Showing 1–50 of 169 results for author: Hernandez, O

Matrix Representations for Scale Functions of Spectrally Negative Lévy Processes with Rational Jumps

Authors: Osvaldo Angtuncio Hernández, Oscar Peralta

Abstract: For a spectrally negative Lévy process with Laplace transform $ψ$, the $q$-scale function is characterized as the function whose Laplace transform is $(ψ(\cdot)-q)^{-1}$. It has applications in fluctuation theory, for example, exit problems and first hitting probabilities. It is also used in areas like ruin theory, risk theory, continuous state branching processes and optimal control. In this pape… ▽ More For a spectrally negative Lévy process with Laplace transform $ψ$, the $q$-scale function is characterized as the function whose Laplace transform is $(ψ(\cdot)-q)^{-1}$. It has applications in fluctuation theory, for example, exit problems and first hitting probabilities. It is also used in areas like ruin theory, risk theory, continuous state branching processes and optimal control. In this paper, we extend the scale function representation of Ivanovs (2021) from spectrally negative Lévy processes with phase-type jumps to the general case of matrix-exponential jumps. The extension is non-trivial because the probabilistic arguments employed by Ivanovs rely on an embedding to a Markov-modulated Brownian motion, a framework that does not accommodate the algebraic generality of matrix-exponential distributions. We overcome this limitation by embedding the Lévy process into a stochastic fluid process modulated by a rational arrival process (RAP), a class of continuous-valued Markov processes driven by orbit processes. This approach yields iterative schemes related to those of Ivanovs (2021) to provide a simple and explicit formula for the scale function. Our method gives the same fixed point when restricted to the phase-type case, and demonstrates the utility of orbit representations in analytical problems beyond the phase-type setting. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Fine-Grained Power and Energy Attribution on AMD GPU/APU-Based Exascale Nodes

Authors: Adam McDaniel, Michael Jantz, Ashesh Sharma, Steve Abbott, Steven Martin, Shreyas Khandekar, Brandon Neth, Bruno Villasenor Alvarez, Aditya Kashi, Wael Elwasif, Oscar Hernandez

Abstract: Modern exascale GPU- and APU-based systems provide multiple power and energy sensors, but differences in scope, update rate, timing, and filtering complicate the attribution of short-lived accelerator activity. This paper presents a methodology to characterize and correct these effects on Cray EX systems with AMD Instinct MI250X GPUs (Frontier) and MI300A APUs (Portage). Using controlled square-wa… ▽ More Modern exascale GPU- and APU-based systems provide multiple power and energy sensors, but differences in scope, update rate, timing, and filtering complicate the attribution of short-lived accelerator activity. This paper presents a methodology to characterize and correct these effects on Cray EX systems with AMD Instinct MI250X GPUs (Frontier) and MI300A APUs (Portage). Using controlled square-wave workloads, we quantify update intervals, delay, aliasing, and variability across up to 512 GPUs and 480 APUs with on-chip (rocm-smi/amd-smi) and off-chip Cray Power Management sensors. We reconstruct power from cumulative energy counters to achieve faster response times, validate it against on-chip, off-chip, and node-level sensors, and integrate the resulting streams into a Score-P/PAPI-based tool for time-aligned, phase-level attribution. Applied to rocHPL, rocHPL-MxP, and HPG-MxP, the method separates energy savings due to reduced runtime from changes in power. Mixed precision reduces node energy on Frontier by 79% for rocHPL-MxP and 31% for HPG-MxP, with similar trends on Portage. These results provide portable guidance for sensor validation and power-aware optimization on current and future exascale systems. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2026; v1 submitted 7 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

NIRPS tightens the mass estimate of GJ 3090 b and detects a planet near the stellar rotation period

Authors: Pierrot Lamontagne, Drew Weisserman, Charles Cadieux, David Lafrenière, Alexandrine L'Heureux, Mykhaylo Plotnykov, Léna Parc, Atanas K. Stefanov, Leslie Moranta, René Doyon, François Bouchy, Jean-Baptiste Delisle, Louise D. Nielsen, Gaspare Lo Curto, Frédérique Baron, Susana C. C. Barros, Björn Benneke, Xavier Bonfils, Marta Bryan, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Ryan Cloutier, Nicolas B. Cowan, Daniel Brito de Freitas, Jose Renan De Medeiros, Xavier Delfosse , et al. (126 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present an updated characterization of the planetary system orbiting the nearby M2 dwarf GJ 3090 (TOI-177; $d = 22$ pc), based on new high-precision radial velocity (RV) observations from NIRPS and HARPS. With an orbital period of 2.85 d, the transiting sub-Neptune GJ 3090 b has a mass we refine to $4.52 \pm 0.47 M_{\oplus}$, which, combined with our derived radius of… ▽ More We present an updated characterization of the planetary system orbiting the nearby M2 dwarf GJ 3090 (TOI-177; $d = 22$ pc), based on new high-precision radial velocity (RV) observations from NIRPS and HARPS. With an orbital period of 2.85 d, the transiting sub-Neptune GJ 3090 b has a mass we refine to $4.52 \pm 0.47 M_{\oplus}$, which, combined with our derived radius of $2.18 \pm 0.06 R_{\oplus}$, yields a density of $2.40^{+0.33}_{-0.30}$ g cm$^{-3}$. The combined interior structure and atmospheric constraints indicate that GJ 3090 b is a compelling water-world candidate, with a volatile-rich envelope in which water likely represents a significant fraction. We also confirm the presence of a second planet, GJ 3090 c, a sub-Neptune with a 15.9 d orbit and a minimum mass of $10.0 \pm 1.3 M_{\oplus}$, which does not transit. Despite its proximity to the star's 18 d rotation period, our joint analysis using a multidimensional Gaussian process (GP) model that incorporates TESS photometry and differential stellar temperature measurements distinguishes this planetary signal from activity-induced variability. In addition, we place new constraints on a non-transiting planet candidate with a period of 12.7 d, suggested in earlier RV analyses. This candidate remains a compelling target for future monitoring. These results highlight the crucial role of multidimensional GP modelling in disentangling planetary signals from stellar activity, enabling the detection of a planet near the stellar rotation period that could have remained undetected with traditional approaches. △ Less

Submitted 20 February, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (26 pages, 20 figures). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556887

Journal ref: A&A, 706 (2026) A278

Switchable Polarization in an A-site Deficient Perovskite through Vacancy and Cation Engineering

Authors: Suguru Yoshida, Olivier Hernandez, Jinsuke Miyake, Kei Nakayama, Ryo Ishikawa, Hajime Hojo, Yuichi Ikuhara, Venkatraman Gopalan, Katsuhisa Tanaka, Koji Fujita

Abstract: While defects are unavoidable in crystals and often detrimental to material performance, they can be a key ingredient for inducing functionalities when tailored. Here, we demonstrate that an A-site-deficient perovskite Y$_{1/3}$TaO$_3$ exhibits room-temperature ferroelectricity in a $Pb2_1m$ phase, enabled by ordered vacancies coupled with TaO$_6$ octahedral rotations. Defect-ordered perovskites a… ▽ More While defects are unavoidable in crystals and often detrimental to material performance, they can be a key ingredient for inducing functionalities when tailored. Here, we demonstrate that an A-site-deficient perovskite Y$_{1/3}$TaO$_3$ exhibits room-temperature ferroelectricity in a $Pb2_1m$ phase, enabled by ordered vacancies coupled with TaO$_6$ octahedral rotations. Defect-ordered perovskites are frequently trapped in centrosymmetric incommensurate states due to competing structural instabilities; we circumvent this by favoring rotational over polar instability through compositional selection. Unlike canonical improper ferroelectrics that are \textit{ferrielectric}, the vanishing dipoles on vacancy layers in Y$_{1/3}$TaO$_3$ allow for a net ferroelectric alignment of local dipoles, resulting in enhanced polarization. Upon heating, Y$_{1/3}$TaO$_3$ transforms to a paraelectric incommensurate phase at $\simeq$750 K, whose atomic arrangement mirrors the domain topology observed in hybrid improper ferroelectrics. Superspace analysis of the modulated phase reveals a route to improve room-temperature polarization, achieved through epitaxial strain, as confirmed by our lattice-dynamics calculations. This defect-ordering strategy should be generalizable to other improper ferroelectrics, including magnetoelectric multiferroics, providing a pathway to amplify otherwise limited macroscopic polarization. △ Less

Submitted 3 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 11 pages, 10 figures

Journal ref: Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2026

NIRPS and TESS reveal a peculiar system around the M dwarf TOI-756: A transiting sub-Neptune and a cold eccentric giant

Authors: Léna Parc, François Bouchy, Neil J. Cook, Nolan Grieves, Étienne Artigau, Alexandrine L'Heureux, René Doyon, Yuri S. Messias, Frédérique Baron, Susana C. C. Barros, Björn Benneke, Xavier Bonfils, Marta Bryan, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Ryan Cloutier, Nicolas B. Cowan, Daniel Brito de Freitas, Jose Renan De Medeiros, Xavier Delfosse, Elisa Delgado-Mena, Xavier Dumusque, David Ehrenreich, Pedro Figueira, Jonay I. González Hernández, David Lafrenière , et al. (126 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Near InfraRed Planet Searcher (NIRPS) joined HARPS on the 3.6-m ESO telescope at La Silla Observatory in April 2023, dedicating part of its Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) program to the radial velocity follow-up of TESS planet candidates to confirm and characterize transiting planets around M dwarfs. We report the first results of this program with the characterization of the TOI-756 syste… ▽ More The Near InfraRed Planet Searcher (NIRPS) joined HARPS on the 3.6-m ESO telescope at La Silla Observatory in April 2023, dedicating part of its Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) program to the radial velocity follow-up of TESS planet candidates to confirm and characterize transiting planets around M dwarfs. We report the first results of this program with the characterization of the TOI-756 system, which consists of TOI-756 b, a transiting sub-Neptune candidate detected by TESS, as well as TOI-756 c, an additional non-transiting planet discovered by NIRPS and HARPS. TOI-756 b is a 1.24-day period sub-Neptune with a radius of 2.81 $\pm$ 0.10 $R_\oplus$ and a mass of 9.8$^{+1.8}_{-1.6}$ $M_\oplus$. TOI-756 c is a cold eccentric (e$_c$ = 0.45 $\pm$ 0.01) giant planet orbiting with a period of 149.6 days around its star with a minimum mass of 4.05 $\pm$ 0.11 $M_\mathrm{jup}$. Additionally, a linear trend of 146$~\mathrm{m\,s}^{-1}\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ is visible in the radial velocities, hinting at a third component, possibly in the planetary or brown dwarf regime. This system is unique in the exoplanet landscape, standing as the first confirmed example of such a planetary architecture around an M dwarf. With a density of 2.42 $\pm$ 0.49 g cm$^{-3}$, the inner planet, TOI-756 b, is a volatile-rich sub-Neptune. Assuming a pure H/He envelope, we inferred an atmospheric mass fraction of 0.023 and a core mass fraction of 0.27, which is well constrained by stellar refractory abundances derived from NIRPS spectra. It falls within the still poorly explored radius cliff and at the lower boundary of the Neptune desert, making it a prime target for a future atmospheric characterization with JWST to improve our understanding of this population. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 25 pages, 15 figures, published in A&A, 2025, 702, A138. Full abstract in the article. All data used to produce the results presented in this article are publicly available at the following link: https://dace.unige.ch/openData/?record=10.82180/dace-voj8hff0

Journal ref: A&A, 702, A138 (2025)

Catastrophic disruption of asteroid 2023 CX1 and implications for planetary defense

