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MuCol Milestone Report No. 7: Consolidated Parameters
Authors:
Rebecca Taylor,
Antoine Chancé,
Dario Augusto Giove,
Natalia Milas,
Roberto Losito,
Donatella Lucchesi,
Chris Rogers,
Lucio Rossi,
Daniel Schulte,
Carlotta Accettura,
Simon Adrian,
Rohit Agarwal,
Claudia Ahdida,
Chiara Aime,
Avni Aksoy,
Gian Luigi Alberghi,
Simon Albright,
Siobhan Alden,
Luca Alfonso,
Muhammad Ali,
Anna Rita Altamura,
Nicola Amapane,
Kathleen Amm,
David Amorim,
Paolo Andreetto
, et al. (437 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This document is comprised of a collection of consolidated parameters for the key parts of the muon collider. These consolidated parameters follow on from the October 2024 Preliminary Parameters Report. Attention has been given to a high-level consistent set of baseline parameters throughout all systems of the complex, following a 10 TeV center-of-mass design. Additional details of the designs con…
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This document is comprised of a collection of consolidated parameters for the key parts of the muon collider. These consolidated parameters follow on from the October 2024 Preliminary Parameters Report. Attention has been given to a high-level consistent set of baseline parameters throughout all systems of the complex, following a 10 TeV center-of-mass design. Additional details of the designs contributing to this baseline design are featured in the appendix. Likewise, explorative variations from this baseline set can be found in the appendix. The data is collected from a collaborative spreadsheet and transferred to overleaf.
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Submitted 31 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 2, Accelerators, Technical Infrastructure and Safety
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
A. Abada
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory;…
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In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase.
FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold - delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes remains flexible.
FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV - nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC - and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes.
This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 3, Civil Engineering, Implementation and Sustainability
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
P. Azzi
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. I…
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Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. It outlines a technically feasible and economically viable civil engineering configuration that serves as the baseline for detailed subsurface investigations, construction design, cost estimation, and project implementation planning. Additionally, the report highlights ongoing subsurface investigations in key areas to support the development of an improved 3D subsurface model of the region.
The report describes development of the project scenario based on the 'avoid-reduce-compensate' iterative optimisation approach. The reference scenario balances optimal physics performance with territorial compatibility, implementation risks, and costs. Environmental field investigations covering almost 600 hectares of terrain - including numerous urban, economic, social, and technical aspects - confirmed the project's technical feasibility and contributed to the preparation of essential input documents for the formal project authorisation phase. The summary also highlights the initiation of public dialogue as part of the authorisation process. The results of a comprehensive socio-economic impact assessment, which included significant environmental effects, are presented. Even under the most conservative and stringent conditions, a positive benefit-cost ratio for the FCC-ee is obtained. Finally, the report provides a concise summary of the studies conducted to document the current state of the environment.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 1, Physics, Experiments, Detectors
Authors:
M. Benedikt,
F. Zimmermann,
B. Auchmann,
W. Bartmann,
J. P. Burnet,
C. Carli,
A. Chancé,
P. Craievich,
M. Giovannozzi,
C. Grojean,
J. Gutleber,
K. Hanke,
A. Henriques,
P. Janot,
C. Lourenço,
M. Mangano,
T. Otto,
J. Poole,
S. Rajagopalan,
T. Raubenheimer,
E. Todesco,
L. Ulrici,
T. Watson,
G. Wilkinson,
P. Azzi
, et al. (1439 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model.…
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Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model. The report reviews the experimental opportunities offered by the staged implementation of FCC, beginning with an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), operating at several centre-of-mass energies, followed by a hadron collider (FCC-hh). Benchmark examples are given of the expected physics performance, in terms of precision and sensitivity to new phenomena, of each collider stage. Detector requirements and conceptual designs for FCC-ee experiments are discussed, as are the specific demands that the physics programme imposes on the accelerator in the domains of the calibration of the collision energy, and the interface region between the accelerator and the detector. The report also highlights advances in detector, software and computing technologies, as well as the theoretical tools /reconstruction techniques that will enable the precision measurements and discovery potential of the FCC experimental programme. This volume reflects the outcome of a global collaborative effort involving hundreds of scientists and institutions, aided by a dedicated community-building coordination, and provides a targeted assessment of the scientific opportunities and experimental foundations of the FCC programme.
