Showing 1–50 of 106 results for author: Battistelli, E S

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Test of the Gravitational Force Law on Cosmological Scales Using the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect

Authors: Patricio A. Gallardo, Kris Pardo, Oliver H. E. Philcox, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia S. Battistelli, Rachel Bean, Erminia Calabrese, Steve K. Choi, Rolando Dünner, Mark Devlin, Joanna Dunkley, Simone Ferraro, Yilun Guan, Erin Healy, Carlos Hervías-Caimapo, Matt Hilton, Adam D. Hincks, John C. Hood II, Arthur Kosowsky, Adrien La Posta, Thibaut Louis, Mathew S. Madhavacheril, Jeff McMahon, Kavilan Moodley, Tony Mroczkowski , et al. (16 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The mean pairwise velocity of massive halos reflects the gravitational force law on cosmic scales. We combine cosmic microwave background intensity maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and a galaxy catalog from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to estimate the mean pairwise velocity using the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect. On scales from 30 -- 230 megaparsecs, we constrain the gravitati… ▽ More The mean pairwise velocity of massive halos reflects the gravitational force law on cosmic scales. We combine cosmic microwave background intensity maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and a galaxy catalog from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to estimate the mean pairwise velocity using the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect. On scales from 30 -- 230 megaparsecs, we constrain the gravitational acceleration between pairs of halos at separation $r$ to be $g\propto 1/r^n$ with $n=2.1\pm 0.3$, which is consistent with Newtonian gravity in an expanding spacetime (\textit{i.e.}, the standard $Λ$CDM model). This constraint shows agreement with an inverse quadratic radial dependence over the large distances separating galaxy halos, as expected in standard cosmology. Upcoming surveys have the potential to rule out $n = 1$ at $10σ$ significance. Our results establish the kSZ effect as a powerful tool for testing gravity on cosmological scales. △ Less

Submitted 15 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Published in Physical Review Letters

The Simons Observatory: forecasted constraints on primordial gravitational waves with the expanded array of Small Aperture Telescopes

Authors: The Simons Observatory Collaboration, I. Abril-Cabezas, S. Adachi, P. Ade, A. E. Adler, P. Agrawal, J. Aguirre, S. Aiola, T. Alford, A. Ali, D. Alonso, M. A. Alvarez, R. An, M. Aravena, K. Arnold, P. Ashton, F. Astori, Z. Atkins, J. Austermann, S. Azzoni, C. Baccigalupi, D. Baker, R. Balafendiev, A. Baleato Lizancos, D. Barron , et al. (457 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present updated forecasts for the scientific performance of the degree-scale (0.5 deg FWHM at 93 GHz), deep-field survey to be conducted by the Simons Observatory (SO). By 2027, the SO Small Aperture Telescope (SAT) complement will be doubled from three to six telescopes, including a doubling of the detector count in the 93 GHz and 145 GHz channels to 48,160 detectors. Combined with a planned e… ▽ More We present updated forecasts for the scientific performance of the degree-scale (0.5 deg FWHM at 93 GHz), deep-field survey to be conducted by the Simons Observatory (SO). By 2027, the SO Small Aperture Telescope (SAT) complement will be doubled from three to six telescopes, including a doubling of the detector count in the 93 GHz and 145 GHz channels to 48,160 detectors. Combined with a planned extension of the survey duration to 2035, this expansion will significantly enhance SO's search for a $B$-mode signal in the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background, a potential signature of gravitational waves produced in the very early Universe. Assuming a $1/f$ noise model with knee multipole $\ell_{\rm knee} = 50$ and a moderately complex model for Galactic foregrounds, we forecast a $1σ$ (or 68% confidence level) constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ of $σ_r = 1.2\times10^{-3}$, assuming no primordial $B$-modes are present. This forecast assumes that 70% of the $B$-mode lensing signal can ultimately be removed using high resolution observations from the SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) and overlapping large-scale structure surveys. For more optimistic assumptions regarding foregrounds and noise, and assuming the same level of delensing, this forecast constraint improves to $σ_r = 7\times10^{-4}$. These forecasts represent a major improvement in SO's constraining power, being a factor of around 2.5 times better than what could be achieved with the originally planned campaign, which assumed the existing three SATs would conduct a five-year survey. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 15 pages (excluding front matter), 4 figures, for submission to JCAP

A high-dynamic-range view of the growth of structure and the warm/hot Universe

Authors: Luca Di Mascolo, Tony Mroczkowski, Joshiwa van Marrewijk, Rémi Adam, Nabila Aghanim, Stefano Andreon, Eleonora Barbavara, Elia Stefano Battistelli, Esra Bulbul, Jens Chluba, Eugene Churazov, Claudia Cicone, William Coulton, Stefano Ettori, Massimo Gaspari, Ricardo Génova Santos, Matt Hilton, Adam D. Hincks, Eelco van Kampen, Tetsu Kitayama, Minju Lee, John Orlowski-Scherer, Charles Romero, Laura Salvati, Alexandro Saro , et al. (1 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Baryons heat to temperatures above $>\!\!10^5\,\mathrm{K}$ as they accrete onto massive overdensities -- galaxies, groups, clusters, and filaments -- where they ionize and become optically transparent. Deep mm-wave observations such as those with ALMA have begun to probe a handful ($\sim\,$4) of massive systems at $z\!\sim\!2-4$, while low-resolution mm-wave surveys have detected thousands of obje… ▽ More Baryons heat to temperatures above $>\!\!10^5\,\mathrm{K}$ as they accrete onto massive overdensities -- galaxies, groups, clusters, and filaments -- where they ionize and become optically transparent. Deep mm-wave observations such as those with ALMA have begun to probe a handful ($\sim\,$4) of massive systems at $z\!\sim\!2-4$, while low-resolution mm-wave surveys have detected thousands of objects at arcminute resolution out to $z\!\approx\!2$. To truly advance the field of the evolution of large-scale structures, mapping the warm/hot distribution of ionized gas out to the redshift of their formation, the ESO community requires a large-aperture single-dish (sub-)mm telescope. This will need to provide several orders of magnitude higher mapping speeds than currently available while preserving the few arcsecond resolution required for imaging the gas and removing contaminating radio and dusty thermal signals across the full (sub-)mm wavelength range. △ Less

Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: This white paper was submitted to ESO Expanding Horizons in support of AtLAST. This white paper summarizes the case study "AtLAST Science: Resolving the hot and ionized Universe through the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect" (arXiv:2403.00909)

The thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in galaxy clusters and filaments using multifrequency temperature maps of the cosmic microwave background: Abell 399--Abell 401 cluster pair case study

Authors: Ajay S. Gill, Yilun Guan, Adam D. Hincks, Tony Mroczkowski, Zachary Atkins, Eleonora Barbavara, Elia S. Battistelli, J. Richard Bond, William Coulton, Adri J. Duivenvoorden, Matt Hilton, John P. Hughes, Giovanni Isopi, Joshiwa van Marrewijk, Kavilan Moodley, Sigurd Naess, Bruce Partridge, Bernardita Ried Guachalla, John Orlowski-Scherer, Cristóbal Sifón, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Edward J. Wollack

Abstract: We present a multifrequency and multi-instrument methodology to study the physical properties of galaxy clusters and cosmic filaments using cosmic microwave background observations. Our approach enables simultaneous measurement of both the thermal (tSZ) and kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effects, incorporates relativistic corrections, and models astrophysical foregrounds such as thermal dust em… ▽ More We present a multifrequency and multi-instrument methodology to study the physical properties of galaxy clusters and cosmic filaments using cosmic microwave background observations. Our approach enables simultaneous measurement of both the thermal (tSZ) and kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effects, incorporates relativistic corrections, and models astrophysical foregrounds such as thermal dust emission. We do this by jointly fitting a single physical model across multiple maps from multiple instruments at different frequencies, rather than fitting a model to a single Compton-$y$ map. We demonstrate the success of this method by fitting the Abell 399-Abell 401 galaxy cluster pair and filament system using archival data from the Planck satellite and new, targeted deep data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, covering 11 different frequencies over 14 maps from 30 GHz to 545 GHz. Our tSZ results are consistent with previous work using Compton-$y$ maps. We measure the line-of-sight peculiar velocities of the cluster-filament system using the kSZ effect and find statistical uncertainties on individual cluster peculiar velocities of $\lesssim $600 km s$^{-1}$, which are competitive with current state-of-the-art measurements. Additionally, we measure the optical depth of the filament component with a signal-to-noise of 8.5$σ$ and reveal hints of its morphology. This modular approach is well-suited for application to future instruments across a wide range of millimeter and sub-millimeter wavebands. △ Less

Submitted 20 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 29 pages, 22 figures, 4 tables, submitted to ApJ

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Selected Galaxy Clusters Catalog

Authors: ACT-DES-HSC Collaboration, :, M. Aguena, S. Aiola, S. Allam, F. Andrade-Oliveira, D. Bacon, N. Bahcall, N. Battaglia, E. S. Battistelli, S. Bocquet, B. Bolliet, J. R. Bond, D. Brooks, E. Calabrese, J. Carretero, S. K. Choi, L. N. da Costa, M. Costanzi, W. Coulton, T. M. Davis, S. Desai, M. J. Devlin, S. Dicker, P. Doel , et al. (77 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results of a search for galaxy clusters in the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) microwave sky maps covering 16293 square degrees in three frequency bands, using data obtained over the lifetime of the project (2008-2022). We report redshifts and mass estimates for 10040 clusters detected via their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect with signal-to-noise greater than… ▽ More We present the results of a search for galaxy clusters in the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) microwave sky maps covering 16293 square degrees in three frequency bands, using data obtained over the lifetime of the project (2008-2022). We report redshifts and mass estimates for 10040 clusters detected via their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect with signal-to-noise greater than 4 at a 2.4 arcminute filter scale. The catalog includes 1180 clusters at redshifts greater than 1, and 124 clusters at redshifts greater than 1.5. Using a relation between cluster SZ signal and mass that is consistent with recent weak-lensing measurements, we estimate that clusters detected with signal-to-noise greater than 5 form a sample which is 90% complete for clusters with masses greater than $5 \times 10^{14}$ MSun (measured within a spherical volume with mean density 500 times the critical density). El Gordo, a cluster found in an initial ACT survey of 755 square degrees, remains the most extreme cluster in mass and redshift; we find no cluster with a mass and redshift combination high enough to falsify the standard LCDM cosmology with Gaussian initial perturbations. We make public a variety of data products, including the full cluster candidate list, noise maps, and sky masks, along with our software for cluster detection and instructions for reproducing our cluster catalogs from the public ACT maps. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2026; v1 submitted 28 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 25 pages, 21 figures. Published in the Open Journal of Astrophysics. All v1.0 data products now available on LAMBDA at https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/act/actadv_dr6_szcluster_catalog_get.html ; for details of differences compared to the previous v0.11/arXiv v2 release, see the Change Log on LAMBDA at https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/act/actadv_dr6_szcluster_catalog_info.html

A Search for Millimeter-Bright Blazars as Astrophysical Neutrino Sources

Authors: R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, S. K. Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, J. Baines-Holmes, A. Balagopal V., S. W. Barwick, S. Bash, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, P. Behrens, J. Beise , et al. (402 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The powerful jets of blazars have been historically considered as likely sites of high-energy cosmic-ray acceleration. However, particulars of the launched jet and the locations of leptonic and hadronic jet loading remain unclear. In the case when leptonic and hadronic particle injection occur jointly, a temporal correlation between synchrotron radiation and neutrino production is expected. We use… ▽ More The powerful jets of blazars have been historically considered as likely sites of high-energy cosmic-ray acceleration. However, particulars of the launched jet and the locations of leptonic and hadronic jet loading remain unclear. In the case when leptonic and hadronic particle injection occur jointly, a temporal correlation between synchrotron radiation and neutrino production is expected. We use a first catalog of millimeter (mm) wavelength blazar light curves from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope for a time-dependent correlation with twelve years of muon neutrino events from the IceCube South Pole Neutrino Observatory. Such mm emission is known to trace activity of the bright jet base, which is often self-absorbed at lower frequencies and potentially gamma-ray opaque. We perform an analysis of the population, as well as analyses of individual, selected sources. We do not observe a significant signal from the stacked population. TXS 0506+056 is found as the most significant, individual source, though this detection is not globally significant in our analysis of selected AGN. Our results suggest that the majority of mm-bright blazars are neutrino dim. In general, it is possible that many blazars have lighter, leptonic jets, or that only selected blazars provide exceptional conditions for neutrino production. △ Less

Submitted 5 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 24 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to ApJ

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Constraints on Extended Cosmological Models