Authors: Auriane Egal, Denis Vida, François Colas, Brigitte Zanda, Sylvain Bouley, Asma Steinhausser, Pierre Vernazza, Ludovic Ferrière, Jérôme Gattacceca, Mirel Birlan, Jérémie Vaubaillon, Karl Antier, Simon Anghel, Josselin Desmars, Kévin Baillié, Lucie Maquet, Sébastien Bouquillon, Adrien Malgoyre, Simon Jeanne, Jiři Borovička, Pavel Spurný, Hadrien A. R. Devillepoix, Marco Micheli, Davide Farnocchia, Shantanu Naidu , et al. (72 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Mitigation of the threat from airbursting asteroids requires an understanding of the potential risk they pose for the ground. How asteroids release their kinetic energy in the atmosphere is not well understood due to the rarity of significant impacts. Ordinary chondrites, in particular L chondrites, represent a frequent type of Earth-impacting asteroids. Here, we present the first comprehensive, s… ▽ More Mitigation of the threat from airbursting asteroids requires an understanding of the potential risk they pose for the ground. How asteroids release their kinetic energy in the atmosphere is not well understood due to the rarity of significant impacts. Ordinary chondrites, in particular L chondrites, represent a frequent type of Earth-impacting asteroids. Here, we present the first comprehensive, space-to-lab characterization of an L chondrite impact. Small asteroid 2023 CX1 was detected in space and predicted to impact over Normandy, France, on 13 February 2023. Observations from multiple independent sensors and reduction techniques revealed an unusual but potentially high-risk fragmentation behavior. The nearly spherical 650 $\pm$ 160 kg (72 $\pm$ 6 cm diameter) asteroid catastrophically fragmented around 28 km altitude, releasing 98% of its total energy in a concentrated region of the atmosphere. The resulting shockwave was spherical, not cylindrical, and released more energy closer to the ground. This type of fragmentation increases the risk of significant damage at ground level. These results warrant consideration for a planetary defense strategy for cases where a >3-4 MPa dynamic pressure is expected, including planning for evacuation of areas beneath anticipated disruption locations. △ Less

Submitted 15 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: This preprint has not undergone peer review (when applicable) or any post-submission improvements or corrections. The Version of Record of this article is published in \textit{Nature Astronomy}, and is available online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02659-8

Quantifying thermal water dissociation in the dayside photosphere of WASP-121 b using NIRPS

Authors: Luc Bazinet, Romain Allart, Björn Benneke, Stefan Pelletier, Joost P. Wardenier, Neil J. Cook, Thierry Forveille, Louise D. Nielsen, Khaled Al Moulla, Étienne Artigau, Frédérique Baron, Susana C. C. Barros, Xavier Bonfils, François Bouchy, Marta Bryan, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Ryan Cloutier, Nicolas B. Cowan, Daniel Brito de Freitas, Jose Renan De Medeiros, Xavier Delfosse, René Doyon, Xavier Dumusque, David Ehrenreich, Jonay I. González Hernández , et al. (97 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The intense stellar irradiation of ultra-hot Jupiters results in some of the most extreme atmospheric environments in the planetary regime. On their daysides, temperatures can be sufficiently high for key atmospheric constituents to thermally dissociate into simpler molecular species and atoms. This dissociation drastically changes the atmospheric opacities and, in turn, critically alters the temp… ▽ More The intense stellar irradiation of ultra-hot Jupiters results in some of the most extreme atmospheric environments in the planetary regime. On their daysides, temperatures can be sufficiently high for key atmospheric constituents to thermally dissociate into simpler molecular species and atoms. This dissociation drastically changes the atmospheric opacities and, in turn, critically alters the temperature structure, atmospheric dynamics, and day-night heat transport. To this date, however, simultaneous detections of the dissociating species and their thermally dissociation products in exoplanet atmospheres have remained rare. Here we present the simultaneous detections of H$_2$O and its thermally dissociation product OH on the dayside of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121 b based on high-resolution emission spectroscopy with the recently commissioned Near InfraRed Planet Searcher (NIRPS). We retrieve a photospheric abundance ratio of log$_{10}$(OH/H$_2$O) $= -0.15\pm{0.20}$ indicating that there is about as much OH as H$_2$O at photospheric pressures, which confirms predictions from chemical equilibrium models. We compare the dissociation on WASP-121 b with other ultra-hot Jupiters and show that a trend in agreement with equilibrium models arises. We also discuss an apparent velocity shift of $4.79^{+0.93}_{-0.97} $km s$^{-1}$ in the H$_2$O signal, which is not reproduced by current global circulation models. Finally, in addition to H$_2$O and OH, the NIRPS data reveal evidence of Fe and Mg, from which we infer a Fe/Mg ratio consistent with the solar and host star ratios. Our results demonstrate that NIRPS can be an excellent instrument to obtain simultaneous measurements of refractory and volatile molecular species, paving the way for many future studies on the atmospheric composition, chemistry, and the formation history of close-in exoplanets. △ Less

Submitted 8 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: Accepted in A&A

Journal ref: A&A 701, A276 (2025)

NIRPS joining HARPS at ESO 3.6 m. On-sky performance and science objectives

Authors: Francois Bouchy, Rene Doyon, Francesco Pepe, Claudio Melo, Etienne Artigau, Lison Malo, Francois Wildi, Frederique Baron, Xavier Delfosse, Jose Renan De Medeiros, Rafael Rebolo, Nuno C. Santos, Gregg Wade, Romain Allart, Khaled Al Moulla, Nicolas Blind, Charles Cadieux, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Neil J. Cook, Xavier Dumusque, Yolanda Frensch, Frederic Genest, Jonay I. Gonzalez Hernandez, Nolan Grieves, Gaspare Lo Curto , et al. (109 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Near-InfraRed Planet Searcher (NIRPS) is a high-resolution, high-stability near-infrared (NIR) spectrograph equipped with an AO system. Installed on the ESO 3.6-m telescope, it was developed to enable radial velocity (RV) measurements of low-mass exoplanets around M dwarfs and to characterise exoplanet atmospheres in the NIR. This paper provides a comprehensive design overview and characterisa… ▽ More The Near-InfraRed Planet Searcher (NIRPS) is a high-resolution, high-stability near-infrared (NIR) spectrograph equipped with an AO system. Installed on the ESO 3.6-m telescope, it was developed to enable radial velocity (RV) measurements of low-mass exoplanets around M dwarfs and to characterise exoplanet atmospheres in the NIR. This paper provides a comprehensive design overview and characterisation of the NIRPS instrument, reporting on its on-sky performance, and presenting its GTO programme. The instrument started its operations on 1 Apr 2023 after intensive on-sky testing phases. The spectral range continuously covers the Y, J, and H bands from 972.4 to 1919.6 nm. The thermal control system maintains 1 mK stability over several months. The NIRPS AO-assisted fibre link improves coupling efficiency and offers a unique high-angular resolution capability with a fibre acceptance of only 0.4 arcsec. A high spectral resolving power of 90 000 and 75 000 is provided in HA and HE modes, respectively. The overall throughput from the top of the atmosphere to the detector peaks at 13 percent. The RV precision, measured on the bright star Proxima with a known exoplanetary system, is 77 cm/s. NIRPS and HARPS can be used simultaneously, offering unprecedented spectral coverage for spectroscopic characterisation and stellar activity mitigation. Modal noise can be aptly mitigated by the implementation of fibre stretchers and AO scanning mode. Initial results confirm that NIRPS opens new possibilities for RV measurements, stellar characterisation, and exoplanet atmosphere studies with high precision and high spectral fidelity. NIRPS demonstrated stable RV precision at the level of 1 m/s over several weeks. The instrument high throughput offers a notable improvement over previous spectrographs, enhancing our ability to detect small exoplanets. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 26 pages, 32 figures, published in A&A, 2025, 700, A10

Journal ref: A&A, 700, A10 (2025)

Diving into the planetary system of Proxima with NIRPS -- Breaking the metre per second barrier in the infrared

Authors: Alejandro Suárez Mascareño, Étienne Artigau, Lucile Mignon, Xavier Delfosse, Neil J. Cook, François Bouchy, René Doyon, Jonay I. González Hernández, Thomas Vandal, Izan de Castro Leão, Atanas K. Stefanov, João Faria, Charles Cadieux, Pierrot Lamontagne, Frédérique Baron, Susana C. C. Barros, Björn Benneke, Xavier Bonfils, Marta Bryan, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Ryan Cloutier, Nicolas B. Cowan, Daniel Brito de Freitas, Jose Renan De Medeiros, Elisa Delgado-Mena , et al. (116 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We obtained 420 high-resolution spectra of Proxima, over 159 nights, using the Near Infra Red Planet Searcher (NIRPS). We derived 149 nightly binned radial velocity measurements with a standard deviation of 1.69 m/s and a median uncertainty of 55 cm/s, and performed a joint analysis combining radial velocities, spectroscopic activity indicators, and ground-based photometry, to model the planetary… ▽ More We obtained 420 high-resolution spectra of Proxima, over 159 nights, using the Near Infra Red Planet Searcher (NIRPS). We derived 149 nightly binned radial velocity measurements with a standard deviation of 1.69 m/s and a median uncertainty of 55 cm/s, and performed a joint analysis combining radial velocities, spectroscopic activity indicators, and ground-based photometry, to model the planetary and stellar signals present in the data, applying multi-dimensional Gaussian process regression to model the activity signals. We detect the radial velocity signal of Proxima b in the NIRPS data. All planetary characteristics are consistent with those previously derived using visible light spectrographs. In addition, we find evidence of the presence of the sub-Earth Proxima d in the NIRPS data. When combining the data with the HARPS observations taken simultaneous to NIRPS, we obtain a tentative detection of Proxima d and parameters consistent with those measured with ESPRESSO. By combining the NIRPS data with simultaneously obtained HARPS observations and archival data, we confirm the existence of Proxima d, and demonstrate that its parameters are stable over time and against change of instrument. We refine the planetary parameters of Proxima b and d, and find inconclusive evidence of the signal attributed to Proxima c (P = 1900 d) being present in the data. We measure Proxima b and d to have minimum masses of 1.055 $\pm$ 0.055 Me, and 0.260 $\pm$ 0.038 Me, respectively. Our results show that, in the case of Proxima, NIRPS provides more precise radial velocity data than HARPS, and a more significant detection of the planetary signals. The standard deviation of the residuals of NIRPS after the fit is 80 cm/s, showcasing the potential of NIRPS to measure precise radial velocities in the near-infrared. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 31 pages, 30 figures, 5 tables, beautiful data

Journal ref: 2025, A&A, 700, A11

NIRPS detection of delayed atmospheric escape from the warm and misaligned Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-69b

Authors: Romain Allart, Yann Carteret, Vincent Bourrier, Lucile Mignon, Frederique Baron, Charles Cadieux, Andres Carmona, Christophe Lovis, Hritam Chakraborty, Elisa Delgado-Mena, Etienne Artigau, Susana C. C. Barros, Bjorn Benneke, Xavier Bonfils, Francois Bouchy, Marta Bryan, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Ryan Cloutier, Neil J. Cook, Nicolas B. Cowan, Xavier Delfosse, Rene Doyon, Xavier Dumusque, David Ehrenreich, Jonay I. Gonzalez Hernandez , et al. (97 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Near-infrared high-resolution echelle spectrographs unlock access to fundamental properties of exoplanets, from their atmospheric escape and composition to their orbital architecture, which can all be studied simultaneously from transit observations. We present the first results of the newly commissioned ESO near-infrared spectrograph, NIRPS, from three transits of WASP-69b. We used the RM Revolut… ▽ More Near-infrared high-resolution echelle spectrographs unlock access to fundamental properties of exoplanets, from their atmospheric escape and composition to their orbital architecture, which can all be studied simultaneously from transit observations. We present the first results of the newly commissioned ESO near-infrared spectrograph, NIRPS, from three transits of WASP-69b. We used the RM Revolutions technique to better constrain the orbital architecture of the system. We extracted the high-resolution helium absorption profile to study its spectral shape and temporal variations. Then, we made 3D simulations from the EVE code to fit the helium absorption time series. We measure a slightly misaligned orbit for WASP-69b (psi of 28.7+/-5.7 deg). We confirm the detection of helium with an average excess absorption of 3.17+/-0.05%. The helium absorption is spectrally and temporally resolved, extends to high altitudes and has a strong velocity shift up to -29.5+/-2.5 km/s 50 minutes after egress. EVE simulations put constraints on the mass loss of 2.25 10^11 g/s and hint at reactive chemistry within the cometary-like tail and interaction with the stellar winds that allow the metastable helium to survive longer than expected. Our results suggest that WASP-69b is undergoing a transformative phase in its history, losing mass while evolving on a misaligned orbit. This work shows how combining multiple observational tracers such as orbital architecture, atmospheric escape, and composition, is critical to understand exoplanet demographics and their formation and evolution. We demonstrate that NIRPS can reach precisions similar to HARPS for RM studies, and the high data quality of NIRPS leads to unprecedented atmospheric characterization. The high stability of NIRPS combined with the large GTO available for its consortium, enables in-depth studies of exoplanets as well as large population surveys. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 19 pages (+7 appendix), 18 figures, accepted in A&A