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Submitted 25 April, 2025;
originally announced May 2025.
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The Muon Collider
Authors:
Carlotta Accettura,
Simon Adrian,
Rohit Agarwal,
Claudia Ahdida,
Chiara Aime',
Avni Aksoy,
Gian Luigi Alberghi,
Siobhan Alden,
Luca Alfonso,
Muhammad Ali,
Anna Rita Altamura,
Nicola Amapane,
Kathleen Amm,
David Amorim,
Paolo Andreetto,
Fabio Anulli,
Ludovica Aperio Bella,
Rob Appleby,
Artur Apresyan,
Pouya Asadi,
Mohammed Attia Mahmoud,
Bernhard Auchmann,
John Back,
Anthony Badea,
Kyu Jung Bae
, et al. (433 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Muons offer a unique opportunity to build a compact high-energy electroweak collider at the 10 TeV scale. A Muon Collider enables direct access to the underlying simplicity of the Standard Model and unparalleled reach beyond it. It will be a paradigm-shifting tool for particle physics representing the first collider to combine the high-energy reach of a proton collider and the high precision of an…
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Muons offer a unique opportunity to build a compact high-energy electroweak collider at the 10 TeV scale. A Muon Collider enables direct access to the underlying simplicity of the Standard Model and unparalleled reach beyond it. It will be a paradigm-shifting tool for particle physics representing the first collider to combine the high-energy reach of a proton collider and the high precision of an electron-positron collider, yielding a physics potential significantly greater than the sum of its individual parts. A high-energy muon collider is the natural next step in the exploration of fundamental physics after the HL-LHC and a natural complement to a future low-energy Higgs factory. Such a facility would significantly broaden the scope of particle colliders, engaging the many frontiers of the high energy community.
The last European Strategy for Particle Physics Update and later the Particle Physics Project Prioritisation Panel in the US requested a study of the muon collider, which is being carried on by the International Muon Collider Collaboration. In this comprehensive document we present the physics case, the state of the work on accelerator design and technology, and propose an R\&D project that can make the muon collider a reality.
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Submitted 30 April, 2025;
originally announced April 2025.
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MuCol Milestone Report No. 5: Preliminary Parameters
Authors:
Carlotta Accettura,
Simon Adrian,
Rohit Agarwal,
Claudia Ahdida,
Chiara Aimé,
Avni Aksoy,
Gian Luigi Alberghi,
Siobhan Alden,
Luca Alfonso,
Nicola Amapane,
David Amorim,
Paolo Andreetto,
Fabio Anulli,
Rob Appleby,
Artur Apresyan,
Pouya Asadi,
Mohammed Attia Mahmoud,
Bernhard Auchmann,
John Back,
Anthony Badea,
Kyu Jung Bae,
E. J. Bahng,
Lorenzo Balconi,
Fabrice Balli,
Laura Bandiera
, et al. (369 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This document is comprised of a collection of updated preliminary parameters for the key parts of the muon collider. The updated preliminary parameters follow on from the October 2023 Tentative Parameters Report. Particular attention has been given to regions of the facility that are believed to hold greater technical uncertainty in their design and that have a strong impact on the cost and power…
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This document is comprised of a collection of updated preliminary parameters for the key parts of the muon collider. The updated preliminary parameters follow on from the October 2023 Tentative Parameters Report. Particular attention has been given to regions of the facility that are believed to hold greater technical uncertainty in their design and that have a strong impact on the cost and power consumption of the facility. The data is collected from a collaborative spreadsheet and transferred to overleaf.
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Submitted 5 November, 2024;
originally announced November 2024.
