Showing 1–50 of 3,336 results for author: Luo, X

Rethinking Patient Education as Multi-turn Multi-modal Interaction

Authors: Zonghai Yao, Zhipeng Tang, Chengtao Lin, Xiong Luo, Benlu Wang, Juncheng Huang, Chin Siang Ong, Hong Yu

Abstract: Most medical multimodal benchmarks focus on static tasks such as image question answering, report generation, and plain-language rewriting. Patient education is more demanding: systems must identify relevant evidence across images, show patients where to look, explain findings in accessible language, and handle confusion or distress. Yet most patient education work remains text-only, even though c… ▽ More Most medical multimodal benchmarks focus on static tasks such as image question answering, report generation, and plain-language rewriting. Patient education is more demanding: systems must identify relevant evidence across images, show patients where to look, explain findings in accessible language, and handle confusion or distress. Yet most patient education work remains text-only, even though combined image-and-text explanations may better support understanding. We introduce MedImageEdu, a benchmark for multi-turn, evidence-grounded radiology patient education. Each case provides a radiology report with report text and case images. A DoctorAgent interacts with a PatientAgent, conditioned on a hidden profile that captures factors such as education level, health literacy, and personality. When a patient question would benefit from visual support, the DoctorAgent can issue drawing instructions grounded in the report, case images, and the current question to a benchmark-provided drawing tool. The tool returns image(s), after which the DoctorAgent produces a final multimodal response consisting of the image(s) and a grounded plain-language explanation. MedImageEdu contains 150 cases from three sources and evaluates both the consultation process and the final multimodal response along five dimensions: Consultation, Safety and Scope, Language Quality, Drawing Quality, and Image-Text Response Quality. Across representative open- and closed-source vision-language model agents, we find three consistent gaps: fluent language often outpaces faithful visual grounding, safety is the weakest dimension across disease categories, and emotionally tense interactions are harder than low education or low health literacy. MedImageEdu provides a controlled testbed for assessing whether multimodal agents can teach from evidence rather than merely answer from text. △ Less

Submitted 16 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Equal contribution for the first two authors

Quantifying and Improving the Accuracy of Electromagnetic Transient-Transient Stability Hybrid Simulation

Authors: Bin Wang, Qiang Zhang, Xiaochuan Luo, Slava Maslennikov, Mingguo Hong, Xinghao Fang, Tongxin Zheng

Abstract: The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources introduces new dynamic challenges to modern power grids, such as sub- and super-synchronous oscillations and other faster dynamics. These dynamics are typically fast in nature and are difficult to accurately model and analyze using standard transient stability (TS) methods, necessitating the need for electromagnetic transient (EMT) analysis. H… ▽ More The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources introduces new dynamic challenges to modern power grids, such as sub- and super-synchronous oscillations and other faster dynamics. These dynamics are typically fast in nature and are difficult to accurately model and analyze using standard transient stability (TS) methods, necessitating the need for electromagnetic transient (EMT) analysis. However, EMT simulations are notoriously slow for large-scale grids due to both equation formulations and computational limitations. To overcome this challenge, EMT-TS hybrid simulation is often used, since it offers a balanced trade-off between accuracy and speed, making it feasible to perform EMT analysis on large systems. One open question about EMT-TS hybrid simulation is the accuracy of the EMT-TS boundary or interface. This paper introduces an error index to quantify EMT-TS hybrid interface errors, identifies conditions where the hybrid simulation approach may become inaccurate, and suggests EMT region expansions to improve the simulation accuracy. Additionally, a three-sequence hybrid interface model is proposed to mitigate inaccuracies caused by unbalanced conditions. △ Less

Submitted 15 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 12 pages, 25 figures, accepted by IEEE Transactions on Power Systems

MSC Class: 93A30; 93C05; 65C20 ACM Class: I.6.8; J.2

SpaceMind: A Modular and Self-Evolving Embodied Vision-Language Agent Framework for Autonomous On-orbit Servicing

Authors: Aodi Wu, Haodong Han, Xubo Luo, Ruisuo Wang, Shan He, Xue Wan

Abstract: Autonomous on-orbit servicing demands embodied agents that perceive through visual sensors, reason about 3D spatial situations, and execute multi-phase tasks over extended horizons. We present SpaceMind, a modular and self-evolving vision-language model (VLM) agent framework that decomposes knowledge, tools, and reasoning into three independently extensible dimensions: skill modules with dynamic r… ▽ More Autonomous on-orbit servicing demands embodied agents that perceive through visual sensors, reason about 3D spatial situations, and execute multi-phase tasks over extended horizons. We present SpaceMind, a modular and self-evolving vision-language model (VLM) agent framework that decomposes knowledge, tools, and reasoning into three independently extensible dimensions: skill modules with dynamic routing, Model Context Protocol (MCP) tools with configurable profiles, and injectable reasoning-mode skills. An MCP-Redis interface layer enables the same codebase to operate across simulation and physical hardware without modification, and a Skill Self-Evolution mechanism distills operational experience into persistent skill files without model fine-tuning. We validate SpaceMind through 192 closed-loop runs across five satellites, three task types, and two environments, a UE5 simulation and a physical laboratory, deliberately including degraded conditions to stress-test robustness. Under nominal conditions all modes achieve 90--100% navigation success; under degradation, the Prospective mode uniquely succeeds in search-and-approach tasks where other modes fail. A self-evolution study shows that the agent recovers from failure in four of six groups from a single failed episode, including complete failure to 100% success and inspection scores improving from 12 to 59 out of 100. Real-world validation confirms zero-code-modification transfer to a physical robot with 100% rendezvous success. Code: https://github.com/wuaodi/SpaceMind △ Less

Submitted 15 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 23 pages, 6 figures, 7 tables. Code available at https://github.com/wuaodi/SpaceMind

Three wave interaction solitons for an energy critical Schrödinger system

Authors: Luigi Forcella, Xiao Luo, Xiaolong Yang

Abstract: We investigate standing waves for the energy critical Schrödinger system with three waves interaction arising as a model for the Raman amplification in a plasma. Several results are proved: simultaneous existence of stable and unstable standing waves, existence of global solutions, and absence of small data scattering. Our main results show some specific features arising from the three waves inter… ▽ More We investigate standing waves for the energy critical Schrödinger system with three waves interaction arising as a model for the Raman amplification in a plasma. Several results are proved: simultaneous existence of stable and unstable standing waves, existence of global solutions, and absence of small data scattering. Our main results show some specific features arising from the three waves interaction differently from the classical energy critical Schrödinger equation, and they support some experimental observations on Raman amplification. △ Less

Submitted 15 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Mathematical Reasoning Enhanced LLM for Formula Derivation: A Case Study on Fiber NLI Modellin

Authors: Yao Zhang, Yuchen Song, Xiao Luo, Shengnan Li, Xiaotian Jiang, Min Zhang, Danshi Wang

Abstract: Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in code generation and text synthesis, yet their potential for symbolic physical reasoning in domain-specific scientific problems remains underexplored. We present a mathematical reasoning enhanced generative AI approach for optical communication formula derivation, focusing on the fiber nonlinear interference mo… ▽ More Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in code generation and text synthesis, yet their potential for symbolic physical reasoning in domain-specific scientific problems remains underexplored. We present a mathematical reasoning enhanced generative AI approach for optical communication formula derivation, focusing on the fiber nonlinear interference modelling. By guiding an LLM with structured prompts, we successfully reconstructed the known closed-form ISRS GN expressions and further derived a novel approximation tailored for multi-span C and C+L band transmissions. Numerical validations show that the LLM-derived model produces central-channel GSNRs nearly identical to baseline models, with mean absolute error across all channels and spans below 0.109 dB, demonstrating both physical consistency and practical accuracy. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Observation of the Exotic State $π_{1}(1600)$ in $ψ(2S)\rightarrowγχ_{c1},χ_{c1}\rightarrowπ^{+}π^{-}η'$

Authors: BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, Y. Ban, H. -R. Bao, X. L. Bao, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko , et al. (728 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A partial wave analysis of the process $ψ(2S)\rightarrowγχ_{c1}, χ_{c1}\rightarrowπ^+π^-η^{\prime}$ is performed using $(2712.4\pm14.3)\times10^{6}$ $ψ(2S)$ events collected with the BESIII detector. An isovector state with exotic quantum numbers $J^{PC}=1^{-+}$, denoted as $π_{1}(1600)$, is observed for the first time in the charmonium decay of $χ_{c1}\rightarrowπ_{1}^{\pm}(1600)π^{\mp}$,… ▽ More A partial wave analysis of the process $ψ(2S)\rightarrowγχ_{c1}, χ_{c1}\rightarrowπ^+π^-η^{\prime}$ is performed using $(2712.4\pm14.3)\times10^{6}$ $ψ(2S)$ events collected with the BESIII detector. An isovector state with exotic quantum numbers $J^{PC}=1^{-+}$, denoted as $π_{1}(1600)$, is observed for the first time in the charmonium decay of $χ_{c1}\rightarrowπ_{1}^{\pm}(1600)π^{\mp}$, $π_{1}^{\pm}(1600)\rightarrowπ^{\pm}η^{\prime}$ with a statistical significance over $21σ$. Its mass and width are determined to be $1828 \pm 8 ({\rm stat})^{+11}_{-33}({\rm syst})~\mathrm{MeV}/c^2$ and $638 \pm 26 ({\rm stat})^{+35}_{-86}({\rm syst})~\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively, using a relativistic Breit-Wigner function with a mass-dependent width. The corresponding product of branching fractions is determined to be $\mathcal{B}\left[χ_{c1}\rightarrowπ_{1}(1600)^{\pm}π^{\mp} \right] \times \mathcal{B}\left[π_{1}(1600)^{\pm}\rightarrowπ^{\pm}η^{\prime}\right] = \left( 4.30 \pm 0.14 ({\rm stat})^{+1.04}_{-1.03}({\rm syst})~ \right) \times 10^{-4}$. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2026; v1 submitted 14 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Seasonal Variability of Pluto's Haze Formation Revealed by Laboratory Simulations

Authors: Zhengbo Yang, Chao He, Yu Liu, Sai Wang, Haixin Li, Yingjian Wang, Xiao'ou Luo, Sarah M. Horst, Sarah E. Moran, Veronique Vuitton, Laurene Flandinet, Patricia McGuiggan