Blind search for activity-sensitive lines in the near-infrared using HARPS and NIRPS observations of Proxima and Gl 581

Authors: João Gomes da Silva, Elisa Delgado-Mena, Nuno C. Santos, Telmo Monteiro, Pierre Larue, Alejandro Suárez Mascareño, Xavier Delfosse, Lucile Mignon, Étienne Artigau, Nicola Nari, Manuel Abreu, José L. A. Aguiar, Khaled Al Moulla, Guillaume Allain, Romain Allart, Tomy Arial, Hugues Auger, Frédérique Baron, Susana C. C. Barros, Luc Bazinet, Björn Benneke, Nicolas Blind, David Bohlender, Isabelle Boisse, Xavier Bonfils , et al. (123 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Stellar activity variability is one of the main obstacles to the detection of Earth-like planets using the RV method. The aim of this work is to measure the effect of activity in the spectra of M dwarfs and detect activity-sensitive lines in the NIR. We took advantage of the simultaneous observations of HARPS and the newly commissioned NIRPS spectrograph to carry out a blind search of the most act… ▽ More Stellar activity variability is one of the main obstacles to the detection of Earth-like planets using the RV method. The aim of this work is to measure the effect of activity in the spectra of M dwarfs and detect activity-sensitive lines in the NIR. We took advantage of the simultaneous observations of HARPS and the newly commissioned NIRPS spectrograph to carry out a blind search of the most activity-sensitive spectral lines in the NIR using NIRPS spectra and known activity indicators in the optical from HARPS as a reference. We analysed the spectra of Proxima (M5.5V) and Gl 581 (M3V), two M dwarfs with different activity levels and internal structures. Spectral lines were identified for both stars and their profiles were fitted using different models. We found hundreds of lines sensitive to activity for both stars; the Proxima spectra were more affected. For Proxima, 32% of the identified lines can be used to measure the rotation period of the star, while for Gl 581 the numbers drops to 1%. The fraction of lines sensitive to activity increases with increasing line depth. A list of 17 lines with rotation period detection for both stars is provided. Stellar activity is able to affect a significant number of spectral lines in the NIR, and methods should be developed to mitigate those effects at the spectral level. The line distortions detected here are expected to come mainly from the flux effect due to temperature contrasts between active regions and the quiet photosphere; however, we cannot rule out the possibility that core-emission from chromospheric activity or Zeeman splitting are also affecting some lines. The new line lists presented here can be used to improve the RV extraction and the detection of RV variability due to stellar activity signals, and to help false positive detection and the modelling of activity variability, thereby enhancing exoplanet detection in the NIR. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A. Abridged abstract

Power-Capping Metric Evaluation for Improving Energy Efficiency in HPC Applications

Authors: Maria Patrou, Thomas Wang, Wael Elwasif, Markus Eisenbach, Ross Miller, William Godoy, Oscar Hernandez

Abstract: With high-performance computing systems now running at exascale, optimizing power-scaling management and resource utilization has become more critical than ever. This paper explores runtime power-capping optimizations that leverage integrated CPU-GPU power management on architectures like the NVIDIA GH200 superchip. We evaluate energy-performance metrics that account for simultaneous CPU and GPU p… ▽ More With high-performance computing systems now running at exascale, optimizing power-scaling management and resource utilization has become more critical than ever. This paper explores runtime power-capping optimizations that leverage integrated CPU-GPU power management on architectures like the NVIDIA GH200 superchip. We evaluate energy-performance metrics that account for simultaneous CPU and GPU power-capping effects by using two complementary approaches: speedup-energy-delay and a Euclidean distance-based multi-objective optimization method. By targeting a mostly compute-bound exascale science application, the Locally Self-Consistent Multiple Scattering (LSMS), we explore challenging scenarios to identify potential opportunities for energy savings in exascale applications, and we recognize that even modest reductions in energy consumption can have significant overall impacts. Our results highlight how GPU task-specific dynamic power-cap adjustments combined with integrated CPU-GPU power steering can improve the energy utilization of certain GPU tasks, thereby laying the groundwork for future adaptive optimization strategies. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2025; v1 submitted 27 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables. Accepted at the Energy Efficiency with Sustainable Performance: Techniques, Tools, and Best Practices, EESP Workshop, in conjunction with ISC High Performance 2025

Characterizing GPU Energy Usage in Exascale-Ready Portable Science Applications

Authors: William F. Godoy, Oscar Hernandez, Paul R. C. Kent, Maria Patrou, Kazi Asifuzzaman, Narasinga Rao Miniskar, Pedro Valero-Lara, Jeffrey S. Vetter, Matthew D. Sinclair, Jason Lowe-Power, Bobby R. Bruce

Abstract: We characterize the GPU energy usage of two widely adopted exascale-ready applications representing two classes of particle and mesh solvers: (i) QMCPACK, a quantum Monte Carlo package, and (ii) AMReXCastro, an adaptive mesh astrophysical code. We analyze power, temperature, utilization, and energy traces from double-/single (mixed)-precision benchmarks on NVIDIA's A100 and H100 and AMD's MI250X G… ▽ More We characterize the GPU energy usage of two widely adopted exascale-ready applications representing two classes of particle and mesh solvers: (i) QMCPACK, a quantum Monte Carlo package, and (ii) AMReXCastro, an adaptive mesh astrophysical code. We analyze power, temperature, utilization, and energy traces from double-/single (mixed)-precision benchmarks on NVIDIA's A100 and H100 and AMD's MI250X GPUs using queries in NVML and rocm_smi_lib, respectively. We explore application-specific metrics to provide insights on energy vs. performance trade-offs. Our results suggest that mixed-precision energy savings range between 6-25% on QMCPACK and 45% on AMReX-Castro. Also, we found gaps in the AMD tooling used on Frontier GPUs that need to be understood, while query resolutions on NVML have little variability between 1 ms-1 s. Overall, application level knowledge is crucial to define energy-cost/science-benefit opportunities for the codesign of future supercomputer architectures in the post-Moore era. △ Less

Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 8 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables. Accepted at the Energy Efficiency with Sustainable Performance: Techniques, Tools, and Best Practices, EESP Workshop, in conjunction with ISC High Performance 2025

Journal ref: In: Neuwirth, S., Paul, A.K., Weinzierl, T., Carson, E.C. (eds) High Performance Computing. ISC High Performance 2025. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 16091. Springer, Cham

Tilting objects in the extended heart of a $t$-structure

Authors: Alejandro Argudin Monroy, Octavio Mendoza, Carlos E. Parra

Abstract: Building on the recent work of Adachi, Enomoto and Tsukamoto on a generalization of the Happel-Reiten-Smalø tilting process, we study extended tilting objects in extriangulated categories with negative first extension. These objects coincide with the 1-tilting objects in abelian categories as in the work of Parra, Saor{í}n and Virili. We will be particularly interested in the case where the extria… ▽ More Building on the recent work of Adachi, Enomoto and Tsukamoto on a generalization of the Happel-Reiten-Smalø tilting process, we study extended tilting objects in extriangulated categories with negative first extension. These objects coincide with the 1-tilting objects in abelian categories as in the work of Parra, Saor{í}n and Virili. We will be particularly interested in the case where the extriangulated category in question is the heart $\mathcal{H}_{[\mathbf{t}_{1},\mathbf{t}_{2}]}$ of an interval of $t$-structures $[\mathbf{t}_{1},\mathbf{t}_{2}]$. Our main results consist of a characterization of the extended tilting objects of a heart $\mathcal{H}_{[\mathbf{t}_{1},\mathbf{t}_{2}]}$ for the case when $\text{\ensuremath{\mathbf{t}}}_{2}\leqΣ^{-1}\mathbf{t}_{1}$, and another one for the case when $Σ^{-2}\mathbf{t}_{1}<\mathbf{t}_{2}$. In the first one, we give conditions for these tilting objects to coincide with the quasi-tilting objects of the abelian category $\mathcal{H}_{[\mathbf{t}_{1},Σ^{-1}\mathbf{t}_{1}]}$. In the second one, it is given conditions for these to coincide with projective generators in the extriangulated category $\mathcal{H}_{[\mathbf{t}_{1},Σ\mathbf{t}_{2}]}$ △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Robustness of deep learning classification to adversarial input on GPUs: asynchronous parallel accumulation is a source of vulnerability

Authors: Sanjif Shanmugavelu, Mathieu Taillefumier, Christopher Culver, Vijay Ganesh, Oscar Hernandez, Ada Sedova

Abstract: The ability of machine learning (ML) classification models to resist small, targeted input perturbations -- known as adversarial attacks -- is a key measure of their safety and reliability. We show that floating-point non-associativity (FPNA) coupled with asynchronous parallel programming on GPUs is sufficient to result in misclassification, without any perturbation to the input. Additionally, we… ▽ More The ability of machine learning (ML) classification models to resist small, targeted input perturbations -- known as adversarial attacks -- is a key measure of their safety and reliability. We show that floating-point non-associativity (FPNA) coupled with asynchronous parallel programming on GPUs is sufficient to result in misclassification, without any perturbation to the input. Additionally, we show that standard adversarial robustness results may be overestimated up to 4.6 when not considering machine-level details. We develop a novel black-box attack using Bayesian optimization to discover external workloads that can change the instruction scheduling which bias the output of reductions on GPUs and reliably lead to misclassification. Motivated by these results, we present a new learnable permutation (LP) gradient-based approach to learning floating-point operation orderings that lead to misclassifications. The LP approach provides a worst-case estimate in a computationally efficient manner, avoiding the need to run identical experiments tens of thousands of times over a potentially large set of possible GPU states or architectures. Finally, using instrumentation-based testing, we investigate parallel reduction ordering across different GPU architectures under external background workloads, when utilizing multi-GPU virtualization, and when applying power capping. Our results demonstrate that parallel reduction ordering varies significantly across architectures under the first two conditions, substantially increasing the search space required to fully test the effects of this parallel scheduler-based vulnerability. These results and the methods developed here can help to include machine-level considerations into adversarial robustness assessments, which can make a difference in safety and mission critical applications. △ Less

Submitted 22 August, 2025; v1 submitted 21 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

ACM Class: I.2.11; B.8.1

Do Large Language Models Understand Performance Optimization?

