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Intraday Optical Variability of BL Lacertae during its Highly Active 2020-2024 Phase
Authors:
A. Takey,
Ergün Ege,
B. M. Mihov,
E. G. Elhosseiny,
Aykut Ozdonmez,
Murat Tekkesinoglu,
Hüseyin Er,
Aditi Agarwal,
L. S. Slavcheva-Mihova,
M. Emir Kenger,
M. S. Rizk,
I. Zead,
F. I. Elnagahy,
W. A. Badawy,
S. K. J. Pacif
Abstract:
We present an analysis of the intraday flux and spectral variability of BL Lacertae from 2020 September 30 to 2024 December 7, covering its highest recorded brightness and low, intermediate, and high flux states. Our study involved 62 nights of multi-band (BVRI) optical monitoring using four ground-based telescopes located in Egypt, Türkiye, and Bulgaria. We assessed intraday flux variability usin…
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We present an analysis of the intraday flux and spectral variability of BL Lacertae from 2020 September 30 to 2024 December 7, covering its highest recorded brightness and low, intermediate, and high flux states. Our study involved 62 nights of multi-band (BVRI) optical monitoring using four ground-based telescopes located in Egypt, Türkiye, and Bulgaria. We assessed intraday flux variability using the power-enhanced F-test and the nested ANOVA test. Significant variability was detected in 88 out of 117 light curves, consistent with previous studies of this object during active epochs. The maximum variability amplitude is 44.5 per cent in the B band. Spectral analysis reveals a bluer-when-brighter trend during intraday flares, supporting a synchrotron origin for the variable emission. For a subset of well-sampled flares, we model their profiles with a double exponential function, deriving rise and decay time-scales, thereby constraining the characteristic times of particle acceleration and cooling processes within the relativistic jet. Assuming a turbulent jet model, we determined limits on the radii and magnetic field strengths of the emitting regions. We detected soft time lags for a multi-band flare and from their analysis, derived the Doppler factor and magnetic field strength of the corresponding emitting region. Our long-term, high-cadence study confirms that BL Lacertae was in an exceptionally active phase during the 2020-2024 period, with intraday variability being a common phenomenon. The results underscore the dynamic nature of the jet emission region and provide valuable observational constraints for models of blazar variability and jet physics.
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Submitted 20 June, 2026;
originally announced June 2026.
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GRB 241030A: a bright afterglow challenging forward shock emission
Authors:
J. -G. Ducoin,
C. Pellouin,
V. Aivazyan,
D. Akl,
F. Alvarez,
C. Andrade,
C. Angulo,
S. Antier,
J. -L. Atteia,
S. Basa,
R. L. Becerra,
Z. Benkhaldoun,
E. Bissaldi,
A. Breeveld,
E. de. Bruin,
E. Burns,
N. R. Butler,
M. W. Coughlin,
F. Daigne,
T. Dietrich,
D. Dornic,
C. Douzet,
T. du Laz,
P. -A. Duverne,
H. B. Eggenstein
, et al. (75 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 241030A (z = 1.411) exhibited a bright afterglow (similar to GRB 221009A), detected across gamma-ray, X-ray, UV, and optical bands, providing a probe of GRB afterglow physics. We compiled multi-wavelength observations spanning from a minute to a week after the prompt emission, processing the data through a unified photometry pipeline. We analysed the observations both analytica…
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Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 241030A (z = 1.411) exhibited a bright afterglow (similar to GRB 221009A), detected across gamma-ray, X-ray, UV, and optical bands, providing a probe of GRB afterglow physics. We compiled multi-wavelength observations spanning from a minute to a week after the prompt emission, processing the data through a unified photometry pipeline. We analysed the observations both analytically and using Bayesian inference with two independent models. Our models assume that the afterglow emission arises from the strong forward shock of a laterally structured jet, with possible contributions from synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) scatterings. Our models reproduce X-ray to optical data, favouring a jet propagating into a constant-density interstellar medium, with a viewing angle within the jet core. However, both analyses require parameter values that are extreme compared to expectations from standard theory. In particular, our results imply extremely energetic jets despite regular prompt energy, leading to a very inefficient prompt emission. Furthermore, the jets are inefficient at accelerating particles, with low electron and magnetic energy fractions, leading to significant SSC emission. Our analyses indicate that the jets have large opening angles and propagate in high-density media. If the afterglow is indeed powered by radiation emitted behind a strong forward shock, our results place GRB 241030A within a sub-class of GRBs characterised by extreme kinetic energies, large jet opening angles, and very low prompt emission efficiencies, with strong SSC radiation. These predictions are difficult to reconcile with typical expectations from other GRBs. We therefore suggest that the afterglow of GRB 241030A is not solely powered by forward shock emission.
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Submitted 19 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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Multi-epoch afterglow rebrightenings in GRB 250129A: Evidence for successive shock interactions
Authors:
D. Akl,
S. Antier,
H. Koehn,
P. T. H. Pang,
J. J. Geng,
R. Gill,
E. Abdikamalov,
C. Adami,
V. Aivazyan,
L. Almeida,
S. Alshamsi,
C. Andrade,
Q. André,
C. Angulo-Valdez,
J. -L. Atteia,
K. Barkaoui,
S. Basa,
R. L. Becerra,
P. Bendjoya,
D. Berdikhan,
E. Bernaud,
S. Boissier,
S. Brunier,
A. Y. Burdanov,
N. R. Butler
, et al. (83 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Most long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) exhibit afterglows broadly consistent with external forward-shock emission, typically described by smooth broken power-law decays in the multiband light curve. However, a minority of well-sampled GRBs deviate from this behavior, including GRB 250129A. This object shows multiple late-time rebrightenings at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Rebrightenings are often att…
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Most long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) exhibit afterglows broadly consistent with external forward-shock emission, typically described by smooth broken power-law decays in the multiband light curve. However, a minority of well-sampled GRBs deviate from this behavior, including GRB 250129A. This object shows multiple late-time rebrightenings at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Rebrightenings are often attributed to energy injection from prolonged central engine activity, refreshed shocks from delayed shell collisions, density jumps in the ambient medium, or angular jet structure and viewing-angle effects. After analysing the prompt emission observed in gamma-rays and the near-infrared, we investigate the origin of X-ray and optical flaring episodes in GRB 250129A. Physical processes in the afterglow light curves were investigated using methods ranging from empirical fitting to Bayesian inference. The well-sampled flares and the connection between the prompt and afterglow emission allow us to test the consistency of the fireball model and alternative scenarios. Conducting the prompt and time-resolved analyses, we obtained an isotropic-equivalent energy of E_iso,gamma = (1.35 +/- 0.12) x 10^53 erg. By modeling the afterglow using an agnostic Bayesian framework (NMMA), we rule out both a single external-shock evolution and a one-time energy-injection scenario. Numerical calculations show that the rebrightening episodes are consistent with refreshed shocks from delayed collisions between relativistic shells. Based on the consistency between our analyses of the prompt and afterglow GRB 250129A data, we find that two statistically significant rebrightening episodes occur within 1.1 days post trigger and can be explained by a sequence of refreshed shocks. Temporally and spectrally rich GRB datasets such as the one presented in this work, provide a powerful means to test current modeling frameworks.