Abstract: Pluto possesses a thin atmosphere primarily composed of N2, with minor constituents including CO and CH4. Photochemical processes generate distinct haze layers as observed by the New Horizons spacecraft. However, the mechanisms governing haze formation, as well as the composition and physical properties of the hazes, remain poorly constrained. Due to Pluto's highly eccentric orbit and obliquity, i… ▽ More Pluto possesses a thin atmosphere primarily composed of N2, with minor constituents including CO and CH4. Photochemical processes generate distinct haze layers as observed by the New Horizons spacecraft. However, the mechanisms governing haze formation, as well as the composition and physical properties of the hazes, remain poorly constrained. Due to Pluto's highly eccentric orbit and obliquity, its surface temperature and atmospheric composition undergo substantial seasonal variations, but it is unclear how such seasonal variations impact the chemical pathways and efficiency of haze formation in Pluto's atmosphere. To address this, we conducted a laboratory simulation of Pluto's atmospheric photochemistry, in which N2/CH4/CO gas mixtures with CH4 concentrations varying from 0.1% to 5% were exposed to a glow discharge to initiate photochemical reactions. Gas-phase composition was monitored in situ using a residual gas analyzer (RGA), while the solid-phase products were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), a gas pycnometer, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and very high-resolution mass spectrometry (VHRMS) to determine particle sizes, density, and composition, respectively. Our results show that increasing the CH4 mixing ratio significantly enhances the yield of gas and solid products. Under low CH4 conditions, nitrogen is primarily incorporated into solids as cyanide groups; whereas CH4-rich conditions favor the formation of amino groups, greatly promoting nitrogen incorporation into organic solids. These findings not only shed light on how seasonal variations into Pluto's atmosphere composition influence haze formation pathways, but also provide critical parameters to interpret observational data and to improve photochemical and microphysical models of planetary hazes. △ Less

Submitted 13 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures, accepted in PSJ

Measurement of the branching fractions of $χ_{cJ} \to π^{+}π^{-}π^{0}π^{0}$ via $ψ(3686) \to γχ_{cJ}$

Authors: BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko , et al. (741 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Using $(2712.4\pm14.3)\times 10^6$ $ψ(3686)$ events collected with the BESIII detector operating at BEPCII, the branching fractions of $χ_{cJ}\toπ^+π^-π^0π^0$ ($J=0,~1,~2$) are measured via the radiative transition $ψ(3686)\toγχ_{cJ}$. The results are $\mathcal{B}(χ_{c0} \to π^{+}π^{-}π^{0}π^{0}) = (3.10 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.14) \times 10^{-2}$,… ▽ More Using $(2712.4\pm14.3)\times 10^6$ $ψ(3686)$ events collected with the BESIII detector operating at BEPCII, the branching fractions of $χ_{cJ}\toπ^+π^-π^0π^0$ ($J=0,~1,~2$) are measured via the radiative transition $ψ(3686)\toγχ_{cJ}$. The results are $\mathcal{B}(χ_{c0} \to π^{+}π^{-}π^{0}π^{0}) = (3.10 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.14) \times 10^{-2}$, $\mathcal{B}(χ_{c1} \to π^{+}π^{-}π^{0}π^{0}) = (1.16 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.05) \times 10^{-2}$, and $\mathcal{B}(χ_{c2} \to π^{+}π^{-}π^{0}π^{0}) = (1.92 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.08) \times 10^{-2}$, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The dominant intermediate states are found to be $χ_{cJ}\toρ^+ρ^-$. These results supersede the previous most precise measurements and provide significantly improved precision. △ Less

Submitted 12 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

First Observation of \boldmath{$D^+ \to a_0(980)ρ$ and $D^+ \to a_0(980)^+ f_0(500)$} in \boldmath{$D^+ \to π^+π^+π^-η$ and $D^+ \to π^+π^0π^0η$} Decays

Authors: BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, Y. Ban, H. -R. Bao, X. L. Bao, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko , et al. (734 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We perform the first amplitude analysis of the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays $D^+ \to π^+ π^{+(0)} π^{-(0)} η$, using $e^+e^-$ collision data collected with the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energy of 3.773\,GeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 $\rm{fb}^{-1}$. The absolute branching fractions of the $D^+ \to π^+ π^+ π^- η$ and $D^+ \to π^+ π^0 π^0 η$ decays are measure… ▽ More We perform the first amplitude analysis of the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays $D^+ \to π^+ π^{+(0)} π^{-(0)} η$, using $e^+e^-$ collision data collected with the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energy of 3.773\,GeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 $\rm{fb}^{-1}$. The absolute branching fractions of the $D^+ \to π^+ π^+ π^- η$ and $D^+ \to π^+ π^0 π^0 η$ decays are measured to be $(3.20\pm0.06_{\text{stat.}}\pm0.03_{\text{syst.}})\times 10^{-3}$ and $(2.43 \pm 0.11_{\text{stat.}} \pm 0.04_{\text{syst.}}) \times 10^{-3}$, respectively. % , both achieving three times better precision than the current PDG values. The decay process $D^{+}\to a_0(980)^{+}f_0(500)$ is observed for the first time with an unexpectedly large branching fraction. Moreover, we observe the decays $D^+ \to a_0(980)^{+(0)} ρ(770)^{0(+)}$ and measure the ratio $r_{+/0} \equiv \frac{\mathcal{B}(D^+ \to a_0(980)^+ ρ(770)^0)}{\mathcal{B}(D^+ \to a_0(980)^0 ρ(770)^+)}$ for the first time to be $0.55\pm0.08_{\text{stat.}}\pm0.05_{\text{syst.}}$. These results offer a novel insight into our comprehension of the nature of the $a_0(980)$ and $f_0(500)$ states. △ Less

Submitted 15 April, 2026; v1 submitted 11 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

EdgeFlow: Fast Cold Starts for LLMs on Mobile Devices

Authors: Yongsheng Yan, Jiacheng Shen, Xuchuan Luo, Yangfan Zhou

Abstract: Deploying large language models (LLMs) on mobile devices is an emerging trend to enable data privacy and offline accessibility of LLM applications. Modern mobile neural processing units (NPUs) make such deployment increasingly feasible. However, existing mobile LLM inference frameworks suffer from high start-up latency due to their inevitable cold starts, i.e., launching LLM inferences when the mo… ▽ More Deploying large language models (LLMs) on mobile devices is an emerging trend to enable data privacy and offline accessibility of LLM applications. Modern mobile neural processing units (NPUs) make such deployment increasingly feasible. However, existing mobile LLM inference frameworks suffer from high start-up latency due to their inevitable cold starts, i.e., launching LLM inferences when the model is not hosted in device memory. In this paper, we identify the key bottleneck of mobile LLM cold starts as the waste of flash bandwidth on unimportant model parameters. We design EdgeFlow, a mobile LLM inference framework that mitigates the cold start issue by adaptively adjusting the precisions of LLM parameters. Specifically, EdgeFlow leverages 1) an NPU-aware adaptive quantization algorithm that assigns different precisions to weights in a finer granularity according to their importance and NPU constraints, 2) an SIMD-friendly packing format that accelerates the transformation of various-precision weights into fixed-sized NPU-native data types, and 3) a synergistic granular pipeline that coordinates CPU and NPU computation in a fine-grained and dynamic manner. Experimental results show that EdgeFlow reduces cold-start latency by up to 4.07x compared with three state-of-the-art mobile LLM inference frameworks, i.e., llama.cpp, MNN, and llm.npu, under comparable model accuracy. △ Less

Submitted 10 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

SkillForge: Forging Domain-Specific, Self-Evolving Agent Skills in Cloud Technical Support

Authors: Xingyan Liu, Xiyue Luo, Linyu Li, Ganghong Huang, Jianfeng Liu, Honglin Qiao

Abstract: Deploying LLM-powered agents in enterprise scenarios such as cloud technical support demands high-quality, domain-specific skills. However, existing skill creators lack domain grounding, producing skills poorly aligned with real-world task requirements. Moreover, once deployed, there is no systematic mechanism to trace execution failures back to skill deficiencies and drive targeted refinements, l… ▽ More Deploying LLM-powered agents in enterprise scenarios such as cloud technical support demands high-quality, domain-specific skills. However, existing skill creators lack domain grounding, producing skills poorly aligned with real-world task requirements. Moreover, once deployed, there is no systematic mechanism to trace execution failures back to skill deficiencies and drive targeted refinements, leaving skill quality stagnant despite accumulating operational evidence. We introduce SkillForge, a self-evolving framework that closes an end-to-end creation-evaluation-refinement loop. To produce well-aligned initial skills, a Domain-Contextualized Skill Creator grounds skill synthesis in knowledge bases and historical support tickets. To enable continuous self-optimization, a three-stage pipeline -- Failure Analyzer, Skill Diagnostician, and Skill Optimizer -- automatically diagnoses execution failures in batch, pinpoints the underlying skill deficiencies, and rewrites the skill to eliminate them. This cycle runs iteratively, allowing skills to self-improve with every round of deployment feedback. Evaluated on five real-world cloud support scenarios spanning 1,883 tickets and 3,737 tasks, experiments show that: (1) the Domain-Contextualized Skill Creator produces substantially better initial skills than the generic skill creator, as measured by consistency with expert-authored reference responses from historical tickets; and (2) the self-evolution loop progressively improves skill quality from diverse starting points (including expert-authored, domain-created, and generic skills) across successive rounds, demonstrating that automated evolution can surpass manually curated expert knowledge. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted at ACM SIGIR 2026 Industry Track. 18 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables

ACM Class: H.3.3; I.2.7

A GAN and LLM-Driven Data Augmentation Framework for Dynamic Linguistic Pattern Modeling in Chinese Sarcasm Detection

Authors: Wenxian Wang, Xiaohu Luo, Junfeng Hao, Xiaoming Gu, Xingshu Chen, Zhu Wang, Haizhou Wang

Abstract: Sarcasm is a rhetorical device that expresses criticism or emphasizes characteristics of certain individuals or situations through exaggeration, irony, or comparison. Existing methods for Chinese sarcasm detection are constrained by limited datasets and high construction costs, and they mainly focus on textual features, overlooking user-specific linguistic patterns that shape how opinions and emot… ▽ More Sarcasm is a rhetorical device that expresses criticism or emphasizes characteristics of certain individuals or situations through exaggeration, irony, or comparison. Existing methods for Chinese sarcasm detection are constrained by limited datasets and high construction costs, and they mainly focus on textual features, overlooking user-specific linguistic patterns that shape how opinions and emotions are expressed. This paper proposes a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and Large Language Model (LLM)-driven data augmentation framework to dynamically model users' linguistic patterns for enhanced Chinese sarcasm detection. First, we collect raw data from various topics on Sina Weibo. Then, we train a GAN on these data and apply a GPT-3.5 based data augmentation technique to synthesize an extended sarcastic comment dataset, named SinaSarc. This dataset contains target comments, contextual information, and user historical behavior. Finally, we extend the BERT architecture to incorporate multi-dimensional information, particularly user historical behavior, enabling the model to capture dynamic linguistic patterns and uncover implicit sarcastic cues in comments. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. Specifically, our model achieves the highest F1-scores on both the non-sarcastic and sarcastic categories, with values of 0.9138 and 0.9151 respectively, which outperforms all existing state-of-the-art (SOTA) approaches. This study presents a novel framework for dynamically modeling users' long-term linguistic patterns in Chinese sarcasm detection, contributing to both dataset construction and methodological advancement in this field. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