Authors: Bowen Cui, Tejas Ramesh, Oscar Hernandez, Keren Zhou

Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for software development tasks such as code completion, translation, and optimization. However, their ability to generate efficient and correct code, particularly in complex High-Performance Computing (HPC) contexts, has remained underexplored. To address this gap, this paper presents a comprehensive benchmark suite encompassing multiple… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for software development tasks such as code completion, translation, and optimization. However, their ability to generate efficient and correct code, particularly in complex High-Performance Computing (HPC) contexts, has remained underexplored. To address this gap, this paper presents a comprehensive benchmark suite encompassing multiple critical HPC computational motifs to evaluate the performance of code optimized by state-of-the-art LLMs, including OpenAI o1, Claude-3.5, and Llama-3.2. In addition to analyzing basic computational kernels, we developed an agent system that integrates LLMs to assess their effectiveness in real HPC applications. Our evaluation focused on key criteria such as execution time, correctness, and understanding of HPC-specific concepts. We also compared the results with those achieved using traditional HPC optimization tools. Based on the findings, we recognized the strengths of LLMs in understanding human instructions and performing automated code transformations. However, we also identified significant limitations, including their tendency to generate incorrect code and their challenges in comprehending complex control and data flows in sophisticated HPC code. △ Less

Submitted 17 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: First two authors have equal contributions

Scaling limit of the Aldous-Broder chain on regular graphs: the transient regime

Authors: Osvaldo Angtuncio Hernández, Gabriel Berzunza Ojeda, Anita Winter

Abstract: The continuum random tree is the scaling limit of the uniform spanning tree on the complete graph with $N$ vertices. The Aldous-Broder chain on a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a discrete-time stochastic process with values in the space of rooted trees whose vertex set is a subset of $V$ which is stationary under the uniform distribution on the space of rooted trees spanning $G$. In Evans, Pitman and Winter (… ▽ More The continuum random tree is the scaling limit of the uniform spanning tree on the complete graph with $N$ vertices. The Aldous-Broder chain on a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a discrete-time stochastic process with values in the space of rooted trees whose vertex set is a subset of $V$ which is stationary under the uniform distribution on the space of rooted trees spanning $G$. In Evans, Pitman and Winter (2006) the so-called root growth with re-grafting process (RGRG) was constructed. Further it was shown that the suitable rescaled Aldous-Broder chain converges to the RGRG weakly with respect to the Gromov-Hausdorff topology. It was shown in Peres and Revelle (2005) that (up to a dimension depending constant factor) the continuum random tree is, with respect to the Gromov-weak topology, the scaling limit of the uniform spanning tree on $\mathbb{Z}_N^d$, $d\ge 5$. This result was recently strengthens in Archer, Nachmias and Shalev (2024) to convergence with respect to the Gromov-Hausdorff-weak topology, and therefore also with respect to the Gromov-Hausdorff topology. In the present paper we show that also the suitable rescaled Aldous-Broder chain converges to the RGRG weakly with respect to the Gromov-Hausdorff topology when initially started in the trivial rooted tree. We give conditions on the increasing graph sequence under which the result extends to regular graphs and give probabilistic expressions scales at which time has to be speed up and edge lengths have to be scaled down. △ Less

Submitted 10 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 92 pages, 4 figues

MSC Class: 60J80; 60F17; 05C81

The coalescent structure of multitype continuous-time Bienaymé-Galton-Watson trees

Authors: Osvaldo Angtuncio Hernández, Simon Harris, Juan Carlos Pardo

Abstract: We study the genealogy of a sample of $k>1$ particles, taken under various sampling schemes, from the population alive at fixed times, in a continuous-time multitype Bienaymé-Galton-Watson (MBGW) tree with finite second moments. For critical MBGW trees under uniform sampling without replacement, we show that the sample genealogy converges in the large time limit to a universal limiting structure w… ▽ More We study the genealogy of a sample of $k>1$ particles, taken under various sampling schemes, from the population alive at fixed times, in a continuous-time multitype Bienaymé-Galton-Watson (MBGW) tree with finite second moments. For critical MBGW trees under uniform sampling without replacement, we show that the sample genealogy converges in the large time limit to a universal limiting structure with the same tree topology as Kingman's coalescent but enriched by a nontrivial process coding the types along each lineage. Remarkably, the limiting genealogy is robust to the sampling scheme: it remains unchanged when fixing type configurations (that is, if we sample uniformly at random without replacement given a fixed vector of types to sample), or sampling with type-dependent weights (that is, multinomial sampling over types). Tracking types along the genealogy reveals that, in the limit, types evolve independently of the tree structure but retain a distribution determined by the offspring law, and the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalues. For uniform sampling without replacement, we use $k$ distinguished \emph{spine} particles and a suitable change of measure under which, when sampling at fixed times: (a) the spines form a uniform sample without replacement that depend on the types, and (b) there is $k$-size biasing and discounting according to the population size. This work substantially extends the spine techniques developed by Harris, Johnston, and Roberts 2020 and Harris, Johnston, and Pardo 2024, for the single-type case. In particular, we provide a detailed analysis of how type information affects functionals of the spines. We show that the multitype case introduces complex interactions between types, resulting in a richer dependency structure where functionals must capture type-specific behaviours and inter-type correlations. △ Less

Submitted 24 February, 2026; v1 submitted 6 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 106 pages, 8 figures. This manuscript will be divided into two papers

MSC Class: 05C05; 60G51; 60F17; 60J80

Multitype Lévy trees as scaling limits of multitype Bienaymé-Galton-Watson trees

Authors: Osvaldo Angtuncio Hernández, David Clancy Jr

Abstract: We establish sufficient mild conditions for a sequence of multitype Bienaymé-Galton-Watson trees, conditioned in some sense to be large, to converge to a limiting compact metric space which we call a \emph{multitype Lévy tree}. More precisely, we condition on the size of the maximal subtree of vertices of the same type generated by the root to be large. Although under a different conditioning, our… ▽ More We establish sufficient mild conditions for a sequence of multitype Bienaymé-Galton-Watson trees, conditioned in some sense to be large, to converge to a limiting compact metric space which we call a \emph{multitype Lévy tree}. More precisely, we condition on the size of the maximal subtree of vertices of the same type generated by the root to be large. Although under a different conditioning, our result can be seen as a generalization to the multitype setting of the continuum random trees defined by Aldous, Duquesne and Le Gall in [Ald91a,Ald91b,Ald93,DLG02]. Our main result is an invariance principle for the convergence of such trees, by gluing single-type Lévy trees together in a method determined by the limiting spectrally positive additive Lévy field, as constructed by Chaumont and Marolleau [CM21]. Our approach is a particular case of a more general result about the convergence in the Gromov-Hausdorff-Prohorov topology, of compact marked metric spaces equipped with vector-valued measures, and then glued via an iterative operation. To analyze the gluing operation, we extend the techniques developed by Sénizergues [Sen19,Sen22] to the multitype setting. While the single-type case exhibits a more homogeneous structure with simpler dependency patterns, the multitype case introduces interactions between different types, leading to a more intricate dependency structure where functionals must account for type-specific behaviors and inter-type relationships. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2025; v1 submitted 6 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 59 pages, 10 figures

MSC Class: 60J80; 05C05; 60G51; 60F17; 60G17

Element-specific, non-destructive profiling of layered heterostructures

Authors: Nicolò D'Anna, Jamie Bragg, Elizabeth Skoropata, Nazareth Ortiz Hernández, Aidan G. McConnell, Maël Clémence, Hiroki Ueda, Procopios C. Constantinou, Kieran Spruce, Taylor J. Z. Stock, Sarah Fearn, Steven R. Schofield, Neil J. Curson, Dario Ferreira Sanchez, Daniel Grolimund, Urs Staub, Guy Matmon, Simon Gerber, Gabriel Aeppli

Abstract: Fabrication of semiconductor heterostructures is now so precise that metrology has become a key challenge for progress in science and applications. It is now relatively straightforward to characterize classic III-V and group IV heterostructures consisting of slabs of different semiconductor alloys with thicknesses of $\sim$5 nm and greater using sophisticated tools such as X-ray diffraction, high… ▽ More Fabrication of semiconductor heterostructures is now so precise that metrology has become a key challenge for progress in science and applications. It is now relatively straightforward to characterize classic III-V and group IV heterostructures consisting of slabs of different semiconductor alloys with thicknesses of $\sim$5 nm and greater using sophisticated tools such as X-ray diffraction, high energy X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. However, profiling thin layers with nm or sub-nm thickness, e.g. atomically thin dopant layers ($δ$-layers), of impurities required for modulation doping and spin-based quantum and classical information technologies is more challenging. Here, we present theory and experiment showing how resonant-contrast X-ray reflectometry meets this challenge. The technique takes advantage of the change in the scattering factor of atoms as their core level resonances are scanned by varying the X-ray energy. We demonstrate the capability of the resulting element-selective, non-destructive profilometry for single arsenic $δ$-layers within silicon, and show that the sub-nm electronic thickness of the $δ$-layers corresponds to sub-nm chemical thickness. In combination with X-ray fluorescence imaging, this enables non-destructive three-dimensional characterization of nano-structured quantum devices. Due to the strong resonances at soft X-ray wavelengths, the technique is also ideally suited to characterize layered quantum materials, such as cuprates or the topical infinite-layer nickelates. △ Less

Submitted 2 October, 2024; v1 submitted 30 September, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Impacts of floating-point non-associativity on reproducibility for HPC and deep learning applications

Authors: Sanjif Shanmugavelu, Mathieu Taillefumier, Christopher Culver, Oscar Hernandez, Mark Coletti, Ada Sedova

Abstract: Run to run variability in parallel programs caused by floating-point non-associativity has been known to significantly affect reproducibility in iterative algorithms, due to accumulating errors. Non-reproducibility can critically affect the efficiency and effectiveness of correctness testing for stochastic programs. Recently, the sensitivity of deep learning training and inference pipelines to flo… ▽ More Run to run variability in parallel programs caused by floating-point non-associativity has been known to significantly affect reproducibility in iterative algorithms, due to accumulating errors. Non-reproducibility can critically affect the efficiency and effectiveness of correctness testing for stochastic programs. Recently, the sensitivity of deep learning training and inference pipelines to floating-point non-associativity has been found to sometimes be extreme. It can prevent certification for commercial applications, accurate assessment of robustness and sensitivity, and bug detection. New approaches in scientific computing applications have coupled deep learning models with high-performance computing, leading to an aggravation of debugging and testing challenges. Here we perform an investigation of the statistical properties of floating-point non-associativity within modern parallel programming models, and analyze performance and productivity impacts of replacing atomic operations with deterministic alternatives on GPUs. We examine the recently-added deterministic options in PyTorch within the context of GPU deployment for deep learning, uncovering and quantifying the impacts of input parameters triggering run to run variability and reporting on the reliability and completeness of the documentation. Finally, we evaluate the strategy of exploiting automatic determinism that could be provided by deterministic hardware, using the Groq accelerator for inference portions of the deep learning pipeline. We demonstrate the benefits that a hardware-based strategy can provide within reproducibility and correctness efforts. △ Less

Submitted 30 October, 2024; v1 submitted 9 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

NIRPS first light and early science: breaking the 1 m/s RV precision barrier at infrared wavelengths

Authors: Étienne Artigau, François Bouchy, René Doyon, Frédérique Baron, Lison Malo, François Wildi, Franceso Pepe, Neil J. Cook, Simon Thibault, Vladimir Reshetov, Xavier Dumusque, Christophe Lovis, Danuta Sosnowska, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Jose Renan De Medeiros, Xavier Delfosse, Nuno Santos, Rafael Rebolo, Manuel Abreu, Guillaume Allain, Romain Allart, Hugues Auger, Susana Barros, Luc Bazinet, Nicolas Blind , et al. (89 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Near-InfraRed Planet Searcher or NIRPS is a precision radial velocity spectrograph developed through collaborative efforts among laboratories in Switzerland, Canada, Brazil, France, Portugal and Spain. NIRPS extends to the 0.98-1.8 $μ$m domain of the pioneering HARPS instrument at the La Silla 3.6-m telescope in Chile and it has achieved unparalleled precision, measuring stellar radial velocit… ▽ More The Near-InfraRed Planet Searcher or NIRPS is a precision radial velocity spectrograph developed through collaborative efforts among laboratories in Switzerland, Canada, Brazil, France, Portugal and Spain. NIRPS extends to the 0.98-1.8 $μ$m domain of the pioneering HARPS instrument at the La Silla 3.6-m telescope in Chile and it has achieved unparalleled precision, measuring stellar radial velocities in the infrared with accuracy better than 1 m/s. NIRPS can be used either stand-alone or simultaneously with HARPS. Commissioned in late 2022 and early 2023, NIRPS embarked on a 5-year Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) program in April 2023, spanning 720 observing nights. This program focuses on planetary systems around M dwarfs, encompassing both the immediate solar vicinity and transit follow-ups, alongside transit and emission spectroscopy observations. We highlight NIRPS's current performances and the insights gained during its deployment at the telescope. The lessons learned and successes achieved contribute to the ongoing advancement of precision radial velocity measurements and high spectral fidelity, further solidifying NIRPS' role in the forefront of the field of exoplanets. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2024; v1 submitted 12 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: Proceeding at the SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation conference [Yokohama,Japan; June 2024]

