 8<Mini/Msun<80. It comprises 159 O-type stars, 331 early B-type (B0-3) dwarfs and giants (luminosity classes V-III), 303 early B-type supergiants (II-I), and 136 late-type supergiants. At least 82 stars are Oe/Be stars: 20 O-type and 62 B-type (13% and 11% of the respective samples). In addition, it includes 4 high-mass X-ray binaries, 3 stars resembling luminous blue variables, 2 bloated stripped-star candidates, 2 candidate magnetic stars, and 74 eclipsing binaries. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2025; v1 submitted 19 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: Accepted to A&A on 27 Aug 2024

Journal ref: A&A 690, A289 (2024)

HD 21520 b: a warm sub-Neptune transiting a bright G dwarf

Authors: Molly Nies, Ismael Mireles, François Bouchy, Diana Dragomir, Belinda A. Nicholson, Nora L. Eisner, Sergio G. Sousa, Karen A. Collins, Steve B. Howell, Carl Ziegler, Coel Hellier, Brett Addison, Sarah Ballard, Brendan P. Bowler, César Briceño, Catherine A. Clark, Dennis M. Conti, Xavier Dumusque, Billy Edwards, Crystal L. Gnilka, Melissa Hobson, Jonathan Horner, Stephen R. Kane, John Kielkopf, Baptiste Lavie , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery and validation of HD 21520 b, a transiting planet found with TESS and orbiting a bright G dwarf (V=9.2, $T_{eff} = 5871 \pm 62$ K, $R_{\star} = 1.04\pm 0.02\, R_{\odot}$). HD 21520 b was originally alerted as a system (TOI-4320) consisting of two planet candidates with periods of 703.6 and 46.4 days. However, our analysis supports instead a single-planet system with an orbi… ▽ More We report the discovery and validation of HD 21520 b, a transiting planet found with TESS and orbiting a bright G dwarf (V=9.2, $T_{eff} = 5871 \pm 62$ K, $R_{\star} = 1.04\pm 0.02\, R_{\odot}$). HD 21520 b was originally alerted as a system (TOI-4320) consisting of two planet candidates with periods of 703.6 and 46.4 days. However, our analysis supports instead a single-planet system with an orbital period of $25.1292\pm0.0001$ days and radius of $2.70 \pm 0.09\, R_{\oplus}$. Three full transits in sectors 4, 30 and 31 match this period and have transit depths and durations in agreement with each other, as does a partial transit in sector 3. We also observe transits using CHEOPS and LCOGT. SOAR and Gemini high-resolution imaging do not indicate the presence of any nearby companions, and MINERVA-Australis and CORALIE radial velocities rule out an on-target spectroscopic binary. Additionally, we use ESPRESSO radial velocities to obtain a tentative mass measurement of $7.9^{+3.2}_{-3.0}\, M_{\oplus}$, with a 3-$σ$ upper limit of 17.7 $M_{\oplus}$. Due to the bright nature of its host and likely significant gas envelope of the planet, HD 21520 b is a promising candidate for further mass measurements and for atmospheric characterization. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: Submitted to MNRAS

Rotational synchronisation of B-type binaries in 30 Doradus

Authors: D. J. Lennon, P. L. Dufton, J. I. Villaseñor, N. Langer, C. J. Evans, H. Sana, W. D. Taylor

Abstract: The spin evolution of stars in close binary systems can be strongly affected by tides. We investigate the rotational synchronisation of the stellar components for 69 SB1 systems and 14 SB2 B-type systems in the 30 Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud using observations from the VFTS and BBC surveys. Their orbital periods range from a few to a few hundred days, while estimated primary masse… ▽ More The spin evolution of stars in close binary systems can be strongly affected by tides. We investigate the rotational synchronisation of the stellar components for 69 SB1 systems and 14 SB2 B-type systems in the 30 Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud using observations from the VFTS and BBC surveys. Their orbital periods range from a few to a few hundred days, while estimated primary masses for these systems are in the range 5-20 Msun with mass ratio ranges of approximately q=0.03-0.5 and q=0.6-1.0 for the SB1 and SB2 systems, respectively. Projected rotational velocities of the stellar components have been compared with their synchronous velocities derived from the orbital periods. We find that effectively all systems with orbital period of more than 10 days must be asynchronous, whilst all the systems with periods of less than 3 days are likely synchronised. In terms of the stellar fractional radius (r), our results imply that all systems with r<0.1 are asynchronous, with those having r>0.2 probably being synchronised. For the apparently synchronised systems our results are more consistent with synchronisation at the mean orbital angular velocity rather than with that at periastron. △ Less

Submitted 27 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures. submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 688, A141 (2024)

Spacetime symmetries and geometric diffusion

Authors: Marc Basquens, Antonio Lasanta, Emanuel Mompó, Valle Varo, Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor

Abstract: We examine relativistic diffusion through the frame and observer bundles associated with a Lorentzian manifold $(M,g)$. Our focus is on spacetimes with a non-trivial isometry group, and we detail the conditions required to find symmetric solutions of the relativistic diffusion equation. Additionally, we analyze the conservation laws associated with the presence of Killing vector fields on $(M,g)$… ▽ More We examine relativistic diffusion through the frame and observer bundles associated with a Lorentzian manifold $(M,g)$. Our focus is on spacetimes with a non-trivial isometry group, and we detail the conditions required to find symmetric solutions of the relativistic diffusion equation. Additionally, we analyze the conservation laws associated with the presence of Killing vector fields on $(M,g)$ and their implications for the expressions of the geodesic spray and the vertical Laplacian on both the frame and the observer bundles. Finally, we present several relevant examples of symmetric spacetimes. △ Less

Submitted 7 June, 2024; v1 submitted 18 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 29 pages. Accepted for publication in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical

Journal ref: J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 57 (2024) 285204

TESS and ESPRESSO discover a super-Earth and a mini-Neptune orbiting the K-dwarf TOI-238

Authors: A. Suárez Mascareño, V. M. Passegger, J. I. González Hernández, D. J. Armstrong, L. D. Nielsen, C. Lovis, B. Lavie, S. G. Sousa, A. M. Silva, R. Allart, R. Rebolo, F. Pepe, N. C. Santos, S. Cristiani, A. Sozzetti, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, H. M. Tabernero, X. Dumusque, S. Udry, V. Adibekyan, C. Allende Prieto, Y. Alibert, S. C. C. Barros, F. Bouchy, A. Castro-González , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The number of super-Earth and mini-Neptune planet discoveries has increased significantly in the last two decades thanks to transit and radial velocity surveys. When it is possible to apply both techniques, we can characterise the internal composition of exoplanets, which in turn provides unique insights on their architecture, formation and evolution. We performed a combined photometric and radi… ▽ More The number of super-Earth and mini-Neptune planet discoveries has increased significantly in the last two decades thanks to transit and radial velocity surveys. When it is possible to apply both techniques, we can characterise the internal composition of exoplanets, which in turn provides unique insights on their architecture, formation and evolution. We performed a combined photometric and radial velocity analysis of TOI-238 (TYC 6398-132-1), which has one short-orbit super-Earth planet candidate announced by NASA's TESS team. We aim to confirm its planetary nature using radial velocities taken with the ESPRESSO and HARPS spectrographs, to measure its mass and to detect the presence of other possible planetary companions. We carried out a joint analysis by including Gaussian processes and Keplerian orbits to account for the stellar activity and planetary signals simultaneously. We detected the signal induced by TOI-238 b in the radial velocity time-series, and the presence of a second transiting planet, TOI-238 c, whose signal appears in RV and TESS data. TOI-238 b is a planet with a radius of 1.402$^{+0.084}_{-0.086}$ R$_{\oplus}$ and a mass of 3.40$^{+0.46}_{-0.45}$ M$_{\oplus}$. It orbits at a separation of 0.02118 $\pm$ 0.00038 AU of its host star, with an orbital period of 1.2730988 $\pm$ 0.0000029 days, and has an equilibrium temperature of 1311 $\pm$ 28 K. TOI-238 c has a radius of 2.18$\pm$ 0.18 R$_{\oplus}$ and a mass of 6.7 $\pm$ 1.1 M$_{\oplus}$. It orbits at a separation of 0.0749 $\pm$ 0.0013 AU of its host star, with an orbital period of 8.465652 $\pm$ 0.000031 days, and has an equilibrium temperature of 696 $\pm$ 15 K. The mass and radius of planet b are fully consistent with an Earth-like composition, making it likely a rocky super-Earth. Planet c could be a water-rich planet or a rocky planet with a small H-He atmosphere. △ Less

Submitted 6 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 33 pages, 31 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication at A&A

Euclidean self-dual gravity: Ashtekar variables without gauge fixing

Authors: J. Fernando Barbero G., Marc Basquens, Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor

Abstract: The Gotay-Nester-Hinds method is used in this paper to study the Hamiltonian formulation of the Euclidean self-dual action. This action can be used to arrive at the complex Ashtekar formulation of General Relativity or a real connection formulation for Euclidean General Relativity. The main result of the paper is a derivation of the Ashtekar formulation for Euclidean gravity without using any gaug… ▽ More The Gotay-Nester-Hinds method is used in this paper to study the Hamiltonian formulation of the Euclidean self-dual action. This action can be used to arrive at the complex Ashtekar formulation of General Relativity or a real connection formulation for Euclidean General Relativity. The main result of the paper is a derivation of the Ashtekar formulation for Euclidean gravity without using any gauge fixing. It is interesting to compare this derivation with the one corresponding to the Holst action. In particular it is worth noting that no "tertiary" constraints appear in the case considered in the present paper. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2024; v1 submitted 20 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 29 pages, no figures