MedDialBench: Benchmarking LLM Diagnostic Robustness under Parametric Adversarial Patient Behaviors

Authors: Xiaotian Luo, Xun Jiang, Jiangcheng Wu

Abstract: Interactive medical dialogue benchmarks have shown that LLM diagnostic accuracy degrades significantly when interacting with non-cooperative patients, yet existing approaches either apply adversarial behaviors without graded severity or case-specific grounding, or reduce patient non-cooperation to a single ungraded axis, and none analyze cross-dimension interactions. We introduce MedDialBench, a… ▽ More Interactive medical dialogue benchmarks have shown that LLM diagnostic accuracy degrades significantly when interacting with non-cooperative patients, yet existing approaches either apply adversarial behaviors without graded severity or case-specific grounding, or reduce patient non-cooperation to a single ungraded axis, and none analyze cross-dimension interactions. We introduce MedDialBench, a benchmark enabling controlled, dose-response characterization of how individual patient behavior dimensions affect LLM diagnostic robustness. It decomposes patient behavior into five dimensions -- Logic Consistency, Health Cognition, Expression Style, Disclosure, and Attitude -- each with graded severity levels and case-specific behavioral scripts. This controlled factorial design enables graded sensitivity analysis, dose-response profiling, and cross-dimension interaction detection. Evaluating five frontier LLMs across 7,225 dialogues (85 cases x 17 configurations x 5 models), we find a fundamental asymmetry: information pollution (fabricating symptoms) produces 1.7-3.4x larger accuracy drops than information deficit (withholding information), and fabricating is the only configuration achieving statistical significance across all five models (McNemar p < 0.05). Among six dimension combinations, fabricating is the sole driver of super-additive interaction: all three fabricating-involving pairs produce O/E ratios of 0.70-0.81 (35-44% of eligible cases fail under the combination despite succeeding under each dimension alone), while all non-fabricating pairs show purely additive effects (O/E ~ 1.0). Inquiry strategy moderates deficit but not pollution: exhaustive questioning recovers withheld information, but cannot compensate for fabricated inputs. Models exhibit distinct vulnerability profiles, with worst-case drops ranging from 38.8 to 54.1 percentage points. △ Less

Submitted 8 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures, 9 tables. Preprint

Spin-charge induced scalarization of Kerr-Newman black holes in the Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory with scalar potential

Authors: Xiang Luo, Meng-Yun Lai, Yun Soo Myung, Yi-Bin Huang, De-Cheng Zou

Abstract: We investigate the spin-charge-induced scalarization of Kerr--Newman (KN) black holes in the Einstein--Maxwell-scalar (EMS) theory with a scalar potential and positive coupling parameter. In the linearized theory, there exists a bound of $0<a<a_0$ with onset spin $a_c$ for the negative region signaling instability by analyzing the effective scalar mass term in the $θ$-direction. Solving the… ▽ More We investigate the spin-charge-induced scalarization of Kerr--Newman (KN) black holes in the Einstein--Maxwell-scalar (EMS) theory with a scalar potential and positive coupling parameter. In the linearized theory, there exists a bound of $0<a<a_0$ with onset spin $a_c$ for the negative region signaling instability by analyzing the effective scalar mass term in the $θ$-direction. Solving the $(2+1)$-dimensional evolution equation numerically, we find the region where the KN black hole becomes unstable, giving rise to scalarized KN black holes. The threshold curve for representing the boundary between stable and unstable KN black holes depends on charge $Q$, scalar mass $m_φ$, coupling parameter $α$, and spin parameter $a$ with upper bound $a^2\le M^2-Q^2$. △ Less

Submitted 12 April, 2026; v1 submitted 7 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 12 pages, 7 figures, change some reference papers

Journal ref: Universe 2026,12,83

Precise measurement of the CKM angle $γ$ with a novel approach

Authors: The BESIII, LHCb Collaborations, :, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco , et al. (1936 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A measurement of the CKM angle $γ$ is performed by applying a novel, unbinned, model-independent approach to datasets of electron-positron collisions collected by the BESIII experiment and proton-proton collisions by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 8 fb$^{-1}$ and 9 fb$^{-1}$, respectively. The $C\!P$-violating phase $γ$ is determined from… ▽ More A measurement of the CKM angle $γ$ is performed by applying a novel, unbinned, model-independent approach to datasets of electron-positron collisions collected by the BESIII experiment and proton-proton collisions by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 8 fb$^{-1}$ and 9 fb$^{-1}$, respectively. The $C\!P$-violating phase $γ$ is determined from ${B^{\pm}\rightarrow D(\rightarrow K_{\rm S}^{0} h^{\prime+}h^{\prime-}) h^{\pm}}$ decays in LHCb data, where $h^{(\prime)}$ is either a pion or kaon, while the corresponding strong-phase parameters are measured using doubly tagged ${D\rightarrow K_{\rm S/L}^0 h^{\prime+} h^{\prime-}}$ decays in the quantum-correlated $D\overline{D}$ system present in BESIII data. A joint fit to both datasets, which allows for a simultaneous determination of the associated $C\!P$-violating observables and strong-phase parameters, yields ${γ= (71.3\pm 5.0)^{\circ}}$. The result is the most precise to date and consistent with previous measurements and world averages. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://lbfence.cern.ch/alcm/public/analysis/full-details/5991/ (LHCb public pages)

Report number: LHCb-PAPER-2025-064, CERN-EP-2026-068

Measurement of the CKM angle $γ$ in $B^{\pm} \rightarrow D(\rightarrow K^{0}_{\rm S} h^{\prime+}h^{\prime-})h^{\pm}$ decays with a novel approach

Authors: The BESIII, LHCb Collaborations, :, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco , et al. (1936 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A measurement of the CKM angle $γ$ and related strong-phase parameters is performed using a novel, model-independent approach in ${B^{\pm}\rightarrow D(\rightarrow K^{0}_{\rm S} h^{\prime+}h^{\prime-}) h^{\pm}}$ decays, where $h^{(\prime)} \equiv π, K$. The analysis uses a joint data sample of electron-positron collisions collected by the BESIII experiment at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider… ▽ More A measurement of the CKM angle $γ$ and related strong-phase parameters is performed using a novel, model-independent approach in ${B^{\pm}\rightarrow D(\rightarrow K^{0}_{\rm S} h^{\prime+}h^{\prime-}) h^{\pm}}$ decays, where $h^{(\prime)} \equiv π, K$. The analysis uses a joint data sample of electron-positron collisions collected by the BESIII experiment at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider II during 2010--2011 and 2021--2022, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 8 fb$^{-1}$, and proton-proton collisions collected by the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider during 2011--2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb$^{-1}$. The two datasets are analyzed simultaneously by applying per-event weights based on the amplitude variation over the $D$-decay phase space to enhance the sensitivity to $C\!P$-violating observables. The CKM angle $γ$ is determined to be $γ= (71.3\pm 5.0)^{\circ}$, which constitutes the most precise single measurement to date. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://lbfence.cern.ch/alcm/public/analysis/full-details/3989/ (LHCb public pages)

Report number: LHCb-PAPER-2025-063, CERN-EP-2026-067

Superradiant phase transition in cavity magnonics via Floquet engineering

Authors: Si-Yan Lin, Fei Gao, Ye-Jun Xu, Lijiong Shen, Yan Wang, Xiao-Qing Luo, Guo-Qiang Zhang

Abstract: We propose a scheme to engineer the superradiant phase transition (SPT) in cavity magnonics by periodically modulating the frequency of the magnon mode. The studied system is composed of a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere positioned inside a microwave cavity, where magnons in the YIG sphere are strongly coupled to microwave photons. Under the Floquet drive, the effective frequencies of both the ca… ▽ More We propose a scheme to engineer the superradiant phase transition (SPT) in cavity magnonics by periodically modulating the frequency of the magnon mode. The studied system is composed of a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere positioned inside a microwave cavity, where magnons in the YIG sphere are strongly coupled to microwave photons. Under the Floquet drive, the effective frequencies of both the cavity and magnon modes can be readily controlled via the frequency and strength of Floquet field. This tunability allows the cavity magnonic system to support a rich steady-state phase diagram, featuring parity-symmetric, parity-symmetry-broken, bistable, and unstable phases. With the increase of Floquet-field strength, the system exhibit a discontinuous phase transition from the parity-symmetric phase to the parity-symmetry-broken phase at a critical threshold, accompanied by an abrupt jump of the magnon occupation from zero to a finite value. Upon further increase of Floquet-field strength, the magnon occupation declines continuously from a nonzero value back to zero, corresponding to a second-order phase transition that restores the parity-symmetric phase. Additionally, fluctuations in magnon number during the SPT process are examined. Our work establishes an alternative route to engineer the cavity-magnon SPT without relying on microwave parametric drive. △ Less

Submitted 4 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures

A Generative Foundation Model for Multimodal Histopathology

Authors: Jinxi Xiang, Mingjie Li, Siyu Hou, Yijiang Chen, Xiangde Luo, Yuanfeng Ji, Xiang Zhou, Ehsan Adeli, Akshay Chaudhari, Curtis P. Langlotz, Kilian M. Pohl, Ruijiang Li

Abstract: Accurate diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases require integrating histological, molecular, and clinical data, yet in practice these modalities are often incomplete owing to tissue scarcity, assay cost, and workflow constraints. Existing computational approaches attempt to impute missing modalities from available data but rely on task-specific models trained on narrow, single source-target p… ▽ More Accurate diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases require integrating histological, molecular, and clinical data, yet in practice these modalities are often incomplete owing to tissue scarcity, assay cost, and workflow constraints. Existing computational approaches attempt to impute missing modalities from available data but rely on task-specific models trained on narrow, single source-target pairs, limiting their generalizability. Here we introduce MuPD (Multimodal Pathology Diffusion), a generative foundation model that embeds hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histology, molecular RNA profiles, and clinical text into a shared latent space through a diffusion transformer with decoupled cross-modal attention. Pretrained on 100 million histology image patches, 1.6 million text-histology pairs, and 10.8 million RNA-histology pairs spanning 34 human organs, MuPD supports diverse cross-modal synthesis tasks with minimal or no task-specific fine-tuning. For text-conditioned and image-to-image generation, MuPD synthesizes histologically faithful tissue architectures, reducing Fréchet inception distance (FID) scores by 50% relative to domain-specific models and improving few-shot classification accuracy by up to 47% through synthetic data augmentation. For RNA-conditioned histology generation, MuPD reduces FID by 23% compared with the next-best method while preserving cell-type distributions across five cancer types. As a virtual stainer, MuPD translates H&E images to immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunofluorescence, improving average marker correlation by 37% over existing approaches. These results demonstrate that a single, unified generative model pretrained across heterogeneous pathology modalities can substantially outperform specialized alternatives, providing a scalable computational framework for multimodal histopathology. △ Less