Quantum and thermal noise in coupled non-Hermitian waveguide systems with different models of gain and loss

Authors: Osmery Hernández, Iñigo Liberal

Abstract: Non-Hermitian (NH) photonic systems leverage gain and loss to open new directions for nanophotonic technologies. However, the quantum and thermal noise intrinsically associated with gain/loss affects the eigenvalue/eigenvector structure of NH systems, as well as its practical noise performance. Here, we present a comparative analysis of the impact of different gain and loss mechanisms on the noise… ▽ More Non-Hermitian (NH) photonic systems leverage gain and loss to open new directions for nanophotonic technologies. However, the quantum and thermal noise intrinsically associated with gain/loss affects the eigenvalue/eigenvector structure of NH systems, as well as its practical noise performance. Here, we present a comparative analysis of the impact of different gain and loss mechanisms on the noise generated in gain-loss compensated NH waveguide systems. Our results highlight important differences in the eigenvalue/eigenvector structure, noise power, photon statistics and squeezing. At the same time, we identify some universal properties such as gain-loss compensation, broken to unbroken phase transitions, coalesce of pairs of eigenvectors, and linear scaling of the noise with the length of the waveguide. We believe that these results provide a more global understanding on the impact of the gain/loss mechanism on the noise generated in NH systems. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Orthogonal thermal noise and transmission signals: A new coherent perfect absorption's feature

Authors: Douglas Oña, Angel Ortega-Gomez, Osmery Hernández, Iñigo Liberal

Abstract: Coherent perfect absorption (CPA) is an interference process associated with the zeros of the scattering matrix that enables light-with-light interactions in linear systems, of interest for optical computing, data processing and sensing. However, the noise properties of CPA remain relatively unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that CPA thermal noise signals exhibit a unique property: they are orthogo… ▽ More Coherent perfect absorption (CPA) is an interference process associated with the zeros of the scattering matrix that enables light-with-light interactions in linear systems, of interest for optical computing, data processing and sensing. However, the noise properties of CPA remain relatively unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that CPA thermal noise signals exhibit a unique property: they are orthogonal to the signals transmitted through the network. In turn, such property enables a variety of thermal noise management effects, such as the physical separability of thermal noise and transmitted signals, and "externally lossless" networks that internally host radiative heat transfer processes. We believe that our results provide a new perspective on the many CPA technologies currently under development. △ Less

Submitted 24 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Magnetic dipole operator from chiral effective field theory for many-body expansion methods

Authors: R. Seutin, O. J. Hernandez, T. Miyagi, S. Bacca, K. Hebeler, S. König, A. Schwenk

Abstract: Many-body approaches for atomic nuclei generally rely on a basis expansion of the nuclear states, interactions, and current operators. In this work, we derive the representation of the magnetic dipole operator in plane-wave and harmonic-oscillator basis states, as needed for Faddeev calculations of few-body systems or many-body calculations within, e.g., the no-core shell model, the in-medium reno… ▽ More Many-body approaches for atomic nuclei generally rely on a basis expansion of the nuclear states, interactions, and current operators. In this work, we derive the representation of the magnetic dipole operator in plane-wave and harmonic-oscillator basis states, as needed for Faddeev calculations of few-body systems or many-body calculations within, e.g., the no-core shell model, the in-medium renormalization group, coupled-cluster theory, or the nuclear shell model. We focus in particular on the next-to-leading-order two-body contributions derived from chiral effective field theory. We provide detailed benchmarks and also comparisons with quantum Monte Carlo results for three-body systems. The derived operator matrix elements represent the basic input for studying magnetic properties of atomic nuclei based on chiral effective field theory. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2023; v1 submitted 31 July, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: 17 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 108, 054005 (2023)

Workflows Community Summit 2022: A Roadmap Revolution

Authors: Rafael Ferreira da Silva, Rosa M. Badia, Venkat Bala, Debbie Bard, Peer-Timo Bremer, Ian Buckley, Silvina Caino-Lores, Kyle Chard, Carole Goble, Shantenu Jha, Daniel S. Katz, Daniel Laney, Manish Parashar, Frederic Suter, Nick Tyler, Thomas Uram, Ilkay Altintas, Stefan Andersson, William Arndt, Juan Aznar, Jonathan Bader, Bartosz Balis, Chris Blanton, Kelly Rosa Braghetto, Aharon Brodutch , et al. (80 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Scientific workflows have become integral tools in broad scientific computing use cases. Science discovery is increasingly dependent on workflows to orchestrate large and complex scientific experiments that range from execution of a cloud-based data preprocessing pipeline to multi-facility instrument-to-edge-to-HPC computational workflows. Given the changing landscape of scientific computing and t… ▽ More Scientific workflows have become integral tools in broad scientific computing use cases. Science discovery is increasingly dependent on workflows to orchestrate large and complex scientific experiments that range from execution of a cloud-based data preprocessing pipeline to multi-facility instrument-to-edge-to-HPC computational workflows. Given the changing landscape of scientific computing and the evolving needs of emerging scientific applications, it is paramount that the development of novel scientific workflows and system functionalities seek to increase the efficiency, resilience, and pervasiveness of existing systems and applications. Specifically, the proliferation of machine learning/artificial intelligence (ML/AI) workflows, need for processing large scale datasets produced by instruments at the edge, intensification of near real-time data processing, support for long-term experiment campaigns, and emergence of quantum computing as an adjunct to HPC, have significantly changed the functional and operational requirements of workflow systems. Workflow systems now need to, for example, support data streams from the edge-to-cloud-to-HPC enable the management of many small-sized files, allow data reduction while ensuring high accuracy, orchestrate distributed services (workflows, instruments, data movement, provenance, publication, etc.) across computing and user facilities, among others. Further, to accelerate science, it is also necessary that these systems implement specifications/standards and APIs for seamless (horizontal and vertical) integration between systems and applications, as well as enabling the publication of workflows and their associated products according to the FAIR principles. This document reports on discussions and findings from the 2022 international edition of the Workflows Community Summit that took place on November 29 and 30, 2022. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Report number: ORNL/TM-2023/2885

Application Experiences on a GPU-Accelerated Arm-based HPC Testbed

Authors: Wael Elwasif, William Godoy, Nick Hagerty, J. Austin Harris, Oscar Hernandez, Balint Joo, Paul Kent, Damien Lebrun-Grandie, Elijah Maccarthy, Veronica G. Melesse Vergara, Bronson Messer, Ross Miller, Sarp Opal, Sergei Bastrakov, Michael Bussmann, Alexander Debus, Klaus Steinger, Jan Stephan, Rene Widera, Spencer H. Bryngelson, Henry Le Berre, Anand Radhakrishnan, Jefferey Young, Sunita Chandrasekaran, Florina Ciorba , et al. (6 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper assesses and reports the experience of ten teams working to port,validate, and benchmark several High Performance Computing applications on a novel GPU-accelerated Arm testbed system. The testbed consists of eight NVIDIA Arm HPC Developer Kit systems built by GIGABYTE, each one equipped with a server-class Arm CPU from Ampere Computing and A100 data center GPU from NVIDIA Corp. The syst… ▽ More This paper assesses and reports the experience of ten teams working to port,validate, and benchmark several High Performance Computing applications on a novel GPU-accelerated Arm testbed system. The testbed consists of eight NVIDIA Arm HPC Developer Kit systems built by GIGABYTE, each one equipped with a server-class Arm CPU from Ampere Computing and A100 data center GPU from NVIDIA Corp. The systems are connected together using Infiniband high-bandwidth low-latency interconnect. The selected applications and mini-apps are written using several programming languages and use multiple accelerator-based programming models for GPUs such as CUDA, OpenACC, and OpenMP offloading. Working on application porting requires a robust and easy-to-access programming environment, including a variety of compilers and optimized scientific libraries. The goal of this work is to evaluate platform readiness and assess the effort required from developers to deploy well-established scientific workloads on current and future generation Arm-based GPU-accelerated HPC systems. The reported case studies demonstrate that the current level of maturity and diversity of software and tools is already adequate for large-scale production deployments. △ Less

Submitted 19 December, 2022; v1 submitted 20 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Journal ref: Proceedings of the HPC Asia 2023 Workshops, pg 35-49

Unusual ferrimagnetism in CaFe2O4

Authors: Hiroki Ueda, Elizabeth Skoropata, Cinthia Piamonteze, Nazaret Ortiz Hernandez, Max Burian, Yoshikazu Tanaka, Christine Klauser, Silvia Damerio, Beatriz Noheda, Urs Staub

Abstract: Incomplete cancellation of collinear antiparallel spins gives rise to ferrimagnetism. Even if the oppositely polarized spins are owing to the equal number of a single magnetic element having the same valence state, in principle, a ferrimagnetic state can still arise from the crystallographic inequivalence of the host ions. However, experimental identification of such a state as ferrimagnetic is no… ▽ More Incomplete cancellation of collinear antiparallel spins gives rise to ferrimagnetism. Even if the oppositely polarized spins are owing to the equal number of a single magnetic element having the same valence state, in principle, a ferrimagnetic state can still arise from the crystallographic inequivalence of the host ions. However, experimental identification of such a state as ferrimagnetic is not straightforward because of the tiny magnitude expected for M and the requirement for a sophisticated technique to differentiate similar magnetic sites. We report a synchrotron-based resonant x-ray investigation at the Fe L2,3 edges on an epitaxial film of CaFe2O4, which exhibits two magnetic phases with similar energies. We find that while one phase of CaFe2O4 is antiferromagnetic, the other one is ferrimagnetic with an antiparallel arrangement of an equal number of spins between two distinct crystallographic sites with very similar local coordination environments. Our results further indicate two distinct origins of an overall minute M; one is intrinsic, from distinct Fe3+ sites, and the other one is extrinsic, arising from defective Fe2+ likely forming weakly-coupled ferrimagnetic clusters. These two origins are uncorrelated and have very different coercive fields. Hence, this work provides a direct experimental demonstration of ferrimagnetism solely due to crystallographic inequivalence of the Fe3+ as the origin of the weak M of CaFe2O4. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures

$n$-term silting complexes in $K^b(proj(Λ))$

Authors: Luis Martinez, Octavio Mendoza

Abstract: Let $Λ$ be an Artin algebra and $K^b(proj(Λ))$ be the triangulated category of bounded co-chain complexes in $proj(Λ).$ It is well known that two-terms silting complexes in $K^b(proj(Λ))$ are described by the $τ$-tilting theory. The aim of this paper is to give a characterization of certain $n$-term silting complexes in $K^b(proj(Λ))$ which are induced by $Λ$-modules. In order to do that, we intro… ▽ More Let $Λ$ be an Artin algebra and $K^b(proj(Λ))$ be the triangulated category of bounded co-chain complexes in $proj(Λ).$ It is well known that two-terms silting complexes in $K^b(proj(Λ))$ are described by the $τ$-tilting theory. The aim of this paper is to give a characterization of certain $n$-term silting complexes in $K^b(proj(Λ))$ which are induced by $Λ$-modules. In order to do that, we introduce the notions of $τ_n$-rigid, $τ_n$-tilting and $τ_{n,m}$-tilting $Λ$-modules. The latter is both a generalization of $τ$-tilting and tilting in $mod(Λ).$ It is also stated and proved some variant, for $τ_n$-tilting modules, of the well known Bazzoni's characterization for tilting modules. We give some connections between $n$-terms presilting complexes in $K^b(proj(Λ))$ and $τ_n$-rigid $Λ$-modules. Moreover, a characterization is given to know when a $τ_n$-tilting $Λ$-module is $n$-tilting. We also study more deeply the properties of the $τ_{n,m}$-tilting $Λ$-modules and their connections of being $m$-tilting in some quotient algebras. We apply the developed $τ_{n,m}$-tilting theory to the finitistic dimension of $Λ.$ Finally, at the end of the paper we discuss and state some open questions (conjectures) that we consider crucial for the future develop of the $τ_{n,m}$-tilting theory. △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2022; v1 submitted 23 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