Authors: Erminia Calabrese, J. Colin Hill, Hidde T. Jense, Adrien La Posta, Irene Abril-Cabezas, Graeme E. Addison, Peter A. R. Ade, Simone Aiola, Tommy Alford, David Alonso, Mandana Amiri, Rui An, Zachary Atkins, Jason E. Austermann, Eleonora Barbavara, Nicola Barbieri, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia Stefano Battistelli, James A. Beall, Rachel Bean, Ali Beheshti, Benjamin Beringue, Tanay Bhandarkar, Emily Biermann, Boris Bolliet , et al. (147 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We use new cosmic microwave background (CMB) primary temperature and polarization anisotropy measurements from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) to test foundational assumptions of the standard cosmological model and set constraints on extensions to it. We derive constraints from the ACT DR6 power spectra alone, as well as in combination with legacy data from Planck. To br… ▽ More We use new cosmic microwave background (CMB) primary temperature and polarization anisotropy measurements from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) to test foundational assumptions of the standard cosmological model and set constraints on extensions to it. We derive constraints from the ACT DR6 power spectra alone, as well as in combination with legacy data from Planck. To break geometric degeneracies, we include ACT and Planck CMB lensing data and baryon acoustic oscillation data from DESI Year-1, and further add supernovae measurements from Pantheon+ for models that affect the late-time expansion history. We verify the near-scale-invariance (running of the spectral index $d n_s/d\ln k = 0.0062 \pm 0.0052$) and adiabaticity of the primordial perturbations. Neutrino properties are consistent with Standard Model predictions: we find no evidence for new light, relativistic species that are free-streaming ($N_{\rm eff} = 2.86 \pm 0.13$, which combined with external BBN data becomes $N_{\rm eff} = 2.89 \pm 0.11$), for non-zero neutrino masses ($\sum m_ν< 0.082$ eV at 95% CL), or for neutrino self-interactions. We also find no evidence for self-interacting dark radiation ($N_{\rm idr} < 0.134$), early-universe variation of fundamental constants, early dark energy, primordial magnetic fields, or modified recombination. Our data are consistent with standard BBN, the FIRAS-inferred CMB temperature, a dark matter component that is collisionless and with only a small fraction allowed as axion-like particles, a cosmological constant, and the late-time growth rate predicted by general relativity. We find no statistically significant preference for a departure from the baseline $Λ$CDM model. In general, models introduced to increase the Hubble constant or to decrease the amplitude of density fluctuations inferred from the primary CMB are not favored by our data. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2025; v1 submitted 18 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Matches version accepted by JCAP. 56+36 pages, 46+13 figures, abstract abridged here. Part of ACT DR6 suite of papers. Data located at https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/act/act_dr6.02/

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Power Spectra, Likelihoods and $Λ$CDM Parameters

Authors: Thibaut Louis, Adrien La Posta, Zachary Atkins, Hidde T. Jense, Irene Abril-Cabezas, Graeme E. Addison, Peter A. R. Ade, Simone Aiola, Tommy Alford, David Alonso, Mandana Amiri, Rui An, Jason E. Austermann, Eleonora Barbavara, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia Stefano Battistelli, James A. Beall, Rachel Bean, Ali Beheshti, Benjamin Beringue, Tanay Bhandarkar, Emily Biermann, Boris Bolliet, J Richard Bond, Erminia Calabrese , et al. (143 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present power spectra of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy in temperature and polarization, measured from the Data Release 6 maps made from Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) data. These cover 19,000 deg$^2$ of sky in bands centered at 98, 150 and 220 GHz, with white noise levels three times lower than Planck in polarization. We find that the ACT angular power spectra estimated ov… ▽ More We present power spectra of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy in temperature and polarization, measured from the Data Release 6 maps made from Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) data. These cover 19,000 deg$^2$ of sky in bands centered at 98, 150 and 220 GHz, with white noise levels three times lower than Planck in polarization. We find that the ACT angular power spectra estimated over 10,000 deg$^2$, and measured to arcminute scales in TT, TE and EE, are well fit by the sum of CMB and foregrounds, where the CMB spectra are described by the $Λ$CDM model. Combining ACT with larger-scale Planck data, the joint P-ACT dataset provides tight limits on the ingredients, expansion rate, and initial conditions of the universe. We find similar constraining power, and consistent results, from either the Planck power spectra or from ACT combined with WMAP data, as well as from either temperature or polarization in the joint P-ACT dataset. When combined with CMB lensing from ACT and Planck, and baryon acoustic oscillation data from DESI DR1, we measure a baryon density of $Ω_b h^2=0.0226\pm0.0001$, a cold dark matter density of $Ω_c h^2=0.118\pm0.001$, a Hubble constant of $H_0=68.22\pm0.36$ km/s/Mpc, a spectral index of $n_s=0.974\pm0.003$, and an amplitude of density fluctuations of $σ_8=0.813\pm0.005$. Including the DESI DR2 data tightens the Hubble constant to $H_0=68.43\pm0.27$ km/s/Mpc; $Λ$CDM parameters agree between the P-ACT and DESI DR2 data at the $1.6σ$ level. We find no evidence for excess lensing in the power spectrum, and no departure from spatial flatness. The contribution from Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) anisotropy is detected at high significance; we find evidence for a tilt with suppressed small-scale power compared to our baseline SZ template spectrum, consistent with hydrodynamical simulations with feedback. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2025; v1 submitted 18 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Matching version accepted by JCAP. Data located at https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/act/act_dr6.02, code located at https://github.com/simonsobs/PSpipe

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Maps

Authors: Sigurd Naess, Yilun Guan, Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden, Matthew Hasselfield, Yuhan Wang, Irene Abril-Cabezas, Graeme E. Addison, Peter A. R. Ade, Simone Aiola, Tommy Alford, David Alonso, Mandana Amiri, Rui An, Zachary Atkins, Jason E. Austermann, Eleonora Barbavara, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia Stefano Battistelli, James A. Beall, Rachel Bean, Ali Beheshti, Benjamin Beringue, Tanay Bhandarkar, Emily Biermann, Boris Bolliet , et al. (141 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background temperature and polarization anisotropy at arcminute resolution over three frequency bands centered on 98, 150 and 220 GHz. The maps are based on data collected with the AdvancedACT camera over the period 2017--2022 and cover 19,000 square degrees with a median combined depth of 10 uK arcmin.… ▽ More We present Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background temperature and polarization anisotropy at arcminute resolution over three frequency bands centered on 98, 150 and 220 GHz. The maps are based on data collected with the AdvancedACT camera over the period 2017--2022 and cover 19,000 square degrees with a median combined depth of 10 uK arcmin. We describe the instrument, mapmaking and map properties and illustrate them with a number of figures and tables. The ACT DR6 maps and derived products are available on LAMBDA at https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/act/actadv_prod_table.html. We also provide an interactive web atlas at https://phy-act1.princeton.edu/public/snaess/actpol/dr6/atlas and HiPS data sets in Aladin (e.g. https://alasky.cds.unistra.fr/ACT/DR4DR6/color_CMB). △ Less

Submitted 18 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 37+25 pages, 21+19 figures, 12+1 tables. Part of DR6 suite of papers submitted to JCAP. Data located at https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/act/actadv_prod_table.html

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A measurement of galaxy cluster temperatures through relativistic corrections to the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect

Authors: William R. Coulton, Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden, Zachary Atkins, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia Stefano Battistelli, J Richard Bond, Hongbo Cai, Erminia Calabrese, Steve K. Choi, Kevin T. Crowley, Mark J. Devlin, Jo Dunkley, Simone Ferraro, Yilun Guan, Carlos Hervías-Caimapo, J. Colin Hill, Matt Hilton, Adam D. Hincks, Arthur Kosowsky, Mathew S. Madhavacheril, Joshiwa van Marrewijk, Fiona McCarthy, Kavilan Moodley, Tony Mroczkowski, Michael D. Niemack , et al. (10 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The high electron temperature in galaxy clusters ($>1\,$keV or $>10^7\,$K) leads to corrections at the level of a few percent in their thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect signatures. Both the size and frequency dependence of these corrections, which are known as relativistic temperature corrections, depend upon the temperature of the objects. In this work we exploit this effect to measure the average… ▽ More The high electron temperature in galaxy clusters ($>1\,$keV or $>10^7\,$K) leads to corrections at the level of a few percent in their thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect signatures. Both the size and frequency dependence of these corrections, which are known as relativistic temperature corrections, depend upon the temperature of the objects. In this work we exploit this effect to measure the average temperature of a stack of Compton-$y$ selected clusters. Specifically, we apply the "spectroscopic method" and search for the temperature that best fits the clusters' signal measured at frequencies from 30 to 545 GHz by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Planck satellite. We measure the average temperature of clusters detected in the ACT maps to be $8.5\pm 2.4\,$keV, with an additional systematic error of comparable amplitude dominated by passband uncertainty. Upcoming surveys, such as the Simons Observatory and CMB-S4, have the potential to dramatically improve upon these measurements and thereby enable precision studies of cluster temperatures with millimeter observations. The key challenge for future observations will be mitigating instrumental systematic effects, which already limit this analysis. △ Less

Submitted 24 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 21 pages with 17 figures

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A census of bridges between galaxy clusters

Authors: G. Isopi, V. Capalbo, A. D. Hincks, L. Di Mascolo, E. Barbavara, E. S. Battistelli, J. R. Bond, W. Cui, W. R. Coulton, M. De Petris, M. Devlin, K. Dolag, J. Dunkley, D. Fabjan, A. Ferragamo, A. S. Gill, Y. Guan, M. Halpern, M. Hilton, J. P. Hughes, M. Lokken, J. van Marrewijk, K. Moodley, T. Mroczkowski, J. Orlowski-Scherer , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: According to CMB measurements, baryonic matter constitutes about $5\%$ of the mass-energy density of the universe. A significant population of these baryons, for a long time referred to as `missing', resides in a low density, warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) outside galaxy clusters, tracing the ``cosmic web'', a network of large scale dark matter filaments. Various studies have detected this i… ▽ More According to CMB measurements, baryonic matter constitutes about $5\%$ of the mass-energy density of the universe. A significant population of these baryons, for a long time referred to as `missing', resides in a low density, warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) outside galaxy clusters, tracing the ``cosmic web'', a network of large scale dark matter filaments. Various studies have detected this inter-cluster gas, both by stacking and by observing individual filaments in compact, massive systems. In this paper, we study short filaments (< 10 Mpc) connecting massive clusters ($M_{500} \approx 3\times 10^{14} M_{\odot}$) detected by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) using the scattering of CMB light off the ionised gas, a phenomenon known as the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (tSZ) effect. The first part of this work is a search for suitable candidates for high resolution follow-up tSZ observations. We identify four cluster pairs with an intercluster signal above the noise floor (S/N $>$ 2), including two with a tentative $>2σ$ statistical significance for an intercluster bridge from the ACT data alone. In the second part of this work, starting from the same cluster sample, we directly stack on ${\sim}100$ cluster pairs and observe an excess SZ signal between the stacked clusters of $y=(7.2^{+2.3}_{-2.5})\times 10^{-7}$ with a significance of $3.3σ$. It is the first tSZ measurement of hot gas between clusters in this range of masses at moderate redshift ($\langle z\rangle\approx 0.5$). We compare this to the signal from simulated cluster pairs with similar redshifts and separations in the THE300 and MAGNETICUM Pathfinder cosmological simulations and find broad consistency. Additionally, we show that our measurement is consistent with scaling relations between filament parameters and mass of the embedded halos identified in simulations. △ Less

Submitted 27 June, 2025; v1 submitted 18 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 37 pages, 17 images

MSC Class: 85A40 (Primary)

Measuring the CMB spectral distortions with COSMO: the multi-mode antenna system

Authors: E. Manzan, L. Albano, C. Franceschet, E. S. Battistelli, P. de Bernardis, M. Bersanelli, F. Cacciotti, A. Capponi, F. Columbro, G. Conenna, G. Coppi, A. Coppolecchia, G. D'Alessandro, G. De Gasperis, M. De Petris, M. Gervasi, G. Isopi, L. Lamagna, A. Limonta, E. Marchitelli, S. Masi, A. Mennella, F. Montonati, F. Nati, A. Occhiuzzi , et al. (7 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this work, we present the design and manufacturing of the two multi-mode antenna arrays of the COSMO experiment and the preliminary beam pattern measurements of their fundamental mode compared with simulations. COSMO is a cryogenic Martin-Puplett Fourier Transform Spectrometer that aims at measuring the isotropic y-type spectral distortion of the Cosmic Microwave Background from Antarctica, b… ▽ More In this work, we present the design and manufacturing of the two multi-mode antenna arrays of the COSMO experiment and the preliminary beam pattern measurements of their fundamental mode compared with simulations. COSMO is a cryogenic Martin-Puplett Fourier Transform Spectrometer that aims at measuring the isotropic y-type spectral distortion of the Cosmic Microwave Background from Antarctica, by performing differential measurements between the sky and an internal, cryogenic reference blackbody. To reduce the atmospheric contribution, a spinning wedge mirror performs fast sky-dips at varying elevations while fast, low-noise Kinetic Inductance detectors scan the interferogram. Two arrays of antennas couple the radiation to the detectors. Each array consists of nine smooth-walled multi-mode feed-horns, operating in the $120-180$ GHz and $210-300$ GHz range, respectively. The multi-mode propagation helps increase the instrumental sensitivity without employing large focal planes with hundreds of detectors. The two arrays have a step-linear and a linear profile, respectively, and are obtained by superimposing aluminum plates made with CNC milling. The simulated multi-mode beam pattern has a $\sim 20^{\circ} - 26^{\circ}$ FWHM for the low-frequency array and $\sim 16^{\circ}$ FWHM for the high-frequency one. The side lobes are below $-15$ dB. To characterize the antenna response, we measured the beam pattern of the fundamental mode using a Vector Network Analyzer, in far-field conditions inside an anechoic chamber at room temperature. We completed the measurements of the low-frequency array and found a good agreement with the simulations. We also identified a few non-idealities that we attribute to the measuring setup and will further investigate. A comprehensive multi-mode measurement will be feasible at cryogenic temperature once the full receiver is integrated. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: To appear in Proceedings of the SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2024