Journal ref: Physical Review D, 109 (2024) 064047

TESS Spots a Super-Puff: The Remarkably Low Density of TOI-1420b

Authors: Stephanie Yoshida, Shreyas Vissapragada, David W. Latham, Allyson Bieryla, Daniel P. Thorngren, Jason D. Eastman, Mercedes López-Morales, Khalid Barkaoui, Charles Beichmam, Perry Berlind, Lars A. Buchave, Michael L. Calkins, David R. Ciardi, Karen A. Collins, Rosario Cosentino, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Fei Dai, Victoria DiTomasso, Nicholas Dowling, Gilbert A. Esquerdo, Raquel Forés-Toribio, Adriano Ghedina, Maria V. Goliguzova, Eli Golub, Erica J. Gonzales , et al. (29 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the discovery of TOI-1420b, an exceptionally low-density ($ρ= 0.08\pm0.02$ g cm$^{-3}$) transiting planet in a $P = 6.96$ day orbit around a late G dwarf star. Using transit observations from TESS, LCOGT, OPM, Whitin, Wendelstein, OAUV, Ca l'Ou, and KeplerCam along with radial velocity observations from HARPS-N and NEID, we find that the planet has a radius of $R_p$ = 11.9 $\pm$ 0.3… ▽ More We present the discovery of TOI-1420b, an exceptionally low-density ($ρ= 0.08\pm0.02$ g cm$^{-3}$) transiting planet in a $P = 6.96$ day orbit around a late G dwarf star. Using transit observations from TESS, LCOGT, OPM, Whitin, Wendelstein, OAUV, Ca l'Ou, and KeplerCam along with radial velocity observations from HARPS-N and NEID, we find that the planet has a radius of $R_p$ = 11.9 $\pm$ 0.3 $R_\Earth$ and a mass of $M_p$ = 25.1 $\pm$ 3.8 $M_\Earth$. TOI-1420b is the largest-known planet with a mass less than $50M_\Earth$, indicating that it contains a sizeable envelope of hydrogen and helium. We determine TOI-1420b's envelope mass fraction to be $f_{env} = 82^{+7}_{-6}\%$, suggesting that runaway gas accretion occurred when its core was at most $4-5\times$ the mass of the Earth. TOI-1420b is similar to the planet WASP-107b in mass, radius, density, and orbital period, so a comparison of these two systems may help reveal the origins of close-in low-density planets. With an atmospheric scale height of 1950 km, a transmission spectroscopy metric of 580, and a predicted Rossiter-McLaughlin amplitude of about $17$ m s$^{-1}$, TOI-1420b is an excellent target for future atmospheric and dynamical characterization. △ Less

Submitted 18 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

The B-type Binaries Characterisation Programme II. VFTS 291: A stripped star from a recent mass transfer phase

Authors: J. I. Villaseñor, D. J. Lennon, A. Picco, T. Shenar, P. Marchant, N. Langer, P. L. Dufton, F. Nardini, C. J. Evans, J. Bodensteiner, S. E. de Mink, Y. Götberg, I. Soszyński, W. D. Taylor, H. Sana

Abstract: Recent studies of massive binaries with putative black hole companions have uncovered a phase of binary evolution that has not been observed before, featuring a bloated stripped star that very recently ceased transferring mass to a main-sequence companion. In this study, we focus on the candidate system VFTS 291, a binary with an orbital period of 108 d and a high semi-amplitude velocity (… ▽ More Recent studies of massive binaries with putative black hole companions have uncovered a phase of binary evolution that has not been observed before, featuring a bloated stripped star that very recently ceased transferring mass to a main-sequence companion. In this study, we focus on the candidate system VFTS 291, a binary with an orbital period of 108 d and a high semi-amplitude velocity ($K_1=93.7\pm0.2$ km s$^{-1}$). Through our analysis of the disentangled spectra of the two components, together with dynamical and evolutionary arguments, we identify a narrow-lined star of ~1.5-2.5 $M_\odot$ dominating the spectrum, and an early B-type main-sequence companion of $13.2\pm1.5$ $M_\odot$. The low mass of the narrow-lined star, and the high mass ratio, suggest that VFTS 291 is a post-mass-transfer system, with the narrow-lined star being bloated and stripped of its hydrogen-rich envelope, sharing many similarities with other recently discovered stripped stars. Our finding is supported by our detailed binary evolution models, which indicate that the system can be well explained by an initial configuration consisting of an 8.1 $M_\odot$ primary with an 8 $M_\odot$ companion in a 7 d orbital period. While some open questions remain, particularly concerning the surface helium enrichment of the stripped star and the rotational velocity of the companion, we expect that high-resolution spectroscopy may help reconcile our estimates with theory. Our study highlights the importance of multi-epoch spectroscopic surveys to identify and characterize binary interaction products, and provides important insights into the evolution of massive binary stars. △ Less

Submitted 11 September, 2023; v1 submitted 15 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 25 pages, 17 figures. Published by MNRAS, Advance Access

A Transiting Super-Earth in the Radius Valley and An Outer Planet Candidate Around HD 307842