MSC Class: 16D10 (18G05; 18G80)

Bayesian analysis of nuclear polarizability corrections to the Lamb shift of muonic H-atoms and He-ions

Authors: Simone Salvatore Li Muli, Bijaya Acharya, Oscar Javier Hernandez, Sonia Bacca

Abstract: The extraction of nuclear charge radii from spectroscopy experiments in muonic atoms is currently limited by the large uncertainties associated with the theoretical evaluation of the nuclear polarizability effects. To facilitate calculations, these polarizability corrections are conventionally expressed as an expansion in a dimensionless parameter $η$, which has been argued in previous literature… ▽ More The extraction of nuclear charge radii from spectroscopy experiments in muonic atoms is currently limited by the large uncertainties associated with the theoretical evaluation of the nuclear polarizability effects. To facilitate calculations, these polarizability corrections are conventionally expressed as an expansion in a dimensionless parameter $η$, which has been argued in previous literature to hold an approximate value of 0.33 in light-nuclear systems. In this work, we check this claim by doing a Bayesian analysis of the nuclear-polarizability corrections to the Lamb shift in $μ^2$H and $μ^3$H atoms and in $μ^3$He$^+$ and $μ^4$He$^+$ ions at various orders in the $η$-expansion. Our analysis supports the claim that $η\ll 1$ in these systems and finds truncation uncertainties that are similar to the previous estimate, the only exception being the truncation uncertainties in the $μ^3$He$^+$ ion, which are found to be larger. △ Less

Submitted 7 October, 2022; v1 submitted 21 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Published in JPG

Report number: MITP-22-028

Journal ref: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 49 105101 (2022)

Relative tilting theory in abelian categories II: $n$-$\mathcal{X}$-tilting theory

Authors: Alejandro Argudin Monroy, Octavio Mendoza Hernandez

Abstract: We introduce a relative tilting theory in abelian categories and show that this work offers a unified framework of different previous notions of tilting, ranging from Auslander-Solberg relative tilting modules on Artin algebras to infinitely generated tilting modules on arbitrary rings. Furthermore, we see that it presents a tool for developing new tilting theories in categories that can be embedd… ▽ More We introduce a relative tilting theory in abelian categories and show that this work offers a unified framework of different previous notions of tilting, ranging from Auslander-Solberg relative tilting modules on Artin algebras to infinitely generated tilting modules on arbitrary rings. Furthermore, we see that it presents a tool for developing new tilting theories in categories that can be embedded nicely in an abelian category. In particular, we will show how the tilting theory in exact categories built this way, coincides with tilting objects in extriangulated categories introduced recently. We will review Bazzoni\textquoteright s tilting characterization, the relative homological dimensions on the induced tilting classes and parametrise certain cotorsion-like pairs by using $n$-$\mathcal{X}$-tilting classes. As an application, we show how to construct relative tilting classes and cotorsion pairs in $\operatorname{Rep}(Q,\mathcal{C})$ (the category of representations of a quiver $Q$ in an abelian category $\mathcal{C}$) from tilting classes in $\mathcal{C},$ where $Q$ is finite-cone-shape. △ Less

Submitted 24 November, 2023; v1 submitted 29 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

MSC Class: 18g20; 16e10; 18e10; 18g25

Optical excitation of electromagnons in hexaferrite

Authors: Hiroki Ueda, Hoyoung Jang, Sae Hwan Chun, Hyeong-Do Kim, Minseok Kim, Sang-Youn Park, Simone Finizio, Nazaret Ortiz Hernandez, Vladimir Ovuka, Matteo Savoini, Tsuyoshi Kimura, Yoshikazu Tanaka, Andrin Doll, Urs Staub

Abstract: Understanding ultrafast magnetization dynamics on the microscopic level is of strong current interest due to the potential for applications in information storage. In recent years, the spin-lattice coupling has been recognized to be essential for ultrafast magnetization dynamics. Magnetoelectric multiferroics of type II possess intrinsic correlations among magnetic sublattices and electric polariz… ▽ More Understanding ultrafast magnetization dynamics on the microscopic level is of strong current interest due to the potential for applications in information storage. In recent years, the spin-lattice coupling has been recognized to be essential for ultrafast magnetization dynamics. Magnetoelectric multiferroics of type II possess intrinsic correlations among magnetic sublattices and electric polarization (P) through spin-lattice coupling, enabling fundamentally coupled dynamics between spins and lattice. Here we report on ultrafast magnetization dynamics in a room-temperature multiferroic hexaferrite possessing ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic sublattices, revealed by time-resolved resonant x-ray diffraction. A femtosecond above-bandgap excitation triggers a coherent magnon in which the two magnetic sublattices entangle and give rise to a transient modulation of P. A novel microscopic mechanism for triggering the coherent magnon in this ferrimagnetic insulator based on the spin-lattice coupling is proposed. Our finding opens up a novel but general pathway for ultrafast control of magnetism. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 18 pages, 7 figures + 21 pages supplementary information

A generalized approach to quantum interference in lossy N-port devices via a singular value decomposition

Authors: Osmery Hernández, Iñigo Liberal

Abstract: Modeling quantum interference in the presence of dissipation is a critical aspect of quantum technologies. Including dissipation into the model of a linear device enables for assesing the detrimental impact of photon loss, as well as for studying dissipation-driven quantum state transformations. However, establishing the input-output relations characterizing quantum interference at a general lossy… ▽ More Modeling quantum interference in the presence of dissipation is a critical aspect of quantum technologies. Including dissipation into the model of a linear device enables for assesing the detrimental impact of photon loss, as well as for studying dissipation-driven quantum state transformations. However, establishing the input-output relations characterizing quantum interference at a general lossy N-port network poses important theoretical challenges. Here, we propose a general procedure based on the singular value decomposition (SVD), which allows for the efficient calculation of the input-output relations for any arbitrary lossy linear device. In addition, we show how the SVD provides an intuitive description of the principle of operation of linear optical devices. We illustrate the applicability of our method by evaluating the input-output relations of popular reciprocal and nonreciprocal lossy linear devices, including devices with singular and nilpotent scattering matrices. We expect that our procedure will motivate future research on quantum interference in complex devices, as well as the realistic modelling of photon loss in linear lossy devices. △ Less

Submitted 27 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021.

Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures

The Global 21 cm Signal of a Network of Cosmic String Wakes

Authors: Oscar F. Hernández

Abstract: In previous works we discussed the 21 cm signature of a single cosmic string wake. However the 21 cm brightness temperature is influenced by a network of cosmic string wakes, and not one single wake. In this work we consider the signal from a network of wakes laid down during the matter era. We also improve on the previous calculation of a single wake signature. Finally we calculate the enhancemen… ▽ More In previous works we discussed the 21 cm signature of a single cosmic string wake. However the 21 cm brightness temperature is influenced by a network of cosmic string wakes, and not one single wake. In this work we consider the signal from a network of wakes laid down during the matter era. We also improve on the previous calculation of a single wake signature. Finally we calculate the enhancement of the global 21 cm brightness temperature due to a network of wakes and discuss its affects of the signal measured in the Wouthuysen-Field absorption trough. We estimated that for string tensions between $10^{-8}$ to $10^{-7}$ there would be between a 10% to a factor 2 enhancement in the signal. △ Less

Submitted 22 September, 2021; v1 submitted 18 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figure. v2 to v3: minor typo corrected in references. v1 to v2: explanation in section 5 expanded, figures enlarged, NANOGrav data description changed in section 2, 1 references added in section 2. Matches the version accepted for publication by MNRAS

Kinematics reconstruction of the EAS-like events registered by the TUS detector

Authors: S. Sharakin, O. I. Ruiz Hernandez

Abstract: The Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up (TUS) is the world's first orbital imaging detector of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) and it operated in 2016-2017 as part of the scientific equipment of the Lomonosov satellite. The TUS was developed and manufactured as a prototype of the larger project K-EUSO with the main purpose of testing the efficiency of the method for measuring the ultraviolet signal… ▽ More The Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up (TUS) is the world's first orbital imaging detector of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) and it operated in 2016-2017 as part of the scientific equipment of the Lomonosov satellite. The TUS was developed and manufactured as a prototype of the larger project K-EUSO with the main purpose of testing the efficiency of the method for measuring the ultraviolet signal of extensive air shower (EAS) in the Earth's night atmosphere. Despite the low spatial resolution ($\sim5\times5$ km$^2$ at sea level), several events were recorded which are very similar to EAS as for the signal profile and kinematics. Reconstruction of the parameters of such events is complicated by a short track length, an asymmetry of the image, and an uncertainty in the sensitivity distribution of the TUS channels. An advanced method was developed for the determination of event kinematic parameters including its arrival direction. In the present article, this method is applied for the analysis of 6 EAS-like events recorded by the TUS detector. All events have an out of space arrival direction with zenith angles less than 40°. Remarkably they were found to be over the land rather close to United States airports, which indicates a possible anthropogenic nature of the phenomenon. Detailed analysis revealed a correlation of the reconstructed tracks with direction to airport runways and Very High Frequency (VHF) omnidirectional range stations. The method developed here for reliable reconstruction of kinematic parameters of the track-like events, registered in low spatial resolution, will be useful in future space missions, such as K-EUSO. △ Less

Submitted 3 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 20 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables

A Case Study of LLVM-Based Analysis for Optimizing SIMD Code Generation

Authors: Joseph Huber, Weile Wei, Giorgis Georgakoudis, Johannes Doerfert, Oscar Hernandez

Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for using LLVM-based tools to tune the DCA++ (dynamical clusterapproximation) application that targets the new ARM A64FX processor. The goal is to describethe changes required for the new architecture and generate efficient single instruction/multiple data(SIMD) instructions that target the new Scalable Vector Extension instruction set. During manualtuning, the au… ▽ More This paper presents a methodology for using LLVM-based tools to tune the DCA++ (dynamical clusterapproximation) application that targets the new ARM A64FX processor. The goal is to describethe changes required for the new architecture and generate efficient single instruction/multiple data(SIMD) instructions that target the new Scalable Vector Extension instruction set. During manualtuning, the authors used the LLVM tools to improve code parallelization by using OpenMP SIMD,refactored the code and applied transformation that enabled SIMD optimizations, and ensured thatthe correct libraries were used to achieve optimal performance. By applying these code changes, codespeed was increased by 1.98X and 78 GFlops were achieved on the A64FX processor. The authorsaim to automatize parts of the efforts in the OpenMP Advisor tool, which is built on top of existingand newly introduced LLVM tooling. △ Less

Submitted 27 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Memory Reduction using a Ring Abstraction over GPU RDMA for Distributed Quantum Monte Carlo Solver

Authors: Weile Wei, Eduardo D'Azevedo, Kevin Huck, Arghya Chatterjee, Oscar Hernandez, Hartmut Kaiser