OLIMPO: a Balloon-Borne SZE Imager to Probe ICM Dynamics and the WHIM

Authors: Jack Sayers, Camille Avestruz, Ritoban Basu Thakur, Elia Stefano Battistelli, Esra Bulbul, Federico Caccioti, Fabio Columbro, Alessandro Coppolecchia, Scott Cray, Giuseppe D'Alessandro, Paolo de Bernardis, Marco de Petris, Shaul Hanany, Luca Lamagna, Erwin Lau, Silvia Masi, Allesandro Paiella, Giorgio Pettinari, Francesco Piacentini, Eitan Rapaport, Larry Rudnick, Irina Zhuravleva, John ZuHuone

Abstract: OLIMPO is a proposed Antarctic balloon-borne Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) imager to study gas dynamics associated with structure formation along with the properties of the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) residing in the connective filaments. During a 25 day flight OLIMPO will image a total of 10 z~0.05 galaxy clusters and 8 bridges at 145, 250, 365, and 460 GHz at an angular resolution of… ▽ More OLIMPO is a proposed Antarctic balloon-borne Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) imager to study gas dynamics associated with structure formation along with the properties of the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) residing in the connective filaments. During a 25 day flight OLIMPO will image a total of 10 z~0.05 galaxy clusters and 8 bridges at 145, 250, 365, and 460 GHz at an angular resolution of 1.0'-3.3'. The maps will be significantly deeper than those planned from CMB-S4 and CCAT-P, and will have excellent fidelity to the large angular scales of our low-z targets, which are difficult to probe from the ground. In combination with X-ray data from eROSITA and XRISM we will transform our current static view of galaxy clusters into a full dynamic picture by measuring the internal intra-cluster medium (ICM) velocity structure with the kinematic SZE, X-ray spectroscopy, and the power spectrum of ICM fluctuations. Radio observations from ASKAP and MeerKAT will be used to better understand the connection between ICM turbulence and shocks with the relativistic plasma. Beyond the cluster boundary, we will combine thermal SZE maps from OLIMPO with X-ray imaging from eROSITA to measure the thermodynamics of the WHIM residing in filaments, providing a better understanding of its properties and its contribution to the total baryon budget. △ Less

Submitted 5 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: From the proceedings of the mm Universe 2023

Measuring the CMB primordial B-modes with Bolometric Interferometry

Authors: A. Mennella, P. Ade, A. Almela, G. Amico, L. H. Arnaldi, J. Aumont, S. Banfi, E. S. Battistelli, B. Bélier, L. Bergé, J. -Ph. Bernard, P. de Bernardis, M. Bersanelli, J. Bonaparte, J. D. Bonilla, E. Bunn, D. Buzi, F. Cacciotti, D. Camilieri, F. Cavaliere, P. Chanial, C. Chapron, L. Colombo, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia , et al. (89 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Q&U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is the first bolometric interferometer designed to measure the primordial B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Bolometric interferometry is a novel technique that combines the sensitivity of bolometric detectors with the control of systematic effects that is typical of interferometry, both key features in the quest fo… ▽ More The Q&U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is the first bolometric interferometer designed to measure the primordial B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Bolometric interferometry is a novel technique that combines the sensitivity of bolometric detectors with the control of systematic effects that is typical of interferometry, both key features in the quest for the faint signal of the primordial B-modes. A unique feature is the so-called "spectral imaging", i.e., the ability to recover the sky signal in several sub-bands within the physical band during data analysis. This feature provides an in-band spectral resolution of Δν/ν \sim 0.04 that is unattainable by a traditional imager. This is a key tool for controlling the Galactic foregrounds contamination. In this paper, we describe the principles of bolometric interferometry, the current status of the QUBIC experiment and future prospects. △ Less

Submitted 5 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Comments: To appear in Proc. of the mm Universe 2023 conference, Grenoble (France), June 2023, published by F. Mayet et al. (Eds), EPJ Web of conferences, EDP Sciences

Observing galaxy clusters and the cosmic web through the Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect with MISTRAL

Authors: E. S. Battistelli, E. Barbavara, P. de Bernardis, F. Cacciotti, V. Capalbo, A. Carbone, E. Carretti, D. Ciccalotti, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia, A. Cruciani, G. D'Alessandro, M. De Petris, F. Govoni, G. Isopi, L. Lamagna, E. Levati, P. Marongiu, A. Mascia, S. Masi, E. Molinari, M. Murgia, A. Navarrini, A. Novelli, A. Occhiuzzi , et al. (11 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Galaxy clusters and surrounding medium, can be studied using X-ray bremsstrahlung emission and Sunyaev Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. Both astrophysical probes, sample the same environment with different parameters dependance. The SZ effect is relatively more sensitive in low density environments and thus is useful to study the filamentary structures of the cosmic web. In addition, observations of the ma… ▽ More Galaxy clusters and surrounding medium, can be studied using X-ray bremsstrahlung emission and Sunyaev Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. Both astrophysical probes, sample the same environment with different parameters dependance. The SZ effect is relatively more sensitive in low density environments and thus is useful to study the filamentary structures of the cosmic web. In addition, observations of the matter distribution require high angular resolution in order to be able to map the matter distribution within and around galaxy clusters. MISTRAL is a camera working at 90GHz which, once coupled to the Sardinia Radio Telescope, can reach $12''$ angular resolution over $4'$ field of view (f.o.v.). The forecasted sensitivity is $NEFD \simeq 10-15mJy \sqrt{s}$ and the mapping speed is $MS= 380'^{2}/mJy^{2}/h$. MISTRAL was recently installed at the focus of the SRT and soon will take its first photons. △ Less

Submitted 27 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: To appear in Proc. of the mm Universe 2023 conference, Grenoble (France), June 2023, published by F. Mayet et al. (Eds), EPJ Web of conferences, EDP Sciences

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Extragalactic Point Sources in the Southern Surveys at 150, 220 and 280 GHz observed between 2008-2010

Authors: Cristian Vargas, Carlos H. López-Caraballo, Elia S. Battistelli, Rolando Dunner, Gerrit Farren, Megan Gralla, Kirsten R. Hall, Carlos Hervías-Caimapo, Matt Hilton, Adam D. Hincks, Kevin Huffenberger, Tobias Marriage, Tony Mroczkowski, Michael D. Niemack, Lyman Page, Bruce Partridge, Felipe Rojas, Francesca Rizzo, Cristóbal Sifón, Suzanne Staggs, Edward J. Wollack

Abstract: We present a multi-frequency, multi-epoch catalog of extragalactic sources. The catalog is based on 150, 220, and 280 GHz observations carried out in 2008, 2009, and 2010 using the Millimeter Bolometric Array Camera on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope. We also present and release 280 GHz maps from 2008 and 2010. The catalog contains 483 sources found in a sky area of ${\sim}600$ square degrees. It… ▽ More We present a multi-frequency, multi-epoch catalog of extragalactic sources. The catalog is based on 150, 220, and 280 GHz observations carried out in 2008, 2009, and 2010 using the Millimeter Bolometric Array Camera on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope. We also present and release 280 GHz maps from 2008 and 2010. The catalog contains 483 sources found in a sky area of ${\sim}600$ square degrees. It was obtained by cross-matching sources found in 11 sub-catalogs, one for each season and frequency band. We also include co-added data from ${\sim}150$ and ${\sim}160$ square degrees using two and three years of overlapping observations. We divide the sources into two populations, synchrotron and dusty emitters, based on their spectral behavior in the 150-280 GHz frequency range. We find 284 synchrotron sources and 183 dusty source candidates. Our cross-matching with catalogs from radio to X-ray results in 251 synchrotron sources (88%) and 92 dusty sources (51%) with counterparts and suggests that 91 dusty candidates are not in existing catalogs. We study the variability and number counts of each population. In the case of synchrotron sources, we find year-to-year variability, with a mean value around 35%. As expected, we find no evidence of dusty source variability. Our number counts generally agree with previous measurements and models, except for dusty sources at 280 GHz, where some models overestimate our results. △ Less

Submitted 25 June, 2024; v1 submitted 26 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Comments: 24 pages, 16 figures, for associated data products see https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/act/act_prod_table.html -- Accepted on Astronomy and Astrophysics

Journal ref: A&A 710, A73 (2026)

XLSSC 122 caught in the act of growing up: Spatially resolved SZ observations of a z=1.98 galaxy cluster

Authors: J. van Marrewijk, L. Di Mascolo, A. S. Gill, N. Battaglia, E. S. Battistelli, J. R. Bond, M. J. Devlin, P. Doze, J. Dunkley, K. Knowles, A. Hincks, J. P. Hughes, M. Hilton, K. Moodley, T. Mroczkowski, S. Naess, B. Partridge, G. Popping, C. Sifón, S. T. Staggs, E. J. Wollack

Abstract: How protoclusters evolved from sparse galaxy overdensities to mature galaxy clusters is still not well understood. In this context, detecting and characterizing the hot ICM at high redshifts (z~2) is key to understanding how the continuous accretion from and mergers along the filamentary large-scale structure impact the first phases of cluster formation. We study the dynamical state and morphology… ▽ More How protoclusters evolved from sparse galaxy overdensities to mature galaxy clusters is still not well understood. In this context, detecting and characterizing the hot ICM at high redshifts (z~2) is key to understanding how the continuous accretion from and mergers along the filamentary large-scale structure impact the first phases of cluster formation. We study the dynamical state and morphology of the z=1.98 galaxy cluster XLSSC 122 with high-resolution observations (~5") of the ICM through the SZ effect. Via Bayesian forward modeling, we map the ICM on scales from the virial radius down to the core of the cluster. To constrain such a broad range of spatial scales, we employ a new technique that jointly forward-models parametric descriptions of the pressure distribution to interferometric ACA and ALMA observations and multi-band imaging data from the 6-m, single-dish Atacama Cosmology Telescope. We detect the SZ effect with $11σ$ in the ALMA+ACA observations and find a flattened inner pressure profile that is consistent with a non-cool core classification with a significance of $>3σ$. In contrast to the previous works, we find better agreement between the SZ effect signal and the X-ray emission as well as the cluster member distribution. Further, XLSSC 122 exhibits an excess of SZ flux in the south of the cluster where no X-ray emission is detected. By reconstructing the interferometric observations and modeling in the uv-plane, we obtain a tentative detection of an infalling group or filamentary-like structure that is believed to boost and heat up the ICM while the density of the gas is low. In addition, we provide an improved SZ mass of $M_{500,\mathrm{c}} = 1.66^{+0.23}_{-0.20} \times 10^{14} \rm M_\odot$. Altogether, the observations indicate that we see XLSSC 122 in a dynamic phase of cluster formation while a large reservoir of gas is already thermalized. △ Less

Submitted 19 June, 2024; v1 submitted 9 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023.

Journal ref: A&A 689, A41 (2024)

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Galactic Dust Structure and the Cosmic PAH Background in Cross-correlation with WISE

Authors: Rodrigo Córdova Rosado, Brandon S. Hensley, Susan E. Clark, Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden, Zachary Atkins, Elia Stefano Battistelli, Steve K. Choi, Jo Dunkley, Carlos Hervías-Caimapo, Zack Li, Thibaut Louis, Sigurd Naess, Lyman A. Page, Bruce Partridge, Cristóbal Sifón, Suzanne T. Staggs, Cristian Vargas, Edward J. Wollack

Abstract: We present a cross-correlation analysis between $1'$ resolution total intensity and polarization observations from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) at 150 and 220 GHz and 15$''$ mid-infrared photometry from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) over 107 12.5$^\circ\times$12.5$^\circ$ patches of sky. We detect a spatially isotropic signal in the WISE$\times$ACT $TT$ cross power spectr… ▽ More We present a cross-correlation analysis between $1'$ resolution total intensity and polarization observations from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) at 150 and 220 GHz and 15$''$ mid-infrared photometry from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) over 107 12.5$^\circ\times$12.5$^\circ$ patches of sky. We detect a spatially isotropic signal in the WISE$\times$ACT $TT$ cross power spectrum at 30$σ$ significance that we interpret as the correlation between the cosmic infrared background at ACT frequencies and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission from galaxies in WISE, i.e., the cosmic PAH background. Within the Milky Way, the Galactic dust $TT$ spectra are generally well-described by power laws in $\ell$ over the range 10$^3 < \ell < $10$^4$, but there is evidence both for variability in the power law index and for non-power law behavior in some regions. We measure a positive correlation between WISE total intensity and ACT $E$-mode polarization at 1000$ < \ell \lesssim $6000 at $>$3$σ$ in each of 35 distinct $\sim$100 deg$^2$ regions of the sky, suggesting alignment between Galactic density structures and the local magnetic field persists to sub-parsec physical scales in these regions. The distribution of $TE$ amplitudes in this $\ell$ range across all 107 regions is biased to positive values, while there is no evidence for such a bias in the $TB$ spectra. This work constitutes the highest-$\ell$ measurements of the Galactic dust $TE$ spectrum to date and indicates that cross-correlation with high-resolution mid-infrared measurements of dust emission is a promising tool for constraining the spatial statistics of dust emission at millimeter wavelengths. △ Less

Submitted 12 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 20 pages, 14 figures, submitted to ApJ

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: High-resolution component-separated maps across one-third of the sky