Authors: Xinyan Hua, Sharon Xuesong Wang, Johanna K. Teske, Tianjun Gan, Avi Shporer, George Zhou, Keivan G. Stassun, Markus Rabus, Steve B. Howell, Carl Ziegler, Jack J. Lissauer, Joshua N. Winn, Jon M. Jenkins, Eric B. Ting, Karen A. Collins, Andrew W. Mann, Wei Zhu, Su Wang, R. Paul Butler, Jeffrey D. Crane, Stephen A. Shectman, Luke G. Bouma, Cesar Briceno, Diana Dragomir, William Fong , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the confirmation of a TESS-discovered transiting super-Earth planet orbiting a mid-G star, HD 307842 (TOI-784). The planet has a period of 2.8 days, and the radial velocity (RV) measurements constrain the mass to be 9.67+0.83/-0.82 [Earth Masses]. We also report the discovery of an additional planet candidate on an outer orbit that is most likely non-transiting. The possible periods of t… ▽ More We report the confirmation of a TESS-discovered transiting super-Earth planet orbiting a mid-G star, HD 307842 (TOI-784). The planet has a period of 2.8 days, and the radial velocity (RV) measurements constrain the mass to be 9.67+0.83/-0.82 [Earth Masses]. We also report the discovery of an additional planet candidate on an outer orbit that is most likely non-transiting. The possible periods of the planet candidate are approximately 20 to 63 days, with the corresponding RV semi-amplitudes expected to range from 3.2 to 5.4 m/s and minimum masses from 12.6 to 31.1 [Earth Masses]. The radius of the transiting planet (planet b) is 1.93+0.11/-0.09 [Earth Radii], which results in a mean density of 7.4+1.4/-1.2 g/cm^3 suggesting that TOI-784b is likely to be a rocky planet though it has a comparable radius to a sub-Neptune. We found TOI-784b is located at the lower edge of the so-called ``radius valley'' in the radius vs. insolation plane, which is consistent with the photoevaporation or core-powered mass loss prediction. The TESS data did not reveal any significant transit signal of the planet candidate, and our analysis shows that the orbital inclinations of planet b and the planet candidate are 88.60+0.84/-0.86 degrees and <= 88.3-89.2 degrees, respectively. More RV observations are needed to determine the period and mass of the second object, and search for additional planets in this system. △ Less

Submitted 26 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Comments: 30 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in AJ

A 2:1 Mean-Motion Resonance Super-Jovian pair revealed by TESS, FEROS, and HARPS

Authors: Vladimir Bozhilov, Desislava Antonova, Melissa J. Hobson, Rafael Brahm, Andres Jordan, Thomas Henning, Jan Eberhardt, Felipe I. Rojas, Konstantin Batygin, Pascal Torres-Miranda, Keivan G. Stassun, Sarah C. Millholland, Denitza Stoeva, Milen Minev, Nestor Espinoza, George R. Ricker, David W. Latham, Diana Dragomir, Michelle Kunimoto, Jon M. Jenkins, Eric B. Ting, Sara Seager, Joshua N. Winn, Jesus Noel Villasenor, Luke G. Bouma , et al. (2 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of a super-Jovian 2:1 mean-motion resonance (MMR) pair around the G-type star TIC 279401253, whose dynamical architecture is a prospective benchmark for planet formation and orbital evolution analysis. The system was discovered thanks to a single transit event recorded by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission, which pointed to a Jupiter-sized companion wi… ▽ More We report the discovery of a super-Jovian 2:1 mean-motion resonance (MMR) pair around the G-type star TIC 279401253, whose dynamical architecture is a prospective benchmark for planet formation and orbital evolution analysis. The system was discovered thanks to a single transit event recorded by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission, which pointed to a Jupiter-sized companion with poorly constrained orbital parameters. We began ground-based precise radial velocity (RV) monitoring with HARPS and FEROS within the Warm gIaNts with tEss (WINE) survey to constrain the transiting body's period, mass, and eccentricity. The RV measurements revealed not one but two massive planets with periods of 76.80$_{-0.06}^{+0.06}$ days and 155.3$_{-0.7}^{+0.7}$ days, respectively. A combined analysis of transit and RV data yields an inner transiting planet with a mass of 6.14$_{-0.42}^{+0.39}$ M$_{\rm Jup}$ and a radius of 1.00$_{-0.04}^{+0.04}$ R$_{\rm Jup}$, and an outer planet with a minimum mass of 8.02$_{-0.18}^{+0.18}$ M$_{\rm Jup}$, indicating a massive giant pair. A detailed dynamical analysis of the system reveals that the planets are locked in a strong first-order, eccentricity-type 2:1 MMR, which makes TIC 279401253 one of the rare examples of truly resonant architectures supporting disk-induced planet migration. The bright host star, $V \approx$ 11.9 mag, the relatively short orbital period ($P_{\rm b}$ = 76.80$_{-0.06}^{+0.06}$ d) and pronounced eccentricity (e =0.448$_{-0.029}^{+0.028}$) make the transiting planet a valuable target for atmospheric investigation with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and ground-based extremely-large telescopes. △ Less