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Submitted 9 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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Multiband optical variability on diverse timescales of the blazar Ton 599 from 2011 to 2023
Authors:
O. Vince,
C. M. Raiteri,
M. Villata,
A. C. Gupta,
J. Kovačević-Dojčinović,
M. Lakićević,
L. Č. Popović,
P. Kushwaha,
D. O. Mirzaqulov,
S. A. Ehgamberdiev,
D. Carosati,
S. G. Jorstad,
A. P. Marscher,
Z. R. Weaver,
J. R. Webb,
P. S. Smith,
W. P. Chen,
A. Tsai,
H. C. Lin,
G. A. Borman,
T. S. Grishina,
V. A. Hagen-Thorn,
E. N. Kopatskaya,
E. G. Larionova,
V. M. Larionov
, et al. (50 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
(Shortened)Context: We analyze the optical variability of the FSRQ Ton 599 using BVRI photometry from the WEBT collaboration (2011-2023), complemented by photometric and spectroscopic data from the Steward Observatory.\\ Aims: To characterize short- and long-term optical variability -- including flux distributions, intranight changes, color evolution, and spectra -- to constrain physical parameter…
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(Shortened)Context: We analyze the optical variability of the FSRQ Ton 599 using BVRI photometry from the WEBT collaboration (2011-2023), complemented by photometric and spectroscopic data from the Steward Observatory.\\ Aims: To characterize short- and long-term optical variability -- including flux distributions, intranight changes, color evolution, and spectra -- to constrain physical parameters and processes in the central engine.\\ Methods: We tested flux distributions in each filter against normal and log-normal, explored the RMS-flux relation and derived PSDs. We quantified intranight variability using a $χ^2$ test and fractional variability. From variability timescales, we estimated the emitting region size and magnetic field. Long-term variability was studied by segmenting the light curve into 12 intervals and analyzing flux statistics. For multi-filter flares, we computed spectral slopes, redshift-corrected fluxes, monochromatic luminosities and generated Color-magnitude and color-time diagrams. From low-flux spectra, we measured Mg II line and estimated the black hole mass.\\ Results: Ton 599 showed strong optical variability. Log-normal distributions fit the fluxes better, and all bands show a positive RMS-flux relation with red-noise PSDs.Intranight variability is detected, and used in constraining the emission region and magnetic field.The R band reaches a peak flux of 23.5 mJy, corresponding to a monochromatic luminosity of $log(νLν)= 48.48 [erg/s]$. We found a redder-when-brighter trend at low fluxes (thermal), achromatic behavior at intermediate levels (possibly due to jet orientation changes), and a bluer-when-brighter trend at high fluxes (synchrotron). Long-term color changes are modest, short-term are significant, with a negative correlation between the amplitude of color changes and the average flux. The estimated SMBH mass is order of $10^8 M_\odot$.
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Submitted 26 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Multi-wavelength variability analysis of the blazar S5 0716+714 during a long-lasting period of low activity
Authors:
B. M. Mihov,
E. G. Elhosseiny,
L. S. Slavcheva-Mihova,
A. Takey,
M. N. Ismail,
R. Mawad
Abstract:
We conducted a multi-wavelength monitoring campaign of the blazar S5 0716+714 from 2022 November 26 to 2023 May 28 using optical telescopes in Egypt and Bulgaria. Data were taken during 84 nights in 11 of which intranight monitoring was performed. We also use optical and gamma-ray survey data. On long-term time-scales, we find a gradual decrease of the S5 0716+714 activity since the beginning of 2…
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We conducted a multi-wavelength monitoring campaign of the blazar S5 0716+714 from 2022 November 26 to 2023 May 28 using optical telescopes in Egypt and Bulgaria. Data were taken during 84 nights in 11 of which intranight monitoring was performed. We also use optical and gamma-ray survey data. On long-term time-scales, we find a gradual decrease of the S5 0716+714 activity since the beginning of 2020 in both optical and gamma-rays. On short-term time-scales, the individual optical light curves are strongly correlated among each other with no time lags observed. The V-band percentage variability amplitude equals 97.59 +/- 0.02 per cent. We find moderate flatter-when-brighter spectral behaviour with the strength of the 'spectral index - flux' anti-correlation decreasing towards the longer wavelengths. The main feature of the short-term light curves is a transient quasi-periodic oscillation with a period of 43.5 +/- 3.6 d. The V-band light curve is modelled with two helically moving blobs and a synchrotron flare. We estimate the resulting parameters, as well as limits on the radius, magnetic field strength, and electron Lorentz factor of the region responsible for the flare. On intranight time-scales, we find smooth flux variations with no flares and derive a duty cycle in the range ~10-20 per cent. The lack of flares on intranight time-scales could result from a temporarily homogeneous jet flow without formation of turbulent cells in terms of prevented Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. The analysis of the data reveals a low activity of S5 0716+714 on all time-scales during the observation period.
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Submitted 1 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Multi-band intra-night variability of the blazar CTA 102 during its 2016 December outburst
Authors:
B. M. Mihov,
L. S. Slavcheva-Mihova
Abstract:
During 2016 December the blazar CTA 102 underwent an unprecedented outburst thus becoming the brightest blazar observed up to date. We present some results from the intra-night monitoring of the blazar in the BVRI bands in three consecutive nights during the outburst.
During 2016 December the blazar CTA 102 underwent an unprecedented outburst thus becoming the brightest blazar observed up to date. We present some results from the intra-night monitoring of the blazar in the BVRI bands in three consecutive nights during the outburst.
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Submitted 2 December, 2024;
originally announced December 2024.
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A wiggling filamentary jet at the origin of the blazar multi-wavelength behaviour
Authors:
C. M. Raiteri,
M. Villata,
M. I. Carnerero,
S. O. Kurtanidze,
D. O. Mirzaqulov,
E. Benítez,
G. Bonnoli,
D. Carosati,
J. A. Acosta-Pulido,
I. Agudo,
T. S. Andreeva,
G. Apolonio,
R. Bachev,
G. A. Borman,
V. Bozhilov,
L. F. Brown,
W. Carbonell,
C. Casadio,
W. P. Chen,
G. Damljanovic,
S. A. Ehgamberdiev,
D. Elsaesser,
J. Escudero,
M. Feige,
A. Fuentes
, et al. (74 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Blazars are beamed active galactic nuclei known for their strong multi-wavelength variability on timescales from years down to minutes. We aim to investigate the suitability of the twisting jet model presented in previous works to explain the multi-wavelength behaviour of BL Lacertae, the prototype of one of the blazar classes. According to this model, the jet is inhomogeneous, curved, and twistin…
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Blazars are beamed active galactic nuclei known for their strong multi-wavelength variability on timescales from years down to minutes. We aim to investigate the suitability of the twisting jet model presented in previous works to explain the multi-wavelength behaviour of BL Lacertae, the prototype of one of the blazar classes. According to this model, the jet is inhomogeneous, curved, and twisting, and the long-term variability is due to changes in the Doppler factor due to variations in the orientation of the jet-emitting regions. We analysed optical data of the source obtained during monitoring campaigns organised by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) in 2019-2022, together with radio data from the WEBT and other teams, and gamma-ray data from the Fermi satellite. In this period, BL Lacertae underwent an extraordinary activity phase, reaching its historical optical and gamma-ray brightness maxima. The application of the twisting jet model to the source light curves allows us to infer the wiggling motion of the optical, radio, and gamma-ray jet-emitting regions. The optical-radio correlation shows that the changes in the radio viewing angle follow those in the optical viewing angle by about 120 days, and it suggests that the jet is composed of plasma filaments, which is in agreement with some radio high-resolution observations of other sources. The gamma-ray emitting region is found to be co-spatial with the optical one, and the analysis of the gamma-optical correlation is consistent with both the geometric interpretation and a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) origin of the high-energy photons. We propose a geometric scenario where the jet is made up of a pair of emitting plasma filaments in a sort of double-helix curved rotating structure, whose wiggling motion produces changes in the Doppler beaming and can thus explain the observed multi-wavelength long-term variability.
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Submitted 29 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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Multi-band analyses of the bright GRB 230812B and the associated SN2023pel
Authors:
T. Hussenot-Desenonges,
T. Wouters,
N. Guessoum,
I. Abdi,
A. Abulwfa,
C. Adami,
J. F. Agüí Fernández,
T. Ahumada,
V. Aivazyan,
D. Akl,
S. Anand,
C. M. Andrade,
S. Antier,
S. A. Ata,
P. D'Avanzo,
Y. A. Azzam,
A. Baransky,
S. Basa,
M. Blazek,
P. Bendjoya,
S. Beradze,
P. Boumis,
M. Bremer,
R. Brivio,
V. Buat
, et al. (87 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
GRB~230812B is a bright and relatively nearby ($z =0.36$) long gamma-ray burst (GRB) that has generated significant interest in the community and has thus been observed over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We report over 80 observations in X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and sub-millimeter bands from the GRANDMA (Global Rapid Advanced Network for Multi-messenger Addicts) network of obs…
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GRB~230812B is a bright and relatively nearby ($z =0.36$) long gamma-ray burst (GRB) that has generated significant interest in the community and has thus been observed over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We report over 80 observations in X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and sub-millimeter bands from the GRANDMA (Global Rapid Advanced Network for Multi-messenger Addicts) network of observatories and from observational partners. Adding complementary data from the literature, we then derive essential physical parameters associated with the ejecta and external properties (i.e. the geometry and environment) of the GRB and compare with other analyses of this event. We spectroscopically confirm the presence of an associated supernova, SN2023pel, and we derive a photospheric expansion velocity of v $\sim$ 17$\times10^3$ km s$^{-1}$. We analyze the photometric data first using empirical fits of the flux and then with full Bayesian Inference. We again strongly establish the presence of a supernova in the data, with a maximum (pseudo-)bolometric luminosity of $5.75 \times 10^{42}$ erg/s, at $15.76^{+0.81}_{-1.21}$ days (in the observer frame) after the trigger, with a half-max time width of 22.0 days. We compare these values with those of SN1998bw, SN2006aj, and SN2013dx. Our best-fit model favours a very low density environment ($\log_{10}({n_{\rm ISM}/{\rm cm}^{-3}}) = -2.38^{+1.45}_{-1.60}$) and small values for the jet's core angle $θ_{\rm core} = 1.54^{+1.02}_{-0.81} \ \rm{deg}$ and viewing angle $θ_{\rm obs} = 0.76^{+1.29}_{-0.76} \ \rm{deg}$. GRB 230812B is thus one of the best observed afterglows with a distinctive supernova bump.