Submitted 4 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 33 pages, 9 figures

A Multimodal Foundation Model of Spatial Transcriptomics and Histology for Biological Discovery and Clinical Prediction

Authors: Jinxi Xiang, Siyu Hou, Yuchen Li, Ryan Quinton, Xiaoming Zhang, Feyisope Eweje, Xiangde Luo, Yijiang Chen, Zhe Li, Colin Bergstrom, Ted Kim, Sierra Willens, Francesca Maria Olguin, Matthew Abikenari, Andrew Heider, Sanjeeth Rajaram, Joel Neal, Maximilian Diehn, Xiang Zhou, Ruijiang Li

Abstract: Spatial transcriptomics (ST) enables gene expression mapping within anatomical context but remains costly and low-throughput. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) staining offers rich morphology yet lacks molecular resolution. We present \textbf{\ours} (\textbf{S}patial \textbf{T}ranscriptomics and hist\textbf{O}logy \textbf{R}epresentation \textbf{M}odel), a foundation model trained on 1.2 million spatia… ▽ More Spatial transcriptomics (ST) enables gene expression mapping within anatomical context but remains costly and low-throughput. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) staining offers rich morphology yet lacks molecular resolution. We present \textbf{\ours} (\textbf{S}patial \textbf{T}ranscriptomics and hist\textbf{O}logy \textbf{R}epresentation \textbf{M}odel), a foundation model trained on 1.2 million spatially resolved transcriptomic profiles with matched histology across 18 organs. Using a hierarchical architecture integrating morphological features, gene expression, and spatial context, STORM bridges imaging and omics through robust molecular--morphological representations. STORM enhances spatial domain discovery, producing biologically coherent tissue maps, and outperforms existing methods in predicting spatial gene expression from H\&E images across 11 tumor types. The model is platform-agnostic, performing consistently across Visium, Xenium, Visium HD, and CosMx. Applied to 23 independent cohorts comprising 7,245 patients, STORM significantly improves immunotherapy response prediction and prognostication over established biomarkers, providing a scalable framework for spatially informed discovery and clinical precision medicine. △ Less

Submitted 4 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 29 pages, 5 figures. This manuscript is a work in progress; further updates and revisions will be posted as they become available

Influence of CO versus CH$_4$ on organic haze formation in atmospheres of diverse terrestrial exoplanets

Authors: Sai Wang, Zhengbo Yang, Haixin Li, Chao He, Yingjian Wang, Xiaoou Luo, Yu Liu, Sarah M. Horst, Sarah E. Moran, Veronique Vuitton, Laurene Flandinet, Patricia McGuiggan

Abstract: Context. Terrestrial exoplanets are expected to host secondary, high-metallicity atmospheres derived from outgassing of volatiles such as N2, CO2, H2O, CH4, and CO. Photochemical organic hazes are likely to form in such environments, significantly affecting atmospheric observations and planetary habitability. Aims. We investigate haze formation in representative terrestrial exoplanet atmospheres a… ▽ More Context. Terrestrial exoplanets are expected to host secondary, high-metallicity atmospheres derived from outgassing of volatiles such as N2, CO2, H2O, CH4, and CO. Photochemical organic hazes are likely to form in such environments, significantly affecting atmospheric observations and planetary habitability. Aims. We investigate haze formation in representative terrestrial exoplanet atmospheres and assess how CH4 versus CO as the primary carbon source affects haze production rates, particle properties, and chemical complexity. Methods. We performed six laboratory simulations by exposing gas mixtures at a few mbar to glow discharge at 300 K. Each atmosphere contained 75% N2, CO2, or H2O, 10% of each of the other two gases, and 5% CH4 or CO. Gas-phase products were analyzed with a residual gas analyzer, and solid products were characterized by production rate, particle density, atomic force microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and very high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results. CH4 experiments produced more diverse gas-phase species and much higher haze yields than the corresponding CO experiments. CO-derived hazes showed a narrow particle size range of 10-80 nm, whereas CH4-derived hazes were denser and chemically more complex. The identified molecular formulas suggest growth pathways linked to gaseous precursors such as HCN, CH2O, and C2H4. Conclusions. The atmospheric redox state critically controls haze formation in simulated terrestrial exoplanet atmospheres. CH4 is significantly more effective than CO in initiating organic growth, leading to higher haze production rates and greater chemical complexity. These results provide useful constraints for exoplanet atmospheric modeling and spectral interpretation, and further support the possibility that reducing atmospheres may facilitate prebiotic organic chemistry relevant to the emergence of life. △ Less

Submitted 4 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

CIDER: Boosting Memory-Disaggregated Key-Value Stores with Pessimistic Synchronization

Authors: Yuxuan Du, Xuchuan Luo, Xin Wang, Yangfan Zhou, Jiacheng Shen

Abstract: Memory-disaggregated key-value (KV) stores suffer from a severe performance bottleneck due to their I/O redundancy issues. A huge amount of redundant I/Os are generated when synchronizing concurrent data accesses, making the limited network between the compute and memory pools of DM a performance bottleneck. We identify the root cause for the redundant I/O lies in the mismatch between the optimist… ▽ More Memory-disaggregated key-value (KV) stores suffer from a severe performance bottleneck due to their I/O redundancy issues. A huge amount of redundant I/Os are generated when synchronizing concurrent data accesses, making the limited network between the compute and memory pools of DM a performance bottleneck. We identify the root cause for the redundant I/O lies in the mismatch between the optimistic synchronization of existing memory-disaggregated KV stores and the highly concurrent workloads on DM. In this paper, we propose to boost memory-disaggregated KV stores with pessimistic synchronization. We propose CIDER, a compute-side I/O optimization framework, to verify our idea. CIDER adopts a global write-combining technique to further reduce cross-node redundant I/Os. A contention-aware synchronization scheme is designed to improve the performance of pessimistic synchronization under low contention scenarios. Experimental results show that CIDER effectively improves the throughput of state-of-the-art memory-disaggregated KV stores by up to $6.6\times$ under the YCSB benchmark. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: This paper is accepted by VLDB'26

State estimations and noise identifications with intermittent corrupted observations via Bayesian variational inference

Authors: Peng Sun, Ruoyu Wang, Xue Luo

Abstract: This paper focuses on the state estimation problem in distributed sensor networks, where intermittent packet dropouts, corrupted observations, and unknown noise covariances coexist. To tackle this challenge, we formulate the joint estimation of system states, noise parameters, and network reliability as a Bayesian variational inference problem, and propose a novel variational Bayesian adaptive Kal… ▽ More This paper focuses on the state estimation problem in distributed sensor networks, where intermittent packet dropouts, corrupted observations, and unknown noise covariances coexist. To tackle this challenge, we formulate the joint estimation of system states, noise parameters, and network reliability as a Bayesian variational inference problem, and propose a novel variational Bayesian adaptive Kalman filter (VB-AKF) to approximate the joint posterior probability densities of the latent parameters. Unlike existing AKF that separately handle missing data and measurement outliers, the proposed VB-AKF adopts a dual-mask generative model with two independent Bernoulli random variables, explicitly characterizing both observable communication losses and latent data authenticity. Additionally, the VB-AKF integrates multiple concurrent multiple observations into the adaptive filtering framework, which significantly enhances statistical identifiability. Comprehensive numerical experiments verify the effectiveness and asymptotic optimality of the proposed method, showing that both parameter identification and state estimation asymptotically converge to the theoretical optimal lower bound with the increase in the number of sensors. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 8 pages, 6 figures

Error Estimates of the Gain Approximation by Hermite-Galerkin Method in Feedback Particle Filter

Authors: Ruoyu Wang, Peng Sun, Xue Luo

Abstract: The feedback particle filter (FPF) is a promising nonlinear filtering (NLF) method, but its practical implementation is hindered by the intractability of the gain function, which satisfies a boundary value problem (BVP). This paper proposes a novel two-step Hermite-Galerkin spectral method to address this challenge. First, the unknown density in the BVP is approximated by a kernel density estimato… ▽ More The feedback particle filter (FPF) is a promising nonlinear filtering (NLF) method, but its practical implementation is hindered by the intractability of the gain function, which satisfies a boundary value problem (BVP). This paper proposes a novel two-step Hermite-Galerkin spectral method to address this challenge. First, the unknown density in the BVP is approximated by a kernel density estimator, whose error bounds are well-established in the literature. Second, rather than directly approximating the gain function, we approximate an auxiliary variable via the Galerkin spectral method using generalized Hermite functions. This auxiliary variable inherits the rapid decay property of the density at infinity, which aligns perfectly with the exponential decay characteristic of generalized Hermite functions, thereby obviating the need for artificial boundary conditions or domain truncation. Furthermore, we rigorously establish two fundamental error estimates: the kernel approximation error decays at the rate $O(N_p^{-\frac{s}{2s+1}})$, while the spectral approximation error converges at $O(M^{-s+1}\log M)$, providing complete theoretical guarantees for the method's accuracy. Comprehensive numerical experiments validate the theoretical results and demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing gain approximation schemes in both accuracy and computational efficiency. △ Less

Submitted 3 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

Topological Anderson Random Laser

Authors: Hang-Zheng Shen, Xian-Hao Wei, Xi-Wang Luo, Zheng-Wei Zhou

Abstract: Topological lasers and random lasers embody two contrasting strategies for disorder management in photonics: the former suppresses disorder via protected edge transport, while the latter exploits multiple scattering for feedback. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that these seemingly incompatible paradigms can be unified through a topological Anderson random laser (TARL), where disorder itself in… ▽ More Topological lasers and random lasers embody two contrasting strategies for disorder management in photonics: the former suppresses disorder via protected edge transport, while the latter exploits multiple scattering for feedback. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that these seemingly incompatible paradigms can be unified through a topological Anderson random laser (TARL), where disorder itself induces a topological phase that enables robust lasing. Starting from a trivial photonic lattice, we show that engineered disorder drives the system into a topological Anderson insulator regime, generating emergent chiral edge states that serve as boundary-selective lasing channels. Remarkably, the TARL exhibits rapid mode selection toward a single edge state, producing an ultranarrow emission spectrum and enhanced slope efficiency optimized near disorder strength with maximal topological mobility gap. Furthermore, they exhibit single-mode-like coherence properties, deviating from Kardar-Parisi-Zhang behavior in conventional chiral topological lasers, while remaining significantly more robust against local perturbations than conventional random lasers. Our findings establish a disorder-enabled flexible route to topologically protected single-mode lasing and introduce a fundamentally new design principle for robust, high-coherence photonic light sources. △ Less

