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Measurement of muon (anti-)neutrino charged-current quasielastic-like cross section using off-axis NuMI beam at ICARUS
Authors:
ICARUS Collaboration,
F. Abd Alrahman,
P. Abratenko,
N. Abrego-Martinez,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
F. Akbar,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
M. Artero Pons,
J. Asaadi,
W. F. Badgett,
B. Baibussinov,
B. Behera,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
J. Berger,
S. Bertolucci,
M. Betancourt,
A. Blanchet,
F. Boffelli,
M. Bonesini,
T. Boone,
B. Bottino,
A. Braggiotti,
D. Brailsford,
S. J. Brice
, et al. (154 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper presents the first neutrino cross-section measurement from the ICARUS detector at Fermilab, using NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam data collected from two beam operation periods corresponding to $2.5\times10^{20}$ protons-on-target in neutrino beam mode. The signal is defined by events with no pions produced in the final state, a topology dominated by charged-current quasielas…
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This paper presents the first neutrino cross-section measurement from the ICARUS detector at Fermilab, using NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam data collected from two beam operation periods corresponding to $2.5\times10^{20}$ protons-on-target in neutrino beam mode. The signal is defined by events with no pions produced in the final state, a topology dominated by charged-current quasielastic-like (CCQE-like) signatures. The measurement is reported as flux-averaged differential cross sections as functions of kinematic variables that provide sensitivity to the complex nuclear effects which often dominate the systematic uncertainty budgets of neutrino oscillation measurements. Specifically, this work reports cross sections in two angular variables -- the angle of the outgoing lepton and the opening angle between the lepton and leading proton -- and two variables characterizing the kinematic imbalance between the muon and proton in the plane transverse to the incoming neutrino. These results are compared against predictions from a variety of neutrino event generators, with $p$-values calculated between the extracted cross sections and each prediction. Overall, the predictions agree with the data; however, the current budget of uncertainties does not yet provide sufficient discriminating power to favor a specific model.
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Submitted 22 July, 2026; v1 submitted 27 April, 2026;
originally announced April 2026.
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Cryogenics and purification systems of the ICARUS T600 detector installation at Fermilab
Authors:
F. Abd Alrahman,
P. Abratenko,
N. Abrego-Martinez,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
F. Akbar,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
M. Artero Pons,
J. Asaadi,
W. F. Badgett,
B. Behera,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
J. Berger,
S. Berkman,
O. Beltramello,
S. Bertolucci,
M. Betancourt,
A. Blanchet,
F. Boffelli,
M. Bonesini,
T. Boone,
B. Bottino,
A. Braggiotti,
J. Bremer,
S. J. Brice
, et al. (172 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper describes the cryogenic and purification systems of the ICARUS T600 detector in its present implementation at the Fermi National Laboratory, Illinois, USA. The ICARUS T600 detector is made of four large Time Projection Chambers, installed in two separate containers of about 275 m3 each. The detector uses liquid argon both as target and as active media. For the correct operation of the d…
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This paper describes the cryogenic and purification systems of the ICARUS T600 detector in its present implementation at the Fermi National Laboratory, Illinois, USA. The ICARUS T600 detector is made of four large Time Projection Chambers, installed in two separate containers of about 275 m3 each. The detector uses liquid argon both as target and as active media. For the correct operation of the detector, the liquid argon must be kept in very stable thermal conditions and the contamination of electronegative impurities must be consistently kept at the level of small fractions of parts per billion. The detector was previously operated in Italy, at the INFN Gran Sasso Underground laboratory, in a 3 year duration run on the CERN to LNGS Long Baseline Neutrino Beam. For its operation on the Booster and NuMI neutrino beams, at Fermilab, for the search of sterile neutrinos and measurements of neutrino-argon cross sections, the detector was moved from Gran Sasso to CERN for the upgrades required for operation at shallow depth with high intensity neutrino beams. The liquid argon containers, the thermal insulation and all the cryogenic equipment, have been completely re-designed and rebuild, following the schemes of the previous installation in Gran Sasso. The detector and all the equipment have been transported to Fermilab, where they have been installed, tested and recently put into operation. The work described in this paper has been conducted as a joint responsibility of CERN and Fermilab with the supervision provided by the Icarus Collaboration. Design, installation, testing, commissioning and operation is the result of a common effort of CERN, Fermilab and INFN Groups.