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Submitted 17 February, 2024; v1 submitted 22 October, 2023;
originally announced October 2023.
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Analysis of the intra-night variability of BL Lacertae during its August 2020 flare
Authors:
Aditi Agarwal,
B. Mihov,
Vipul Agrawal,
S. Zola,
Aykut Ozdonmez,
Ergun Ege,
L. Slavcheva-Mihova,
D. E. Reichart,
D. B. Caton,
Avik Kumar Das
Abstract:
We present an analysis of the $BVRI$ photometry of the blazar BL Lacertae on diverse timescales from mid-July to mid-September 2020. We have used 11 different optical telescopes around the world and have collected data over 84 observational nights. The observations cover the onset of a new activity phase of BL Lacertae started in August 2020 (termed as the August 2020 flare by us), and the analysi…
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We present an analysis of the $BVRI$ photometry of the blazar BL Lacertae on diverse timescales from mid-July to mid-September 2020. We have used 11 different optical telescopes around the world and have collected data over 84 observational nights. The observations cover the onset of a new activity phase of BL Lacertae started in August 2020 (termed as the August 2020 flare by us), and the analysis is focused on the intra-night variability. On short-term timescales, (i) flux varied with ~2.2\,mag in $R$ band, (ii) the spectral index was found to be weakly dependent on the flux (i.e., the variations could be considered mildly chromatic) and (iii) no periodicity was detected. On intra-night timescales, BL Lacertae was found to show bluer-when-brighter chromatism predominantly. We also found two cases of significant inter-band time lags of the order of a few minutes. The duty cycle of the blazar during the August 2020 flare was estimated to be quite high (~90\% or higher). We decomposed the intra-night light curves into individual flares and determined their characteristics. On the basis of our analysis and assuming the turbulent jet model, we determined some characteristics of the emitting regions: Doppler factor, magnetic field strength, electron Lorentz factor, and radius. The radii determined were discussed in the framework of the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence. We also estimated the weighted mean structure function slope on intra-night timescales, related it to the slope of the power spectral density, and discussed it with regard to the origin of intra-night variability.
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Submitted 6 March, 2023; v1 submitted 14 February, 2023;
originally announced February 2023.
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Polarimetric Reverberation Mapping in Medium-Band Filters
Authors:
Elena Shablovinskaya,
Luka Č. Popović,
Roman Uklein,
Eugene Malygin,
Dragana Ilić,
Stefano Ciroi,
Dmitry Oparin,
Luca Crepaldi,
Lyuba Slavcheva-Mihova,
Boyko Mihov,
Yanko Nikolov
Abstract:
Earlier, we suggested the "reload" concept of the polarimetric reverberation mapping of active galactic nuclei (AGN), proposed for the first time more than 10 years ago. We have successfully tested this approach of reverberation mapping of the broad emission line on the galaxy Mrk 6. It was shown that such an idea allows one to look at the AGN central parsec structure literally in a new light. How…
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Earlier, we suggested the "reload" concept of the polarimetric reverberation mapping of active galactic nuclei (AGN), proposed for the first time more than 10 years ago. We have successfully tested this approach of reverberation mapping of the broad emission line on the galaxy Mrk 6. It was shown that such an idea allows one to look at the AGN central parsec structure literally in a new light. However, the method originally assumed the use of spectropolarimetric observations, expensive in terms of telescope time, and implemented on rare large telescopes. Currently, we propose an adaptation of the polarimetric reverberation mapping of broad lines in medium-band filters following the idea of the photometric reverberation mapping, when filters are selected so that their bandwidth is oriented to the broad line and the surrounding continuum near. In this paper, we present the progress status of such monitoring conducted jointly at the Special astrophysical observatory and Asiago Cima Ekar observatory (OAPd/INAF) with support from Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory (NAO), some first results for the most frequently observed AGNs Mrk 335, Mrk 509, and Mrk 817, and the discussion of the future perspectives of the campaign.
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Submitted 12 January, 2023;
originally announced January 2023.
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Multi-band behaviour of the TeV blazar PG 1553+113 in optical range on diverse timescales
Authors:
A. Agarwal,
B. Mihov,
I. Andruchow,
Sergio A. Cellone,
G. C. Anupama,
V. Agrawal,
S. Zola,
L. Slavcheva-Mihova,
Aykut Ozdonmez,
Ergun Ege,
Ashish Raj,
Luis Mammana,
L. Zibecchi,
E. Fernández-Lajús
Abstract:
Context. The TeV BL Lac object PG 1553+113 is one of the primary candidates for a binary supermassive black hole system. Aims. We study the flux and spectral variability of PG 1553+113 on intra-night to long-term timescales using (i) BVRI data collected over 76 nights from January 2016 to August 2019 involving nine optical telescopes and (ii) historical VR data (including ours) obtained for the pe…
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Context. The TeV BL Lac object PG 1553+113 is one of the primary candidates for a binary supermassive black hole system. Aims. We study the flux and spectral variability of PG 1553+113 on intra-night to long-term timescales using (i) BVRI data collected over 76 nights from January 2016 to August 2019 involving nine optical telescopes and (ii) historical VR data (including ours) obtained for the period from 2005 to 2019. Methods. We analysed the light curves using various statistical tests, fitting and cross-correlation techniques, and methods for the search for periodicity. We examined the colour-magnitude diagrams before and after the corresponding light curves were corrected for the long-term variations. Results. Our intra-night monitoring, supplemented with literature data, results in a low duty cycle of ~(10-18)%. In April 2019, we recorded a flare, which marks the brightest state of PG 1553+113 for the period from 2005 to 2019: R = 13.2 mag. This flare is found to show a clockwise spectral hysteresis loop on its VR colour-magnitude diagram and a time lag in the sense that the V-band variations lead the R-band ones. We obtain estimates of the radius, the magnetic field strength, and the electron energy that characterize the emission region related to the flare. We find a median period of (2.21 +/- 0.04) years using the historical light curves. In addition, we detect a secondary period of about 210 days using the historical light curves corrected for the long-term variations. We briefly discuss the possible origin of this period.
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Submitted 8 November, 2020;
originally announced November 2020.