Submitted 22 March, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 7 pages, 6 figures, with 5 page supplementary information

Reliable Control-Point Selection for Steering Reasoning in Large Language Models

Authors: Haomin Zhuang, Hojun Yoo, Xiaonan Luo, Kehan Guo, Xiangliang Zhang

Abstract: Steering vectors offer a training-free mechanism for controlling reasoning behaviors in large language models, but constructing effective vectors requires identifying genuine behavioral signals in the model's hidden states. For behaviors that can be toggled via prompts, this is straightforward. However, many reasoning behaviors -- such as self-reflection -- emerge spontaneously and resist prompt-l… ▽ More Steering vectors offer a training-free mechanism for controlling reasoning behaviors in large language models, but constructing effective vectors requires identifying genuine behavioral signals in the model's hidden states. For behaviors that can be toggled via prompts, this is straightforward. However, many reasoning behaviors -- such as self-reflection -- emerge spontaneously and resist prompt-level control. Current methods detect these behaviors through keyword matching in chain-of-thought traces, implicitly assuming that every detected boundary encodes a genuine behavioral signal. We show that this assumption is overwhelmingly wrong: across 541 keyword-detected boundaries, 93.3\% are behaviorally unstable, failing to reproduce the detected behavior under re-generation from the same prefix. We develop a probabilistic model that formalizes intrinsic reasoning behaviors as stochastic events with context-dependent trigger probabilities, and show that unstable boundaries dilute the steering signal. Guided by this analysis, we propose stability filtering, which retains only boundaries where the model consistently reproduces the target behavior. Combined with a content-subspace projection that removes residual question-specific noise, our method achieves 0.784 accuracy on MATH-500 (+5.0 over the strongest baseline). The resulting steering vectors transfer across models in the same architecture family without re-extraction, improving Nemotron-Research-Reasoning-1.5B (+5.0) and DeepScaleR-1.5B-Preview (+6.0). Code is available at https://github.com/zhmzm/stability-steering. △ Less

Submitted 2 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Tsim: Fast Universal Simulator for Quantum Error Correction

Authors: Rafael Haenel, Xiuzhe Luo, Chen Zhao

Abstract: We present Tsim, an open-source high-throughput simulator for universal noisy quantum circuits targeting quantum error correction. Tsim represents quantum circuits as ZX diagrams, where Pauli channels are modeled as parameterized vertices. Diagrams are simplified via parameterized ZX rules, and then compiled for vectorized sampling with GPU acceleration. After the one-time compilation, one can sam… ▽ More We present Tsim, an open-source high-throughput simulator for universal noisy quantum circuits targeting quantum error correction. Tsim represents quantum circuits as ZX diagrams, where Pauli channels are modeled as parameterized vertices. Diagrams are simplified via parameterized ZX rules, and then compiled for vectorized sampling with GPU acceleration. After the one-time compilation, one can sample detector or measurement shots in linear time in the number of Clifford gates and exponentially only in the number of non-Clifford gates. Tsim implements the Stim API and fully supports the Stim circuit format, extending it with T and arbitrary single-qubit rotation instructions. For low-magic circuits, Tsim throughput can match the sampling performance of Stim. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: pip install bloqade-tsim | https://github.com/QuEraComputing/tsim

First energy scan measurement of $e^{+}e^{-}\to K^{+}K^{-}$ around the $ψ(2S)$ resonance

Authors: BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, Y. Ban, H. -R. Bao, X. L. Bao, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann , et al. (683 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first measurement of the $e^{+}e^{-}\to K^{+}K^{-}$ cross sections around the $ψ(2S)$ resonance using the energy scan method. The analysis is based on $e^{+}e^{-}$ collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 495~pb$^{-1}$ collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII. By analyzing the cross section line-shape, we extract the relative phase $Φ$ between the strong and el… ▽ More We report the first measurement of the $e^{+}e^{-}\to K^{+}K^{-}$ cross sections around the $ψ(2S)$ resonance using the energy scan method. The analysis is based on $e^{+}e^{-}$ collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 495~pb$^{-1}$ collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII. By analyzing the cross section line-shape, we extract the relative phase $Φ$ between the strong and electromagnetic amplitudes of the $ψ(2S)$ resonance, a fundamental parameter in charmonium physics, based on the assumption that the relative phase between the electromagnetic amplitude of the $ψ(2S)$ resonance and the continuum is zero. Two distinct solutions for the branching fraction $\mathcal{B}$ of $ψ(2S)\to K^{+}K^{-}$ are observed: a constructive interference solution with $\mathcal{B}=(7.49\pm0.41)\times10^{-5}$ and $Φ=(110.1 \pm6.7)^\circ$, and a destructive interference solution with $\mathcal{B}=(10.94\pm0.48)\times10^{-5}$ and $Φ=(-106.8\pm5.7)^\circ$. A significant correlation between $Φ$ and $\mathcal{B}$ is established, demonstrating that interference effects must be taken into account in the $ψ(2S)$ branching fraction measurements. Additionally, the first results for both the $ψ(2S)$ strong form factor, which characterizes the strong coupling between $ψ(2S)$ and $K^{+}K^{-}$, and the energy-dependent electromagnetic form factor of the charged kaon in this energy region are here reported. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures

A Comprehensive Information-Decomposition Analysis of Large Vision-Language Models

Authors: Lixin Xiu, Xufang Luo, Hideki Nakayama

Abstract: Large vision-language models (LVLMs) achieve impressive performance, yet their internal decision-making processes remain opaque, making it difficult to determine if the success stems from true multimodal fusion or from reliance on unimodal priors. To address this attribution gap, we introduce a novel framework using partial information decomposition (PID) to quantitatively measure the "information… ▽ More Large vision-language models (LVLMs) achieve impressive performance, yet their internal decision-making processes remain opaque, making it difficult to determine if the success stems from true multimodal fusion or from reliance on unimodal priors. To address this attribution gap, we introduce a novel framework using partial information decomposition (PID) to quantitatively measure the "information spectrum" of LVLMs -- decomposing a model's decision-relevant information into redundant, unique, and synergistic components. By adapting a scalable estimator to modern LVLM outputs, our model-agnostic pipeline profiles 26 LVLMs on four datasets across three dimensions -- breadth (cross-model & cross-task), depth (layer-wise information dynamics), and time (learning dynamics across training). Our analysis reveals two key results: (i) two task regimes (synergy-driven vs. knowledge-driven) and (ii) two stable, contrasting family-level strategies (fusion-centric vs. language-centric). We also uncover a consistent three-phase pattern in layer-wise processing and identify visual instruction tuning as the key stage where fusion is learned. Together, these contributions provide a quantitative lens beyond accuracy-only evaluation and offer insights for analyzing and designing the next generation of LVLMs. Code and data are available at https://github.com/RiiShin/pid-lvlm-analysis . △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Accepted at ICLR 2026. Project page: https://riishin.github.io/pid-lvlm-iclr26/

Resonant-enhanced tunneling electroresistance in sliding ferroelectric tunnel junctions

Authors: Ruixue Wang, Jiangang Chen, Er Pan, Wunan Wang, Zefen Li, Fan Yang, Hongmiao Zhou, Zhaoren Xie, Qing Liu, Xiao Luo, Junhao Chu, Wenwu Li, Fucai Liu

Abstract: The escalating demand for memory scaling requires switching mechanisms that remain reliable at atomic thickness while operating with minimal energy consumption. Sliding ferroelectricity provides a promising platform for this challenge: the spontaneous interfacial polarization emerging at superlubric, atomically thin van der Waals interfaces endows exceptional fatigue resistance, ultrafast switchin… ▽ More The escalating demand for memory scaling requires switching mechanisms that remain reliable at atomic thickness while operating with minimal energy consumption. Sliding ferroelectricity provides a promising platform for this challenge: the spontaneous interfacial polarization emerging at superlubric, atomically thin van der Waals interfaces endows exceptional fatigue resistance, ultrafast switching and ultralow coercive fields. Nevertheless, the intrinsically weak polarization of sliding ferroelectrics limits the available signal window, necessitating new physical mechanisms that can transduce subtle polarization variations into pronounced resistance contrasts. Here, we address this challenge by introducing momentum-conserving resonant tunneling between lattice-aligned graphene electrodes. The resulting resonant sliding ferroelectric tunnel junction achieves a tunneling electroresistance (TER) ratio of up to 225.65%, substantially exceeding that of conventional sliding ferroelectric tunnel junctions. In addition, the device delivers a tunable TER ratio, multistate programmability, high current density, robust endurance with a small coefficient of variation (<0.69%), fast switching (20 ns), low switching energy (310 fJ), and low read voltage (<0.2 V). Collectively, these results establish a unique role for sliding ferroelectricity in bridging the gap of memory technology between performance and miniaturization, and open a new pathway toward next-generation nonvolatile memory technologies. △ Less

Submitted 30 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 12 pages, 4 figures

Inverse source problems with reduced interior data for a coupled reaction-diffusion system

Authors: Xinyue Luo, Masahiro Yamamoto, Jin Cheng

Abstract: We consider a two-component semilinear reaction-diffusion system in a bounded spatial domain $Ω$ over a time interval $(0,T)$, which governs the water density $u(x,t)$ and the vegetation biomass density $v(x,t)$ for $x\inΩ$ and $0<t<T$. In this system, called the Klausmeier-Gray-Scott model, we assume that an unknown source depends only on the spatial variable and appears in the reaction-diffusion… ▽ More We consider a two-component semilinear reaction-diffusion system in a bounded spatial domain $Ω$ over a time interval $(0,T)$, which governs the water density $u(x,t)$ and the vegetation biomass density $v(x,t)$ for $x\inΩ$ and $0<t<T$. In this system, called the Klausmeier-Gray-Scott model, we assume that an unknown source depends only on the spatial variable and appears in the reaction-diffusion equation for $u$. The main subject is the inverse source problem of determining a source term from limited data on $(u,v)$. We establish two kinds of stability estimates by means of Carleman estimates. First, a Carleman estimate with a singular weight yields a Lipschitz stability estimate for the inverse source problem from data consisting of a snapshot $u(\cdot,t_0)$ in $Ω$ and $(u,v)$ in a subdomain $ω$ over a time interval. Second, without assuming boundary data, we prove a Hölder stability estimate in any interior subdomain $Ω_0$ satisfying $\overline{Ω_0}\subsetΩ$. We further study how much the observation data can be reduced while preserving uniqueness and stability in the inverse problem under suitable additional conditions. △ Less

Submitted 30 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Observation of $Λ^+_c\to nπ^+η$ and search for $Λ^+_c\to na_0(980)^+$