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Submitted 9 April, 2026; v1 submitted 22 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Operation of the Trigger System for the ICARUS Detector at Fermilab
Authors:
ICARUS collaboration,
F. Abd Alrahman,
P. Abratenko,
N. Abrego-Martinez,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
F. Akbar,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
M. Artero Pons,
J. Asaadi,
W. F. Badgett,
B. Baibussinov,
F. Battisti,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
J. Berger,
S. Berkman,
S. Bertolucci,
M. Betancourt,
A. Blanchet,
F. Boffelli,
M. Bonesini,
T. Boone,
B. Bottino,
A. Braggiotti,
D. Brailsford
, et al. (164 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ICARUS liquid argon TPC detector is taking data on the Booster (BNB) and Main Injector (NuMI) Neutrino beam lines at Fermilab with a trigger system based on the scintillation light produced by charged particles in coincidence with the proton beam extraction from the accelerators. The architecture and the deployment of the trigger system in the first two runs for physics are presented, as well…
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The ICARUS liquid argon TPC detector is taking data on the Booster (BNB) and Main Injector (NuMI) Neutrino beam lines at Fermilab with a trigger system based on the scintillation light produced by charged particles in coincidence with the proton beam extraction from the accelerators. The architecture and the deployment of the trigger system in the first two runs for physics are presented, as well as the triggered event rates. The event recognition efficiency has been evaluated as a function of the deposited energy and the position of cosmic muons stopping inside the detector.
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Submitted 5 August, 2025; v1 submitted 25 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Search for a Hidden Sector Scalar from Kaon Decay in the Di-Muon Final State at ICARUS
Authors:
ICARUS Collaboration,
F. Abd Alrahman,
P. Abratenko,
N. Abrego-Martinez,
A. Aduszkiewicz,
F. Akbar,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
R. Alvarez Garrote,
M. Artero Pons,
J. Asaadi,
W. F. Badgett,
B. Baibussinov,
B. Behera,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
J. Berger,
S. Berkman,
S. Bertolucci,
M. Betancourt,
M. Bonesini,
T. Boone,
B. Bottino,
A. Braggiotti,
D. Brailsford,
S. J. Brice
, et al. (170 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present a search for long-lived particles (LLPs) produced from kaon decay that decay to two muons inside the ICARUS neutrino detector. This channel would be a signal of hidden sector models that can address outstanding issues in particle physics such as the strong CP problem and the microphysical origin of dark matter. The search is performed with data collected in the Neutrinos at the Main Inj…
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We present a search for long-lived particles (LLPs) produced from kaon decay that decay to two muons inside the ICARUS neutrino detector. This channel would be a signal of hidden sector models that can address outstanding issues in particle physics such as the strong CP problem and the microphysical origin of dark matter. The search is performed with data collected in the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam at Fermilab corresponding to $2.41\times 10^{20}$ protons-on-target. No new physics signal is observed, and we set world-leading limits on heavy QCD axions, as well as for the Higgs portal scalar among dedicated searches. Limits are also presented in a model-independent way applicable to any new physics model predicting the process $K\to π+S(\toμμ)$, for a long-lived particle S. This result is the first search for new physics performed with the ICARUS detector at Fermilab. It paves the way for the future program of long-lived particle searches at ICARUS.
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Submitted 10 June, 2025; v1 submitted 4 November, 2024;
originally announced November 2024.
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Angular dependent measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon for ionization calorimetry in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber
Authors:
ICARUS collaboration,
P. Abratenko,
N. Abrego-Martinez,
A. Aduszkiewic,
F. Akbar,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
M. Artero Pons,
J. Asaadi,
W. F. Badgett,
B. Baibussinov,
B. Behera,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
J. Berger,
S. Berkman,
S. Bertolucci,
M. Betancourt,
M. Bonesini,
T. Boone,
B. Bottino,
A. Braggiotti,
D. Brailsford,
S. J. Brice,
V. Brio,
C. Brizzolari
, et al. (156 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper reports on a measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). A clear dependence of recombination on the angle of the ionizing particle track relative to the drift electric field is observed. An ellipsoid modified box (EMB) model of recombination describes the data across all measured angles. These measurements are us…
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This paper reports on a measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). A clear dependence of recombination on the angle of the ionizing particle track relative to the drift electric field is observed. An ellipsoid modified box (EMB) model of recombination describes the data across all measured angles. These measurements are used for the calorimetric energy scale calibration of the ICARUS TPC, which is also presented. The impact of the EMB model is studied on calorimetric particle identification, as well as muon and proton energy measurements. Accounting for the angular dependence in EMB recombination improves the accuracy and precision of these measurements.