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Multiwavelength behaviour of the blazar 3C279: decade-long study from $γ$-ray to radio
Authors:
V. M. Larionov,
S. G. Jorstad,
A. P. Marscher,
M. Villata,
C. M. Raiteri,
P. S. Smith,
I. Agudo,
S. S. Savchenko,
D. A. Morozova,
J. A. Acosta-Pulido,
M. F. Aller,
H. D. Aller,
T. S. Andreeva,
A. A. Arkharov,
R. Bachev,
G. Bonnoli,
G. A. Borman,
V. Bozhilov,
P. Calcidese,
M. I. Carnerero,
D. Carosati,
C. Casadio,
W. -P. Chen,
G. Damljanovic,
A. V. Dementyev
, et al. (62 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the results of decade-long (2008-2018) $γ$-ray to 1 GHz radio monitoring of the blazar 3C 279, including GASP/WEBT, $\it{Fermi}$ and $\it{Swift}$ data, as well as polarimetric and spectroscopic data. The X-ray and $γ$-ray light curves correlate well, with no delay > 3 hours, implying general co-spatiality of the emission regions. The $γ$-ray-optical flux-flux relation changes with activi…
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We report the results of decade-long (2008-2018) $γ$-ray to 1 GHz radio monitoring of the blazar 3C 279, including GASP/WEBT, $\it{Fermi}$ and $\it{Swift}$ data, as well as polarimetric and spectroscopic data. The X-ray and $γ$-ray light curves correlate well, with no delay > 3 hours, implying general co-spatiality of the emission regions. The $γ$-ray-optical flux-flux relation changes with activity state, ranging from a linear to a more complex dependence. The behaviour of the Stokes parameters at optical and radio wavelengths, including 43 GHz VLBA images, supports either a predominantly helical magnetic field or motion of the radiating plasma along a spiral path. Apparent speeds of emission knots range from 10 to 37c, with the highest values requiring bulk Lorentz factors close to those needed to explain $γ$-ray variability on very short time scales. The Mg II emission line flux in the `blue' and `red' wings correlates with the optical synchrotron continuum flux density, possibly providing a variable source of seed photons for inverse Compton scattering. In the radio bands we find progressive delays of the most prominent light curve maxima with decreasing frequency, as expected from the frequency dependence of the $τ=1$ surface of synchrotron self-absorption. The global maximum in the 86 GHz light curve becomes less prominent at lower frequencies, while a local maximum, appearing in 2014, strengthens toward decreasing frequencies, becoming pronounced at $\sim5$ GHz. These tendencies suggest different Doppler boosting of stratified radio-emitting zones in the jet.
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Submitted 17 January, 2020;
originally announced January 2020.
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Investigating the multiwavelength behaviour of the flat spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013-2017
Authors:
F. D'Ammando,
C. M. Raiteri,
M. Villata,
J. A. Acosta-Pulido,
I. Agudo,
A. A. Arkharov,
R. Bachev,
G. V. Baida,
E. Benitez,
G. A. Borman,
W. Boschin,
V. Bozhilov,
M. S. Butuzova,
P. Calcidese,
M. I. Carnerero,
D. Carosati,
C. Casadio,
N. Castro-Segura,
W. -P. Chen,
G. Damljanovic,
A. Di Paola,
J. Echevarria,
N. V. Efimova,
Sh. A. Ehgamberdiev,
C. Espinosa
, et al. (72 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present a multiwavelength study of the flat-spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013-2017. We use radio-to-optical data obtained by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope, 15 GHz data from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, 91 and 103 GHz data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, near-infrared data from the Rapid Eye Monitor telescope, as well as data from the Swift (optical-UV and X-rays) and…
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We present a multiwavelength study of the flat-spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013-2017. We use radio-to-optical data obtained by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope, 15 GHz data from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, 91 and 103 GHz data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, near-infrared data from the Rapid Eye Monitor telescope, as well as data from the Swift (optical-UV and X-rays) and Fermi ($γ$ rays) satellites to study flux and spectral variability and the correlation between flux changes at different wavelengths. Unprecedented $γ$-ray flaring activity was observed during 2016 November-2017 February, with four major outbursts. A peak flux of (2158 $\pm$ 63)$\times$10$^{-8}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, corresponding to a luminosity of (2.2 $\pm$ 0.1)$\times$10$^{50}$ erg s$^{-1}$, was reached on 2016 December 28. These four $γ$-ray outbursts have corresponding events in the near-infrared, optical, and UV bands, with the peaks observed at the same time. A general agreement between X-ray and $γ$-ray activity is found. The $γ$-ray flux variations show a general, strong correlation with the optical ones with no time lag between the two bands and a comparable variability amplitude. This $γ$-ray/optical relationship is in agreement with the geometrical model that has successfully explained the low-energy flux and spectral behaviour, suggesting that the long-term flux variations are mainly due to changes in the Doppler factor produced by variations of the viewing angle of the emitting regions. The difference in behaviour between radio and higher energy emission would be ascribed to different viewing angles of the jet regions producing their emission.
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Submitted 11 November, 2019; v1 submitted 8 October, 2019;
originally announced October 2019.
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Multi-band optical variability of 3C 279 on diverse timescales
Authors:
Aditi Agarwal,
Sergio A. Cellone,
Ileana Andruchow,
Luis Mammana,
Mridweeka Singh,
G. C. Anupama,
B. Mihov,
Ashish Raj,
L. Slavcheva-Mihova,
Aykut Özdönmez,
Ergün Ege
Abstract:
We have monitored the flat spectrum radio quasar, 3C 279, in the optical $B$, $V$, $R$ and $I$ passbands from 2018 February to 2018 July for 24 nights, with a total of 716 frames, to study flux, colour and spectral variability on diverse timescales. 3C\,279 was observed using seven different telescopes: two in India, two in Argentina, two in Bulgaria and one in Turkey to understand the nature of t…
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We have monitored the flat spectrum radio quasar, 3C 279, in the optical $B$, $V$, $R$ and $I$ passbands from 2018 February to 2018 July for 24 nights, with a total of 716 frames, to study flux, colour and spectral variability on diverse timescales. 3C\,279 was observed using seven different telescopes: two in India, two in Argentina, two in Bulgaria and one in Turkey to understand the nature of the source in optical regime. The source was found to be active during the whole monitoring period and displayed significant flux variations in $B$, $V$, $R$, and $I$ passbands. Variability amplitudes on intraday basis varied from 5.20\% to 17.9\%. A close inspection of variability patterns during our observation cycle reveals simultaneity among optical emissions from all passbands. During the complete monitoring period, progressive increase in the amplitude of variability with frequency was detected for our target. The amplitudes of variability in $B$, $V$, $R$ and $I$ passbands have been estimated to be 177\%, 172\%, 171\% and 158\%, respectively. Using the structure function technique, we found intraday timescales ranging from $\sim 23$ minutes to about 115 minutes. We also studied colour-magnitude relationship and found indications of mild bluer-when-brighter trend on shorter timescales. Spectral indices ranged from 2.3 to 3.0 with no clear trend on long term basis. We have also generated spectral energy distributions for 3C\,279 in optical $B$, $V$, $R$ and $I$ passbands for 17 nights. Finally, possible emission mechanisms causing variability in blazars are discussed briefly.
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Submitted 5 August, 2019;
originally announced August 2019.
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AGILE, Fermi, Swift, and GASP-WEBT multi-wavelength observations of the high-redshift blazar 4C $+$71.07 in outburst
Authors:
S. Vercellone,
P. Romano,
G. Piano,
V. Vittorini,
I. Donnarumma,
P. Munar-Adrover,
C. M. Raiteri,
M. Villata,
F. Verrecchia,
F. Lucarelli,
C. Pittori,
A. Bulgarelli,
V. Fioretti,
M. Tavani,
J. A. Acosta-Pulido,
I. Agudo,
A. A. Arkharov,
U. Bach,
R. Bachev,
G. A. Borman,
M. S. Butuzova,
M. I. Carnerero,
C. Casadio,
G. Damljanovic,
F. D'Ammando
, et al. (34 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The flat-spectrum radio quasar 4C $+$71.07 is a high-redshift ($z=2.172$), $γ$-loud blazar whose optical emission is dominated by the thermal radiation from accretion disc. 4C $+$71.07 has been detected in outburst twice by the AGILE $γ$-ray satellite during the period end of October - mid November 2015, when it reached a $γ$-ray flux of the order of…
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The flat-spectrum radio quasar 4C $+$71.07 is a high-redshift ($z=2.172$), $γ$-loud blazar whose optical emission is dominated by the thermal radiation from accretion disc. 4C $+$71.07 has been detected in outburst twice by the AGILE $γ$-ray satellite during the period end of October - mid November 2015, when it reached a $γ$-ray flux of the order of $F_{\rm E>100\,MeV} = (1.2 \pm 0.3)\times 10^{-6}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ and $F_{\rm E>100\,MeV} = (3.1 \pm 0.6)\times 10^{-6}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, respectively, allowing us to investigate the properties of the jet and of the emission region. We investigated its spectral energy distribution by means of almost simultaneous observations covering the cm, mm, near-infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and $γ$-ray energy bands obtained by the GASP-WEBT Consortium, the Swift and the AGILE and Fermi satellites. The spectral energy distribution of the second $γ$-ray flare (the one whose energy coverage is more dense) can be modelled by means of a one-zone leptonic model, yielding a total jet power of about $4\times10^{47}$ erg s$^{-1}$. During the most prominent $γ$-ray flaring period our model is consistent with a dissipation region within the broad-line region. Moreover, this class of high-redshift, large-mass black-hole flat-spectrum radio quasars might be good targets for future $γ$-ray satellites such as e-ASTROGAM.
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Submitted 19 November, 2018;
originally announced November 2018.
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A Study of the High-Luminosity Quasar HS 1946+7658
Authors:
B. Mihov,
L. Slavcheva-Mihova
Abstract:
We study the variability of the quasar HS 1946+7658 on intra-night time scale based on both our own optical and archival X-ray data. We find the quasar non-variable during about 11 hours of optical monitoring. This is in accordance with the low intra-night variability duty cycle of radio-quiet quasars. Regarding the X-rays, we cannot make a firm conclusion about the quasar variability owing to the…
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We study the variability of the quasar HS 1946+7658 on intra-night time scale based on both our own optical and archival X-ray data. We find the quasar non-variable during about 11 hours of optical monitoring. This is in accordance with the low intra-night variability duty cycle of radio-quiet quasars. Regarding the X-rays, we cannot make a firm conclusion about the quasar variability owing to the controversial results of the light curves statistical analysis. In addition, we calibrated Johnson-Cousins $BVRI$ magnitudes of 7 field stars that are to be used as secondary standards.
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Submitted 28 September, 2018;
originally announced October 2018.
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Nature of Intra-night Optical Variability of BL Lacertae
Authors:
Haritma Gaur,
Alok C. Gupta,
R. Bachev,
A. Strigachev,
E. Semkov,
M. Bottcher,
Paul J. Wiita,
J. A. de Diego,
Minfeng Gu,
H. Guo,
R. Joshi,
B. Mihov,
N. Palma,
S. Peneva,
A. Rajasingam,
L. Slavcheva-Mihova
Abstract:
We present the results of extensive multi-band intra-night optical monitoring of BL Lacertae during 2010--2012. BL Lacertae was very active in this period and showed intense variability in almost all wavelengths. We extensively observed it for a total for 38 nights; on 26 of them observations were done quasi-simultaneously in B, V, R and I bands (totaling 113 light curves), with an average samplin…
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We present the results of extensive multi-band intra-night optical monitoring of BL Lacertae during 2010--2012. BL Lacertae was very active in this period and showed intense variability in almost all wavelengths. We extensively observed it for a total for 38 nights; on 26 of them observations were done quasi-simultaneously in B, V, R and I bands (totaling 113 light curves), with an average sampling interval of around 8 minutes. BL Lacertae showed significant variations on hour-like timescales in a total of 19 nights in different optical bands. We did not find any evidence for periodicities or characteristic variability time-scales in the light curves.
The intranight variability amplitude is generally greater at higher frequencies and decreases as the source flux increases.
We found spectral variations in BL Lacertae in the sense that the optical spectrum becomes flatter as the flux increases but in several flaring states deviates from the linear trend suggesting different jet components contributing to the emission at different times.
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Submitted 4 August, 2015;
originally announced August 2015.
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Photometric reverberation mapping of Markarian 279
Authors:
R. Bachev,
A. Strigachev,
E. Semkov,
S. Boeva,
S. Peneva,
S. Ibryamov,
K. Stoyanov,
B. Spassov,
S. Tsvetkova,
B. Mihov,
G. Latev,
D. Dimitrov
Abstract:
By using standard broad-band VRI photometry we were able to discriminate the variations of the broad hydrogen alpha line from the continuum variations for the active galaxy Mkn 279. Cross-correlating both light curves enabled us to determine the time lag of the broad line variations behind the continuum and thus to determine the BLR size (about 8 light days). Our preliminary results are rather con…
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By using standard broad-band VRI photometry we were able to discriminate the variations of the broad hydrogen alpha line from the continuum variations for the active galaxy Mkn 279. Cross-correlating both light curves enabled us to determine the time lag of the broad line variations behind the continuum and thus to determine the BLR size (about 8 light days). Our preliminary results are rather consistent with the spectroscopic reverberation mapping results (about 12/17 days). This study is a part of an ambitious program to perform photometric reverberation mapping and determine BLR sizes (respectively - the central black hole masses) for more that 100 nearby AGN.
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Submitted 19 March, 2014;
originally announced March 2014.
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3C 273 - half a century later
Authors:
L. Slavcheva-Mihova,
B. Mihov,
I. Iliev
Abstract:
We have presented an optical monitoring of 3C 273, the first quasar discovered fifty years ago. It does not show variability both on intra-night and long-term time scales. To facilitate the further monitoring of 3C 273, we compiled the available calibrations of the comparison stars in its field into a mean sequence.
We have presented an optical monitoring of 3C 273, the first quasar discovered fifty years ago. It does not show variability both on intra-night and long-term time scales. To facilitate the further monitoring of 3C 273, we compiled the available calibrations of the comparison stars in its field into a mean sequence.
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Submitted 31 December, 2013;
originally announced January 2014.
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The nature of the intra-night optical variability in blazars
Authors:
R. Bachev,
E. Semkov,
A. Strigachev,
Alok C. Gupta,
Haritma Gaur,
B. Mihov,
S. Boeva,
L. Slavcheva-Mihova
Abstract:
In this paper we present results of a short-term optical monitoring of 13 blazars. The objects were monitored mostly in the R-band for a total of ~ 160 hours between 2006 and 2011. We study the nature of the short-term variations and show that most of them could be described as slow, smooth, and (almost) linear changes of up to ~ 0.1 mag/hour, but many objects show no short-term variations at all.…
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In this paper we present results of a short-term optical monitoring of 13 blazars. The objects were monitored mostly in the R-band for a total of ~ 160 hours between 2006 and 2011. We study the nature of the short-term variations and show that most of them could be described as slow, smooth, and (almost) linear changes of up to ~ 0.1 mag/hour, but many objects show no short-term variations at all. In fact, we found only ~ 2 per cent chance to observe variability of more than 0.1 mag/hour for the sample we observed. Hints for quasi-periodic oscillations at very low amplitude levels are also found for some objects. We briefly discuss some of the possible mechanisms to generate the intra-night variability and the quasi-periodic oscillations.
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Submitted 25 July, 2012;
originally announced July 2012.
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Optical Flux and Spectral Variability of Blazars
Authors:
Haritma Gaur,
Alok C. Gupta,
A. Strigachev,
R. Bachev,
E. Semkov,
Paul J. Wiita,
S. Peneva,
S. Boeva,
L. Slavcheva-Mihova,
B. Mihov,
G. Latev,
U. S. Pandey
Abstract:
We report the results of optical monitoring for a sample of 11 blazars including 10 BL Lacs and 1 Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar (FSRQ). We have measured the multiband optical flux and colour variations in these blazars on intra-day and short-term timescales of months and have limited data for 2 more blazars. These photometric observations were made during 2009 to 2011, using six optical telescopes, f…
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We report the results of optical monitoring for a sample of 11 blazars including 10 BL Lacs and 1 Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar (FSRQ). We have measured the multiband optical flux and colour variations in these blazars on intra-day and short-term timescales of months and have limited data for 2 more blazars. These photometric observations were made during 2009 to 2011, using six optical telescopes, four in Bulgaria, one in Greece and one in India. On short-term timescales we found significant flux variations in 9 of the sources and colour variations in 3 of them. Intra-day variability was detected on 6 nights for 2 sources out of the 18 nights and 4 sources for which we collected such data. These new optical observations of these blazars plus data from our previous published papers (for 3 more blazars) were used to analyze their spectral flux distributions in the optical frequency range. Our full sample for this purpose includes 6 high-synchrotron-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (HSPs), 3 intermediate-synchrotron-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (ISPs) and 6 low-synchrotron-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (LSPs; including both BL Lacs and FSRQs). We also investigated the spectral slope variability and found that the average spectral slopes of LSPs show a good accordance with the Synchrotron Self-Compton (SSC) loss dominated model. Our analysis supports previous studies that found that the spectra of the HSPs and FSRQs have significant additional emission components. The spectra of all these HSPs and LSPs get flatter when they become brighter, while for FSRQs the opposite appears to hold. This supports the hypothesis that there is a significant thermal contribution to the optical spectrum for FSRQs.
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Submitted 25 July, 2012;
originally announced July 2012.
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NPM1G -10.0586: an emission-line companion of the Seyfert galaxy Mrk 509
Authors:
Lyuba Slavcheva-Mihova,
Boyko Mihov
Abstract:
We report spectral observations of the galaxy NPM1G -10.0586, the main candidate-companion of Mrk 509. Mrk 509 is a Seyfert galaxy showing no evidence of morphological perturbations of the potential. The spectrum of NPM1G -10.0586 obtained by us is emission-line. The derived weighted mean redshift is 0.03313 +- 0.00023, which makes NPM1G -10.0586 a physical companion of Mrk 509.
We report spectral observations of the galaxy NPM1G -10.0586, the main candidate-companion of Mrk 509. Mrk 509 is a Seyfert galaxy showing no evidence of morphological perturbations of the potential. The spectrum of NPM1G -10.0586 obtained by us is emission-line. The derived weighted mean redshift is 0.03313 +- 0.00023, which makes NPM1G -10.0586 a physical companion of Mrk 509.
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Submitted 10 February, 2012;
originally announced February 2012.
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Quasi-simultaneous two band optical variability of the blazars 1ES 1959+650 and 1ES 2344+514
Authors:
Haritma Gaur,
Alok C. Gupta,
A. Strigachev,
R. Bachev,
E. Semkov,
Paul J. Wiita,
S. Peneva,
S. Boeva,
N. Kacharov,
B. Mihov,
E. Ovcharov
Abstract:
We report the results of quasi-simultaneous two filter optical monitoring of two high-energy peaked blazars, 1ES 1959+650 and 1ES 2344+514, to search for microvariability and short-term variability (STV). We carried out optical photometric monitoring of these sources in an alternating sequence of B and R pass-bands, and have 24 and 19 nights of new data for these two sources, respectively. No genu…
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We report the results of quasi-simultaneous two filter optical monitoring of two high-energy peaked blazars, 1ES 1959+650 and 1ES 2344+514, to search for microvariability and short-term variability (STV). We carried out optical photometric monitoring of these sources in an alternating sequence of B and R pass-bands, and have 24 and 19 nights of new data for these two sources, respectively. No genuine microvariability (intra-night variability) was detected in either of these sources. This non-detection of intra-night variations is in agreement with the conclusions of previous studies that high-energy peaked BL Lacs are intrinsically less variable than low-energy peaked BL Lacs in the optical bands. We also report the results of STV studies for these two sources between July 2009 and August 2010. Genuine STV is found for the source 1ES 1959+650 but not for 1ES 2344+514. We briefly discuss possible reasons for the difference between the intra-night variability behaviour of high- and low-energy peaked blazars.
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Submitted 14 December, 2011;
originally announced December 2011.
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Spectral Energy Distribution variation in BL Lacs and FSRQs
Authors:
Bindu Rani,
Alok C. Gupta,
R. Bachev,
A. Strigachev,
E. Semkov,
F. D'Ammando,
P. J. Wiita,
M. A. Gurwell,
E. Ovcharov,
B. Mihov,
S. Boeva,
S. Peneva
Abstract:
We present the results of our study of spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of a sample of ten low- to intermediate-synchrotron-peaked blazars. We investigate some of the physical parameters most likely responsible for the observed short-term variations in blazars. To do so, we focus on the study of changes in the SEDs of blazars corresponding to changes in their respective optical fluxes. We mode…
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We present the results of our study of spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of a sample of ten low- to intermediate-synchrotron-peaked blazars. We investigate some of the physical parameters most likely responsible for the observed short-term variations in blazars. To do so, we focus on the study of changes in the SEDs of blazars corresponding to changes in their respective optical fluxes. We model the observed spectra of blazars from radio to optical frequencies using a synchrotron model that entails a log-parabolic distribution of electron energies. A significant correlation among the two fitted spectral parameters ($a$, $b$) of log-parabolic curves and a negative trend among the peak frequency and spectral curvature parameter, $b$, emphasize that the SEDs of blazars are fitted well by log-parabolic curves. On considering each model parameter that could be responsible for changes in the observed SEDs of these blazars, we find that changes in the jet Doppler factors are most important.
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Submitted 4 July, 2011;
originally announced July 2011.
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Young Exoplanet Transit Initiative (YETI)
Authors:
R. Neuhäuser,
R. Errmann,
A. Berndt,
G. Maciejewski,
H. Takahashi,
W. P. Chen,
D. P. Dimitrov,
T. Pribulla,
E. H. Nikogossian,
E. L. N. Jensen,
L. Marschall,
Z. -Y. Wu,
A. Kellerer,
F. M. Walter,
C. Briceño,
R. Chini,
M. Fernandez,
St. Raetz,
G. Torres,
D. W. Latham,
S. N. Quinn,
A. Niedzielski,
Ł. Bukowiecki,
G. Nowak,
T. Tomov
, et al. (58 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the Young Exoplanet Transit Initiative (YETI), in which we use several 0.2 to 2.6m telescopes around the world to monitor continuously young (< 100 Myr), nearby (< 1 kpc) stellar clusters mainly to detect young transiting planets (and to study other variability phenomena on time-scales from minutes to years). The telescope network enables us to observe the targets continuously for sever…
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We present the Young Exoplanet Transit Initiative (YETI), in which we use several 0.2 to 2.6m telescopes around the world to monitor continuously young (< 100 Myr), nearby (< 1 kpc) stellar clusters mainly to detect young transiting planets (and to study other variability phenomena on time-scales from minutes to years). The telescope network enables us to observe the targets continuously for several days in order not to miss any transit. The runs are typically one to two weeks long, about three runs per year per cluster in two or three subsequent years for about ten clusters. There are thousands of stars detectable in each field with several hundred known cluster members, e.g. in the first cluster observed, Tr-37, a typical cluster for the YETI survey, there are at least 469 known young stars detected in YETI data down to R=16.5 mag with sufficient precision of 50 milli-mag rms (5 mmag rms down to R=14.5 mag) to detect transits, so that we can expect at least about one young transiting object in this cluster. If we observe 10 similar clusters, we can expect to detect approximately 10 young transiting planets with radius determinations. The precision given above is for a typical telescope of the YETI network, namely the 60/90-cm Jena telescope (similar brightness limit, namely within +/-1 mag, for the others) so that planetary transits can be detected. For planets with mass and radius determinations, we can calculate the mean density and probe the internal structure. We aim to constrain planet formation models and their time-scales by discovering planets younger than 100 Myr and determining not only their orbital parameters, but also measuring their true masses and radii, which is possible so far only by the transit method. Here, we present an overview and first results. (Abstract shortened)
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Submitted 21 June, 2011;
originally announced June 2011.
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Intranight variability of 3C 454.3 during its 2010 November outburst
Authors:
R. Bachev,
E. Semkov,
A. Strigachev,
B. Mihov,
A. C. Gupta,
S. Peneva,
E. Ovcharov,
A. Valcheva,
A. Lalova
Abstract:
Context. 3C 454.3 is a very active flat spectrum radio quasar (blazar) that has undergone a recent outburst in all observed bands, including the optical.
Aims. In this work we explore the short-term optical variability of 3C 454.3 during its outburst by searching for time delays between different optical bands. Finding one would be important for understanding the evolution of the spectrum of the…
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Context. 3C 454.3 is a very active flat spectrum radio quasar (blazar) that has undergone a recent outburst in all observed bands, including the optical.
Aims. In this work we explore the short-term optical variability of 3C 454.3 during its outburst by searching for time delays between different optical bands. Finding one would be important for understanding the evolution of the spectrum of the relativistic electrons, which generate the synchrotron jet emission.
Methods. We performed photometric monitoring of the object by repeating exposures in different optical bands (BVRI). Occasionally, different telescopes were used to monitor the object in the same band to verify the reliability of the smallest variations we observed.
Results. Except on one occasion, where we found indications of a lag of the blue wavelengths behind the red ones, the results are inconclusive for most of the other cases. There were either no structures in the light curves to be able to search for patterns, or else different approaches led to different conclusions.