Abstract: Scientific applications that run on leadership computing facilities often face the challenge of being unable to fit leading science cases onto accelerator devices due to memory constraints (memory-bound applications). In this work, the authors studied one such US Department of Energy mission-critical condensed matter physics application, Dynamical Cluster Approximation (DCA++), and this paper disc… ▽ More Scientific applications that run on leadership computing facilities often face the challenge of being unable to fit leading science cases onto accelerator devices due to memory constraints (memory-bound applications). In this work, the authors studied one such US Department of Energy mission-critical condensed matter physics application, Dynamical Cluster Approximation (DCA++), and this paper discusses how device memory-bound challenges were successfully reduced by proposing an effective "all-to-all" communication method -- a ring communication algorithm. This implementation takes advantage of acceleration on GPUs and remote direct memory access (RDMA) for fast data exchange between GPUs. Additionally, the ring algorithm was optimized with sub-ring communicators and multi-threaded support to further reduce communication overhead and expose more concurrency, respectively. The computation and communication were also analyzed by using the Autonomic Performance Environment for Exascale (APEX) profiling tool, and this paper further discusses the performance trade-off for the ring algorithm implementation. The memory analysis on the ring algorithm shows that the allocation size for the authors' most memory-intensive data structure per GPU is now reduced to 1/p of the original size, where p is the number of GPUs in the ring communicator. The communication analysis suggests that the distributed Quantum Monte Carlo execution time grows linearly as sub-ring size increases, and the cost of messages passing through the network interface connector could be a limiting factor. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2021; v1 submitted 30 April, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Relative tilting theory in abelian categories I: Auslander-Buchweitz-Reiten approximations theory in subcategories and cotorsion pairs

Authors: Alejandro Argudín Monroy, Octavio Mendoza Hernández

Abstract: In this paper we introduce a special kind of relative (co)resolutions associated to a pair of classes of objects in an abelian category $\mathcal{C}.$ We will see that, by studying these relative (co)resolutions, we get a possible generalization of a part of the Auslander-Buchweitz approximation theory that is useful for developing $n$-$\mathcal{X}$-tilting theory in [4]. With this goal, new conce… ▽ More In this paper we introduce a special kind of relative (co)resolutions associated to a pair of classes of objects in an abelian category $\mathcal{C}.$ We will see that, by studying these relative (co)resolutions, we get a possible generalization of a part of the Auslander-Buchweitz approximation theory that is useful for developing $n$-$\mathcal{X}$-tilting theory in [4]. With this goal, new concepts as $\mathcal{X}$-complete and $\mathcal{X}$-hereditary pairs are introduced as a generalization of complete and hereditary cotorsion pairs. These pairs appear in a natural way in the study of the category of representations of a quiver in an abelian category [5]. Our main results will include an existence theorem for relative approximations, among other results related with closure properties of relative (co)resolution classes and relative homological dimensions which are essential in the development of $n$-$\mathcal{X}$-tilting theory in [4]. △ Less

Submitted 9 June, 2024; v1 submitted 22 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: 28 pages

MSC Class: 18g20; 16e10; 18e10; 18g25

Relative Torsion Classes, relative tilting and relative silting modules

Authors: Luis Martínez, Octavio Mendoza

Abstract: Let $Λ$ be an Artin algebra. In 2014, T. Adachi, O. Iyama and I. Reiten proved that the torsion funtorially finite classes in $\mathrm{mod}\,(Λ)$ can be described by the $τ$-tilting theory. The aim of this paper is to introduce the notion of $F$-torsion class in $\mathrm{mod}\,(Λ)$, where $F$ is an additive subfunctor of $\mathrm{Ext}^1_Λ,$ and to characterize when these clases are preenveloping a… ▽ More Let $Λ$ be an Artin algebra. In 2014, T. Adachi, O. Iyama and I. Reiten proved that the torsion funtorially finite classes in $\mathrm{mod}\,(Λ)$ can be described by the $τ$-tilting theory. The aim of this paper is to introduce the notion of $F$-torsion class in $\mathrm{mod}\,(Λ)$, where $F$ is an additive subfunctor of $\mathrm{Ext}^1_Λ,$ and to characterize when these clases are preenveloping and $F$-preenveloping. In order to do that, we introduce the notion of $F$-presilting $Λ$-module. The latter is both a generalization of $τ$-rigid and $F$-tilting in $\mathrm{mod}(Λ).$ △ Less

Submitted 16 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Science Requirements and Detector Concepts for the Electron-Ion Collider: EIC Yellow Report

Authors: R. Abdul Khalek, A. Accardi, J. Adam, D. Adamiak, W. Akers, M. Albaladejo, A. Al-bataineh, M. G. Alexeev, F. Ameli, P. Antonioli, N. Armesto, W. R. Armstrong, M. Arratia, J. Arrington, A. Asaturyan, M. Asai, E. C. Aschenauer, S. Aune, H. Avagyan, C. Ayerbe Gayoso, B. Azmoun, A. Bacchetta, M. D. Baker, F. Barbosa, L. Barion , et al. (390 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This report describes the physics case, the resulting detector requirements, and the evolving detector concepts for the experimental program at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The EIC will be a powerful new high-luminosity facility in the United States with the capability to collide high-energy electron beams with high-energy proton and ion beams, providing access to those regions in the nucleon… ▽ More This report describes the physics case, the resulting detector requirements, and the evolving detector concepts for the experimental program at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). The EIC will be a powerful new high-luminosity facility in the United States with the capability to collide high-energy electron beams with high-energy proton and ion beams, providing access to those regions in the nucleon and nuclei where their structure is dominated by gluons. Moreover, polarized beams in the EIC will give unprecedented access to the spatial and spin structure of the proton, neutron, and light ions. The studies leading to this document were commissioned and organized by the EIC User Group with the objective of advancing the state and detail of the physics program and developing detector concepts that meet the emerging requirements in preparation for the realization of the EIC. The effort aims to provide the basis for further development of concepts for experimental equipment best suited for the science needs, including the importance of two complementary detectors and interaction regions. This report consists of three volumes. Volume I is an executive summary of our findings and developed concepts. In Volume II we describe studies of a wide range of physics measurements and the emerging requirements on detector acceptance and performance. Volume III discusses general-purpose detector concepts and the underlying technologies to meet the physics requirements. These considerations will form the basis for a world-class experimental program that aims to increase our understanding of the fundamental structure of all visible matter △ Less

Submitted 26 October, 2021; v1 submitted 8 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 902 pages, 415 authors, 151 institutions

Report number: BNL-220990-2021-FORE, JLAB-PHY-21-3198, LA-UR-21-20953

Journal ref: Nucl. Phys. A 1026 (2022) 122447

Magnetic order of tetragonal CuO ultra-thin films

Authors: N. Ortiz Hernandez, Z. Salman, T. Prokscha, A. Suter, J. R. L. Mardegan, S. Moser, A. Zakharova, C. Piamonteze, und U. Staub

Abstract: We present a detailed low-energy muon spin rotation and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) investigation of the magnetic structure in ultra-thin tetragonal (T)-CuO films. The measured muon-spin polarization decay indicates an antiferromagnetic (AFM) order with a transition temperature higher than 200K. The XMCD signal obtained around the Cu $L_{2,3}$ edges indicates the presence of pinned Cu… ▽ More We present a detailed low-energy muon spin rotation and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) investigation of the magnetic structure in ultra-thin tetragonal (T)-CuO films. The measured muon-spin polarization decay indicates an antiferromagnetic (AFM) order with a transition temperature higher than 200K. The XMCD signal obtained around the Cu $L_{2,3}$ edges indicates the presence of pinned Cu$^{2+}$ moments that are parallel to the sample surface, and additionally, isotropic paramagnetic moments. The pinning of some of the Cu moments is caused by an AFM ordering consisting of moments that lie most likely in the plane of the film. Moreover, pinned moments show a larger orbital magnetic moment contribution with an approximate ratio of $m_{orb}/m_{spin} = 2$, indicating that these spins are located at sites with reduced symmetry. Some fractions of the pinned moments remain pinned from an AFM background even at 360K, indicating that $T_N >$ 360K. A simple model could explain qualitatively these experimental findings; however, it is in contrast to theoretical predictions, showing that the magnetic properties of ultra-thin T-CuO films differ from bulk expectations and is more complex. △ Less

Submitted 2 February, 2021; v1 submitted 30 January, 2021; originally announced February 2021.

Comments: 11 Figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. B 103, 224429 (2021)

Standardly stratified lower triangular $\mathbb{K}$-algebras with enough idempotents

Authors: E. Marcos, O. Mendoza, C. Sáenz, V. Santiago

Abstract: In this paper we study the lower triangular matrix $\mathbb{K}$-algebra $Λ:=\left[\begin{smallmatrix} T & 0 \\ M & U \end{smallmatrix}\right],$ where $U$ and $T$ are basic $\mathbb{K}$-algebras with enough idempotents and $M$ is an $U$-$T$-bimodule where $\mathbb{K}$ acts centrally. Moreover, we characterise in terms of $U,$ $T$ and $M$ when, on one hand, the lower triangular matrix $\mathbb{K}$-a… ▽ More In this paper we study the lower triangular matrix $\mathbb{K}$-algebra $Λ:=\left[\begin{smallmatrix} T & 0 \\ M & U \end{smallmatrix}\right],$ where $U$ and $T$ are basic $\mathbb{K}$-algebras with enough idempotents and $M$ is an $U$-$T$-bimodule where $\mathbb{K}$ acts centrally. Moreover, we characterise in terms of $U,$ $T$ and $M$ when, on one hand, the lower triangular matrix $\mathbb{K}$-algebra $Λ$ is standardly stratified in the sense of the paper "A generalization theory of standardly stratified algebras I: Standardly stratified ringois"; and on another hand, when $Λ$ is locally bounded in the sense of the paper "Locally finite generated modules over rings with enough idempotents". Finally, it is also studied several properties relating the projective dimensions in the categories of finitely generated modules $\mathrm{mod}(U)$, $\mathrm{mod}(T)$ and $\mathrm{mod}(Λ).$ △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021.

MSC Class: Primary 16G10; 16D90; Secondary 13E10

Luminous efficiency based on FRIPON meteors

Authors: Esther Drolshagen, Theresa Ott, Detlef Koschny, Gerhard Drolshagen, Jeremie Vaubaillon, Francois Colas, Josep Maria Trigo-Rodriguez, Brigitte Zanda, Sylvain Bouley, Simon Jeanne, Adrien Malgoyre, Mirel Birlan, Pierre Vernazza, Daniele Gardiol, Dan Alin Nedelcu, Jim Rowe, Mathieu Forcier, Eloy Peña Asensio, Herve Lamy, Ludovic Ferrière, Dario Barghini, Albino Carbognani, Mario Di Martino, Stefania Rasetti, Giovanni Battista Valsecchi , et al. (14 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In meteor physics the luminous efficiency $τ$ is used to convert the meteor's magnitude to the corresponding meteoroid's mass. However, lack of sufficiently accurate verification methods or adequate laboratory tests leave this parameter to be controversially discussed. In this work meteor/fireball data obtained by the Fireball Recovery and InterPlanetary Observation Network (FRIPON) was used to ca… ▽ More In meteor physics the luminous efficiency $τ$ is used to convert the meteor's magnitude to the corresponding meteoroid's mass. However, lack of sufficiently accurate verification methods or adequate laboratory tests leave this parameter to be controversially discussed. In this work meteor/fireball data obtained by the Fireball Recovery and InterPlanetary Observation Network (FRIPON) was used to calculate the masses of the pre-atmospheric meteoroids which could in turn be compared to the meteor brightnesses to assess their luminous efficiencies. For that, deceleration-based formulas for the mass computation were used. We have found $τ$-values, as well as the shape change coefficients, of 294 fireballs with determined masses in the range of $10^{-6}$ kg - $100$ kg. The derived $τ$-values have a median of $τ_{median}$ = 2.17 %. Most of them are on the order of 0.1 % - 10 %. We present how our values were obtained, compare them with data reported in the literature, and discuss several methods. A dependence of $τ$ on the pre-atmospheric velocity of the meteor, $v_e$, is noticeable with a relation of $τ=0.0023 \cdot v_e^{2.3}$. The higher luminous efficiency of fast meteors could be explained by the higher energy released. Fast meteoroids produce additional emission lines that radiate more efficiently in specific wavelengths due to the appearance of the so-called second component of higher temperature. Furthermore, a dependence of $τ$ on the initial meteoroid mass, $M_e$, was found, with negative linear behaviour in log-log space: $τ=0.48 \cdot M_e^{-0.47}$. This implies that the radiation of smaller meteoroids is more efficient. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020.