Submitted 11 May, 2023; v1 submitted 21 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: Published in the ApJL

Journal ref: ApJL 946 L36 (2023)

TOI-1136 is a Young, Coplanar, Aligned Planetary System in a Pristine Resonant Chain

Authors: Fei Dai, Kento Masuda, Corey Beard, Paul Robertson, Max Goldberg, Konstantin Batygin, Luke Bouma, Jack J. Lissauer, Emil Knudstrup, Simon Albrecht, Andrew W. Howard, Heather A. Knutson, Erik A. Petigura, Lauren M. Weiss, Howard Isaacson, Martti Holst Kristiansen, Hugh Osborn, Songhu Wang, Xian-Yu Wang, Aida Behmard, Michael Greklek-McKeon, Shreyas Vissapragada, Natalie M. Batalha, Casey L. Brinkman, Ashley Chontos , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Convergent disk migration has long been suspected to be responsible for forming planetary systems with a chain of mean-motion resonances (MMR). Dynamical evolution over time could disrupt the delicate resonant configuration. We present TOI-1136, a 700-Myr-old G star hosting at least 6 transiting planets between $\sim$2 and 5 $R_\oplus$. The orbital period ratios deviate from exact commensurability… ▽ More Convergent disk migration has long been suspected to be responsible for forming planetary systems with a chain of mean-motion resonances (MMR). Dynamical evolution over time could disrupt the delicate resonant configuration. We present TOI-1136, a 700-Myr-old G star hosting at least 6 transiting planets between $\sim$2 and 5 $R_\oplus$. The orbital period ratios deviate from exact commensurability by only $10^{-4}$, smaller than the $\sim$\,$10^{-2}$ deviations seen in typical Kepler near-resonant systems. A transit-timing analysis measured the masses of the planets (3-8$M_\oplus$) and demonstrated that the planets in TOI-1136 are in true resonances with librating resonant angles. Based on a Rossiter-McLaughlin measurement of planet d, the star's rotation appears to be aligned with the planetary orbital planes. The well-aligned planetary system and the lack of detected binary companion together suggest that TOI-1136's resonant chain formed in an isolated, quiescent disk with no stellar fly-by, disk warp, or significant axial asymmetry. With period ratios near 3:2, 2:1, 3:2, 7:5, and 3:2, TOI-1136 is the first known resonant chain involving a second-order MMR (7:5) between two first-order MMR. The formation of the delicate 7:5 resonance places strong constraints on the system's migration history. Short-scale (starting from $\sim$0.1 AU) Type-I migration with an inner disk edge is most consistent with the formation of TOI-1136. A low disk surface density ($Σ_{\rm 1AU}\lesssim10^3$g~cm$^{-2}$; lower than the minimum-mass solar nebula) and the resultant slower migration rate likely facilitated the formation of the 7:5 second-order MMR. TOI-1136's deep resonance suggests that it has not undergone much resonant repulsion during its 700-Myr lifetime. One can rule out rapid tidal dissipation within a rocky planet b or obliquity tides within the largest planets d and f. △ Less

Submitted 14 November, 2022; v1 submitted 17 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: 48 pages, 23 figures, 8 tables. Accepted to AAS journals. Comments welcome!

Searching for compact objects in the single-lined spectroscopic binaries of the young Galactic cluster NGC 6231

Authors: G. Banyard, L. Mahy, H. Sana, J. Bodensteiner, J. I. Villaseńor, K. Sen, N. Langer, S. de Mink, A. Picco, T. Shenar

Abstract: Recent evolutionary computations predict that a few percent of massive OB stars in binary systems should have a dormant BH companion. Despite several reported X-ray quiet OB+BH systems over the last couple of years, finding them with certainty remains challenging. These have great importance as they can be gravitational wave (GW) source progenitors, and are landmark systems in constraining superno… ▽ More Recent evolutionary computations predict that a few percent of massive OB stars in binary systems should have a dormant BH companion. Despite several reported X-ray quiet OB+BH systems over the last couple of years, finding them with certainty remains challenging. These have great importance as they can be gravitational wave (GW) source progenitors, and are landmark systems in constraining supernova kick physics. This work aims to characterise the hidden companions to the single-lined spectroscopic binaries (SB1s) in the B star population of the young open Galactic cluster NGC 6231 to find candidate systems for harbouring compact object companions. With the orbital solutions for each SB1 previously constrained, we applied Fourier spectral disentangling to multi-epoch optical VLT/FLAMES spectra of each target to extract a potential signature of a faint companion, and to identify newly disentangled double-lined spectroscopic binaries (SB2s). For targets where the disentangling does not reveal any signature of a stellar companion, we performed atmospheric and evolutionary modelling on the primary to obtain constraints on the unseen companion. Seven newly classified SB2 systems with mass ratios down to near 0.1 were identified. From the remaining targets, for which no faint companion could be extracted from the spectra, four are found to have companion masses in the predicted mass ranges of neutron stars (NSes) and BHes. Two of these have companion masses between 1 and 3.5 $M_{\odot}$, making them potential hosts of NSes (or lower mass main sequence stars). The other two are between 2.5 to 8 $M_{\odot}$ and 1.6 and 26 $M_{\odot}$, respectively, and so are identified as candidates for harbouring BH companions. However, unambiguous identification of these systems as X-ray quiet compact object harbouring binaries requires follow up observations. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: Submitted to A&A