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Submitted 9 August, 2024; v1 submitted 17 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Calibration and simulation of ionization signal and electronics noise in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber
Authors:
ICARUS collaboration,
P. Abratenko,
N. Abrego-Martinez,
A. Aduszkiewic,
F. Akbar,
L. Aliaga Soplin,
M. Artero Pons,
J. Asaadi,
W. F. Badgett,
B. Baibussinov,
B. Behera,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
J. Berger,
S. Berkman,
S. Bertolucci,
M. Betancourt,
M. Bonesini,
T. Boone,
B. Bottino,
A. Braggiotti,
D. Brailsford,
S. J. Brice,
V. Brio,
C. Brizzolari
, et al. (156 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector has been taking physics data since 2022 as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. This paper details the equalization of the response to charge in the ICARUS time projection chamber (TPC), as well as data-driven tuning of the simulation of ionization charge signals and electronics noise. The equalization procedu…
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The ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector has been taking physics data since 2022 as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. This paper details the equalization of the response to charge in the ICARUS time projection chamber (TPC), as well as data-driven tuning of the simulation of ionization charge signals and electronics noise. The equalization procedure removes non-uniformities in the ICARUS TPC response to charge in space and time. This work leverages the copious number of cosmic ray muons available to ICARUS at the surface. The ionization signal shape simulation applies a novel procedure that tunes the simulation to match what is measured in data. The end result of the equalization procedure and simulation tuning allows for a comparison of charge measurements in ICARUS between Monte Carlo simulation and data, showing good performance with minimal residual bias between the two.
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Submitted 5 August, 2024; v1 submitted 16 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Overhaul and Installation of the ICARUS-T600 Liquid Argon TPC Electronics for the FNAL Short Baseline Neutrino Program
Authors:
L. Bagby,
B. Baibussinov,
B. Behera,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
M. Betancourt,
M. Bettini,
M. Bonesini,
T. Boone,
A. Braggiotti,
J. D. Brown,
H. Budd,
F. Calaon,
L. Castellani,
S. Centro,
A. G. Cocco,
M. Convery,
F. Fabris,
A. Falcone,
C. Farnese,
A. Fava,
F. Fichera,
M. Giarin,
D. Gibin,
A. Guglielmi
, et al. (39 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ICARUS T600 liquid argon (LAr) time projection chamber (TPC) underwent a major overhaul at CERN in 2016-2017 to prepare for the operation at FNAL in the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program. This included a major upgrade of the photo-multiplier system and of the TPC wire read-out electronics. The full TPC wire read-out electronics together with the new wire biasing and interconnection scheme…
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The ICARUS T600 liquid argon (LAr) time projection chamber (TPC) underwent a major overhaul at CERN in 2016-2017 to prepare for the operation at FNAL in the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program. This included a major upgrade of the photo-multiplier system and of the TPC wire read-out electronics. The full TPC wire read-out electronics together with the new wire biasing and interconnection scheme are described. The design of a new signal feed-through flange is also a fundamental piece of this overhaul whose major feature is the integration of all electronics components onto the signal flange. Initial functionality tests of the full TPC electronics chain installed in the T600 detector at FNAL are also described.
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Submitted 25 November, 2020; v1 submitted 5 October, 2020;
originally announced October 2020.
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Design and implementation of the new scintillation light detection system of ICARUS T600
Authors:
B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh,
M. Babicz,
W. Badgett,
L. Bagby,
V. Bellini,
R. Benocci,
M. Bonesini,
A. Braggiotti,
S. Centro,
A. Chatterjee,
A. G. Cocco,
M. Diwan,
A. Falcone,
C. Farnese,
A. Fava,
D. Gibin,
A. Guglielmi,
W. Ketchum,
U. Kose,
A. Menegolli,
G. Meng,
C. Montanari,
M. Nessi,
F. Pietropaolo,
A. Rappoldi
, et al. (15 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
ICARUS T600 is the far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab(USA), which foresees three Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers along the Booster Neutrino Beam line to search for LSND-like sterile neutrino signal. The T600 detector underwent a significant overhauling process at CERN, introducing new technological developments while maintaining the already achieved performances.…
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ICARUS T600 is the far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab(USA), which foresees three Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers along the Booster Neutrino Beam line to search for LSND-like sterile neutrino signal. The T600 detector underwent a significant overhauling process at CERN, introducing new technological developments while maintaining the already achieved performances. The realization of a new liquid argon scintillation light detection system is a primary task of the detector overhaul. As the detector will be subject to a huge flux of cosmic rays, the light detection system should allow the 3D reconstruction of events contributing to the identification of neutrino interactions in the beam spill gate. The design and implementationof the new scintillation light detection system of ICARUS T600 is described.