Authors: William R. Coulton, Mathew S. Madhavacheril, Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden, J. Colin Hill, Irene Abril-Cabezas, Peter A. R. Ade, Simone Aiola, Tommy Alford, Mandana Amiri, Stefania Amodeo, Rui An, Zachary Atkins, Jason E. Austermann, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia Stefano Battistelli, James A. Beall, Rachel Bean, Benjamin Beringue, Tanay Bhandarkar, Emily Biermann, Boris Bolliet, J Richard Bond, Hongbo Cai, Erminia Calabrese, Victoria Calafut , et al. (129 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Observations of the millimeter sky contain valuable information on a number of signals, including the blackbody cosmic microwave background (CMB), Galactic emissions, and the Compton-$y$ distortion due to the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect. Extracting new insight into cosmological and astrophysical questions often requires combining multi-wavelength observations to spectrally isolate one… ▽ More Observations of the millimeter sky contain valuable information on a number of signals, including the blackbody cosmic microwave background (CMB), Galactic emissions, and the Compton-$y$ distortion due to the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect. Extracting new insight into cosmological and astrophysical questions often requires combining multi-wavelength observations to spectrally isolate one component. In this work, we present a new arcminute-resolution Compton-$y$ map, which traces out the line-of-sight-integrated electron pressure, as well as maps of the CMB in intensity and E-mode polarization, across a third of the sky (around 13,000 sq.~deg.). We produce these through a joint analysis of data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 4 and 6 at frequencies of roughly 93, 148, and 225 GHz, together with data from the \textit{Planck} satellite at frequencies between 30 GHz and 545 GHz. We present detailed verification of an internal linear combination pipeline implemented in a needlet frame that allows us to efficiently suppress Galactic contamination and account for spatial variations in the ACT instrument noise. These maps provide a significant advance, in noise levels and resolution, over the existing \textit{Planck} component-separated maps and will enable a host of science goals including studies of cluster and galaxy astrophysics, inferences of the cosmic velocity field, primordial non-Gaussianity searches, and gravitational lensing reconstruction of the CMB. △ Less

Submitted 3 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: The Compton-y map and associated products will be made publicly available upon publication of the paper. The CMB T and E mode maps will be made available when the DR6 maps are made public

The Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect with ACT, DES, and BOSS: a Novel Hybrid Estimator

Authors: M. Mallaby-Kay, S. Amodeo, J. C. Hill, M. Aguena, S. Allam, O. Alves, J. Annis, N. Battaglia, E. S. Battistelli, E. J. Baxter, K. Bechtol, M. R. Becker, E. Bertin, J. R. Bond, D. Brooks, E. Calabrese, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, A. Choi, M. Crocce, L. N. da Costa, M. E. S. Pereira, J. De Vicente, S. Desai , et al. (58 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The kinematic and thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ and tSZ) effects probe the abundance and thermodynamics of ionized gas in galaxies and clusters. We present a new hybrid estimator to measure the kSZ effect by combining cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropy maps with photometric and spectroscopic optical survey data. The method interpolates a velocity reconstruction from a spectroscop… ▽ More The kinematic and thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ and tSZ) effects probe the abundance and thermodynamics of ionized gas in galaxies and clusters. We present a new hybrid estimator to measure the kSZ effect by combining cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropy maps with photometric and spectroscopic optical survey data. The method interpolates a velocity reconstruction from a spectroscopic catalog at the positions of objects in a photometric catalog, which makes it possible to leverage the high number density of the photometric catalog and the precision of the spectroscopic survey. Combining this hybrid kSZ estimator with a measurement of the tSZ effect simultaneously constrains the density and temperature of free electrons in the photometrically selected galaxies. Using the 1000 deg2 of overlap between the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 5, the first three years of data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) Data Release 12, we detect the kSZ signal at 4.8$σ$ and reject the null (no-kSZ) hypothesis at 5.1$σ$. This corresponds to 2.0$σ$ per 100,000 photometric objects with a velocity field based on a spectroscopic survey with 1/5th the density of the photometric catalog. For comparison, a recent ACT analysis using exclusively spectroscopic data from BOSS measured the kSZ signal at 2.1$σ$ per 100,000 objects. Our derived constraints on the thermodynamic properties of the galaxy halos are consistent with previous measurements. With future surveys, such as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument and the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time, we expect that this hybrid estimator could result in measurements with significantly better signal-to-noise than those that rely on spectroscopic data alone. △ Less

Submitted 14 August, 2023; v1 submitted 11 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: 19 pages, 15 figures - matches published version

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 108, 023516 - Published 18 July 2023

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Gravitational Lensing Map and Cosmological Parameters

Authors: Mathew S. Madhavacheril, Frank J. Qu, Blake D. Sherwin, Niall MacCrann, Yaqiong Li, Irene Abril-Cabezas, Peter A. R. Ade, Simone Aiola, Tommy Alford, Mandana Amiri, Stefania Amodeo, Rui An, Zachary Atkins, Jason E. Austermann, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia Stefano Battistelli, James A. Beall, Rachel Bean, Benjamin Beringue, Tanay Bhandarkar, Emily Biermann, Boris Bolliet, J Richard Bond, Hongbo Cai, Erminia Calabrese , et al. (134 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present cosmological constraints from a gravitational lensing mass map covering 9400 sq. deg. reconstructed from CMB measurements made by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) from 2017 to 2021. In combination with BAO measurements (from SDSS and 6dF), we obtain the amplitude of matter fluctuations $σ_8 = 0.819 \pm 0.015$ at 1.8% precision, $S_8\equivσ_8({Ω_{\rm m}}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.840\pm0.028$ an… ▽ More We present cosmological constraints from a gravitational lensing mass map covering 9400 sq. deg. reconstructed from CMB measurements made by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) from 2017 to 2021. In combination with BAO measurements (from SDSS and 6dF), we obtain the amplitude of matter fluctuations $σ_8 = 0.819 \pm 0.015$ at 1.8% precision, $S_8\equivσ_8({Ω_{\rm m}}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.840\pm0.028$ and the Hubble constant $H_0= (68.3 \pm 1.1)\, \text{km}\,\text{s}^{-1}\,\text{Mpc}^{-1}$ at 1.6% precision. A joint constraint with CMB lensing measured by the Planck satellite yields even more precise values: $σ_8 = 0.812 \pm 0.013$, $S_8\equivσ_8({Ω_{\rm m}}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.831\pm0.023$ and $H_0= (68.1 \pm 1.0)\, \text{km}\,\text{s}^{-1}\,\text{Mpc}^{-1}$. These measurements agree well with $Λ$CDM-model extrapolations from the CMB anisotropies measured by Planck. To compare these constraints to those from the KiDS, DES, and HSC galaxy surveys, we revisit those data sets with a uniform set of assumptions, and find $S_8$ from all three surveys are lower than that from ACT+Planck lensing by varying levels ranging from 1.7-2.1$σ$. These results motivate further measurements and comparison, not just between the CMB anisotropies and galaxy lensing, but also between CMB lensing probing $z\sim 0.5-5$ on mostly-linear scales and galaxy lensing at $z\sim 0.5$ on smaller scales. We combine our CMB lensing measurements with CMB anisotropies to constrain extensions of $Λ$CDM, limiting the sum of the neutrino masses to $\sum m_ν < 0.13$ eV (95% c.l.), for example. Our results provide independent confirmation that the universe is spatially flat, conforms with general relativity, and is described remarkably well by the $Λ$CDM model, while paving a promising path for neutrino physics with gravitational lensing from upcoming ground-based CMB surveys. △ Less

Submitted 12 August, 2024; v1 submitted 11 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: 32 pages, 17 figures, replaced with version accepted in ApJ (Feb 2024). Cosmological likelihood data and mass maps are public here: https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/act/actadv_prod_table.html ; likelihood software is here: https://github.com/ACTCollaboration/act_dr6_lenslike . Also see companion papers Qu et al and MacCrann et al

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 962, 2024, Page 113

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Measurement of the DR6 CMB Lensing Power Spectrum and its Implications for Structure Growth

Authors: Frank J. Qu, Blake D. Sherwin, Mathew S. Madhavacheril, Dongwon Han, Kevin T. Crowley, Irene Abril-Cabezas, Peter A. R. Ade, Simone Aiola, Tommy Alford, Mandana Amiri, Stefania Amodeo, Rui An, Zachary Atkins, Jason E. Austermann, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia Stefano Battistelli, James A. Beall, Rachel Bean, Benjamin Beringue, Tanay Bhandarkar, Emily Biermann, Boris Bolliet, J Richard Bond, Hongbo Cai, Erminia Calabrese , et al. (133 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present new measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing over $9400$ sq. deg. of the sky. These lensing measurements are derived from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) CMB dataset, which consists of five seasons of ACT CMB temperature and polarization observations. We determine the amplitude of the CMB lensing power spectrum at $2.3\%$ precision ($43σ$ sign… ▽ More We present new measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing over $9400$ sq. deg. of the sky. These lensing measurements are derived from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) CMB dataset, which consists of five seasons of ACT CMB temperature and polarization observations. We determine the amplitude of the CMB lensing power spectrum at $2.3\%$ precision ($43σ$ significance) using a novel pipeline that minimizes sensitivity to foregrounds and to noise properties. To ensure our results are robust, we analyze an extensive set of null tests, consistency tests, and systematic error estimates and employ a blinded analysis framework. The baseline spectrum is well fit by a lensing amplitude of $A_{\mathrm{lens}}=1.013\pm0.023$ relative to the Planck 2018 CMB power spectra best-fit $Λ$CDM model and $A_{\mathrm{lens}}=1.005\pm0.023$ relative to the $\text{ACT DR4} + \text{WMAP}$ best-fit model. From our lensing power spectrum measurement, we derive constraints on the parameter combination $S^{\mathrm{CMBL}}_8 \equiv σ_8 \left({Ω_m}/{0.3}\right)^{0.25}$ of $S^{\mathrm{CMBL}}_8= 0.818\pm0.022$ from ACT DR6 CMB lensing alone and $S^{\mathrm{CMBL}}_8= 0.813\pm0.018$ when combining ACT DR6 and Planck NPIPE CMB lensing power spectra. These results are in excellent agreement with $Λ$CDM model constraints from Planck or $\text{ACT DR4} + \text{WMAP}$ CMB power spectrum measurements. Our lensing measurements from redshifts $z\sim0.5$--$5$ are thus fully consistent with $Λ$CDM structure growth predictions based on CMB anisotropies probing primarily $z\sim1100$. We find no evidence for a suppression of the amplitude of cosmic structure at low redshifts △ Less

Submitted 22 December, 2025; v1 submitted 11 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: 45+22 pages, 50 figures. v3 updates author institution acknowledgement. Cosmological likelihood data and lensing maps are here: https://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/act/actadv_prod_table.html ; likelihood software is here: https://github.com/ACTCollaboration/act_dr6_lenslike . Also see companion papers Madhavacheril et al and MacCrann et al

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-23-237-PPD

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Mitigating the impact of extragalactic foregrounds for the DR6 CMB lensing analysis

Authors: Niall MacCrann, Blake D. Sherwin, Frank J. Qu, Toshiya Namikawa, Mathew S. Madhavacheril, Irene Abril-Cabezas, Rui An, Jason E. Austermann, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia S. Battistelli, James A. Beall, Boris Bolliet, J. Richard Bond, Hongbo Cai, Erminia Calabrese, William R. Coulton, Omar Darwish, Shannon M. Duff, Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden, Jo Dunkley, Gerrit S. Farren, Simone Ferraro, Joseph E. Golec, Yilun Guan, Dongwon Han , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We investigate the impact and mitigation of extragalactic foregrounds for the CMB lensing power spectrum analysis of Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) data release 6 (DR6) data. Two independent microwave sky simulations are used to test a range of mitigation strategies. We demonstrate that finding and then subtracting point sources, finding and then subtracting models of clusters, and using a prof… ▽ More We investigate the impact and mitigation of extragalactic foregrounds for the CMB lensing power spectrum analysis of Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) data release 6 (DR6) data. Two independent microwave sky simulations are used to test a range of mitigation strategies. We demonstrate that finding and then subtracting point sources, finding and then subtracting models of clusters, and using a profile bias-hardened lensing estimator, together reduce the fractional biases to well below statistical uncertainties, with the inferred lensing amplitude, $A_{\mathrm{lens}}$, biased by less than $0.2σ$. We also show that another method where a model for the cosmic infrared background (CIB) contribution is deprojected and high frequency data from Planck is included has similar performance. Other frequency-cleaned options do not perform as well, incurring either a large noise cost, or resulting in biased recovery of the lensing spectrum. In addition to these simulation-based tests, we also present null tests performed on the ACT DR6 data which test for sensitivity of our lensing spectrum estimation to differences in foreground levels between the two ACT frequencies used, while nulling the CMB lensing signal. These tests pass whether the nulling is performed at the map or bandpower level. The CIB-deprojected measurement performed on the DR6 data is consistent with our baseline measurement, implying contamination from the CIB is unlikely to significantly bias the DR6 lensing spectrum. This collection of tests gives confidence that the ACT DR6 lensing measurements and cosmological constraints presented in companion papers to this work are robust to extragalactic foregrounds. △ Less

Submitted 11 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: Companion paper to Qu et al and Madhavacheril et al

Status of QUBIC, the Q&U Bolometer for Cosmology

Authors: L. Mousset, P. Ade, A. Almela, G. Amico, L. H. Arnaldi, J. Aumont, S. Banfi, E. S. Battistelli, B. Bélier, L. Bergé, J. -Ph. Bernard, P. de Bernardis, M. Bersanelli, J. Bonaparte, J. D. Bonilla, E. Bunn, D. Buzi, D. Camilieri, F. Cavaliere, P. Chanial, C. Chapron, S. Colombo, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia, B. Costanza , et al. (86 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Q&U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a novel kind of polarimeter optimized for the measurement of the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Back-ground (CMB), which is one of the major challenges of observational cosmology. The signal is expected to be of the order of a few tens of nK, prone to instrumental systematic effects and polluted by various astrophysical foregr… ▽ More The Q&U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a novel kind of polarimeter optimized for the measurement of the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Back-ground (CMB), which is one of the major challenges of observational cosmology. The signal is expected to be of the order of a few tens of nK, prone to instrumental systematic effects and polluted by various astrophysical foregrounds which can only be controlled through multichroic observations. QUBIC is designed to address these observational issues with a novel approach that combines the advantages of interferometry in terms of control of instrumental systematics with those of bolometric detectors in terms of wide-band, background-limited sensitivity. △ Less

Submitted 6 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: Contribution to the 2022 Cosmology session of the 33rd Rencontres de Blois. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2203.08947

High angular resolution Sunyaev Zel'dovich observations: the case of MISTRAL

Authors: E. S. Battistelli, E. Barbavara, P. de Bernardis, F. Cacciotti, V. Capalbo, E. Carretti, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia, A. Cruciani, G. D'Alessandro, M. De Petris, F. Govoni, G. Isopi, L. Lamagna, P. Marongiu, S. Masi, L. Mele, E. Molinari, M. Murgia, A. Navarrini, A. Orlati, A. Paiella, G. Pettinari, F. Piacentini, T. Pisanu , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The MIllimeter Sardinia radio Telescope Receiver based on Array of Lumped elements kids, MISTRAL, is a millimetric ($\simeq 90GHz$) multipixel camera being built for the Sardinia Radio Telescope. It is going to be a facility instrument and will sample the sky with 12 arcsec angular resolution, 4 arcmin field of view, through 408 Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs). The construction and the beginni… ▽ More The MIllimeter Sardinia radio Telescope Receiver based on Array of Lumped elements kids, MISTRAL, is a millimetric ($\simeq 90GHz$) multipixel camera being built for the Sardinia Radio Telescope. It is going to be a facility instrument and will sample the sky with 12 arcsec angular resolution, 4 arcmin field of view, through 408 Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs). The construction and the beginning of commissioning is planned to be in 2022. MISTRAL will allow the scientific community to propose a wide variety of scientific cases including protoplanetary discs study, star forming regions, galaxies radial profiles, and high angular resolution measurements of the Sunyaev Zel'dovich (SZ) effect with the investigation of the morphology of galaxy cluster and the search for the Cosmic Web. △ Less

Submitted 8 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022.

Comments: 18 pages, 6 figure, accepted for pubblication in the International Journal of Modern Physics D

Cosmology Intertwined: A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies

Authors: Elcio Abdalla, Guillermo Franco Abellán, Amin Aboubrahim, Adriano Agnello, Ozgur Akarsu, Yashar Akrami, George Alestas, Daniel Aloni, Luca Amendola, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Richard I. Anderson, Nikki Arendse, Marika Asgari, Mario Ballardini, Vernon Barger, Spyros Basilakos, Ronaldo C. Batista, Elia S. Battistelli, Richard Battye, Micol Benetti, David Benisty, Asher Berlin, Paolo de Bernardis, Emanuele Berti, Bohdan Bidenko , et al. (178 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this paper we will list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, also taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant $H_0$, the $σ_8$--$S_8$ tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of system… ▽ More In this paper we will list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, also taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant $H_0$, the $σ_8$--$S_8$ tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model. In this paper, we focus on the $5.0\,σ$ tension between the {\it Planck} CMB estimate of the Hubble constant $H_0$ and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the $H_0$ evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we list a few interesting new physics models that could alleviate this tension and discuss how the next decade's experiments will be crucial. Moreover, we focus on the tension of the {\it Planck} CMB data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density $Ω_m$, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure ($σ_8,fσ_8$). We list a few interesting models proposed for alleviating this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit a full array of data with a single model and not just one parameter at a time. Additionally, we present a wide range of other less discussed anomalies at a statistical significance level lower than the $H_0$--$S_8$ tensions which may also constitute hints towards new physics, and we discuss possible generic theoretical approaches that can collectively explain the non-standard nature of these signals.[Abridged] △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2022; v1 submitted 11 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Contribution to Snowmass 2021. 224 pages, 27 figures. Accepted for publication in JHEAp

Journal ref: J. High En. Astrophys. 2204, 002 (2022)

Cosmic backgrounds from the radio to the far-infrared: recent results and perspectives from cosmological and astrophysical surveys

Authors: Carlo Burigana, Elia Sefano Battistelli, Laura Bonavera, Tirthankar Roy Choudhury, Marcos Lopez-Caniego, Constantinos Skordis, Raelyn Marguerite Sullivan, Hideki Tanimura, Seddigheh Tizchang, Matthieu Tristram, Amanda Weltman

Abstract: Cosmological and astrophysical surveys in various wavebands, in particular from the radio to the far-infrared, offer a unique view of the universe's properties and the formation and evolution of its structures. After a preamble on the so-called tension problem, which occurs when different types of data are used to determine cosmological parameters, we discuss the role of fast radio bursts in cosmo… ▽ More Cosmological and astrophysical surveys in various wavebands, in particular from the radio to the far-infrared, offer a unique view of the universe's properties and the formation and evolution of its structures. After a preamble on the so-called tension problem, which occurs when different types of data are used to determine cosmological parameters, we discuss the role of fast radio bursts in cosmology, in particular for the missing baryon problem, and the perspectives from the analysis of the 21 cm redshifted line from neutral hydrogen. We then describe the Planck Legacy Archive, its wealth of scientific information and next developments, and the promising perspectives expected from higher resolution observations, in particular for the analysis of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. Three cosmological results of the Planck mission are presented next: the implications of the map of Comptonization fluctuations, the dipole analysis from cross-correlating cosmic microwave background anisotropy and Comptonization fluctuation maps, and the constraints on the primordial tensor-to-scalar perturbation ratio. Finally, we discuss some future perspectives and alternative scenarios in cosmology, such as the study of the Lorentz invariance violation with the cosmic microwave background polarization, the introduction of new gravitational degrees of freedom to solve the dark matter problem, and the exploitation of the magnification bias with high-redshift sub-millimeter galaxies to constrain cosmological parameters. △ Less

Submitted 10 February, 2022; v1 submitted 22 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: v2: 31 pages, 5 figures. IJMPD (World Scientific), in press. v1: 30 pages, 7 figures. Will appear in the Proc. of the MG16 Meeting, online, 5-10 July 2021, eds. R. Ruffini (Intern. Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network (ICRANet), Italy & University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy) & G. Vereshchagin (Intern. Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network (ICRANet), Italy), World Scientific, 2022

Observations of compact sources in galaxy clusters using MUSTANG2

Authors: Simon R. Dicker, Elia S. Battistelli, Tanay Bhandarkar, Mark J. Devlin, Shannon M. Duff, Gene Hilton, Matt Hilton, Adam D. Hincks, Johannes Hubmayr, Kevin Huffenberger, John P. Hughes, Luca Di Mascolo, Brian S. Mason, J. A. B. Mates, Jeff McMahon, Tony Mroczkowski, Sigurd Naess, John Orlowski-Scherer, Bruce Partridge, Federico Radiconi, Charles Romero, Craig L. Sarazin, Neelima Sehgal, Jonathan Sievers, Cristóbal Sifón , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Compact sources can cause scatter in the scaling relationships between the amplitude of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect (tSZE) in galaxy clusters and cluster mass. Estimates of the importance of this scatter vary - largely due to limited data on sources in clusters at the frequencies at which tSZE cluster surveys operate. In this paper we present 90 GHz compact source measurements from a sam… ▽ More Compact sources can cause scatter in the scaling relationships between the amplitude of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect (tSZE) in galaxy clusters and cluster mass. Estimates of the importance of this scatter vary - largely due to limited data on sources in clusters at the frequencies at which tSZE cluster surveys operate. In this paper we present 90 GHz compact source measurements from a sample of 30 clusters observed using the MUSTANG2 instrument on the Green Bank Telescope. We present simulations of how a source's flux density, spectral index, and angular separation from the cluster's center affect the measured tSZE in clusters detected by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). By comparing the MUSTANG2 measurements with these simulations we calibrate an empirical relationship between 1.4 GHz flux densities from radio surveys and source contamination in ACT tSZE measurements. We find 3 per cent of the ACT clusters have more than a 20 per cent decrease in Compton-y but another 3 per cent have a 10 per cent increase in the Compton-y due to the matched filters used to find clusters. As sources affect the measured tSZE signal and hence the likelihood that a cluster will be detected, testing the level of source contamination in the tSZE signal using a tSZE selected catalog is inherently biased. We confirm this by comparing the ACT tSZE catalog with optically and X-ray selected cluster catalogs. There is a strong case for a large, high resolution survey of clusters to better characterize their source population. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2021; v1 submitted 14 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 13 Pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, with 4 pages of online only figures at end. Published on-line in MNRAS on 22/9/2021

Constraining CMB temperature evolution with Sunyaev-Zel'dovich galaxy clusters from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope

Authors: Yunyang Li, Adam D. Hincks, Stefania Amodeo, Elia S. Battistelli, J. Richard Bond, Erminia Calabrese, Steve K. Choi, Mark J. Devlin, Jo Dunkley, Simone Ferraro, Vera Gluscevic, Yilun Guan, Mark Halpern, Matt Hilton, Renee Hlozek, Tobias A. Marriage, Jeff McMahon, Kavilan Moodley, Sigurd Naess, Federico Nati, Michael D. Niemack, John Orlowski-Scherer, Lyman Page, Bruce Partridge, Maria Salatino , et al. (8 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect introduces a specific distortion of the blackbody spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation when it scatters off hot gas in clusters of galaxies. The frequency dependence of the distortion is only independent of the cluster redshift when the evolution of the CMB radiation is adiabatic. Using 370 clusters within the redshift range… ▽ More The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect introduces a specific distortion of the blackbody spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation when it scatters off hot gas in clusters of galaxies. The frequency dependence of the distortion is only independent of the cluster redshift when the evolution of the CMB radiation is adiabatic. Using 370 clusters within the redshift range $0.07\lesssim z\lesssim1.4$ from the largest SZ-selected cluster sample to date from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, we provide new constraints on the deviation of CMB temperature evolution from the standard model $α=0.017^{+0.029}_{-0.032}$, where $T(z)=T_0(1+z)^{1-α}$. This result is consistent with no deviation from the standard adiabatic model. Combining it with previous, independent datasets we obtain a joint constraint of $α=-0.001\pm0.012$. Attributing deviation from adiabaticity to the decay of dark energy, this result constrains its effective equation of state $w_\mathrm{eff}=-0.998^{+0.008}_{-0.010}$. △ Less

Submitted 26 November, 2021; v1 submitted 23 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Study of the thermal and nonthermal emission components in M31: the Sardinia Radio Telescope view at 6.6 GHz

Authors: S. Fatigoni, F. Radiconi, E. S. Battistelli, M. Murgia, E. Carretti, P. Castangia, R. Concu, P. de Bernardis, J. Fritz, R. Genova-Santos, F. Govoni, F. Guidi, L. Lamagna, S. Masi, A. Melis, R. Paladini, F. M. Perez-Toledo, F. Piacentini, S. Poppi, R. Rebolo, J. A. Rubino-Martin, G. Surcis, A. Tarchi, V. Vacca

Abstract: The Andromeda galaxy is the best-known large galaxy besides our own Milky Way. Several images and studies exist at all wavelengths from radio to hard X-ray. Nevertheless, only a few observations are available in the microwave range where its average radio emission reaches the minimum. In this paper, we want to study the radio morphology of the galaxy, decouple thermal from nonthermal emission, and… ▽ More The Andromeda galaxy is the best-known large galaxy besides our own Milky Way. Several images and studies exist at all wavelengths from radio to hard X-ray. Nevertheless, only a few observations are available in the microwave range where its average radio emission reaches the minimum. In this paper, we want to study the radio morphology of the galaxy, decouple thermal from nonthermal emission, and extract the star formation rate. We also aim to derive a complete catalog of radio sources for the mapped patch of sky. We observed the Andromeda galaxy with the Sardinia Radio Telescope at 6.6 GHz with very high sensitivity and angular resolution, and an unprecedented sky coverage. Using new 6.6 GHz data and Effelsberg radio telescope ancillary data, we confirm that, globally, the spectral index is $\sim 0.7-0.8$, while in the star forming regions it decreases to $\sim 0.5$. By disentangling (gas) thermal and nonthermal emission, we find that at 6.6 GHz, thermal emission follows the distribution of HII regions around the ring. Nonthermal emission within the ring appears smoother and more uniform than thermal emission because of diffusion of the cosmic ray electrons away from their birthplaces. This causes the magnetic fields to appear almost constant in intensity. Furthermore, we calculated a map of the star formation rate based on the map of thermal emission. Integrating within a radius of $R_{max}=15$ kpc, we obtained a total star formation rate of $0.19 \pm 0.01$ $M_{\odot}$/yr in agreement with previous results in the literature. Finally, we correlated our radio data with infrared images of the Andromeda galaxy. We find an unexpectedly high correlation between nonthermal and mid-infrared data in the central region, with a correlation parameter $r=0.93$. △ Less

Submitted 21 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Comments: 36 pages, 31 figures, 10 tables. Accepted for publication in the 4. Extragalactic astronomy section of A&A

Journal ref: A&A 651, A98 (2021)

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Detection of the Pairwise Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect with SDSS DR15 Galaxies

Authors: Victoria Calafut, Patricio A. Gallardo, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Stefania Amodeo, Simone Aiola, Jason E. Austermann, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia S. Battistelli, James A. Beall, Rachel Bean, J. Richard Bond, Erminia Calabrese, Steve K. Choi, Nicholas F. Cothard, Mark J. Devlin, Cody J. Duell, S. M. Duff, Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden, Jo Dunkley, Rolando Dunner, Simone Ferraro, Yilun Guan, J. Colin Hill, Matt Hilton, Renee Hlozek , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a 5.4$σ$ detection of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect using Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and $\it{Planck}$ CMB observations in combination with Luminous Red Galaxy samples from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR15 catalog. Results are obtained using three ACT CMB maps: co-added 150 GHz and 98 GHz maps, combining observations from 2008-2018 (ACT DR5), whic… ▽ More We present a 5.4$σ$ detection of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect using Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and $\it{Planck}$ CMB observations in combination with Luminous Red Galaxy samples from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR15 catalog. Results are obtained using three ACT CMB maps: co-added 150 GHz and 98 GHz maps, combining observations from 2008-2018 (ACT DR5), which overlap with SDSS DR15 over 3,700 sq. deg., and a component-separated map using night-time only observations from 2014-2015 (ACT DR4), overlapping with SDSS DR15 over 2,089 sq. deg. Comparisons of the results from these three maps provide consistency checks in relation to potential frequency-dependent foreground contamination. A total of 343,647 galaxies are used as tracers to identify and locate galaxy groups and clusters from which the kSZ signal is extracted using aperture photometry. We consider the impact of various aperture photometry assumptions and covariance estimation methods on the signal extraction. Theoretical predictions of the pairwise velocities are used to obtain best-fit, mass-averaged, optical depth estimates for each of five luminosity-selected tracer samples. A comparison of the kSZ-derived optical depth measurements obtained here to those derived from the thermal SZ effect for the same sample is presented in a companion paper. △ Less

Submitted 24 August, 2021; v1 submitted 20 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021.

Comments: 17 pages, 10 figures. Updated to match published version in PRD

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 104, 043502 (2021)

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Probing the Baryon Content of SDSS DR15 Galaxies with the Thermal and Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effects

Authors: Eve M. Vavagiakis, Patricio A. Gallardo, Victoria Calafut, Stefania Amodeo, Simone Aiola, Jason E. Austermann, Nicholas Battaglia, Elia S. Battistelli, James A. Beall, Rachel Bean, J. Richard Bond, Erminia Calabrese, Steve K. Choi, Nicholas F. Cothard, Mark J. Devlin, Cody J. Duell, S. M. Duff, Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden, Jo Dunkley, Rolando Dunner, Simone Ferraro, Yilun Guan, J. Colin Hill, Matt Hilton, Renee Hlozek , et al. (27 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present high signal-to-noise measurements (up to 12$σ$) of the average thermal Sunyaev Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect from optically selected galaxy groups and clusters and estimate their baryon content within a 2.1$^\prime$ radius aperture. Sources from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) DR15 catalog overlap with 3,700 sq. deg. of sky observed by the At… ▽ More We present high signal-to-noise measurements (up to 12$σ$) of the average thermal Sunyaev Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect from optically selected galaxy groups and clusters and estimate their baryon content within a 2.1$^\prime$ radius aperture. Sources from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) DR15 catalog overlap with 3,700 sq. deg. of sky observed by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) from 2008 to 2018 at 150 and 98 GHz (ACT DR5), and 2,089 sq. deg. of internal linear combination component-separated maps combining ACT and $\it{Planck}$ data (ACT DR4). The corresponding optical depths, $\barτ$, which depend on the baryon content of the halos, are estimated using results from cosmological hydrodynamic simulations assuming an AGN feedback radiative cooling model. We estimate the mean mass of the halos in multiple luminosity bins, and compare the tSZ-based $\barτ$ estimates to theoretical predictions of the baryon content for a Navarro-Frenk-White profile. We do the same for $\barτ$ estimates extracted from fits to pairwise baryon momentum measurements of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (kSZ) for the same data set obtained in a companion paper. We find that the $\barτ$ estimates from the tSZ measurements in this work and the kSZ measurements in the companion paper agree within $1σ$ for two out of the three disjoint luminosity bins studied, while they differ by 2-3$σ$ in the highest luminosity bin. The optical depth estimates account for one third to all of the theoretically predicted baryon content in the halos across luminosity bins. Potential systematic uncertainties are discussed. The tSZ and kSZ measurements provide a step towards empirical Compton-$\bar{y}$-$\barτ$ relationships to provide new tests of cluster formation and evolution models. △ Less

Submitted 24 August, 2021; v1 submitted 20 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021.

Comments: 19 pages, 9 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 104, 043503 (2021)

QUBIC IV: Performance of TES Bolometers and Readout Electronics

Authors: M. Piat, G. Stankowiak, E. S. Battistelli, P. de Bernardis, G. D Alessandro, M. De Petris, L. Grandsire, J. -Ch. Hamilton, T. D. Hoang, S. Marnieros, S. Masi, A. Mennella, L. Mousset, C. O Sullivan, D. Prele, A. Tartari, J. -P. Thermeau, S. A. Torchinsky, F. Voisin, M. Zannoni, P. Ade, J. G. Alberro, A. Almela, G. Amico, L. H. Arnaldi , et al. (104 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A prototype version of the Q & U bolometric interferometer for cosmology (QUBIC) underwent a campaign of testing in the laboratory at Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology laboratory in Paris (APC). The detection chain is currently made of 256 NbSi transition edge sensors (TES) cooled to 320 mK. The readout system is a 128:1 time domain multiplexing scheme based on 128 SQUIDs cooled at 1 K that are… ▽ More A prototype version of the Q & U bolometric interferometer for cosmology (QUBIC) underwent a campaign of testing in the laboratory at Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology laboratory in Paris (APC). The detection chain is currently made of 256 NbSi transition edge sensors (TES) cooled to 320 mK. The readout system is a 128:1 time domain multiplexing scheme based on 128 SQUIDs cooled at 1 K that are controlled and amplified by an SiGe application specific integrated circuit at 40 K. We report the performance of this readout chain and the characterization of the TES. The readout system has been functionally tested and characterized in the lab and in QUBIC. The low noise amplifier demonstrated a white noise level of 0.3 nV.Hz^-0.5. Characterizations of the QUBIC detectors and readout electronics includes the measurement of I-V curves, time constant and the noise equivalent power. The QUBIC TES bolometer array has approximately 80% detectors within operational parameters. It demonstrated a thermal decoupling compatible with a phonon noise of about 5.10^-17 W.Hz^-0.5 at 410 mK critical temperature. While still limited by microphonics from the pulse tubes and noise aliasing from readout system, the instrument noise equivalent power is about 2.10^-16 W.Hz^-0.5, enough for the demonstration of bolometric interferometry. △ Less

Submitted 20 October, 2021; v1 submitted 17 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021.

Comments: Accepted for publication in JCAP

QUBIC I: Overview and ScienceProgram

Authors: J. -Ch. Hamilton, L. Mousset, E. S. Battistelli, M. -A. Bigot-Sazy, P. Chanial, R. Charlassier, G. D'Alessandro, P. de Bernardis, M. De Petris, M. M. Gamboa Lerena, L. Grandsire, S. Lau, S. Marnieros, S. Masi, A. Mennella, C. O'Sullivan, M. Piat, G. Riccardi, C. Scóccola, M. Stolpovskiy, A. Tartari, S. A. Torchinsky, F. Voisin, M. Zannoni, P. Ade , et al. (105 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Q $\&$ U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a novel kind of polarimeter optimized for the measurement of the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), which is one of the major challenges of observational cosmology. The signal is expected to be of the order of a few tens of nK, prone to instrumental systematic effects and polluted by various astrophysical fo… ▽ More The Q $\&$ U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a novel kind of polarimeter optimized for the measurement of the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), which is one of the major challenges of observational cosmology. The signal is expected to be of the order of a few tens of nK, prone to instrumental systematic effects and polluted by various astrophysical foregrounds which can only be controlled through multichroic observations. QUBIC is designed to address these observational issues with a novel approach that combines the advantages of interferometry in terms of control of instrumental systematic effects with those of bolometric detectors in terms of wide-band, background-limited sensitivity. The QUBIC synthesized beam has a frequency-dependent shape that results in the ability to produce maps of the CMB polarization in multiple sub-bands within the two physical bands of the instrument (150 and 220 GHz). These features make QUBIC complementary to other instruments and makes it particularly well suited to characterize and remove Galactic foreground contamination. In this article, first of a series of eight, we give an overview of the QUBIC instrument design, the main results of the calibration campaign, and present the scientific program of QUBIC including not only the measurement of primordial B-modes, but also the measurement of Galactic foregrounds. We give forecasts for typical observations and measurements: with three years of integration on the sky and assuming perfect foreground removal as well as stable atmospheric conditions from our site in Argentina, our simulations show that we can achieve a statistical sensitivity to the effective tensor-to-scalar ratio (including primordial and foreground B-modes) $σ(r)=0.015$. △ Less

Submitted 26 August, 2021; v1 submitted 4 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020.

Comments: 34 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication by JCAP. Overview paper for a series of 8 QUBIC articles special JCAP edition dedicated to QUBIC

QUBIC II: Spectro-Polarimetry with Bolometric Interferometry

Authors: L. Mousset, M. M. Gamboa Lerena, E. S. Battistelli, P. de Bernardis, P. Chanial, G. D'Alessandro, G. Dashyan, M. De Petris, L. Grandsire, J. -Ch. Hamilton, F. Incardona, S. Landau, S. Marnieros, S. Masi, A. Mennella, C. O'Sullivan, M. Piat, G. Ricciardi, C. G. Scóccola, M. Stolpovskiy, A. Tartari, J. -P. Thermeau, S. A. Torchinsky, F. Voisin, M. Zannoni , et al. (106 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Bolometric interferometry is a novel technique that has the ability to perform spectral imaging. A bolometric interferometer observes the sky in a wide frequency band and can reconstruct sky maps in several sub-bands within the physical band in post-processing of the data. This provides a powerful spectral method to discriminate between the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and astrophysical foreg… ▽ More Bolometric interferometry is a novel technique that has the ability to perform spectral imaging. A bolometric interferometer observes the sky in a wide frequency band and can reconstruct sky maps in several sub-bands within the physical band in post-processing of the data. This provides a powerful spectral method to discriminate between the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and astrophysical foregrounds. In this paper, the methodology is illustrated with examples based on the Q \& U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) which is a ground-based instrument designed to measure the B-mode polarization of the sky at millimeter wavelengths. We consider the specific cases of point source reconstruction and Galactic dust mapping and we characterize the point spread function as a function of frequency. We study the noise properties of spectral imaging, especially the correlations between sub-bands, using end-to-end simulations together with a fast noise simulator. We conclude showing that spectral imaging performance are nearly optimal up to five sub-bands in the case of QUBIC. △ Less

Submitted 28 March, 2022; v1 submitted 28 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Comments: 27 pages, 18 figures. Accepted by JCAP on July 6, 2021. Second paper of series of 8 in a special JCAP edition on QUBIC

QUBIC VII: The feedhorn-switch system of the technological demonstrator

Authors: F. Cavaliere, A. Mennella, M. Zannoni, P. Battaglia, E. S. Battistelli, D. Burke, G. D'Alessandro, P. de Bernardis, M. De Petris, C. Franceschet, L. Grandsire, J. -Ch. Hamilton, B. Maffei, E. Manzan, S. Marnieros, S. Masi, C. O'Sullivan, A. Passerini, F. Pezzotta, M. Piat, A. Tartari, S. A. Torchinsky, D. Viganò, F. Voisin, P. Ade , et al. (106 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the design, manufacturing and performance of the horn-switch system developed for the technological demonstrator of QUBIC (the $Q$\&$U$ Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology). This system is constituted of 64 back-to-back dual-band (150\,GHz and 220\,GHz) corrugated feed-horns interspersed with mechanical switches used to select desired baselines during the instrument self-calibration… ▽ More We present the design, manufacturing and performance of the horn-switch system developed for the technological demonstrator of QUBIC (the $Q$\&$U$ Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology). This system is constituted of 64 back-to-back dual-band (150\,GHz and 220\,GHz) corrugated feed-horns interspersed with mechanical switches used to select desired baselines during the instrument self-calibration. We manufactured the horns in aluminum platelets milled by photo-chemical etching and mechanically tightened with screws. The switches are based on steel blades that open and close the wave-guide between the back-to-back horns and are operated by miniaturized electromagnets. We also show the current development status of the feedhorn-switch system for the QUBIC full instrument, based on an array of 400 horn-switch assemblies. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2022; v1 submitted 28 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: 30 pages, 28 figures. Accepted for submission to JCAP

The large scale polarization explorer (LSPE) for CMB measurements: performance forecast

Authors: The LSPE collaboration, G. Addamo, P. A. R. Ade, C. Baccigalupi, A. M. Baldini, P. M. Battaglia, E. S. Battistelli, A. Baù, P. de Bernardis, M. Bersanelli, M. Biasotti, A. Boscaleri, B. Caccianiga, S. Caprioli, F. Cavaliere, F. Cei, K. A. Cleary, F. Columbro, G. Coppi, A. Coppolecchia, F. Cuttaia, G. D'Alessandro, G. De Gasperis, M. De Petris, V. Fafone , et al. (80 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: [Abridged] The measurement of the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation is one of the current frontiers in cosmology. In particular, the detection of the primordial B-modes, could reveal the presence of gravitational waves in the early Universe. The detection of such component is at the moment the most promising technique to probe the inflationary theory describing the very ear… ▽ More [Abridged] The measurement of the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation is one of the current frontiers in cosmology. In particular, the detection of the primordial B-modes, could reveal the presence of gravitational waves in the early Universe. The detection of such component is at the moment the most promising technique to probe the inflationary theory describing the very early evolution of the Universe. We present the updated performance forecast of the Large Scale Polarization Explorer (LSPE), a program dedicated to the measurement of the CMB polarization. LSPE is composed of two instruments: Strip, a radiometer-based telescope on the ground in Tenerife, and SWIPE (Short-Wavelength Instrument for the Polarization Explorer) a bolometer-based instrument designed to fly on a winter arctic stratospheric long-duration balloon. The program is among the few dedicated to observation of the Northern Hemisphere, while most of the international effort is focused into ground-based observation in the Southern Hemisphere. Measurements are currently scheduled in Winter 2021/22 for SWIPE, with a flight duration up to 15 days, and in Summer 2021 with two years observations for Strip. We describe the main features of the two instruments, identifying the most critical aspects of the design, in terms of impact into performance forecast. We estimate the expected sensitivity of each instrument and propagate their combined observing power to the sensitivity to cosmological parameters, including the effect of scanning strategy, component separation, residual foregrounds and partial sky coverage. We also set requirements on the control of the most critical systematic effects and describe techniques to mitigate their impact. LSPE can reach a sensitivity in tensor-to-scalar ratio of $σ_r<0.01$, and improve constrains on other cosmological parameters. △ Less

Submitted 9 August, 2021; v1 submitted 25 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: Submitted to JCAP. Abstract abridged for arXiv submission

Journal ref: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Volume 2021, August 2021

QUBIC VI: cryogenic half wave plate rotator, design and performances

Authors: G. D'Alessandro, L. Mele, F. Columbro, G. Amico, E. S. Battistelli, P. de Bernardis, A. Coppolecchia, M. De Petris, L. Grandsire, J. -Ch. Hamilton, L. Lamagna, S. Marnieros, S. Masi, A. Mennella, C. O'Sullivan, A. Paiella, F. Piacentini, M. Piat, G. Pisano, G. Presta, A. Tartari, S. A. Torchinsky, F. Voisin, M. Zannoni, P. Ade , et al. (104 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Inflation Gravity Waves B-Modes polarization detection is the ultimate goal of modern large angular scale cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments around the world. A big effort is undergoing with the deployment of many ground-based, balloon-borne and satellite experiments using different methods to separate this faint polarized component from the incoming radiation. One of the largely used t… ▽ More Inflation Gravity Waves B-Modes polarization detection is the ultimate goal of modern large angular scale cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments around the world. A big effort is undergoing with the deployment of many ground-based, balloon-borne and satellite experiments using different methods to separate this faint polarized component from the incoming radiation. One of the largely used technique is the Stokes Polarimetry that uses a rotating half-wave plate (HWP) and a linear polarizer to separate and modulate the polarization components with low residual cross-polarization. This paper describes the QUBIC Stokes Polarimeter highlighting its design features and its performances. A common systematic with these devices is the generation of large spurious signals synchronous with the rotation and proportional to the emissivity of the optical elements. A key feature of the QUBIC Stokes Polarimeter is to operate at cryogenic temperature in order to minimize this unwanted component. Moving efficiently this large optical element at low temperature constitutes a big engineering challenge in order to reduce friction power dissipation. Big attention has been given during the designing phase to minimize the differential thermal contractions between parts. The rotation is driven by a stepper motor placed outside the cryostat to avoid thermal load dissipation at cryogenic temperature. The tests and the results presented in this work show that the QUBIC polarimeter can easily achieve a precision below 0.1° in positioning simply using the stepper motor precision and the optical absolute encoder. The rotation induces only few mK of extra power load on the second cryogenic stage (~ 8 K). △ Less

Submitted 19 November, 2020; v1 submitted 24 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: Part of a series of 8 papers on QUBIC to be submitted to a special issue of JCAP

QUBIC V: Cryogenic system design and performance

Authors: S. Masi, E. S. Battistelli, P. de Bernardis, C. Chapron, F. Columbro, G. D'Alessandro, M. De Petris, L. Grandsire, J. -Ch. Hamilton, S. Marnieros, L. Mele, A. May, A. Mennella, C. O'Sullivan, A. Paiella, F. Piacentini, M. Piat, L. Piccirillo, G. Presta, A. Schillaci, A. Tartari, J. -P. Thermeau, S. A. Torchinsky, F. Voisin, M. Zannoni , et al. (104 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Current experiments aimed at measuring the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) use cryogenic detector arrays and cold optical systems to boost the mapping speed of the sky survey. For these reasons, large volume cryogenic systems, with large optical windows, working continuously for years, are needed. Here we report on the cryogenic system of the QUBIC (Q and U Bolometric Interfe… ▽ More Current experiments aimed at measuring the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) use cryogenic detector arrays and cold optical systems to boost the mapping speed of the sky survey. For these reasons, large volume cryogenic systems, with large optical windows, working continuously for years, are needed. Here we report on the cryogenic system of the QUBIC (Q and U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology) experiment: we describe its design, fabrication, experimental optimization and validation in the Technological Demonstrator configuration. The QUBIC cryogenic system is based on a large volume cryostat, using two pulse-tube refrigerators to cool at ~3K a large (~1 m^3) volume, heavy (~165kg) instrument, including the cryogenic polarization modulator, the corrugated feedhorns array, and the lower temperature stages; a 4He evaporator cooling at ~1K the interferometer beam combiner; a 3He evaporator cooling at ~0.3K the focal-plane detector arrays. The cryogenic system has been tested and validated for more than 6 months of continuous operation. The detector arrays have reached a stable operating temperature of 0.33K, while the polarization modulator has been operated from a ~10K base temperature. The system has been tilted to cover the boresight elevation range 20 deg -90 deg without significant temperature variations. The instrument is now ready for deployment to the high Argentinean Andes. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2021; v1 submitted 24 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: This is one of a series of papers on the QUBIC experiment status - This version of the paper matches the one accepted for publication on Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

QUBIC VIII: Optical design and performance

Authors: C. O'Sullivan, M. De Petris, G. Amico, E. S. Battistelli, D. Burke, D. Buzi, C. Chapron, L. Conversi, G. D'Alessandro, P. de Bernardis, M. De Leo, D. Gayer, L. Grandsire, J. -Ch. Hamilton, S. Marnieros, S. Masi, A. Mattei, A. Mennella, L. Mousset, J. D. Murphy, A. Pelosi, M. Perciballi, M. Piat, S. Scully, A. Tartari , et al. (104 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Q and U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a ground-based experiment that aims to detect B-mode polarisation anisotropies in the CMB at angular scales around the l=100 recombination peak. Systematic errors make ground-based observations of B modes at millimetre wavelengths very challenging and QUBIC mitigates these problems in a somewhat complementary way to other existing or p… ▽ More The Q and U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a ground-based experiment that aims to detect B-mode polarisation anisotropies in the CMB at angular scales around the l=100 recombination peak. Systematic errors make ground-based observations of B modes at millimetre wavelengths very challenging and QUBIC mitigates these problems in a somewhat complementary way to other existing or planned experiments using the novel technique of bolometric interferometry. This technique takes advantage of the sensitivity of an imager and the systematic error control of an interferometer. A cold reflective optical combiner superimposes there-emitted beams from 400 aperture feedhorns on two focal planes. A shielding system composedof a fixed groundshield, and a forebaffle that moves with the instrument, limits the impact of local contaminants. The modelling, design, manufacturing and preliminary measurements of the optical components are described in this paper. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2021; v1 submitted 23 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: Part of a series of 8 papers on QUBIC to be published in a special issue of JCAP. Accepted for publication

QUBIC III: Laboratory Characterization

Authors: S. A. Torchinsky, J. -Ch. Hamilton, M. Piat, E. S. Battistelli, C. Chapron, G. D'Alessandro, P. de Bernardis, M. De Petris, M. M. Gamboa Lerena, M. González, L. Grandsire, S. Masi, S. Marnieros, A. Mennella, L. Mousset, J. D. Murphy, D. Prêle, G. Stankowiak, C. O'Sullivan, A. Tartari, J. -P. Thermeau, F. Voisin, M. Zannoni, P. Ade, J. G. Alberro , et al. (103 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A prototype version of the Q & U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) underwent a campaign of testing in the laboratory at Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology in Paris. We report the results of this Technological Demonstrator which successfully shows the feasibility of the principle of Bolometric Interferometry. Characterization of QUBIC includes the measurement of the synthesized beam,… ▽ More A prototype version of the Q & U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) underwent a campaign of testing in the laboratory at Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology in Paris. We report the results of this Technological Demonstrator which successfully shows the feasibility of the principle of Bolometric Interferometry. Characterization of QUBIC includes the measurement of the synthesized beam, the measurement of interference fringes, and the measurement of polarization performance. A modulated and frequency tunable millimetre-wave source in the telescope far-field is used to simulate a point source. The QUBIC pointing is scanned across the point source to produce beam maps. Polarization modulation is measured using a rotating Half Wave Plate. The measured beam matches well to the theoretical simulations and gives QUBIC the ability to do spectro imaging. The polarization performance is excellent with less than 0.5\% cross-polarization rejection. QUBIC is ready for deployment on the high altitude site at Alto Chorillo, Argentina to begin scientific operations. △ Less

Submitted 15 March, 2022; v1 submitted 23 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: Part of a series of 8 papers on QUBIC accepted by JCAP for a special issue: https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1475-7516/page/QUBIC_status_and_forecast

The long duration cryogenic system of the OLIMPO balloon--borne experiment: design and in--flight performance

Authors: A. Coppolecchia, L. Lamagna, S. Masi, P. A. R. Ade, G. Amico, E. S. Battistelli, P. de Bernardis, F. Columbro, L. Conversi, G. D'Alessandro, M. De Petris, M. Gervasi, F. Nati, L. Nati, A. Paiella, F. Piacentini, G. Pisano, G. Presta, A. Schillaci, C. Tucker, M. Zannoni

Abstract: We describe the design and in--flight performance of the cryostat and the self-contained $^{3}$He refrigerator for the OLIMPO balloon--borne experiment, a spectrophotometer to measure the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in clusters of galaxies. The $^{3}$He refrigerator provides the 0.3 K operation temperature for the four arrays of kinetic inductance detectors working in 4 bands centered at 150, 250,… ▽ More We describe the design and in--flight performance of the cryostat and the self-contained $^{3}$He refrigerator for the OLIMPO balloon--borne experiment, a spectrophotometer to measure the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in clusters of galaxies. The $^{3}$He refrigerator provides the 0.3 K operation temperature for the four arrays of kinetic inductance detectors working in 4 bands centered at 150, 250, 350 and 460 GHz. The cryostat provides the 1.65 K base temperature for the $^{3}$He refrigerator, and cools down the reimaging optics and the filters chain at about 2 K. The integrated system was designed for a hold time of about 15 days, to achieve the sensitivity required by the planned OLIMPO observations, and successfully operated during the first long-duration stratospheric flight of OLIMPO in July 2018. The cryostat features two tanks, one for liquid nitrogen and the other one for liquid helium. The long hold time has been achieved by means of custom stiff G10 fiberglass tubes support, which ensures low thermal conductivity and remarkable structural stiffness; multi--layer superinsulation, and a vapour cooled shield, all reducing the heat load on the liquid helium tank. The system was tested in the lab, with more than 15 days of unmanned operations, and then in the long duration balloon flight in the stratosphere. In both cases, the detector temperature was below 300 mK, with thermal stability better than $\pm$ 0.5 mK. The system also operated successfully in the long duration stratospheric balloon flight. △ Less

Submitted 24 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Unlocking the synergy between CMB spectral distortions and anisotropies

Authors: Hao Fu, Matteo Lucca, Silvia Galli, Elia S. Battistelli, Deanna C. Hooper, Julien Lesgourgues, Nils Schöneberg

Abstract: Measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectral distortions (SDs) will open a new window on the very early universe, providing new information complementary to that gathered from CMB temperature and polarization anisotropies. In this paper, we study their synergy as a function of the characteristics of the considered experiments. In particular, we examine a wide range of sensitiviti… ▽ More Measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectral distortions (SDs) will open a new window on the very early universe, providing new information complementary to that gathered from CMB temperature and polarization anisotropies. In this paper, we study their synergy as a function of the characteristics of the considered experiments. In particular, we examine a wide range of sensitivities for possible SD measurements, spanning from FIRAS up to noise levels 1000 times better than PIXIE, and study their constraining power when combined with current or future CMB anisotropy experiments such as Planck or LiteBIRD plus CMB-S4. We consider a number of different cosmological models such as the $Λ$CDM, as well as its extensions with the running of the scalar spectral index, the decay or the annihilation of dark matter (DM) particles. While upcoming CMB anisotropy experiments will be able to decrease the uncertainties on inflationary parameters such as $A_s$ and $n_s$ by about a factor 2 in the $Λ$CDM case, we find that an SD experiment 100 times more sensitive than PIXIE (comparable to the proposed Super-PIXIE satellite) could potentially further contribute to constrain these parameters. This is even more significant in the case of the running of the scalar spectral index. Furthermore, as expected, constraints on DM particles decaying at redshifts probed by SDs will improve by orders of magnitude even with an experiment 10 times worse than PIXIE as compared to CMB anisotropies or Big Bang Nucleosynthesis bounds. On the contrary, DM annihilation constraints will not significantly improve over CMB anisotropy measurements. Finally, we forecast the constraints obtainable with sensitivities achievable either from the ground or from a balloon. △ Less

Submitted 11 January, 2022; v1 submitted 23 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Comments: 25+4 pages with 8 figures and 7 tables, published version

Report number: ULB-TH/20-06, TTK-20-18

Journal ref: JCAP12(2021)050

In-flight performance of the LEKIDs of the OLIMPO experiment

Authors: A. Paiella, P. A. R. Ade, E. S. Battistelli, M. G. Castellano, I. Colantoni, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia, G. D'Alessandro, P. de Bernardis, M. De Petris, S. Gordon, L. Lamagna, C. Magneville, S. Masi, P. Mauskopf, G. Pettinari, F. Piacentini, G. Pisano, G. Polenta, G. Presta, E. Tommasi, C. Tucker, V. Vdovin, A. Volpe, D. Yvon

Abstract: We describe the in-flight performance of the horn-coupled Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detector arrays of the balloon-borne OLIMPO experiment. These arrays have been designed to match the spectral bands of OLIMPO: 150, 250, 350, and 460 GHz, and they have been operated at 0.3 K and at an altitude of 37.8 km during the stratospheric flight of the OLIMPO payload, in Summer 2018. During the firs… ▽ More We describe the in-flight performance of the horn-coupled Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detector arrays of the balloon-borne OLIMPO experiment. These arrays have been designed to match the spectral bands of OLIMPO: 150, 250, 350, and 460 GHz, and they have been operated at 0.3 K and at an altitude of 37.8 km during the stratospheric flight of the OLIMPO payload, in Summer 2018. During the first hours of flight, we tuned the detectors and verified their large dynamics under the radiative background variations due to elevation increase of the telescope and to the insertion of the plug-in room-temperature differential Fourier transform spectrometer into the optical chain. We have found that the detector noise equivalent powers are close to be photon-noise limited and lower than those measured on the ground. Moreover, the data contamination due to primary cosmic rays hitting the arrays is less than 3% for all the pixels of all the arrays, and less than 1% for most of the pixels. These results can be considered the first step of KID technology validation in a representative space environment. △ Less

Submitted 10 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Journal ref: Journal of Low Temperature Physics 2020

QUBIC: the Q & U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology

Authors: E. S. Battistelli, P. Ade, J. G. Alberro, A. Almela, G. Amico, L. H. Arnaldi, D. Auguste, J. Aumont, S. Azzoni, S. Banfi, P. Battaglia, A. Baù, B. Bèlier, D. Bennett, L. Bergè, J. -Ph. Bernard, M. Bersanelli, M. -A. Bigot-Sazy, N. Bleurvacq, J. Bonaparte, J. Bonis, A. Bottani, E. Bunn, D. Burke, D. Buzi , et al. (114 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Q & U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology, QUBIC, is an innovative experiment designed to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background and in particular the signature left therein by the inflationary expansion of the Universe. The expected signal is extremely faint, thus extreme sensitivity and systematic control are necessary in order to attempt this measurement. QUBIC addr… ▽ More The Q & U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology, QUBIC, is an innovative experiment designed to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background and in particular the signature left therein by the inflationary expansion of the Universe. The expected signal is extremely faint, thus extreme sensitivity and systematic control are necessary in order to attempt this measurement. QUBIC addresses these requirements using an innovative approach combining the sensitivity of Transition Edge Sensor cryogenic bolometers, with the deep control of systematics characteristic of interferometers. This makes QUBIC unique with respect to others classical imagers experiments devoted to the CMB polarization. In this contribution we report a description of the QUBIC instrument including recent achievements and the demonstration of the bolometric interferometry performed in lab. QUBIC will be deployed at the observation site in Alto Chorrillos, in Argentina at the end of 2019. △ Less

Submitted 28 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the Journal of Low Temperature Physics

The Demonstration Model of the ATHENA X-IFU Cryogenic AntiCoincidence Detector

Authors: Matteo D'Andrea, Claudio Macculi, Guido Torrioli, Andrea Argan, Daniele Brienza, Simone Lotti, Gabriele Minervini, Luigi Piro, Michele Biasotti, Lorenzo Ferrari Barusso, Flavio Gatti, Manuela Rigano, Angela Volpe, Elia Stefano Battistelli

Abstract: The Cryogenic AntiCoincidence Detector (CryoAC) of ATHENA X-IFU is designed to reduce the particle background of the instrument and to enable the mission science goals. It is a 4 pixel silicon microcalorimeter sensed by an Ir/Au TES network. We have developed the CryoAC Demonstration Model, a prototype aimed to probe the critical technologies of the detector, i.e. the suspended absorber with an ac… ▽ More The Cryogenic AntiCoincidence Detector (CryoAC) of ATHENA X-IFU is designed to reduce the particle background of the instrument and to enable the mission science goals. It is a 4 pixel silicon microcalorimeter sensed by an Ir/Au TES network. We have developed the CryoAC Demonstration Model, a prototype aimed to probe the critical technologies of the detector, i.e. the suspended absorber with an active area of 1 cm2; the low energy threshold of 20 keV; and the operation connected to a 50 mK thermal bath with a power dissipation less than 40 nW. Here we report the test performed on the first CryoAC DM sample (namely the AC-S10 prototype), showing that it is fully compliant with its requirements. △ Less

Submitted 13 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

Comments: Accepted for publication in the Journal of Low Temperature Physics for LTD-18 special issue

QUBIC: using NbSi TESs with a bolometric interferometer to characterize the polarisation of the CMB

Authors: M. Piat, B. Bélier, L. Bergé, N. Bleurvacq, C. Chapron, S. Dheilly, L. Dumoulin, M. González, L. Grandsire, J. -Ch. Hamilton, S. Henrot-Versillé, D. T. Hoang, S. Marnieros, W. Marty, L. Montier, E. Olivieri, C. Oriol, C. Perbost, D. Prêle, D. Rambaud, M. Salatino, G. Stankowiak, J. -P. Thermeau, S. Torchinsky, F. Voisin , et al. (113 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: QUBIC (Q \& U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology) is an international ground-based experiment dedicated in the measurement of the polarized fluctuations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). It is based on bolometric interferometry, an original detection technique which combine the immunity to systematic effects of an interferometer with the sensitivity of low temperature incoherent detec… ▽ More QUBIC (Q \& U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology) is an international ground-based experiment dedicated in the measurement of the polarized fluctuations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). It is based on bolometric interferometry, an original detection technique which combine the immunity to systematic effects of an interferometer with the sensitivity of low temperature incoherent detectors. QUBIC will be deployed in Argentina, at the Alto Chorrillos mountain site near San Antonio de los Cobres, in the Salta province. The QUBIC detection chain consists in 2048 NbSi Transition Edge Sensors (TESs) cooled to 350mK.The voltage-biased TESs are read out with Time Domain Multiplexing based on Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) at 1 K and a novel SiGe Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) at 60 K allowing to reach an unprecedented multiplexing (MUX) factor equal to 128. The QUBIC experiment is currently being characterized in the lab with a reduced number of detectors before upgrading to the full instrument. I will present the last results of this characterization phase with a focus on the detectors and readout system. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2019; v1 submitted 27 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019.

Comments: Conference proceedings submitted to the Journal of Low Temperature Physics for LTD18

Strong evidence of Anomalous Microwave Emission from the flux density spectrum of M31

Authors: E. S. Battistelli, S. Fatigoni, M. Murgia, A. Buzzelli, E. Carretti, P. Castangia, R. Concu, A. Cruciani, P. de Bernardis, R. Genova-Santos, F. Govoni, F. Guidi, L. Lamagna, G. Luzzi, S. Masi, A. Melis, R. Paladini, F. Piacentini, S. Poppi, F. Radiconi, R. Rebolo, J. A. Rubino-Martin, A. Tarchi, V. Vacca

Abstract: We have observed the Andromeda galaxy, Messier 31 (M31), at 6.7GHz with the Sardinia Radio Telescope. We mapped the radio emission in the C-band, re-analyzed WMAP and Planck maps, as well as other ancillary data, and we have derived an overall integrated flux density spectrum from the radio to the infrared. This allowed us to estimate the emission budget from M31. Integrating over the whole galaxy… ▽ More We have observed the Andromeda galaxy, Messier 31 (M31), at 6.7GHz with the Sardinia Radio Telescope. We mapped the radio emission in the C-band, re-analyzed WMAP and Planck maps, as well as other ancillary data, and we have derived an overall integrated flux density spectrum from the radio to the infrared. This allowed us to estimate the emission budget from M31. Integrating over the whole galaxy, we found strong and highly significant evidence for anomalous microwave emission (AME), at the level of (1.45+0.17-0.19)Jy at the peaking frequency of ~25GHz. Decomposing the spectrum into known emission mechanisms such as free-free, synchrotron, thermal dust, and AME arising from electric dipole emission from rapidly rotating dust grains, we found that the overall emission from M31 is dominated, at frequencies below 10GHz, by synchrotron emission with a spectral index of -1.10+0.10-0.08, with subdominant free-free emission. At frequencies >10GHz, AME has a similar intensity to that of synchrotron and free-free emission, overtaking them between 20GHz and 50GHz, whereas thermal dust emission dominates the emission budget at frequencies above 60GHz, as expected. △ Less

Submitted 2 July, 2019; v1 submitted 29 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019.

Comments: 9 pages, 3 figure, accepted for publication in ApJL

The short wavelength instrument for the polarization explorer balloon-borne experiment: Polarization modulation issues

Authors: F. Columbro, E. S. Battistelli, A. Coppolecchia, G. D'Alessandro, P. de Bernardis, L. Lamagna, S. Masi, L. Pagano, A. Paiella, F. Piacentini, G. Presta

Abstract: In this paper we investigate the impact of using a polarization modulator in the Short Wavelenght Instrument for the Polarization Explorer (SWIPE) of the Large Scale Polarization Explorer (LSPE). The experiment is optimized to measure the linear polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background at large angular scales during a circumpolar long-duration stratospheric balloon mission, and uses multi-m… ▽ More In this paper we investigate the impact of using a polarization modulator in the Short Wavelenght Instrument for the Polarization Explorer (SWIPE) of the Large Scale Polarization Explorer (LSPE). The experiment is optimized to measure the linear polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background at large angular scales during a circumpolar long-duration stratospheric balloon mission, and uses multi-mode bolometers cooled at 0.3 K. The 330 detectors cover 3 bands at 140 GHz, 220 GHz and 240 GHz. Polarimetry is achieved by means of a large rotating half-wave plate (HWP) and a single wire-grid polarizer in front of the arrays. The polarization modulator is the first polarization-active component of the optical chain, reducing significantly the effect of instrumental polarization. A trade-off study comparing stepped vs spinning HWPs drives the choice towards the second. Modulating the CMB polarization signal at 4 times the spin frequency moves it away from $1/f$ noise from the detectors and the residual atmosphere. The HWP is cooled at 1.6 K to reduce the background on the detectors. Furthermore its polarized emission combined with the emission of the polarizer produces spurious signals modulated at $2f$ and $4f$. The $4f$ component is synchronous with the signal of interest and has to characterized to be removed from cosmological data. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019.

Comments: Proceeding of IWARA 2018

Journal ref: Astronomische Nachrichten, 2019

Kinetic Inductance Detectors and readout electronics for the OLIMPO experiment

Authors: A. Paiella, E. S. Battistelli, M. G. Castellano, I. Colantoni, F. Columbro, A. Coppolecchia, G. D'Alessandro, P. de Bernardis, S. Gordon, L. Lamagna, H. Mani, S. Masi, P. Mauskopf, G. Pettinari, F. Piacentini, G. Presta

Abstract: Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) are superconductive low$-$temperature detectors useful for astrophysics and particle physics. We have developed arrays of lumped elements KIDs (LEKIDs) sensitive to microwave photons, optimized for the four horn-coupled focal planes of the OLIMPO balloon-borne telescope, working in the spectral bands centered at 150 GHz, 250 GHz, 350 GHz, and 460 GHz. This is ai… ▽ More Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) are superconductive low$-$temperature detectors useful for astrophysics and particle physics. We have developed arrays of lumped elements KIDs (LEKIDs) sensitive to microwave photons, optimized for the four horn-coupled focal planes of the OLIMPO balloon-borne telescope, working in the spectral bands centered at 150 GHz, 250 GHz, 350 GHz, and 460 GHz. This is aimed at measuring the spectrum of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect for a number of galaxy clusters, and will validate LEKIDs technology in a space-like environment. Our detectors are optimized for an intermediate background level, due to the presence of residual atmosphere and room--temperature optical system and they operate at a temperature of 0.3 K. The LEKID planar superconducting circuits are designed to resonate between 100 and 600 MHz, and to match the impedance of the feeding waveguides; the measured quality factors of the resonators are in the $10^{4}-10^{5}$ range, and they have been tuned to obtain the needed dynamic range. The readout electronics is composed of a $cold$ $part$, which includes a low noise amplifier, a dc$-$block, coaxial cables, and power attenuators; and a $room-temperature$ $part$, FPGA$-$based, including up and down-conversion microwave components (IQ modulator, IQ demodulator, amplifiers, bias tees, attenuators). In this contribution, we describe the optimization, fabrication, characterization and validation of the OLIMPO detector system. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019.

Comments: Proceedings of WOLTE13, September 10-13, 2018 Sorrento, Italy

Journal ref: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019