Journal ref: A&A 674, A60 (2023)

Validation of TOI-1221 b: A warm sub-Neptune exhibiting TTVs around a Sun-like star

Authors: Christopher R. Mann, David Lafrenière, Diana Dragomir, Samuel N. Quinn, Thiam-Guan Tan, Karen A. Collins, Steve B. Howell, Carl Ziegler, Andrew W. Mann, Keivan G. Stassun, Martti H. Kristiansen, Hugh Osborn, Tabetha Boyajian, Nora Eisner, Coel Hellier, George R. Ricker, Roland Vanderspek, David W. Latham, S. Seager, Joshua N. Winn, Jon M. Jenkins, Jesus Noel Villaseñor, Brian McLean, Pamela Rowden, Guillermo Torres , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a validation of the long-period ($91.68278^{+0.00032}_{-0.00041}$ days) transiting sub-Neptune planet TOI-1221 b (TIC 349095149.01) around a Sun-like (m$_{\rm V}$=10.5) star. This is one of the few known exoplanets with period >50 days, and belongs to the even smaller subset of which have bright enough hosts for detailed spectroscopic follow-up. We combine TESS light curves and ground-b… ▽ More We present a validation of the long-period ($91.68278^{+0.00032}_{-0.00041}$ days) transiting sub-Neptune planet TOI-1221 b (TIC 349095149.01) around a Sun-like (m$_{\rm V}$=10.5) star. This is one of the few known exoplanets with period >50 days, and belongs to the even smaller subset of which have bright enough hosts for detailed spectroscopic follow-up. We combine TESS light curves and ground-based time-series photometry from PEST (0.3~m) and LCOGT (1.0~m) to analyze the transit signals and rule out nearby stars as potential false positive sources. High-contrast imaging from SOAR and Gemini/Zorro rule out nearby stellar contaminants. Reconnaissance spectroscopy from CHIRON sets a planetary scale upper mass limit on the transiting object (1.1 and 3.5 M$_{\rm Jup}$ at 1$σ$ and 3$σ$, respectively) and shows no sign of a spectroscopic binary companion. We determine a planetary radius of $R_{\rm p} = 2.91^{+0.13}_{-0.12} R_{\oplus}$, placing it in the sub-Neptune regime. With a stellar insolation of $S = 6.06^{+0.85}_{-0.77}\ S_{\oplus}$, we calculate a moderate equilibrium temperature of $T_{\rm eq} =$ 440 K, assuming no albedo and perfect heat redistribution. We find a false positive probability from TRICERATOPS of FPP $ = 0.0014 \pm 0.0003$ as well as other qualitative and quantitative evidence to support the statistical validation of TOI-1221 b. We find significant evidence (>$5σ$) of oscillatory transit timing variations, likely indicative of an additional non-transiting planet. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2023; v1 submitted 27 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: 17 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables

Poisson brackets in Sobolev spaces: a mock holonomy-flux algebra

Authors: J Fernando Barbero G, Marc Basquens, Bogar Díaz, Eduardo J S Villaseñor

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss a number of issues that crop up in the computation of Poisson brackets in field theories. This is specially important for the canonical approaches to quantization and, in particular, for loop quantum gravity. We illustrate the main points by working out several examples. Due attention is paid to relevant analytic issues that are unavoidable in order to prope… ▽ More The purpose of this paper is to discuss a number of issues that crop up in the computation of Poisson brackets in field theories. This is specially important for the canonical approaches to quantization and, in particular, for loop quantum gravity. We illustrate the main points by working out several examples. Due attention is paid to relevant analytic issues that are unavoidable in order to properly understand how computations should be carried out. Although the functional spaces that we use throughout the paper will likely have to be modified in order to deal with specific physical theories such as general relativity, many of the points that we will raise will also be relevant in that context. The specific example of the mock holonomy-flux algebra will be considered in some detail and used to draw some conclusions regarding the loop quantum gravity formalism. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2023; v1 submitted 1 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 37 pages