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Submitted 1 September, 2020; v1 submitted 9 June, 2020;
originally announced June 2020.
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Test and characterization of 400 Hamamatsu R5912-MOD photomultiplier tubes for the ICARUS T600 detector
Authors:
M. Babicz,
L. Bagby,
B. Baibussinov,
V. Bellini,
M. Bonesini,
A. Braggiotti,
S. Centro,
T. Cervi,
A. G. Cocco,
A. Falcone,
C. Farnese,
A. Fava,
F. Fichera,
D. Gibin,
A. Guglielmi,
U. Kose,
R. Mazza,
A. Menegolli,
G. Meng,
C. Montanari,
M. Nessi,
P. Picchi,
F. Pietropaolo,
M. C. Prata,
A. Rappoldi
, et al. (13 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
ICARUS T600 will be operated as far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab (USA), which foresees three liquid argon time projection chambers along the Booster Neutrino Beam line to search for a LSND-like sterile neutrino signal. The detector employs 360 photomultiplier tubes, Hamamatsu model R5912-MOD, suitable for cryogenic applications. A total of 400 PMTs were procured from…
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ICARUS T600 will be operated as far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab (USA), which foresees three liquid argon time projection chambers along the Booster Neutrino Beam line to search for a LSND-like sterile neutrino signal. The detector employs 360 photomultiplier tubes, Hamamatsu model R5912-MOD, suitable for cryogenic applications. A total of 400 PMTs were procured from Hamamatsu and tested at room temperature to evaluate the performance of the devices and their compliance to detect the liquid argon scintillation light in the T600 detector. Furthermore 60 units were also characterized at cryogenic temperature, in liquid argon bath, to evaluate any parameter variation which could affect the scintillation light detection. All the tested PMTs were found to comply with the requirements of ICARUS T600 and a subset of 360 specimens was selected for the final installation in the detector.
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Submitted 4 November, 2018; v1 submitted 23 July, 2018;
originally announced July 2018.
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New read-out electronics for ICARUS-T600 liquid Argon TPC. Description, simulation and tests of the new front-end and ADC system
Authors:
L. Bagby,
B. Baibussinov,
V. Bellini,
M. Bonesini,
A. Braggiotti,
L. Castellani,
S. Centro,
T. Cervi,
A. G. Cocco,
F. Fabris,
A. Falcone,
C. Farnese,
A. Fava,
F. Fichera,
D. Franciotti,
G. Galet,
D. Gibin,
A. Guglielmi,
R. Guida,
W. Ketchum,
S. Marchini,
A. Menegolli,
G. Meng,
G. Menon,
C. Montanari
, et al. (20 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ICARUS T600, a liquid argon time projection chamber (LAr-TPC) detector mainly devoted to neutrino physics, underwent a major overhauling at CERN in 2016-2017, which included also a new design of the read-out electronics, in view of its operation in Fermilab on the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) beam from 2019. The new more compact electronics showed capability of handling more efficiently the s…
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The ICARUS T600, a liquid argon time projection chamber (LAr-TPC) detector mainly devoted to neutrino physics, underwent a major overhauling at CERN in 2016-2017, which included also a new design of the read-out electronics, in view of its operation in Fermilab on the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) beam from 2019. The new more compact electronics showed capability of handling more efficiently the signals also in the intermediate Induction 2 wire plane with a significant increase of signal to noise (S/N), allowing for charge measurement also in this view. The new front-end and the analog to digital conversion (ADC) system are presented together with the results of the tests on 50 liters liquid argon TPC performed at CERN with cosmic rays.
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Submitted 10 May, 2018;
originally announced May 2018.