Authors: BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, Y. Ban, H. -R. Bao, X. L. Bao, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko , et al. (722 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: By analysing 6.1 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$ of data collected at center-of-mass energies between $\sqrt{s}=4.600$ and 4.843 $\rm GeV$ with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we observe the decay $Λ_c^+\to nπ^+η$ for the first time with a statistical significance of $9.5σ$. The ratio of branching fractions $\mathcal{B}(Λ_c^+\to nπ^+η)/\mathcal{B}(Λ_c^+\to Λπ^+η)$ is measured to be… ▽ More By analysing 6.1 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$ of data collected at center-of-mass energies between $\sqrt{s}=4.600$ and 4.843 $\rm GeV$ with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we observe the decay $Λ_c^+\to nπ^+η$ for the first time with a statistical significance of $9.5σ$. The ratio of branching fractions $\mathcal{B}(Λ_c^+\to nπ^+η)/\mathcal{B}(Λ_c^+\to Λπ^+η)$ is measured to be $0.155\pm0.031_{\rm stat.}\pm0.012_{\rm syst.}$ Taking the world average of $\mathcal{B}(Λ_c^+\to Λπ^+η)$ as reference, the absolute branching fraction is calculated to be $\mathcal{B}(Λ_c^+\to nπ^+η)=(2.94\pm0.59_{\rm stat.}\pm0.23_{\rm syst.}\pm0.13_{\rm ref.})\times10^{-3}$. The intermediate process $Λ_c^+\to na_0(980)^+$ is also searched for in the $π^+η$ invariant mass spectrum. Since no significant signal is found, the upper limit on $\mathcal{B}(Λ_c^+\to na_0(980)^+)\times\mathcal{B}(a_0(980)^+\toπ^+η)$ is set to $8.4\times10^{-4}$ at 90\% confidence level. A sophisticated deep learning approach using a Transformer-based architecture is employed to distinguish signals from prevalent hadronic backgrounds, complemented by thorough validation and systematic uncertainty quantification. △ Less

Submitted 30 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 25 pages, 6 figures

Emergent Social Intelligence Risks in Generative Multi-Agent Systems

Authors: Yue Huang, Yu Jiang, Wenjie Wang, Haomin Zhuang, Xiaonan Luo, Yuchen Ma, Zhangchen Xu, Zichen Chen, Nuno Moniz, Zinan Lin, Pin-Yu Chen, Nitesh V Chawla, Nouha Dziri, Huan Sun, Xiangliang Zhang

Abstract: Multi-agent systems composed of large generative models are rapidly moving from laboratory prototypes to real-world deployments, where they jointly plan, negotiate, and allocate shared resources to solve complex tasks. While such systems promise unprecedented scalability and autonomy, their collective interaction also gives rise to failure modes that cannot be reduced to individual agents. Underst… ▽ More Multi-agent systems composed of large generative models are rapidly moving from laboratory prototypes to real-world deployments, where they jointly plan, negotiate, and allocate shared resources to solve complex tasks. While such systems promise unprecedented scalability and autonomy, their collective interaction also gives rise to failure modes that cannot be reduced to individual agents. Understanding these emergent risks is therefore critical. Here, we present a pioneer study of such emergent multi-agent risk in workflows that involve competition over shared resources (e.g., computing resources or market share), sequential handoff collaboration (where downstream agents see only predecessor outputs), collective decision aggregation, and others. Across these settings, we observe that such group behaviors arise frequently across repeated trials and a wide range of interaction conditions, rather than as rare or pathological cases. In particular, phenomena such as collusion-like coordination and conformity emerge with non-trivial frequency under realistic resource constraints, communication protocols, and role assignments, mirroring well-known pathologies in human societies despite no explicit instruction. Moreover, these risks cannot be prevented by existing agent-level safeguards alone. These findings expose the dark side of intelligent multi-agent systems: a social intelligence risk where agent collectives, despite no instruction to do so, spontaneously reproduce familiar failure patterns from human societies. △ Less

Submitted 4 April, 2026; v1 submitted 29 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Quantifying Building Blocks of Life in Planetary Analog Materials: Implications for Prebiotic Chemistry and Biosignature Identification

Authors: Xiaoou Luo, Chao He, Zhengbo Yang, Yingjian Wang, Ziyao Fang, Yu Liu, Sai Wang, Haixin Li

Abstract: Building blocks of life such as amino acids, nucleobases, and fatty acids are central to prebiotic chemistry and represent key targets in the search for planetary biosignatures. In planetary materials, biomolecules typically occur at trace levels within complex matrices, posing substantial analytical challenges, particularly for quantitative characterization. Here we develop a gas chromatography t… ▽ More Building blocks of life such as amino acids, nucleobases, and fatty acids are central to prebiotic chemistry and represent key targets in the search for planetary biosignatures. In planetary materials, biomolecules typically occur at trace levels within complex matrices, posing substantial analytical challenges, particularly for quantitative characterization. Here we develop a gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method that enables robust qualitative and quantitative analysis of 56 prebiotically relevant molecules. The method is applied to a Titan aerosol analog and, for the first time, to a Martian gypsum analog from the Qaidam Basin, revealing diverse inventories of amino acids, nucleobases, and fatty acids in both samples. In the Titan aerosol analog, the first detection of phenylalanine and an extensive inventory of fatty acids, together with elevated nucleobase abundances, offers new insights into atmospheric photochemical synthesis of prebiotic molecules. In the Martian analog sample, amino acids are detectable and exhibit pronounced biotic abiotic contrasts in abundance patterns relative to those observed in the Titan aerosol analog, whereas fatty acids show more overlapping abiotic and biotic signatures, highlighting the potential of amino acids as robust biosignatures. These results provide quantitative constraints on prebiotic chemical evolution and underscore the utility of GC-MS-MS for biosignature identification in planetary exploration. △ Less

Submitted 29 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Accepted in PSJ

Emergent Neural Automaton Policies: Learning Symbolic Structure from Visuomotor Trajectories

Authors: Yiyuan Pan, Xusheng Luo, Hanjiang Hu, Peiqi Yu, Changliu Liu

Abstract: Scaling robot learning to long-horizon tasks remains a formidable challenge. While end-to-end policies often lack the structural priors needed for effective long-term reasoning, traditional neuro-symbolic methods rely heavily on hand-crafted symbolic priors. To address the issue, we introduce ENAP (Emergent Neural Automaton Policy), a framework that allows a bi-level neuro-symbolic policy adaptive… ▽ More Scaling robot learning to long-horizon tasks remains a formidable challenge. While end-to-end policies often lack the structural priors needed for effective long-term reasoning, traditional neuro-symbolic methods rely heavily on hand-crafted symbolic priors. To address the issue, we introduce ENAP (Emergent Neural Automaton Policy), a framework that allows a bi-level neuro-symbolic policy adaptively emerge from visuomotor demonstrations. Specifically, we first employ adaptive clustering and an extension of the L* algorithm to infer a Mealy state machine from visuomotor data, which serves as an interpretable high-level planner capturing latent task modes. Then, this discrete structure guides a low-level reactive residual network to learn precise continuous control via behavior cloning (BC). By explicitly modeling the task structure with discrete transitions and continuous residuals, ENAP achieves high sample efficiency and interpretability without requiring task-specific labels. Extensive experiments on complex manipulation and long-horizon tasks demonstrate that ENAP outperforms state-of-the-art (SoTA) end-to-end VLA policies by up to 27% in low-data regimes, while offering a structured representation of robotic intent (Fig. 1). △ Less

Submitted 15 April, 2026; v1 submitted 26 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Amplitude analysis and branching fraction measurement of the decay $D^0 \to K^+K^-π^0π^0$

Authors: BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, M. S. Anderson, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone , et al. (749 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: An amplitude analysis of the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decay $D^0 \to K^+ K^- π^0 π^0$ is performed, for the first time, to determine the relative magnitudes and phases of different intermediate processes. The analysis uses $e^+e^-$ collision data collected with the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energy 3.773~GeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 $\rm fb^{-1}$. The absolute… ▽ More An amplitude analysis of the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decay $D^0 \to K^+ K^- π^0 π^0$ is performed, for the first time, to determine the relative magnitudes and phases of different intermediate processes. The analysis uses $e^+e^-$ collision data collected with the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energy 3.773~GeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 $\rm fb^{-1}$. The absolute branching fraction of $D^0 \to K^+ K^- π^0 π^0$ is measured to be \BF. The dominant intermediate process is $D^0 \to K^{*}(892)^+K^{*}(892)^-$, with a branching fraction of $(2.79 \pm 0.13_{\rm{stat.}} \pm 0.11_{\rm{syst.}}) \times 10^{-3}$. Amplitude analysis reveals that the $D^0 \to K^{*}(892)^+K^{*}(892)^-$ decay is S-wave dominant. The longitudinal polarization fraction of $D^0 \to K^{*}(892)^+ K^{*}(892)^-$ is measured to be $0.468\pm0.046_{\rm{stat.}}\pm0.011_{\rm{syst.}}$. △ Less

Submitted 30 March, 2026; v1 submitted 26 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Beyond the Golden Data: Resolving the Motion-Vision Quality Dilemma via Timestep Selective Training

Authors: Xiangyang Luo, Qingyu Li, Yuming Li, Guanbo Huang, Yongjie Zhu, Wenyu Qin, Meng Wang, Pengfei Wan, Shao-Lun Huang

Abstract: Recent advances in video generation models have achieved impressive results. However, these models heavily rely on the use of high-quality data that combines both high visual quality and high motion quality. In this paper, we identify a key challenge in video data curation: the Motion-Vision Quality Dilemma. We discovered that visual quality and motion intensity inherently exhibit a negative corre… ▽ More Recent advances in video generation models have achieved impressive results. However, these models heavily rely on the use of high-quality data that combines both high visual quality and high motion quality. In this paper, we identify a key challenge in video data curation: the Motion-Vision Quality Dilemma. We discovered that visual quality and motion intensity inherently exhibit a negative correlation, making it hard to obtain golden data that excels in both aspects. To address this challenge, we first examine the hierarchical learning dynamics of video diffusion models and conduct gradient-based analysis on quality-degraded samples. We discover that quality-imbalanced data can produce gradients similar to golden data at appropriate timesteps. Based on this, we introduce the novel concept of Timestep selection in Training Process. We propose Timestep-aware Quality Decoupling (TQD), which modifies the data sampling distribution to better match the model's learning process. For certain types of data, the sampling distribution is skewed toward higher timesteps for motion-rich data, while high visual quality data is more likely to be sampled during lower timesteps. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that TQD enables training exclusively on separated imbalanced data to achieve performance surpassing conventional training with better data, challenging the necessity of perfect data in video generation. Moreover, our method also boosts model performance when trained on high-quality data, showcasing its effectiveness across different data scenarios. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2026; v1 submitted 26 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: Accepted to CVPR 2026

Why Does Self-Distillation (Sometimes) Degrade the Reasoning Capability of LLMs?