Journal ref: A&A 650, A159 (2021)

Task-Graph Scheduling Extensions for Efficient Synchronization and Communication

Authors: Seonmyeong Bak, Oscar Hernandez, Mark Gates, Piotr Luszczek, Vivek Sarkar

Abstract: Task graphs have been studied for decades as a foundation for scheduling irregular parallel applications and incorporated in programming models such as OpenMP. While many high-performance parallel libraries are based on task graphs, they also have additional scheduling requirements, such as synchronization from inner levels of data parallelism and internal blocking communications. In this paper, w… ▽ More Task graphs have been studied for decades as a foundation for scheduling irregular parallel applications and incorporated in programming models such as OpenMP. While many high-performance parallel libraries are based on task graphs, they also have additional scheduling requirements, such as synchronization from inner levels of data parallelism and internal blocking communications. In this paper, we extend task-graph scheduling to support efficient synchronization and communication within tasks. Our scheduler avoids deadlock and oversubscription of worker threads, and refines victim selection to increase the overlap of sibling tasks. To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first to combine gang-scheduling and work-stealing in a single runtime. Our approach has been evaluated on the SLATE highperformance linear algebra library. Relative to the LLVM OMP runtime, our runtime demonstrates performance improvements of up to 13.82%, 15.2%, and 36.94% for LU, QR, and Cholesky, respectively, evaluated across different configurations. △ Less

Submitted 6 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020.

Performance Analysis of a Quantum Monte Carlo Application on Multiple Hardware Architectures Using the HPX Runtime

Authors: Weile Wei, Arghya Chatterjee, Kevin Huck, Oscar Hernandez, Hartmut Kaiser

Abstract: This paper describes how we successfully used the HPX programming model to port the DCA++ application on multiple architectures that include POWER9, x86, ARM v8, and NVIDIA GPUs. We describe the lessons we can learn from this experience as well as the benefits of enabling the HPX in the application to improve the CPU threading part of the code, which led to an overall 21% improvement across archit… ▽ More This paper describes how we successfully used the HPX programming model to port the DCA++ application on multiple architectures that include POWER9, x86, ARM v8, and NVIDIA GPUs. We describe the lessons we can learn from this experience as well as the benefits of enabling the HPX in the application to improve the CPU threading part of the code, which led to an overall 21% improvement across architectures. We also describe how we used HPX-APEX to raise the level of abstraction to understand performance issues and to identify tasking optimization opportunities in the code, and how these relate to CPU/GPU utilization counters, device memory allocation over time, and CPU kernel-level context switches on a given architecture. △ Less

Submitted 19 October, 2020; v1 submitted 14 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Magnetic field dependent cycloidal rotation in pristine and Ge doped CoCr$_2$O$_4$

Authors: N Ortiz Hernandez, S Parchenko, J R L Mardegan, M Porer, E Schierle, E Weschke, M Ramakrishnan, M Radovic, J A Heuver, B Noheda, N Daffe, J Dreiser, H. Ueda, U Staub

Abstract: We report a soft x-ray resonant magnetic scattering study of the spin configuration in multiferroic thin films of Co$_{0.975}$Ge$_{0.025}$Cr$_2$O$_4$ (Ge-CCO) and CoCr$_2$O$_4$ (CCO), under low- and high-magnetic fields, from 0.2 T up to 6.5 T. A characterization of Ge-CCO at a low magnetic field is performed and the results are compared to those of pure CCO. The ferrimagnetic phase transition tem… ▽ More We report a soft x-ray resonant magnetic scattering study of the spin configuration in multiferroic thin films of Co$_{0.975}$Ge$_{0.025}$Cr$_2$O$_4$ (Ge-CCO) and CoCr$_2$O$_4$ (CCO), under low- and high-magnetic fields, from 0.2 T up to 6.5 T. A characterization of Ge-CCO at a low magnetic field is performed and the results are compared to those of pure CCO. The ferrimagnetic phase transition temperature $T_C \approx 95$ K and the multiferroic transition temperature $T_S \approx 27$ K in Ge-CCO are comparable to those observed in CCO. In Ge-CCO, the ordering wave vector $\textit{(qq0)}$ observed below $T_S$ is slightly larger compared to that of CCO, and, unlike CCO, the diffraction intensity consists of two contributions that show a dissimilar x-ray polarization dependence. In Ge-CCO, the coercive field observed at low temperatures was larger than the one reported for CCO. In both compounds, an unexpected reversal of the spiral helicity and therefore the electric polarization was observed on simply magnetic field cooling. In addition, we find a change in the helicity as a function of momentum transfer in the magnetic diffraction peak of Ge-CCO, indicative of the presence of multiple magnetic spirals. △ Less

Submitted 8 October, 2020; v1 submitted 4 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Comments: 20 pages, 12 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. B 103, 085123 (2021)

SPIRou: nIR velocimetry & spectropolarimetry at the CFHT

Authors: J. -F. Donati, D. Kouach, C. Moutou, R. Doyon, X. Delfosse, E. Artigau, S. Baratchart, M. Lacombe, G. Barrick, G. Hebrard, F. Bouchy, L. Saddlemyer, L. Pares, P. Rabou, Y. Micheau, F. Dolon, V. Reshetov, Z. Challita, A. Carmona, N. Striebig, S. Thibault, E. Martioli, N. Cook, P. Fouque, T. Vermeulen , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper presents an overview of SPIRou, the new-generation near-infrared spectropolarimeter / precision velocimeter recently installed on the 3.6-m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). Starting from the two main science goals, namely the quest for planetary systems around nearby M dwarfs and the study of magnetized star / planet formation, we outline the instrument concept that was designed t… ▽ More This paper presents an overview of SPIRou, the new-generation near-infrared spectropolarimeter / precision velocimeter recently installed on the 3.6-m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). Starting from the two main science goals, namely the quest for planetary systems around nearby M dwarfs and the study of magnetized star / planet formation, we outline the instrument concept that was designed to efficiently address these forefront topics, and detail the in-lab and on-sky instrument performances measured throughout the intensive testing phase that SPIRou was submitted to before passing the final acceptance review in early 2019 and initiating science observations. With a central position among the newly started programmes, the SPIRou Legacy Survey (SLS) Large Programme was allocated 300 CFHT nights until at least mid 2022. We also briefly describe a few of the first results obtained in the various science topics that SPIRou started investigating, focusing in particular on planetary systems of nearby M dwarfs, transiting exoplanets and their atmospheres, magnetic fields of young stars, but also on alternate science goals like the atmospheres of M dwarfs and the Earth's atmosphere. We finally conclude on the essential role that SPIRou and the CFHT can play in coordination with forthcoming major facilities like the JWST, the ELTs, PLATO and ARIEL over the decade. △ Less

Submitted 20 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: MNRAS, in press (20 pages, 18 figures, 1 table)

GPU-Accelerated Drug Discovery with Docking on the Summit Supercomputer: Porting, Optimization, and Application to COVID-19 Research

Authors: Scott LeGrand, Aaron Scheinberg, Andreas F. Tillack, Mathialakan Thavappiragasam, Josh V. Vermaas, Rupesh Agarwal, Jeff Larkin, Duncan Poole, Diogo Santos-Martins, Leonardo Solis-Vasquez, Andreas Koch, Stefano Forli, Oscar Hernandez, Jeremy C. Smith, Ada Sedova

Abstract: Protein-ligand docking is an in silico tool used to screen potential drug compounds for their ability to bind to a given protein receptor within a drug-discovery campaign. Experimental drug screening is expensive and time consuming, and it is desirable to carry out large scale docking calculations in a high-throughput manner to narrow the experimental search space. Few of the existing computationa… ▽ More Protein-ligand docking is an in silico tool used to screen potential drug compounds for their ability to bind to a given protein receptor within a drug-discovery campaign. Experimental drug screening is expensive and time consuming, and it is desirable to carry out large scale docking calculations in a high-throughput manner to narrow the experimental search space. Few of the existing computational docking tools were designed with high performance computing in mind. Therefore, optimizations to maximize use of high-performance computational resources available at leadership-class computing facilities enables these facilities to be leveraged for drug discovery. Here we present the porting, optimization, and validation of the AutoDock-GPU program for the Summit supercomputer, and its application to initial compound screening efforts to target proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. △ Less

Submitted 6 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

ACM Class: J.3; D.1.3

Role of chiral two-body currents in $^6$Li magnetic properties in light of a new precision measurement with the relative self-absorption technique

Authors: U. Friman-Gayer, C. Romig, T. Hüther, K. Albe, S. Bacca, T. Beck, M. Berger, J. Birkhan, K. Hebeler, O. J. Hernandez, J. Isaak, S. König, N. Pietralla, P. C. Ries, J. Rohrer, R. Roth, D. Savran, M. Scheck, A. Schwenk, R. Seutin, V. Werner

Abstract: A direct measurement of the decay width of the excited $0^+_1$ state of $^6$Li using the relative self-absorption technique is reported. Our value of $Γ_{γ, 0^+_1 \to 1^+_1} = 8.17(14)_\mathrm{stat.}(11)_\mathrm{syst.} \mathrm{eV}$ provides sufficiently low experimental uncertainties to test modern theories of nuclear forces. The corresponding transition rate is compared to the results of ab initi… ▽ More A direct measurement of the decay width of the excited $0^+_1$ state of $^6$Li using the relative self-absorption technique is reported. Our value of $Γ_{γ, 0^+_1 \to 1^+_1} = 8.17(14)_\mathrm{stat.}(11)_\mathrm{syst.} \mathrm{eV}$ provides sufficiently low experimental uncertainties to test modern theories of nuclear forces. The corresponding transition rate is compared to the results of ab initio calculations based on chiral effective field theory that take into account contributions to the magnetic dipole operator beyond leading order. This enables a precision test of the impact of two-body currents that enter at next-to-leading order. △ Less

Submitted 20 January, 2021; v1 submitted 15 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 102501 (2021)

Buried Moire supercells through SrTiO$_3$ nanolayer relaxation

Authors: Max Burian, Bill Francesco Pedrini, Nazaret Ortiz Hernandez, Hiroki Ueda, C. A. F. Vaz, Milan Radovic, Urs Staub

Abstract: The interface of complex oxide heterostructures sets the stage for various electronic and magnetic phenomena. Many of these collective effects originate from the precise structural arrangement at the interface that in turn governs local spin- and charge interactions. Currently, interfacial straining, so the naturally evolving compressive or tensile strain by mismatch of the neighboring lattices, i… ▽ More The interface of complex oxide heterostructures sets the stage for various electronic and magnetic phenomena. Many of these collective effects originate from the precise structural arrangement at the interface that in turn governs local spin- and charge interactions. Currently, interfacial straining, so the naturally evolving compressive or tensile strain by mismatch of the neighboring lattices, is the most common route towards engineering collective material properties -- yet, significant progress might require exploration of entirely new approaches towards interface correlations. In this work, we turn the page by looking at the interface of a perfectly relaxed, unstrained heterostructure, where we identify a highly ordered Moire lattice at an inherently disordered SrTiO$_3$ (STO) - LSAT interface. Using high-resolution reciprocal space mapping via synchrotron based X-Ray diffraction, we find long-ranged ordered supercells of 106/107 unit cells of STO/LSAT, caused by lattice relaxation through high-temperature annealing. Model calculations confirm the experimentally observed scattering phenomena, showing that cross-interfacial bonding is locally different at the Moire-overlap points. Notably, the presence of such super-ordered structures in the family of 2D electron gas systems sets the ideal conditions for Moire-motif tuned plasmonic responses and ferroelectric super-crystallinity and opens up the possibility to novel interface functionalities in these simple perovskites. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2020; v1 submitted 26 March, 2020; originally announced March 2020.

Comments: 17 pages, 3 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Research 3, 013225 (2021)