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Interim report for the International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC)
Authors:
C. Accettura,
S. Adrian,
R. Agarwal,
C. Ahdida,
C. Aimé,
A. Aksoy,
G. L. Alberghi,
S. Alden,
N. Amapane,
D. Amorim,
P. Andreetto,
F. Anulli,
R. Appleby,
A. Apresyan,
P. Asadi,
M. Attia Mahmoud,
B. Auchmann,
J. Back,
A. Badea,
K. J. Bae,
E. J. Bahng,
L. Balconi,
F. Balli,
L. Bandiera,
C. Barbagallo
, et al. (362 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) [1] was established in 2020 following the recommendations of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) and the implementation of the European Strategy for Particle Physics-Accelerator R&D Roadmap by the Laboratory Directors Group [2], hereinafter referred to as the the European LDG roadmap. The Muon Collider Study (MuC) covers the accele…
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The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) [1] was established in 2020 following the recommendations of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) and the implementation of the European Strategy for Particle Physics-Accelerator R&D Roadmap by the Laboratory Directors Group [2], hereinafter referred to as the the European LDG roadmap. The Muon Collider Study (MuC) covers the accelerator complex, detectors and physics for a future muon collider. In 2023, European Commission support was obtained for a design study of a muon collider (MuCol) [3]. This project started on 1st March 2023, with work-packages aligned with the overall muon collider studies. In preparation of and during the 2021-22 U.S. Snowmass process, the muon collider project parameters, technical studies and physics performance studies were performed and presented in great detail. Recently, the P5 panel [4] in the U.S. recommended a muon collider R&D, proposed to join the IMCC and envisages that the U.S. should prepare to host a muon collider, calling this their "muon shot". In the past, the U.S. Muon Accelerator Programme (MAP) [5] has been instrumental in studies of concepts and technologies for a muon collider.
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Submitted 28 January, 2025; v1 submitted 17 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Towards a Muon Collider
Authors:
Carlotta Accettura,
Dean Adams,
Rohit Agarwal,
Claudia Ahdida,
Chiara Aimè,
Nicola Amapane,
David Amorim,
Paolo Andreetto,
Fabio Anulli,
Robert Appleby,
Artur Apresyan,
Aram Apyan,
Sergey Arsenyev,
Pouya Asadi,
Mohammed Attia Mahmoud,
Aleksandr Azatov,
John Back,
Lorenzo Balconi,
Laura Bandiera,
Roger Barlow,
Nazar Bartosik,
Emanuela Barzi,
Fabian Batsch,
Matteo Bauce,
J. Scott Berg
, et al. (272 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders desi…
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A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work.
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Submitted 27 November, 2023; v1 submitted 15 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
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Continuous pulse advances in the negative ion source NIO1
Authors:
M. Barbisan,
R. Agnello,
M. Cavenago,
R. S. Delogu,
A. Pimazzoni,
L. Balconi,
P. Barbato,
L. Baseggio,
A. Castagni,
B. Pouradier Duteil,
L. Franchin,
B. Laterza,
F. Molon,
M. Maniero,
L. Migliorato,
R. Milazzo,
G. Passalacqua,
C. Poggi,
D. Ravarotto,
R. Rizzieri,
L. Romanato,
F. Rossetto,
L Trevisan,
M. Ugoletti,
B. Zaniol
, et al. (1 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Consorzio RFX and INFN-LNL have designed, built and operated the compact radiofrequency negative ion source NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization phase 1) with the aim of studying the production and acceleration of H- ions. In particular, NIO1 was designed to keep plasma generation and beam extraction continuously active for several hours. Since 2020 the production of negative ions at the plasma grid (t…
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Consorzio RFX and INFN-LNL have designed, built and operated the compact radiofrequency negative ion source NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization phase 1) with the aim of studying the production and acceleration of H- ions. In particular, NIO1 was designed to keep plasma generation and beam extraction continuously active for several hours. Since 2020 the production of negative ions at the plasma grid (the first grid of the acceleration system) has been enhanced by a Cs layer, deposited though active Cs evaporation in the source volume. For the negative ion sources applied to fusion neutral beam injectors, it is essential to keep the beam current and the fraction of co-extracted electrons stable for at least 1 h, against the consequences of Cs sputtering and redistribution operated by the plasma. The paper presents the latest results of the NIO1 source, in terms of caesiation process and beam performances during continuous (6÷7 h) plasma pulses. Due to the small dimensions of the NIO1 source (20 x (diam.)10 cm), the Cs density in the volume is high (10^15 ÷10^16 m^-3) and dominated by plasma-wall interaction. The maximum beam current density and minimum fraction of co-extracted electrons were respectively about 30 A/m^2 and 2. Similarly to what done in other negative ion sources, the plasma grid temperature in NIO1 was raised for the first time, up to 80 °C, although this led to a minimal improvement of the beam current and to an increase of the co-extracted electron current.
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Submitted 24 August, 2023; v1 submitted 12 December, 2022;
originally announced December 2022.