Authors: Jeonghye Kim, Xufang Luo, Minbeom Kim, Sangmook Lee, Dohyung Kim, Jiwon Jeon, Dongsheng Li, Yuqing Yang

Abstract: Self-distillation has emerged as an effective post-training paradigm for LLMs, often improving performance while shortening reasoning traces. However, in mathematical reasoning, we find that it can reduce response length while degrading performance. We trace this degradation to the suppression of epistemic verbalization - the model's expression of uncertainty during reasoning. Through controlled e… ▽ More Self-distillation has emerged as an effective post-training paradigm for LLMs, often improving performance while shortening reasoning traces. However, in mathematical reasoning, we find that it can reduce response length while degrading performance. We trace this degradation to the suppression of epistemic verbalization - the model's expression of uncertainty during reasoning. Through controlled experiments varying conditioning context richness and task coverage, we show that conditioning the teacher on rich information suppresses uncertainty expression, enabling rapid in-domain optimization with limited task coverage but harming OOD performance, where unseen problems benefit from expressing uncertainty and adjusting accordingly. Across Qwen3-8B, DeepSeek-Distill-Qwen-7B, and Olmo3-7B-Instruct, we observe performance drops of up to 40%. Our findings highlight that exposing appropriate levels of uncertainty is crucial for robust reasoning and underscore the importance of optimizing reasoning behavior beyond merely reinforcing correct answer traces. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Cross Section Measurements of $\bar{n}p \rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}π^{+}(π^{0})$ via Antineutrons Produced by $J/ψ\to p π^{-} \bar{n}$ Decays

Authors: BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, Y. Ban, H. -R. Bao, X. L. Bao, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko , et al. (737 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Based on a novel method for producing antineutrons via $J/ψ$ decays, we report a study of $\bar{n}p$ inelastic scattering into final states containing kaons. The analysis uses $(10087\pm44)\times 10^6$ $J/ψ$ events collected at the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring. Antineutrons are produced via $J/ψ\to p π^{-} \bar{n}$ decays and tagged by the detected protons and pions, result… ▽ More Based on a novel method for producing antineutrons via $J/ψ$ decays, we report a study of $\bar{n}p$ inelastic scattering into final states containing kaons. The analysis uses $(10087\pm44)\times 10^6$ $J/ψ$ events collected at the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring. Antineutrons are produced via $J/ψ\to p π^{-} \bar{n}$ decays and tagged by the detected protons and pions, resulting in antineutron momenta ranging from 0 to 1174~MeV/$c$, while target protons are provided by the hydrogen in the beam-pipe material. The cross sections of the reactions $\bar{n}p \rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}π^{+}$ and $\bar{n}p \rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}π^{+}π^{0}$ are measured to be $0.53^{+0.15}_{-0.12} \pm 0.08$~mb and $1.09^{+0.36}_{-0.30} \pm 0.31$~mb respectively, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. Due to limited statistics, the intermediate states in these processes are not investigated. The observation of clean antineutron-proton scattering events indicates the potential of this approach for future investigations of antineutron-proton interactions. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Scintillation light calibrations, systematic uncertainties, and triggering efficiency in the MicroBooNE detector

Authors: MicroBooNE collaboration, P. Abratenko, D. Andrade Aldana, L. Arellano, J. Asaadi, A. Ashkenazi, S. Balasubramanian, B. Baller, A. Barnard, G. Barr, D. Barrow, J. Barrow, V. Basque, J. Bateman, B. Behera, O. Benevides Rodrigues, S. Berkman, A. Bhat, M. Bhattacharya, V. Bhelande, A. Binau, M. Bishai, A. Blake, B. Bogart, T. Bolton , et al. (169 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Scintillation light, produced alongside ionisation charge from particle interactions, plays a critical role in liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) detectors. A detailed understanding of its production and detection mechanisms is essential for robust calibration, systematic uncertainty evaluation, and physics analysis. This article describes the MicroBooNE light simulation, light-based tr… ▽ More Scintillation light, produced alongside ionisation charge from particle interactions, plays a critical role in liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) detectors. A detailed understanding of its production and detection mechanisms is essential for robust calibration, systematic uncertainty evaluation, and physics analysis. This article describes the MicroBooNE light simulation, light-based triggering schemes, photomultiplier tube gain calibration, light response stability, and light-based systematic uncertainties over the course of five years of data collection. In addition, we present a measurement of scintillation light triggering efficiency, focusing on the lowest-light regime relevant to rare-event searches and low-energy neutrino interactions. Finally, we discuss two notable observations in MicroBooNE's data, both reported here for the first time: an approximately 50% decline in MicroBooNE's light yield over time, concentrated in the first two years of running; and a higher than expected O(200 kHz) rate of single photoelectron noise. The results presented provide an important benchmark of long-term light detection performance in LArTPC neutrino detectors. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

SortedRL: Accelerating RL Training for LLMs through Online Length-Aware Scheduling

Authors: Yiqi Zhang, Huiqiang Jiang, Xufang Luo, Zhihe Yang, Chengruidong Zhang, Yifei Shen, Dongsheng Li, Yuqing Yang, Lili Qiu, Yang You

Abstract: Scaling reinforcement learning (RL) has shown strong promise for enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), particularly in tasks requiring long chain-of-thought generation. However, RL training efficiency is often bottlenecked by the rollout phase, which can account for up to 70% of total training time when generating long trajectories (e.g., 16k tokens), due to slow autor… ▽ More Scaling reinforcement learning (RL) has shown strong promise for enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), particularly in tasks requiring long chain-of-thought generation. However, RL training efficiency is often bottlenecked by the rollout phase, which can account for up to 70% of total training time when generating long trajectories (e.g., 16k tokens), due to slow autoregressive generation and synchronization overhead between rollout and policy updates. We propose SortedRL, an online length-aware scheduling strategy designed to address this bottleneck by improving rollout efficiency and maintaining training stability. SortedRL reorders rollout samples based on output lengths, prioritizing short samples forming groups for early updates. This enables large rollout batches, flexible update batches, and near on-policy micro-curriculum construction simultaneously. To further accelerate the pipeline, SortedRL incorporates a mechanism to control the degree of off-policy training through a cache-based mechanism, and is supported by a dedicated RL infrastructure that manages rollout and update via a stateful controller and rollout buffer. Experiments using LLaMA-3.1-8B and Qwen-2.5-32B on diverse tasks, including logical puzzles, and math challenges like AIME 24, Math 500, and Minerval, show that SortedRL reduces RL training bubble ratios by over 50%, while attaining 3.9% to 18.4% superior performance over baseline given same amount of data. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Amplitude Analysis of the Isospin-Violating Decay $J/ψ\rightarrowγηπ^{0}$

Authors: BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. -R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko , et al. (736 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Using $(10087 \pm 44)\times 10^{6}$ $\jpsi$ events collected with the BESIII detector, we perform the first amplitude analysis of the process $\jpsi\toγη\piz$. The decay is dominated by the intermediate processes $\jpsi\to\piz \bo \left( \toγη\right)$, $\jpsi\to\pizρ(1450)^0 \left( \toγη\right)$ and $\jpsi\toηh_1(1170) \left( \toγ\piz\right)$. Contributions from $\jpsi\toγa_0(980)^0(\toη\piz)$,… ▽ More Using $(10087 \pm 44)\times 10^{6}$ $\jpsi$ events collected with the BESIII detector, we perform the first amplitude analysis of the process $\jpsi\toγη\piz$. The decay is dominated by the intermediate processes $\jpsi\to\piz \bo \left( \toγη\right)$, $\jpsi\to\pizρ(1450)^0 \left( \toγη\right)$ and $\jpsi\toηh_1(1170) \left( \toγ\piz\right)$. Contributions from $\jpsi\toγa_0(980)^0(\toη\piz)$, $\jpsi\toγa_2(1320)^0(\toη\piz)$ and $\jpsi\toγa_2(1700)^0(\toη\piz)$ are observed with a statistical significance exceeding $5σ$, constituting the first observation of radiative transitions of $\jpsi$ to isospin-triplet scalar mesons. The total branching fraction of $\jpsi\toγη\piz$ is measured to be \num{25.7\pm0.3\pm1.5e-6}, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. This result is consistent with the previous measurement, with the precision improved by more than a factor of two. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 14 pages, 4 figures

Search for the radiative decays $D^0\to γ\bar K_1(1270)^0$ and $D^+\to γK_1(1270)^+$

Authors: BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, Y. Ban, H. -R. Bao, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, H. Cai , et al. (678 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A search for the radiative decays $D^0\to γ\bar K_1(1270)^0$ and $D^+\to γK_1(1270)^+$ is conducted using $20.3~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ of $e^+e^-$ annihilation data collected at the center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=3.773$ GeV by the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider. No significant signals are observed, and upper limits on the branching fractions of $D^0\to γ\bar K_1(1270)^0$ and… ▽ More A search for the radiative decays $D^0\to γ\bar K_1(1270)^0$ and $D^+\to γK_1(1270)^+$ is conducted using $20.3~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ of $e^+e^-$ annihilation data collected at the center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=3.773$ GeV by the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider. No significant signals are observed, and upper limits on the branching fractions of $D^0\to γ\bar K_1(1270)^0$ and $D^+\to γK_1(1270)^+$ at 90\% confidence level are determined to be $7.7\times10^{-4}$ and $3.9\times10^{-5}$, respectively. This represents the first test of the Vector Meson Dominance mechanism in the radiative decays of charmed mesons to axial-vector mesons. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 11 pages 5 figures 4 table

A Matrix Rank Formula for Vector Bundles of Vertex Operator Algebra Coinvariants and Conformal Blocks

Authors: Xiangrui Luo

Abstract: We introduce FA-matrices for computing ranks of vector bundles of coinvariants and conformal blocks associated with modules over vertex operator algebras on the moduli space of stable pointed curves, unifying the notions of fusion and averaging matrices and generalizing Ueno's work. To illustrate, we compute ranks of vector bundles determined by pointed VOAs and the tensor product of certain VOAs,… ▽ More We introduce FA-matrices for computing ranks of vector bundles of coinvariants and conformal blocks associated with modules over vertex operator algebras on the moduli space of stable pointed curves, unifying the notions of fusion and averaging matrices and generalizing Ueno's work. To illustrate, we compute ranks of vector bundles determined by pointed VOAs and the tensor product of certain VOAs, as well as other examples. As an application, positivity properties of their first Chern classes are analyzed. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2026; v1 submitted 23 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

AnkleType: A Hands- and Eyes-free Foot-based Text Entry Technique in Virtual Reality