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Submitted 16 February, 2011;
originally announced February 2011.
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Optical multiband surface photometry of a sample of Seyfert galaxies. III. Global, isophotal, and bar parameters
Authors:
L. Slavcheva-Mihova,
B. Mihov
Abstract:
This paper is third in a series, studying the optical properties of a sample of Seyfert galaxies. Here we present a homogeneous set of global (ellipticity, position angle, inclination, and total magnitude) and isophotal (semi-major axis and colour indices at 24 V mag/sq.arcsec) parameters of the galaxy sample. We find the following median corrected isophotal colour indices: B-Ic = 1.9 mag/sq.arcse…
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This paper is third in a series, studying the optical properties of a sample of Seyfert galaxies. Here we present a homogeneous set of global (ellipticity, position angle, inclination, and total magnitude) and isophotal (semi-major axis and colour indices at 24 V mag/sq.arcsec) parameters of the galaxy sample. We find the following median corrected isophotal colour indices: B-Ic = 1.9 mag/sq.arcsec and V-Ic = 1.1 mag/sq.arcsec. A set of bar parameters - ellipticity, position angle, semi-major axis corresponding to the ellipticity maximum in the bar region, and length, are also reported; deprojection has been applied to the bar ellipticity, length, and relative length in terms of galaxy isophotal semi-major axis. Regarding bar length estimation, we use a method, based on the relation between the behaviour of the profiles and orbit analysis. The so estimated bar length tightly correlates with the semi-major axis, corresponding to the ellipticity maximum with a median ratio of the former to the latter of 1.22. The median of the deprojected bar ellipticity, length, and relative length are 0.39, 5.44 kpc, and 0.44, respectively. There is a correlation between the deprojected bar length and the corrected isophotal semi-major axis at 24 V mag/sq.arcsec. Three of the 17 large-scale bars appear strong, based on the deprojected bar ellipticity as a first-order approximation of bar strength. The deprojected relative bar length does not appear to correlate with the bar ellipticity.
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Submitted 28 December, 2010;
originally announced December 2010.
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Optical multiband surface photometry of a sample of Seyfert galaxies. I. Large-scale morphology and local environment analysis of matched Seyfert and inactive galaxy samples
Authors:
L. Slavcheva-Mihova,
B. Mihov
Abstract:
Parallel analysis of the large-scale morphology and local environment of matched active and control galaxy samples plays an important role in studies of the fueling of active galactic nuclei. We carry out a detailed morphological characterization of a sample of 35 Seyfert galaxies and a matched sample of inactive galaxies in order to compare the evidence of non-axisymmetric perturbation of the pot…
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Parallel analysis of the large-scale morphology and local environment of matched active and control galaxy samples plays an important role in studies of the fueling of active galactic nuclei. We carry out a detailed morphological characterization of a sample of 35 Seyfert galaxies and a matched sample of inactive galaxies in order to compare the evidence of non-axisymmetric perturbation of the potential and, in the second part of this paper, to be able to perform a multicomponent photometric decomposition of the Seyfert galaxies. We constructed contour maps, BVRcIc profiles of the surface brightness, ellipticity, and position angle, as well as colour index profiles. We further used colour index images, residual images, and structure maps, which helped clarify the morphology of the galaxies. We studied the presence of close companions using literature data. By straightening out the morphological status of some of the objects, we derived an improved morphological classification and built a solid basis for a further multicomponent decomposition of the Seyfert sample. We report hitherto undetected (to our knowledge) structural components in some Seyfert galaxies - a bar (Ark 479), an oval/lens (Mrk 595), rings (Ark 120, Mrk 376), a nuclear bar and ring (Mrk 352), and nuclear dust lanes (Mrk 590). We compared the large-scale morphology and local environment of the Seyfert sample to those of the control one and found that (1) the two samples show similar incidences of bars, rings, asymmetries, and close companions; (2) the Seyfert bars are generally weaker than the bars of the control galaxies; (3) the bulk of the two samples shows morphological evidence of non-axisymmetric perturbations of the potential or close companions; (4) the fueling of Seyfert nuclei is not directly related to the large-scale morphology and local environment of their host galaxies.
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Submitted 8 November, 2010;
originally announced November 2010.
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Short Term Flux and Colour Variations in Low-Energy Peaked Blazars
Authors:
Bindu Rani,
Alok C. Gupta,
A. Strigachev,
R. Bachev,
Paul J. Wiita,
E. Semkov,
E. Ovcharov,
B. Mihov,
S. Boeva,
S. Peneva,
B. Spassov,
S. Tsvetkova,
K. Stoyanov,
A. Valcheva
Abstract:
We have measured multi-band optical flux and colour variations for a sample of 12 low energy peaked blazars on short, day-to-month, timescales. Our sample contains six BL Lacertae objects and six flat spectrum radio quasars. These photometric observations, made during September 2008 to June 2009, used five optical telescopes, one in India and four in Bulgaria. We detected short term flux variati…
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We have measured multi-band optical flux and colour variations for a sample of 12 low energy peaked blazars on short, day-to-month, timescales. Our sample contains six BL Lacertae objects and six flat spectrum radio quasars. These photometric observations, made during September 2008 to June 2009, used five optical telescopes, one in India and four in Bulgaria. We detected short term flux variations in eleven of these blazars and colour variability in eight of them. Our data indicate that six blazars (3C 66A, AO 0235+164, S5 0716+714, PKS 0735+178, OJ 287 and 3C 454.3) were observed in pre- or post-outburst states, that five (PKS 0420-014, 4C 29.45, 3C 279, PKS 1510-089 and BL Lac) were in a low state, while one (3C 273) was in an essentially steady state. The duty cycles for flux and colour variations on short timescales in these low energy peaked blazars are ~ 92 percent and ~ 33 percent, respectively. The colour vs magnitude correlations seen here support the hypothesis that BL Lac objects tend to become bluer with increase in brightness; however, flat spectrum radio quasars may show the opposite trend, and there are exceptions to these trends in both categories of blazar. We briefly discuss emission models for active galactic nuclei that might explain our results.
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Submitted 28 January, 2010;
originally announced January 2010.
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UBVRI observations of the flickering of RS Ophiuchi at Quiescence
Authors:
R. K. Zamanov,
S. Boeva,
R. Bachev,
M. F. Bode,
D. Dimitrov,
K. A. Stoyanov,
A. Gomboc,
S. V. Tsvetkova,
L. Slavcheva-Mihova,
B. Spassov,
K. Koleva,
B. Mihov
Abstract:
We report observations of the flickering variability of the recurrent nova RS Oph at quiescence on the basis of simultaneous observations in 5 bands (UBVRI). RS Oph has flickering source with (U-B)_0=-0.62 \pm 0.07, (B-V)_0=0.15 \pm 0.10, (V-R)_0=0.25 \pm 0.05. We find for the flickering source a temperature T_fl = 9500 \pm 500 K, and luminosity L_fl = 50 - 150 L_sun (using a distance of d=1.6kp…
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We report observations of the flickering variability of the recurrent nova RS Oph at quiescence on the basis of simultaneous observations in 5 bands (UBVRI). RS Oph has flickering source with (U-B)_0=-0.62 \pm 0.07, (B-V)_0=0.15 \pm 0.10, (V-R)_0=0.25 \pm 0.05. We find for the flickering source a temperature T_fl = 9500 \pm 500 K, and luminosity L_fl = 50 - 150 L_sun (using a distance of d=1.6kpc). We also find that on a (U-B) vs (B-V) diagram the flickering of the symbiotic stars differs from that of the cataclysmic variables. The possible source of the flickering is discussed. The data are available upon request from the authors and on the web www.astro.bas.bg/~rz/RSOph.UBVRI.2010.MNRAS.tar.gz.
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Submitted 6 January, 2010;
originally announced January 2010.
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The open cluster Berkeley 53
Authors:
G. Maciejewski,
B. Mihov,
Ts. Georgiev
Abstract:
We present a photometric study of the neglected open cluster Berkeley 53. We derived its fundamental parameters, such as the age, the interstellar reddening, and the distance from the Sun, based on BV photometry combined with near-infrared JHK data. The structure and the mass function of the cluster were also studied and the total number of members and the total mass were estimated. The cluster…
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We present a photometric study of the neglected open cluster Berkeley 53. We derived its fundamental parameters, such as the age, the interstellar reddening, and the distance from the Sun, based on BV photometry combined with near-infrared JHK data. The structure and the mass function of the cluster were also studied and the total number of members and the total mass were estimated. The cluster was found to be a rich and massive stellar system, located in the Perseus Arm of the Milky Way, 3.1+/-0.1 kpc from the Sun. Its age exceeds 1 Gy but it seems to be very young in the context of its dynamical evolution. The analysis of the two-color diagrams and color-magnitude diagrams indicates that the cluster is significantly reddened. However, both methods resulted in different values of E(B-V), i.e. 1.21+/-0.04 and 1.52+/-0.01, respectively. This discrepancy suggests the presence of an abnormal interstellar extinction law toward the cluster.
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Submitted 20 August, 2009;
originally announced August 2009.
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Spectroscopy of bright quasars: emission lines and internal extinction
Authors:
R. Bachev,
A. Strigachev,
E. Semkov,
B. Mihov
Abstract:
The main purpose of this work is to improve the existing knowledge about the most powerful engines in the Universe - quasars. Although a lot is already known, we still have only a vague idea how these engines work exactly, why they behave as they do, and what the relation is between their evolution and the evolution of their harboring galaxy.
Methods we used are based on optical spectroscopy o…
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The main purpose of this work is to improve the existing knowledge about the most powerful engines in the Universe - quasars. Although a lot is already known, we still have only a vague idea how these engines work exactly, why they behave as they do, and what the relation is between their evolution and the evolution of their harboring galaxy.
Methods we used are based on optical spectroscopy of visually bright quasars, many of which have recently been discovered as X-ray sources, but eventually missed in color-selected surveys. The spectra typically cover the 4200-7000 AA region, allowing measurements of the characteristics of the hydrogen lines, the FeII contribution, and other lines of interest.
We present accurate redshift estimates and Seyfert type classification of the objects. We also show that the contribution of the host galaxy to the optical continuum is non-negligible in many cases, as is the intrinsic AGN absorption. Consequences of not correcting for those factors when estimating different quasar parameters are discussed. We also find some evidence of a non-unity slope in the relation between the internal extinction based on the Balmer decrement and the one on the optical continuum slope, implying, if further confirmed, the intriguing possibility that some absorbing material might actually be located between the continuum source and the broad-line region.
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Submitted 4 August, 2008;
originally announced August 2008.
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Johnson-Cousins magnitudes of comparison stars in the fields of ten Seyfert galaxies
Authors:
B. M. Mihov,
L. S. Slavcheva-Mihova
Abstract:
We present UBVRcIc magnitudes of 49 comparison stars in the fields of the Seyfert galaxies Mrk 335, Mrk 79, Mrk 279, Mrk 506, 3C 382, 3C 390.3, NGC 6814, Mrk 304, Ark 564, and NGC 7469 in order to facilitate the photometric monitoring of these objects; 36 of the stars have not been calibrated before. The comparison stars are situated in 5x5 arcmin fields centred on the Seyfert galaxies, their V…
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We present UBVRcIc magnitudes of 49 comparison stars in the fields of the Seyfert galaxies Mrk 335, Mrk 79, Mrk 279, Mrk 506, 3C 382, 3C 390.3, NGC 6814, Mrk 304, Ark 564, and NGC 7469 in order to facilitate the photometric monitoring of these objects; 36 of the stars have not been calibrated before. The comparison stars are situated in 5x5 arcmin fields centred on the Seyfert galaxies, their V band flux ranges from 11.7 to 18.2 mag with a median value of 16.3 mag, and their B-V colour index ranges from 0.4 to 1.6 mag with a median value of 0.8 mag. The median errors of the calibrated UBVRcIc magnitudes are 0.08, 0.04, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06 mag, respectively. Comparison stars were calibrated for the first time in three of the fields (Mrk 506, 3C 382, and Mrk 304). The comparison sequences in the other fields were improved in various aspects. Extra stars were calibrated in four fields (Mrk 335, Mrk 79, NGC 6814, and NGC 7469) - most of these stars are fainter and are situated closer to the Seyfert galaxies compared to the existing comparison stars. The passband coverage of the sequences in five fields (Mrk 335, Mrk 79, Mrk 279, NGC 6814, and Ark 564) was complemented with U band.
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Submitted 15 March, 2008; v1 submitted 8 November, 2007;
originally announced November 2007.
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Photometric monitoring of the blazar 3C 345 for the period 1996 - 2006
Authors:
B. Mihov,
R. Bachev,
L. Slavcheva-Mihova,
A. Strigachev,
E. Semkov,
G. Petrov
Abstract:
We present the results of the blazar 3C 345 monitoring in Johnson-Cousins BVRI bands for the period 1996 - 2006. We have collected 29 V and 43 R data points for this period; the BI light curves contain a few measurements only. The accuracy of our photometry is not better than 0.03 mag in the VR bands. The total amplitude of the variability obtained from our data is 2.06 mag in the V band and 2.2…
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We present the results of the blazar 3C 345 monitoring in Johnson-Cousins BVRI bands for the period 1996 - 2006. We have collected 29 V and 43 R data points for this period; the BI light curves contain a few measurements only. The accuracy of our photometry is not better than 0.03 mag in the VR bands. The total amplitude of the variability obtained from our data is 2.06 mag in the V band and 2.25 mag in the R one. 3C 345 showed periods of flaring activity during 1998/99 and 2001: a maximum of the blazar brightness was detected in 2001 February - 15.345 mag in the V band and 14.944 mag in the R one. We confirm that during brighter stages 3C 345 becomes redder; for higher fluxes the colour index seems to be less dependent on the magnitude. The intra-night monitoring of 3C 345 in three consecutive nights in 2001 August revealed no significant intra-night variability; 3C 345 did not show evident flux changes over timescales of weeks around the period of the intra-night monitoring. This result supports the existing facts that intra-night variability is correlated with rapid flux changes rather than with specific flux levels.
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Submitted 31 July, 2007;
originally announced July 2007.
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Multiband optical surface brightness profile decompositions of the Seyfert galaxies Mrk 79 and NGC 5548
Authors:
Boyko Mihov,
Lyuba Slavcheva-Mihova
Abstract:
We present preliminary results of the Johnson-Cousins (U)BVRI surface brightness profile decompositions of the Seyfert galaxies Mrk 79 and NGC 5548. The profiles were modelled as a sum of a Gaussian law for the nucleus, a Sersic law for the bulge and an exponent law for the disk. A flat bar was added to the model profile of Mrk 79. The parameters and the total magnitudes of the structural compon…
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We present preliminary results of the Johnson-Cousins (U)BVRI surface brightness profile decompositions of the Seyfert galaxies Mrk 79 and NGC 5548. The profiles were modelled as a sum of a Gaussian law for the nucleus, a Sersic law for the bulge and an exponent law for the disk. A flat bar was added to the model profile of Mrk 79. The parameters and the total magnitudes of the structural components were derived.
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Submitted 1 February, 2010; v1 submitted 29 April, 2007;
originally announced April 2007.
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Multicolour Optical Surface Brightness Profiles Decomposition of the Seyfert Galaxies III Zw 2, Mrk 506 and Mrk 509
Authors:
L. Slavcheva-Mihova,
B. Mihov,
G. Petrov,
V. Kopchev
Abstract:
We present the results of the UBVRcIc surface brightness profiles decomposition of the Seyfert galaxies III Zw 2, Mrk 506 and Mrk 509. The profiles were modelled as a sum of a Gaussian, a Sersic law and an exponent. A Ferrers bar and a Gaussian ring were added to the model profiles of III Zw 2 and Mrk 506, respectively. The parameters and the total magnitudes of the structural components were de…
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We present the results of the UBVRcIc surface brightness profiles decomposition of the Seyfert galaxies III Zw 2, Mrk 506 and Mrk 509. The profiles were modelled as a sum of a Gaussian, a Sersic law and an exponent. A Ferrers bar and a Gaussian ring were added to the model profiles of III Zw 2 and Mrk 506, respectively. The parameters and the total magnitudes of the structural components were derived.
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Submitted 20 June, 2006;
originally announced June 2006.