Journal ref: Physica Scripta 97 (2022) 125202

The HD 260655 system: Two rocky worlds transiting a bright M dwarf at 10 pc

Authors: R. Luque, B. J. Fulton, M. Kunimoto, P. J. Amado, P. Gorrini, S. Dreizler, C. Hellier, G. W. Henry, K. Molaverdikhani, G. Morello, L. Peña-Moñino, M. Pérez-Torres, F. J. Pozuelos, Y. Shan, G. Anglada-Escudé, V. J. S. Béjar, G. Bergond, A. W. Boyle, J. A. Caballero, D. Charbonneau, D. R. Ciardi, S. Dufoer, N. Espinoza, M. Everett, D. Fischer , et al. (42 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery of a multi-planetary system transiting the M0 V dwarf HD 260655 (GJ 239, TOI-4599). The system consists of at least two transiting planets, namely HD 260655 b, with a period of 2.77 d, a radius of R$_b$ = 1.240$\pm$0.023 R$_\oplus$, a mass of M$_b$ = 2.14$\pm$0.34 M$_\oplus$, and a bulk density of $ρ_b$ = 6.2$\pm$1.0 g cm$^{-3}$, and HD 260655 c, with a period of 5.71 d, a… ▽ More We report the discovery of a multi-planetary system transiting the M0 V dwarf HD 260655 (GJ 239, TOI-4599). The system consists of at least two transiting planets, namely HD 260655 b, with a period of 2.77 d, a radius of R$_b$ = 1.240$\pm$0.023 R$_\oplus$, a mass of M$_b$ = 2.14$\pm$0.34 M$_\oplus$, and a bulk density of $ρ_b$ = 6.2$\pm$1.0 g cm$^{-3}$, and HD 260655 c, with a period of 5.71 d, a radius of R$_c$ = 1.533$^{+0.051}_{-0.046}$ R$_\oplus$, a mass of M$_c$ = 3.09$\pm$0.48 M$_\oplus$, and a bulk density of $ρ_c$ = 4.7$^{+0.9}_{-0.8}$ g cm$^{-3}$. The planets were detected in transit by the TESS mission and confirmed independently with archival and new precise radial velocities obtained with the HIRES and CARMENES instruments since 1998 and 2016, respectively. At a distance of 10 pc, HD 260655 becomes the fourth closest known multi-transiting planet system after HD 219134, LTT 1445 A, and AU Mic. Due to the apparent brightness of the host star (J = 6.7 mag), both planets are among the most suitable rocky worlds known today for atmospheric studies with the JWST, both in transmission and emission. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2022; v1 submitted 21 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022.

Comments: 24 pages, 17 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 664, A199 (2022)

Proof of the equivalence of the symplectic forms derived from the canonical and the covariant phase space formalisms

Authors: Juan Margalef-Bentabol, Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor

Abstract: We prove that, for any theory defined over a space-time with boundary, the symplectic form derived in the covariant phase space is equivalent to the one derived from the canonical formalism. We prove that, for any theory defined over a space-time with boundary, the symplectic form derived in the covariant phase space is equivalent to the one derived from the canonical formalism. △ Less

Submitted 13 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022.

Comments: Accepted in PRD

Journal ref: Physical Review D, 105 (2022) L101701

Edge observables of the Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory

Authors: J. Fernando Barbero G., Bogar Díaz, Juan Margalef-Bentabol, Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor

Abstract: We analyze the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of the Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory defined on a manifold with boundary for two different sets of boundary equations derived from a variational principle. We pay special attention to the identification of the infinite chains of boundary constraints and their resolution. We identify edge observables and their algebra [which corresponds to the we… ▽ More We analyze the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of the Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory defined on a manifold with boundary for two different sets of boundary equations derived from a variational principle. We pay special attention to the identification of the infinite chains of boundary constraints and their resolution. We identify edge observables and their algebra [which corresponds to the well-known $U(1)$ Kac-Moody algebra]. Without performing any gauge fixing, and using the Hodge-Morrey theorem, we solve the Hamilton equations whenever possible. In order to give explicit solutions, we consider the particular case in which the fields are defined on a $2$-disk. Finally, we study the Fock quantization of the system and discuss the quantum edge observables and states. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2022; v1 submitted 12 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022.

Comments: 23 pages

Journal ref: Physical Review D, 106 (2022) 025011

Properties of the Be-type stars in 30 Doradus

Authors: P. L. Dufton, D. J. Lennon, J. I. Villasenor, I. D. Howarth, C. J. Evans, S. E. de Mink, H. Sana, W. D. Taylor

Abstract: The evolutionary status of Be-type stars remains unclear, with both single-star and binary pathways having been proposed. Here, VFTS spectroscopy of 73 Be-type stars, in the spectral-type range, B0--B3, is analysed to estimate projected rotational velocities, radial velocities and stellar parameters. They are found to be rotating faster than the corresponding VFTS B-type sample but simulations imp… ▽ More The evolutionary status of Be-type stars remains unclear, with both single-star and binary pathways having been proposed. Here, VFTS spectroscopy of 73 Be-type stars, in the spectral-type range, B0--B3, is analysed to estimate projected rotational velocities, radial velocities and stellar parameters. They are found to be rotating faster than the corresponding VFTS B-type sample but simulations imply that their projected rotational velocities are inconsistent with them all rotating at near critical velocities. The de-convolution of the projected rotational velocities estimates leads to a mean rotational velocity estimate of 320-350 km/s, approximately 100 km/s larger than that for the corresponding B-type sample. There is a dearth of targets with rotational velocities less than 0.4 of the critical velocity, with a broad distribution reaching up to critical rotation. Our best estimate for the mean or median of the rotational velocitiy is 0.68 of the critical velocity. Rapidly-rotating B-type stars are more numerous than their Be-type counterparts, whilst the observed frequency of Be-type stars identified as binary systems is significantly lower than that for normal B-type stars, consistent with their respective radial-velocity dispersions. The semi-amplitudes for the Be-type binaries are also smaller. Similar results are found for a SMC Be-type sample centred on NGC346 with no significant differences being found between the two samples. These results are compared with the predictions of single and binary stellar evolutionary models for Be-type stars. Assuming that a single mechanism dominated the production of classical Be-type stars, our comparison would favour a binary evolutionary history. △ Less

Submitted 7 March, 2022; v1 submitted 4 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, Appendicesand Tables 2 and 4 published as supplementary material

Consistent and non-consistent deformations of gravitational theories

Authors: J. Fernando Barbero G., Marc Basquens, Bogar Díaz, Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor

Abstract: We study the internally abelianized version of a range of gravitational theories, written in connection tetrad form, and study the possible interaction terms that can be added to them in a consistent way. We do this for 2+1 dimensional and 3+1 dimensional models. In the latter case we show that the Cartan-Palatini and Holst actions are not consistent deformations of their abelianized versions. We… ▽ More We study the internally abelianized version of a range of gravitational theories, written in connection tetrad form, and study the possible interaction terms that can be added to them in a consistent way. We do this for 2+1 dimensional and 3+1 dimensional models. In the latter case we show that the Cartan-Palatini and Holst actions are not consistent deformations of their abelianized versions. We also show that the Husain-Kuchař and Euclidean self-dual actions are consistent deformations of their abelianized counterparts. This suggests that if the latter can be quantized, it could be possible to devise a perturbative scheme leading to the quantization of Euclidean general relativity along the lines put forward by Smolin in the early nineties. △ Less

Submitted 27 May, 2022; v1 submitted 16 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 28 pages

Journal ref: Journal of High Energy Physics, 05 (2022) 175

A transiting, temperate mini-Neptune orbiting the M dwarf TOI-1759 unveiled by TESS

Authors: Néstor Espinoza, Enric Pallé, Jonas Kemmer, Rafael Luque, José A. Caballero, Carlos Cifuentes, Enrique Herrero, Víctor J. Sánchez Béjar, Stephan Stock, Karan Molaverdikhani, Giuseppe Morello, Diana Kossakowski, Martin Schlecker, Pedro J. Amado, Paz Bluhm, Miriam Cortés-Contreras, Thomas Henning, Laura Kreidberg, Martin Kürster, Marina Lafarga, Nicolas Lodieu, Juan Carlos Morales, Mahmoudreza Oshagh, Vera M. Passegger, Alexey Pavlov , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the discovery and characterization of TOI-1759~b, a temperate (400 K) sub-Neptune-sized exoplanet orbiting the M~dwarf TOI-1759 (TIC 408636441). TOI-1759 b was observed by TESS to transit on sectors 16, 17 and 24, with only one transit observed per sector, creating an ambiguity on the orbital period of the planet candidate. Ground-based photometric observations, combined with radial-velo… ▽ More We report the discovery and characterization of TOI-1759~b, a temperate (400 K) sub-Neptune-sized exoplanet orbiting the M~dwarf TOI-1759 (TIC 408636441). TOI-1759 b was observed by TESS to transit on sectors 16, 17 and 24, with only one transit observed per sector, creating an ambiguity on the orbital period of the planet candidate. Ground-based photometric observations, combined with radial-velocity measurements obtained with the CARMENES spectrograph, confirm an actual period of $18.85019 \pm 0.00014$ d. A joint analysis of all available photometry and radial velocities reveal a radius of $3.17 \pm 0.10\,R_\oplus$ and a mass of $10.8 \pm 1.5\,M_\oplus$. Combining this with the stellar properties derived for TOI-1759 ($R_\star = 0.597 \pm 0.015\,R_\odot$; $M_\star = 0.606 \pm 0.020\,M_\odot$; $T_{\textrm{eff}} = 4065 \pm 51$ K), we compute a transmission spectroscopic metric (TSM) value of over 80 for the planet, making it a good target for transmission spectroscopy studies. TOI-1759 b is among the top five temperate, small exoplanets ($T_\textrm{eq} < 500$ K, $R_p < 4 \,R_\oplus$) with the highest TSM discovered to date. Two additional signals with periods of 80 d and $>$ 200 d seem to be present in our radial velocities. While our data suggest both could arise from stellar activity, the later signal's source and periodicity are hard to pinpoint given the $\sim 200$ d baseline of our radial-velocity campaign with CARMENES. Longer baseline radial-velocity campaigns should be performed in order to unveil the true nature of this long period signal. △ Less

Submitted 2 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022.

Comments: 22 pages, 10 figures, 7 tables. AJ in press