Authors: Xiyun Luo, Weirong Luo, Kening Zhu, Taizhou Chen

Abstract: Virtual Reality (VR) emphasizes immersive experiences, while text entry often requires hands or visual attention, which may disrupt the interaction flows in VR. We present AnkleType, a hand- and eye-free text-entry technique that leverages ankle-based gestures for both standing and sitting situations. We began with two preliminary studies: one investigated the movement range of users' ankles, and… ▽ More Virtual Reality (VR) emphasizes immersive experiences, while text entry often requires hands or visual attention, which may disrupt the interaction flows in VR. We present AnkleType, a hand- and eye-free text-entry technique that leverages ankle-based gestures for both standing and sitting situations. We began with two preliminary studies: one investigated the movement range of users' ankles, and the other elicited user-preferred ankle gestures for text-entry-related operations. The findings of these two studies guided our design of AnkleType. To optimize AnkleType's keyboard layout for eye-free input, we conducted a user study to capture the users' natural ankle spatial awareness with a computer-simulated language test. Through a pairwise comparison study, we designed a bipedal input strategy for sitting (BPSit) and a unipedal input strategy for standing (UPStand). Our first in-VR text-entry evaluation with 16 participants demonstrated that our methods could support the average typing speed from 8.99 WPM (BPSit) to 9.13 WPM (UPStand) for our first-time users. We further evaluated our design with a 7-day longitudinal study with twelve participants. Participants achieved an average typing speed of 15.05 WPM with UPStand and 16.70 WPM with BPSit in the visual condition, and 11.15 WPM and 12.87 WPM, respectively in the eyes-free condition. △ Less

Submitted 23 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Journal ref: In Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Highly-efficient, narrow-linewidth Brillouin microlasers implemented in compact thin-film lithium niobate microresonators

Authors: Yingnuo Qiu, Chuntao Li, Renhong Gao, Xiaochao Luo, Lingling Qiao, Min Wang, Jintian Lin, Ya Cheng

Abstract: Stimulated Brillouin microlasers offer chip-scale light sources with high spectral purity and low phase noise--key attributes for applications spanning precision metrology, quantum technologies, and coherent information processing. However, simultaneously bringing both pump and scattered waves into resonance often compromises photon confinement or modal volume, resulting in limited conversion effi… ▽ More Stimulated Brillouin microlasers offer chip-scale light sources with high spectral purity and low phase noise--key attributes for applications spanning precision metrology, quantum technologies, and coherent information processing. However, simultaneously bringing both pump and scattered waves into resonance often compromises photon confinement or modal volume, resulting in limited conversion efficiency and elevated thresholds. In this work, a novel approach is proposed to generate Brillouin microlasers with high efficiency, low threshold, and narrow linewidth, by combining a cross-polarized stimulated Brillouin scattering scheme with intentional Stokes mode splitting to compensate for mode detuning. Triple-resonance and phase-matching conditions are simultaneously achieved in a 114-um-diameter thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) microresonator, enabling precise alignment with both the ~10-GHz Brillouin shift and the ~100-MHz narrow gain bandwidth. The resulting Brillouin microlaser achieves a narrow intrinsic linewidth of 2.88 Hz, a short-term integral linewidth of 185 Hz, an on-chip conversion efficiency of 57.92%, and a pump threshold as low as 1.03 mW. Both the conversion efficiency and the lasing threshold represent record-high performance for the TFLN platform to date. △ Less

Submitted 23 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 4 pages, and 4 figures

Asymptotic stability of shear flows for 2D Euler equations at Yudovich regularity

Authors: Dengjun Guo, Xiaoyutao Luo

Abstract: The nonlinear asymptotic stability of shear flows in the 2D Euler equations has traditionally been linked to inviscid damping in the periodic setting. Since Gevrey regularity is required to suppress the ``echo'' phenomenon, asymptotic stability is known to be impossible in Sobolev spaces. In this paper, we identify a distinct stabilizing mechanism available in the infinite channel: the advection… ▽ More The nonlinear asymptotic stability of shear flows in the 2D Euler equations has traditionally been linked to inviscid damping in the periodic setting. Since Gevrey regularity is required to suppress the ``echo'' phenomenon, asymptotic stability is known to be impossible in Sobolev spaces. In this paper, we identify a distinct stabilizing mechanism available in the infinite channel: the advection of vorticity to spatial infinity. We establish nonlinear asymptotic stability for the 2D Euler equations in the infinite channel $\mathbb{R}\times[0,1]$ at the minimal regularity of the Yudovich class ($L^{\infty}$ vorticity). Specifically, for a class of non-negative shear flows with a curvature bound, any $L^\infty$-small, compactly supported vorticity perturbation leads to decay on compact subsets and weak convergence to zero. △ Less

Submitted 20 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 24 pages

How Well Does Generative Recommendation Generalize?

Authors: Yijie Ding, Zitian Guo, Jiacheng Li, Letian Peng, Shuai Shao, Wei Shao, Xiaoqiang Luo, Luke Simon, Jingbo Shang, Julian McAuley, Yupeng Hou

Abstract: A widely held hypothesis for why generative recommendation (GR) models outperform conventional item ID-based models is that they generalize better. However, there is few systematic way to verify this hypothesis beyond a superficial comparison of overall performance. To address this gap, we categorize each data instance based on the specific capability required for a correct prediction: either memo… ▽ More A widely held hypothesis for why generative recommendation (GR) models outperform conventional item ID-based models is that they generalize better. However, there is few systematic way to verify this hypothesis beyond a superficial comparison of overall performance. To address this gap, we categorize each data instance based on the specific capability required for a correct prediction: either memorization (reusing item transition patterns observed during training) or generalization (composing known patterns to predict unseen item transitions). Extensive experiments show that GR models perform better on instances that require generalization, whereas item ID-based models perform better when memorization is more important. To explain this divergence, we shift the analysis from the item level to the token level and show that what appears to be item-level generalization often reduces to token-level memorization for GR models. Finally, we show that the two paradigms are complementary. We propose a simple memorization-aware indicator that adaptively combines them on a per-instance basis, leading to improved overall recommendation performance. △ Less

Submitted 20 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Observation of $D_s^+ \to a_0(980)^+f_0(500)$ in the Amplitude Analysis of $D_s^+ \to π^+ π^0 π^0 η$

Authors: BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, Y. Ban, H. -R. Bao, X. L. Bao, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko , et al. (719 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the first observation of the decay $D_s^+ \to π^+π^0π^0η$ in a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 7.33 fb$^{-1}$, collected in $e^+e^-$ collisions by the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies between 4.128 and 4.226 GeV. An unexpectedly large branching fraction… ▽ More We report the first observation of the decay $D_s^+ \to π^+π^0π^0η$ in a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 7.33 fb$^{-1}$, collected in $e^+e^-$ collisions by the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies between 4.128 and 4.226 GeV. An unexpectedly large branching fraction $\mathcal{B}( D_s^+ \to a_0(980)^+ f_0(500), a_0(980)^+ \to π^+η, f_0(500)\to π^0π^0) = (0.98 \pm 0.16_{\rm{stat.}} \pm 0.22_{\rm{syst.}})\%$ is measured with a significance exceeding $10σ$, offering new constraints on the internal structure of light scalar mesons. The dominant intermediate process is $D_s^+ \to a_1(1260)^+η, a_1(1260)^+\to ρ(770)^+π^0$ with a branching fraction of $(1.77 \pm 0.21_{\rm stat.} \pm 0.12_{\rm syst.})\%$. The isospin symmetry has been validated to the decays of $a_1(1260)^+\to ρ(770)^0π^+$ and $a_1(1260)^+\to ρ(770)^+π^0$. Moreover, the measured $\mathcal{B}(D_s^+\to π^+π^0π^0η|_{\rm{non}-η^\prime})=(2.97 \pm 0.23_{\rm stat.} \pm 0.14_{\rm sys.})$ reduces the undetected $D_s^+ \to ηX$ decay branching fractions to (0.1 $\pm$ 3.1)\%. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

The minimax optimal convergence rate of posterior density in the weighted orthogonal polynomials

Authors: Yiqi Luo, Xue Luo

Abstract: We investigate Bayesian nonparametric density estimation via orthogonal polynomial expansions in weighted Sobolev spaces. A core challenge is establishing minimax optimal posterior convergence rates, especially for densities on unbounded domains without a strictly positive lower bound. For densities bounded away from zero, we give sufficient conditions under which the framework of \cite{shen2001}… ▽ More We investigate Bayesian nonparametric density estimation via orthogonal polynomial expansions in weighted Sobolev spaces. A core challenge is establishing minimax optimal posterior convergence rates, especially for densities on unbounded domains without a strictly positive lower bound. For densities bounded away from zero, we give sufficient conditions under which the framework of \cite{shen2001} applies directly. For densities lacking a positive lower bound, the equivalence between Hellinger and weighted $L_2$-norm distance fails, invalidating the original theory. We propose a novel shifting method that lifts the true density $g_0$ to a sequence of proxy densities $g_{0,n}$. We prove a modified convergence theorem applicable to these shifted densities, preserving the optimal rate. We also construct a Gaussian sieve prior that achieves the minimax rate $\varepsilon_n=n^{-p/(2p+1)}$ for any integer $p\geq1$. Numerical results confirm that our estimator approximates the true density well and validates the theoretical convergence rate. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 27 pages, 2 figures, 1 supplementary material (11 pages)

MSC Class: 62G07; 62G20

Unified Removal of Raindrops and Reflections: A New Benchmark and A Novel Pipeline

Authors: Xingyu Liu, Zewei He, Yu Chen, Chunyu Zhu, Zixuan Chen, Xing Luo, Zhe-Ming Lu

Abstract: When capturing images through glass surfaces or windshields on rainy days, raindrops and reflections frequently co-occur to significantly reduce the visibility of captured images. This practical problem lacks attention and needs to be resolved urgently. Prior de-raindrop, de-reflection, and all-in-one models have failed to address this composite degradation. To this end, we first formally define t… ▽ More When capturing images through glass surfaces or windshields on rainy days, raindrops and reflections frequently co-occur to significantly reduce the visibility of captured images. This practical problem lacks attention and needs to be resolved urgently. Prior de-raindrop, de-reflection, and all-in-one models have failed to address this composite degradation. To this end, we first formally define the unified removal of raindrops and reflections (UR$^3$) task for the first time and construct a real-shot dataset, namely RainDrop and ReFlection (RDRF), which provides a new benchmark with substantial, high-quality, diverse image pairs. Then, we propose a novel diffusion-based framework (i.e., DiffUR$^3$) with several target designs to address this challenging task. By leveraging the powerful generative prior, DiffUR$^3$ successfully removes both types of degradations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on our benchmark and on challenging in-the-wild images. The RDRF dataset and the codes will be made public upon acceptance. △ Less

Submitted 11 April, 2026; v1 submitted 17 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 17 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables