Showing 1–39 of 39 results for author: Anderson, T J

Pushing the Limits of Pulse Shape Discrimination in a Large Liquid Xenon Detector

Authors: D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, B. J. Almquist, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, A. Bhatti, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, C. A. J. Brew, P. Brás, S. Burdin , et al. (186 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a direct-detection dark matter experiment, optimized to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) through WIMP-nucleon interactions. The main challenge in dark matter detection is differentiating between WIMP signals and background events. In LZ, the ratio of ionization to scintillation signals (charge-to-light) is the primary method for rejecting el… ▽ More The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a direct-detection dark matter experiment, optimized to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) through WIMP-nucleon interactions. The main challenge in dark matter detection is differentiating between WIMP signals and background events. In LZ, the ratio of ionization to scintillation signals (charge-to-light) is the primary method for rejecting electronic recoil (ER) background. Pulse shape discrimination (PSD) offers a method for additional ER backgrounds rejection in liquid xenon detectors. In this paper, the discrimination power of PSD with the LZ experiment is discussed. To precisely characterize the scintillation pulse shape, an analysis framework is developed to reconstruct the detection time of individual photons. Using LZ calibration data, the photon-timing prompt fraction discriminator is optimized and achieves ER leakage as low as $15\%$. For specific background processes such as $^{124}$Xe double electron capture, the leakage is reduced further to about $5\%$. PSD is combined with charge-to-light to form two-factor discrimination (TFD). The optimized TFD performance is compared with the performance of the charge-to-light method, with the corresponding false positive rate reduced by up to a factor of two for large scintillation pulses. Finally, PSD and TFD are applied to data from LZ's WS2024 run and their performance is summarized. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 16 pages, 14 figures

Low-Energy Radon Backgrounds from Electrode Grids in Dual-Phase Xenon TPCs

Authors: D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, B. J. Almquist, S. Alsum, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, A. Baker, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, A. Baxter, K. Beattie, T. Benson, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti , et al. (242 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful technology to detect rare interactions such as scatters of dark matter particles on nuclei. In particular, the built-in gain of ionization signals in a dual-phase TPC makes it sensitive to events in the few-electron regime, as expected from low-mass dark matter interactions. The pursuit of this low-energy sensitivity through ionizati… ▽ More The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful technology to detect rare interactions such as scatters of dark matter particles on nuclei. In particular, the built-in gain of ionization signals in a dual-phase TPC makes it sensitive to events in the few-electron regime, as expected from low-mass dark matter interactions. The pursuit of this low-energy sensitivity through ionization-only signal detection has so far been hindered by excessive electron backgrounds observed across experiments. Much of this background is attributed to the plate-out of $^{222}$Rn decay chain isotopes on the high voltage electrode grid surfaces that span the full cross section of the TPC. This work presents a first-principle model constructed for this background, the predictions of which are consistent with data from the LZ and LUX experiments. We then discuss mitigation strategies of this background in future dual-phase TPCs and the possibility of applying this grid background model to ionization-only dark matter searches. △ Less

Submitted 24 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 16 pages main text, 22 pages overall, 10 figures

Measurement of the Muon Flux at the Sanford Underground Research Facility with the LUX-ZEPLIN Dark Matter Detector

Authors: D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, B. J. Almquist, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, A. Bhatti, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, C. A. J. Brew, P. Brás, S. Burdin , et al. (187 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: High-energy cosmic-ray muons reaching deep underground laboratories can cause events in detectors that mimic signals expected from dark matter particles, neutrinos, or rare decays. Knowledge of the muon flux and energy spectrum is important for evaluating the background rate caused by muons and their secondaries. In this paper, we report the measurement of the cosmic-ray muon flux in the Davis Cam… ▽ More High-energy cosmic-ray muons reaching deep underground laboratories can cause events in detectors that mimic signals expected from dark matter particles, neutrinos, or rare decays. Knowledge of the muon flux and energy spectrum is important for evaluating the background rate caused by muons and their secondaries. In this paper, we report the measurement of the cosmic-ray muon flux in the Davis Campus of the Sanford Underground Research Facility with the LUX-ZEPLIN detector. Using 366.4~days of exposure, the muon rate through the detector was measured as $10.94\pm0.17_\textrm{stat.}~\textrm{day}^{-1}$ with energy thresholds of 20~MeV in the inner xenon detector and 8 MeV in the outer liquid scintillator detector. This rate corresponds to a muon flux of $(5.09\pm0.08_\textrm{stat.}\pm0.10_\textrm{sys.})\times10^{-9}~\textrm{cm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$ in the Davis Cavern. △ Less

Submitted 18 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 17 pages, 6 figures, and 2 tables

Searches for Light Dark Matter and Evidence of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering of Solar Neutrinos with the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Authors: D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, B. J. Almquist, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, D. Bauer, K. Beattie, A. Bhatti, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, C. A. J. Brew, P. Brás , et al. (190 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present searches for light dark matter (DM) with masses 3-9 GeV/$c^2$ in the presence of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE$ν$NS) from $^{8}$B solar neutrinos with the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment. This analysis uses a 5.7 tonne-year exposure with data collected between March 2023 and April 2025. In an energy range spanning 1-6 keV, we report no significant excess of events attributable… ▽ More We present searches for light dark matter (DM) with masses 3-9 GeV/$c^2$ in the presence of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE$ν$NS) from $^{8}$B solar neutrinos with the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment. This analysis uses a 5.7 tonne-year exposure with data collected between March 2023 and April 2025. In an energy range spanning 1-6 keV, we report no significant excess of events attributable to dark matter nuclear recoils, but we observe a significant signal from $^{8}$B CE$ν$NS interactions that is consistent with expectation. We set world-leading limits on spin-independent and spin-dependent-neutron DM-nucleon interactions for masses down to 5 GeV/$c^2$. In the no-dark-matter scenario, we observe a signal consistent with $^{8}$B CE$ν$NS events, corresponding to a $4.5σ$ statistical significance. This is the most significant evidence of $^{8}$B CE$ν$NS interactions and is enabled by robust background modeling and mitigation techniques. This demonstrates LZ's ability to detect rare signals at keV-scale energies. △ Less

Submitted 23 December, 2025; v1 submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 9 pages, 5 page supplement, 8 total figures, 2 tables. The corresponding data release can be found on HEPData, see http://doi.org/10.17182/hepdata.167350

Search for New Physics via Low-Energy Electron Recoils with a 4.2 Tonne\times Year Exposure from the LZ Experiment

Authors: D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, J. Almquist, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew , et al. (181 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report results from searches for new physics models via electron recoils using data collected by the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment during its first two science runs, with a total exposure of 4.2 tonne-years. The observed data are consistent with a background-only hypothesis. Constraints are derived for several new physics models that predict electronic recoil signals, including electromagnetic int… ▽ More We report results from searches for new physics models via electron recoils using data collected by the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment during its first two science runs, with a total exposure of 4.2 tonne-years. The observed data are consistent with a background-only hypothesis. Constraints are derived for several new physics models that predict electronic recoil signals, including electromagnetic interactions of solar neutrinos, solar axion-like particles (ALPs), mirror dark matter, and the absorption of bosonic dark matter candidates. These results represent the most stringent constraints to date for solar ALPs with keV-scale masses and mirror dark matter, and they are competitive with existing limits for other investigated models. △ Less

Submitted 21 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Study of few-electron backgrounds in the LUX-ZEPLIN detector

Authors: D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, B. J. Almquist, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew , et al. (182 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment aims to detect rare interactions between dark matter particles and xenon. Although the detector is designed to be the most sensitive to GeV/$c^2$--TeV/$c^2$ Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), it is also capable of measuring low-energy ionization signals down to a single electron that may be produced by scatters of sub-GeV/$c^2$ dark matter. The major chall… ▽ More The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment aims to detect rare interactions between dark matter particles and xenon. Although the detector is designed to be the most sensitive to GeV/$c^2$--TeV/$c^2$ Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), it is also capable of measuring low-energy ionization signals down to a single electron that may be produced by scatters of sub-GeV/$c^2$ dark matter. The major challenge in exploiting this sensitivity is to understand and suppress the ionization background in the few-electron regime. We report a characterization of the delayed electron backgrounds following energy depositions in the LZ detector under different detector conditions. In addition, we quantify the probability for photons to be emitted in coincidence with electron emission from the high voltage grids. We then demonstrate that spontaneous grid electron emission can be identified and rejected with a high efficiency using a coincident photon tag, which provides a tool to improve the sensitivity of future dark matter searches. △ Less

Submitted 18 March, 2026; v1 submitted 7 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 13 pages, 9 figures

Low-energy nuclear recoil calibration of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment with a photoneutron source

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew , et al. (185 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LZ experiment is a liquid xenon time-projection chamber (TPC) searching for evidence of particle dark matter interactions. In the simplest assumption of elastic scattering, many dark matter models predict an energy spectrum which rises quasi-exponentially with decreasing energy transfer to a target atom. LZ expects to detect coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering of $^{8}$B solar neutrinos, the… ▽ More The LZ experiment is a liquid xenon time-projection chamber (TPC) searching for evidence of particle dark matter interactions. In the simplest assumption of elastic scattering, many dark matter models predict an energy spectrum which rises quasi-exponentially with decreasing energy transfer to a target atom. LZ expects to detect coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering of $^{8}$B solar neutrinos, the signal from which is very similar to a dark matter particle with mass of about 5.5 GeV/$c^{2}$, which result in typical nuclear recoil energies of $<$5 keV$_{\text{nr}}$. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to calibrate the response of recoiling xenon nuclei to keV-energy recoils. This analysis details the first in situ photoneutron calibration of the LZ detector and probes its response in this energy regime. △ Less

Submitted 18 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Flow-dependent tagging of $^{214}$Pb decays in the LZ dark matter detector

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew , et al. (183 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is searching for dark matter interactions in a liquid xenon time projection chamber (LXe-TPC). This article demonstrates how control of the flow state in the LXe-TPC enables the identification of pairs of sequential alpha-decays, which are used to map fluid flow and ion drift in the liquid target. The resulting transport model is used to tag $^{214}$Pb beta-decays, a… ▽ More The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is searching for dark matter interactions in a liquid xenon time projection chamber (LXe-TPC). This article demonstrates how control of the flow state in the LXe-TPC enables the identification of pairs of sequential alpha-decays, which are used to map fluid flow and ion drift in the liquid target. The resulting transport model is used to tag $^{214}$Pb beta-decays, a leading background to dark matter signals in LZ. Temporally evolving volume selections, at a cost of 9.0% of exposure, target the decay of each $^{214}$Pb atom up to 81 minutes after production, resulting in (63 $\pm$ 6$_{\mathrm{stat}}$ $\pm$ 7$_{\mathrm{sys}}$)% identification of $^{214}$Pb decays to ground state. We also demonstrate how flow-based tagging techniques enable a novel calibration side band that is concurrent with science data. △ Less

Submitted 26 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 21 pages, 15 figures

New constraints on cosmic ray-boosted dark matter from the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araujo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew , et al. (179 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: While dual-phase xenon time projection chambers (TPCs) have driven the sensitivity towards weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) at the GeV/c^2 to TeV/c^2 mass scale, the scope for sub-GeV/c^2 dark matter particles is hindered by a limited nuclear recoil energy detection threshold. One approach to probe for lighter candidates is to consider cases where they have been boosted by collisions w… ▽ More While dual-phase xenon time projection chambers (TPCs) have driven the sensitivity towards weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) at the GeV/c^2 to TeV/c^2 mass scale, the scope for sub-GeV/c^2 dark matter particles is hindered by a limited nuclear recoil energy detection threshold. One approach to probe for lighter candidates is to consider cases where they have been boosted by collisions with cosmic rays in the Milky Way, such that the additional kinetic energy lifts their induced signatures above the nominal threshold. In this Letter, we report first results of a search for cosmic ray-boosted dark matter (CRDM) with a combined 4.2 tonne-year exposure from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment. We observe no excess above the expected backgrounds and establish world-leading constraints on the spin-independent CRDM-nucleon cross section as small as 3.9 * 10^{-33} cm^2 at 90% confidence level for sub-GeV/c^2 masses. △ Less

Submitted 2 June, 2025; v1 submitted 23 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Journal ref: Physical Review Letters 134, 241801 (2025)

Measurements and models of enhanced recombination following inner-shell vacancies in liquid xenon

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, D. Bauer, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger , et al. (193 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Electron-capture decays of $^{125}$Xe and $^{127}$Xe, and double-electron-capture decays of $^{124}$Xe, are backgrounds in searches for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) conducted by dual-phase xenon time projection chambers such as LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ). These decays produce signals with more light and less charge than equivalent-energy $β$ decays, and correspondingly overlap more with WIMP… ▽ More Electron-capture decays of $^{125}$Xe and $^{127}$Xe, and double-electron-capture decays of $^{124}$Xe, are backgrounds in searches for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) conducted by dual-phase xenon time projection chambers such as LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ). These decays produce signals with more light and less charge than equivalent-energy $β$ decays, and correspondingly overlap more with WIMP signals. We measure three electron-capture charge yields in LZ: the 1.1~keV M-shell, 5.2~keV L-shell, and 33.2~keV K-shell at drift fields of 193 and 96.5~V/cm. The LL double-electron-capture decay of $^{124}$Xe exhibits even more pronounced shifts in charge and light. We provide a first model of double-electron-capture charge yields using the link between ionization density and electron-ion recombination, and identify a need for more accurate calculations. Finally, we discuss the implications of the reduced charge yield of these decays and other interactions creating inner-shell vacancies for future dark matter searches. △ Less

Submitted 17 June, 2025; v1 submitted 7 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 16 pages, 11 figures

First constraint for atmospheric millicharged particles with the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, D. Bauer, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger , et al. (193 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on a search for millicharged particles (mCPs) produced in cosmic ray proton atmospheric interactions using data collected during the first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment. The mCPs produced by two processes -- meson decay and proton bremsstrahlung -- are considered in this study. This search utilized a novel signature unique to liquid xenon (LXe) time projection chambers (TPCs),… ▽ More We report on a search for millicharged particles (mCPs) produced in cosmic ray proton atmospheric interactions using data collected during the first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment. The mCPs produced by two processes -- meson decay and proton bremsstrahlung -- are considered in this study. This search utilized a novel signature unique to liquid xenon (LXe) time projection chambers (TPCs), allowing sensitivity to mCPs with masses ranging from 10 to 1000 MeV/c$^2$ and fractional charges between 0.001 and 0.02 of the electron charge e. With an exposure of 60 live days and a 5.5 tonne fiducial mass, we observed no significant excess over background. This represents the first experimental search for atmospheric mCPs and the first search for mCPs using an underground LXe experiment. △ Less

Submitted 9 June, 2025; v1 submitted 6 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Journal ref: Physical Review Letters 134, 241802 (2025)

Dark Matter Search Results from 4.2 Tonne-Years of Exposure of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, D. Bauer, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger , et al. (193 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report results of a search for nuclear recoils induced by weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter using the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) two-phase xenon time projection chamber. This analysis uses a total exposure of $4.2\pm0.1$ tonne-years from 280 live days of LZ operation, of which $3.3\pm0.1$ tonne-years and 220 live days are new. A technique to actively tag background electronic recoils… ▽ More We report results of a search for nuclear recoils induced by weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter using the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) two-phase xenon time projection chamber. This analysis uses a total exposure of $4.2\pm0.1$ tonne-years from 280 live days of LZ operation, of which $3.3\pm0.1$ tonne-years and 220 live days are new. A technique to actively tag background electronic recoils from $^{214}$Pb $β$ decays is featured for the first time. Enhanced electron-ion recombination is observed in two-neutrino double electron capture decays of $^{124}$Xe, representing a noteworthy new background. After removal of artificial signal-like events injected into the data set to mitigate analyzer bias, we find no evidence for an excess over expected backgrounds. World-leading constraints are placed on spin-independent (SI) and spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections for masses $\geq$9 GeV/$c^2$. The strongest SI exclusion set is $2.2\times10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ at the 90% confidence level and the best SI median sensitivity achieved is $5.1\times10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$, both for a mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2025; v1 submitted 22 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures. See https://www.hepdata.net/record/155182 for a data release related to this paper

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 011802 (2025)

Two-neutrino double electron capture of $^{124}$Xe in the first LUX-ZEPLIN exposure

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew , et al. (180 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$ν$2EC), utilizing a $1.39\,\mathrm{kg} \times \mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of… ▽ More The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$ν$2EC), utilizing a $1.39\,\mathrm{kg} \times \mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of $T_{1/2}^{2\nu2\mathrm{EC}} = (1.09 \pm 0.14_{\text{stat}} \pm 0.05_{\text{sys}}) \times 10^{22}\,\mathrm{yr}$ is observed with a statistical significance of $8.3\,σ$, in agreement with literature. First empirical measurements of the KK capture fraction relative to other K-shell modes were conducted, and demonstrate consistency with respect to recent signal models at the $1.4\,σ$ level. △ Less

Submitted 7 December, 2024; v1 submitted 30 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 15 pages, 3 figures

Journal ref: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 52 015103 (2025)

The Design, Implementation, and Performance of the LZ Calibration Systems

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, E. E. Barillier, J. W. Bargemann, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer , et al. (179 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a tonne-scale experiment searching for direct dark matter interactions and other rare events. It is located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. The core of the LZ detector is a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC), designed with the primary goal of detecting Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) via their induced low e… ▽ More LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a tonne-scale experiment searching for direct dark matter interactions and other rare events. It is located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. The core of the LZ detector is a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC), designed with the primary goal of detecting Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) via their induced low energy nuclear recoils. Surrounding the TPC, two veto detectors immersed in an ultra-pure water tank enable reducing background events to enhance the discovery potential. Intricate calibration systems are purposely designed to precisely understand the responses of these three detector volumes to various types of particle interactions and to demonstrate LZ's ability to discriminate between signals and backgrounds. In this paper, we present a comprehensive discussion of the key features, requirements, and performance of the LZ calibration systems, which play a crucial role in enabling LZ's WIMP-search and its broad science program. The thorough description of these calibration systems, with an emphasis on their novel aspects, is valuable for future calibration efforts in direct dark matter and other rare-event search experiments. △ Less

Submitted 5 September, 2024; v1 submitted 2 May, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Journal ref: JINST 19 P08027 (2024)

Probing the Scalar WIMP-Pion Coupling with the first LUX-ZEPLIN data

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, E. E. Barillier, J. W. Bargemann, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. J. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer , et al. (178 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) may interact with a virtual pion that is exchanged between nucleons. This interaction channel is important to consider in models where the spin-independent isoscalar channel is suppressed. Using data from the first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment, containing 60 live days of data in a 5.5~tonne fiducial mass of liquid xenon, we repor… ▽ More Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) may interact with a virtual pion that is exchanged between nucleons. This interaction channel is important to consider in models where the spin-independent isoscalar channel is suppressed. Using data from the first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment, containing 60 live days of data in a 5.5~tonne fiducial mass of liquid xenon, we report the results on a search for WIMP-pion interactions. We observe no significant excess and set an upper limit of $1.5\times10^{-46}$~cm$^2$ at a 90\% confidence level for a WIMP mass of 33~GeV/c$^2$ for this interaction. △ Less

Submitted 4 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Journal ref: Commun Phys 7, 292 (2024)

The Data Acquisition System of the LZ Dark Matter Detector: FADR

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, E. E. Barillier, J. W. Bargemann, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer , et al. (191 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Data Acquisition System (DAQ) for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter detector is described. The signals from 745 PMTs, distributed across three subsystems, are sampled with 100-MHz 32-channel digitizers (DDC-32s). A basic waveform analysis is carried out on the on-board Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to extract information about the observed scintillation and electroluminescence signals.… ▽ More The Data Acquisition System (DAQ) for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter detector is described. The signals from 745 PMTs, distributed across three subsystems, are sampled with 100-MHz 32-channel digitizers (DDC-32s). A basic waveform analysis is carried out on the on-board Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to extract information about the observed scintillation and electroluminescence signals. This information is used to determine if the digitized waveforms should be preserved for offline analysis. The system is designed around the Kintex-7 FPGA. In addition to digitizing the PMT signals and providing basic event selection in real time, the flexibility provided by the use of FPGAs allows us to monitor the performance of the detector and the DAQ in parallel to normal data acquisition. The hardware and software/firmware of this FPGA-based Architecture for Data acquisition and Realtime monitoring (FADR) are discussed and performance measurements are described. △ Less

Submitted 16 August, 2024; v1 submitted 23 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 24 figures

Constraints On Covariant WIMP-Nucleon Effective Field Theory Interactions from the First Science Run of the LUX-ZEPLIN Experiment

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, E. E. Barillier, J. W. Bargemann, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. J. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer , et al. (179 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment, a dual-phase xenon time project chamber operating in the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota, USA, has reported leading limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon interactions and interactions described from a non-relativistic effective field theory (NREFT). Using the same 5.5~t fiducial mass and 60 live days of exposure we re… ▽ More The first science run of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment, a dual-phase xenon time project chamber operating in the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota, USA, has reported leading limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon interactions and interactions described from a non-relativistic effective field theory (NREFT). Using the same 5.5~t fiducial mass and 60 live days of exposure we report on the results of a relativistic extension to the NREFT. We present constraints on couplings from covariant interactions arising from the coupling of vector, axial currents, and electric dipole moments of the nucleon to the magnetic and electric dipole moments of the WIMP which cannot be described by recasting previous results described by an NREFT. Using a profile-likelihood ratio analysis, in an energy region between 0~keV$_\text{nr}$ to 270~keV$_\text{nr}$, we report 90% confidence level exclusion limits on the coupling strength of five interactions in both the isoscalar and isovector bases. △ Less

Submitted 26 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 221801 (2024)

New constraints on ultraheavy dark matter from the LZ experiment

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, A. Baxter, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew , et al. (174 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Searches for dark matter with liquid xenon time projection chamber experiments have traditionally focused on the region of the parameter space that is characteristic of weakly interacting massive particles, ranging from a few GeV/$c^2$ to a few TeV/$c^2$. Models of dark matter with a mass much heavier than this are well motivated by early production mechanisms different from the standard thermal f… ▽ More Searches for dark matter with liquid xenon time projection chamber experiments have traditionally focused on the region of the parameter space that is characteristic of weakly interacting massive particles, ranging from a few GeV/$c^2$ to a few TeV/$c^2$. Models of dark matter with a mass much heavier than this are well motivated by early production mechanisms different from the standard thermal freeze-out, but they have generally been less explored experimentally. In this work, we present a re-analysis of the first science run (SR1) of the LZ experiment, with an exposure of $0.9$ tonne$\times$year, to search for ultraheavy particle dark matter. The signal topology consists of multiple energy deposits in the active region of the detector forming a straight line, from which the velocity of the incoming particle can be reconstructed on an event-by-event basis. Zero events with this topology were observed after applying the data selection calibrated on a simulated sample of signal-like events. New experimental constraints are derived, which rule out previously unexplored regions of the dark matter parameter space of spin-independent interactions beyond a mass of 10$^{17}$ GeV/$c^2$. △ Less

Submitted 13 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 9 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 109, 112010 (2024)

First Constraints on WIMP-Nucleon Effective Field Theory Couplings in an Extended Energy Region From LUX-ZEPLIN

Authors: LZ Collaboration, J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, A. Baxter, K. Beattie, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger , et al. (175 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Following the first science results of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment, a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating from the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA, we report the initial limits on a model-independent non-relativistic effective field theory describing the complete set of possible interactions of a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) with a n… ▽ More Following the first science results of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment, a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating from the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA, we report the initial limits on a model-independent non-relativistic effective field theory describing the complete set of possible interactions of a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) with a nucleon. These results utilize the same 5.5 t fiducial mass and 60 live days of exposure collected for the LZ spin-independent and spin-dependent analyses while extending the upper limit of the energy region of interest by a factor of 7.5 to 270 keVnr. No significant excess in this high energy region is observed. Using a profile-likelihood ratio analysis, we report 90% confidence level exclusion limits on the coupling of each individual non-relativistic WIMP-nucleon operator for both elastic and inelastic interactions in the isoscalar and isovector bases. △ Less

Submitted 26 February, 2024; v1 submitted 4 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 17 pages 11 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 109, 092003 (2024)

A search for new physics in low-energy electron recoils from the first LZ exposure

Authors: The LZ Collaboration, J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, A. Baxter, K. Beattie, P. Beltrame, T. Benson, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, G. M. Blockinger , et al. (178 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber. We report searches for new physics appearing through few-keV-scale electron recoils, using the experiment's first exposure of 60 live days and a fiducial mass of 5.5t. The data are found to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, and limits are set on models for new physics inc… ▽ More The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber. We report searches for new physics appearing through few-keV-scale electron recoils, using the experiment's first exposure of 60 live days and a fiducial mass of 5.5t. The data are found to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, and limits are set on models for new physics including solar axion electron coupling, solar neutrino magnetic moment and millicharge, and electron couplings to galactic axion-like particles and hidden photons. Similar limits are set on weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter producing signals through ionized atomic states from the Migdal effect. △ Less

Submitted 9 September, 2023; v1 submitted 28 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Comments: 13 pages, 10 figures. See https://tinyurl.com/LZDataReleaseRun1ER for a data release related to this paper

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 108, 072006 (2023)

Background Determination for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Dark Matter Experiment

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, S. K. Alsum, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, A. Baxter, K. Beattie, P. Beltrame, E. P. Bernard, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer , et al. (178 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment recently reported limits on WIMP-nucleus interactions from its initial science run, down to $9.2\times10^{-48}$ cm$^2$ for the spin-independent interaction of a 36 GeV/c$^2$ WIMP at 90% confidence level. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the backgrounds important for this result and for other upcoming physics analyses, including neutrinoless double-bet… ▽ More The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment recently reported limits on WIMP-nucleus interactions from its initial science run, down to $9.2\times10^{-48}$ cm$^2$ for the spin-independent interaction of a 36 GeV/c$^2$ WIMP at 90% confidence level. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the backgrounds important for this result and for other upcoming physics analyses, including neutrinoless double-beta decay searches and effective field theory interpretations of LUX-ZEPLIN data. We confirm that the in-situ determinations of bulk and fixed radioactive backgrounds are consistent with expectations from the ex-situ assays. The observed background rate after WIMP search criteria were applied was $(6.3\pm0.5)\times10^{-5}$ events/keV$_{ee}$/kg/day in the low-energy region, approximately 60 times lower than the equivalent rate reported by the LUX experiment. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2023; v1 submitted 30 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 25 pages, 15 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 108, 012010 (2023)

First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, C. W. Akerlof, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, A. Alqahtani, S. K. Alsum, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, S. Azadi, A. J. Bailey, A. Baker, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, M. J. Barry, J. Barthel, D. Bauer, A. Baxter , et al. (322 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60~live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis s… ▽ More The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60~live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis shows the data to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, setting new limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon, spin-dependent WIMP-neutron, and spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross sections for WIMP masses above 9 GeV/c$^2$. The most stringent limit is set for spin-independent scattering at 36 GeV/c$^2$, rejecting cross sections above 9.2$\times 10^{-48}$ cm$^2$ at the 90% confidence level. △ Less

Submitted 2 August, 2023; v1 submitted 8 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 9 pages, 8 figures. See https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.041002 for a data release related to this paper

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 041002 (2023)

A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics

Authors: J. Aalbers, K. Abe, V. Aerne, F. Agostini, S. Ahmed Maouloud, D. S. Akerib, D. Yu. Akimov, J. Akshat, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, S. K. Alsum, L. Althueser, C. S. Amarasinghe, F. D. Amaro, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, B. Andrieu, N. Angelides, E. Angelino, J. Angevaare, V. C. Antochi, D. Antón Martin, B. Antunovic, E. Aprile, H. M. Araújo , et al. (572 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neut… ▽ More The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector. △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 77 pages, 40 figures, 1262 references

Report number: INT-PUB-22-003

Journal ref: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 50 (2023) 013001

Cosmogenic production of $^{37}$Ar in the context of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment

Authors: J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, S. K. Alsum, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, A. Baker, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, D. Bauer, A. Baxter, K. Beattie, E. P. Bernard, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski , et al. (183 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We estimate the amount of $^{37}$Ar produced in natural xenon via cosmic ray-induced spallation, an inevitable consequence of the transportation and storage of xenon on the Earth's surface. We then calculate the resulting $^{37}$Ar concentration in a 10-tonne payload~(similar to that of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment) assuming a representative schedule of xenon purification, storage and delivery to the… ▽ More We estimate the amount of $^{37}$Ar produced in natural xenon via cosmic ray-induced spallation, an inevitable consequence of the transportation and storage of xenon on the Earth's surface. We then calculate the resulting $^{37}$Ar concentration in a 10-tonne payload~(similar to that of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment) assuming a representative schedule of xenon purification, storage and delivery to the underground facility. Using the spallation model by Silberberg and Tsao, the sea level production rate of $^{37}$Ar in natural xenon is estimated to be 0.024~atoms/kg/day. Assuming the xenon is successively purified to remove radioactive contaminants in 1-tonne batches at a rate of 1~tonne/month, the average $^{37}$Ar activity after 10~tonnes are purified and transported underground is 0.058--0.090~$μ$Bq/kg, depending on the degree of argon removal during above-ground purification. Such cosmogenic $^{37}$Ar will appear as a noticeable background in the early science data, while decaying with a 35~day half-life. This newly-noticed production mechanism of $^{37}$Ar should be considered when planning for future liquid xenon-based experiments. △ Less

Submitted 22 March, 2022; v1 submitted 8 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber

Authors: R. Linehan, R. L. Mannino, A. Fan, C. M. Ignarra, S. Luitz, K. Skarpaas, T. A. Shutt, D. S. Akerib, S. K. Alsum, T. J. Anderson, H. M. Araújo, M. Arthurs, H. Auyeung, A. J. Bailey, T. P. Biesiadzinski, M. Breidenbach, J. J. Cherwinka, R. A. Conley, J. Genovesi, M. G. D. Gilchriese, A. Glaenzer, T. G. Gonda, K. Hanzel, M. D. Hoff, W. Ji , et al. (24 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful tool for direct-detection experiments searching for WIMP dark matter, other dark matter models, and neutrinoless double-beta decay. Successful operation of such a TPC is critically dependent on the ability to hold high electric fields in the bulk liquid, across the liquid surface, and in the gas. Careful design and construction of th… ▽ More The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful tool for direct-detection experiments searching for WIMP dark matter, other dark matter models, and neutrinoless double-beta decay. Successful operation of such a TPC is critically dependent on the ability to hold high electric fields in the bulk liquid, across the liquid surface, and in the gas. Careful design and construction of the electrodes used to establish these fields is therefore required. We present the design and production of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment's high-voltage electrodes, a set of four woven mesh wire grids. Grid design drivers are discussed, with emphasis placed on design of the electron extraction region. We follow this with a description of the grid production process and a discussion of steps taken to validate the LZ grids prior to integration into the TPC. △ Less

Submitted 11 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: 23 pages, 20 figures, to be submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. Corresponding authors: rlinehan@stanford.edu and mannino2@wisc.edu

Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to the two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decays of $^{134}$Xe

Authors: The LUX-ZEPLIN, Collaboration, :, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, S. K. Alsum, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araujo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, D. Bauer, A. Baxter, P. Beltrame, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert , et al. (172 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles, that is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity t… ▽ More The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles, that is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity to search for the double beta decay of $^{134}$Xe, for which xenon detectors enriched in $^{136}$Xe are less effective. For the two-neutrino decay mode, LZ is predicted to exclude values of the half-life up to 1.7$\times$10$^{24}$ years at 90% confidence level (CL), and has a three-sigma observation potential of 8.7$\times$10$^{23}$ years, approaching the predictions of nuclear models. For the neutrinoless decay mode LZ, is projected to exclude values of the half-life up to 7.3$\times$10$^{24}$ years at 90% CL. △ Less

Submitted 22 November, 2021; v1 submitted 26 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: Version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C

Projected sensitivities of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to new physics via low-energy electron recoils

Authors: The LZ Collaboration, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, S. K. Alsum, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, D. Bauer, A. Baxter, P. Beltrame, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch , et al. (172 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a dark matter detector expected to obtain world-leading sensitivity to weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) interacting via nuclear recoils with a ~7-tonne xenon target mass. This manuscript presents sensitivity projections to several low-energy signals of the complementary electron recoil signal type: 1) an effective neutrino magnetic moment and 2) an effective neutrino… ▽ More LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a dark matter detector expected to obtain world-leading sensitivity to weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) interacting via nuclear recoils with a ~7-tonne xenon target mass. This manuscript presents sensitivity projections to several low-energy signals of the complementary electron recoil signal type: 1) an effective neutrino magnetic moment and 2) an effective neutrino millicharge, both for pp-chain solar neutrinos, 3) an axion flux generated by the Sun, 4) axion-like particles forming the galactic dark matter, 5) hidden photons, 6) mirror dark matter, and 7) leptophilic dark matter. World-leading sensitivities are expected in each case, a result of the large 5.6t 1000d exposure and low expected rate of electron recoil backgrounds in the $<$100keV energy regime. A consistent signal generation, background model and profile-likelihood analysis framework is used throughout. △ Less

Submitted 18 May, 2021; v1 submitted 23 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021.

Comments: v2 updates exclusion sensitivities from single-sided to two-sided

Enhancing the sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment to low energy signals

Authors: D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, S. K. Alsum, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, D. Bauer, A. Baxter, P. Beltrame, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, G. M. Blockinger , et al. (162 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Two-phase xenon detectors, such as that at the core of the forthcoming LZ dark matter experiment, use photomultiplier tubes to sense the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) scintillation signals resulting from particle interactions in their liquid xenon target. This paper describes a simulation study exploring two techniques to lower the energy threshold of LZ to gain sensitivity to low-mass dark matt… ▽ More Two-phase xenon detectors, such as that at the core of the forthcoming LZ dark matter experiment, use photomultiplier tubes to sense the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) scintillation signals resulting from particle interactions in their liquid xenon target. This paper describes a simulation study exploring two techniques to lower the energy threshold of LZ to gain sensitivity to low-mass dark matter and astrophysical neutrinos, which will be applicable to other liquid xenon detectors. The energy threshold is determined by the number of detected S1 photons; typically, these must be recorded in three or more photomultiplier channels to avoid dark count coincidences that mimic real signals. To lower this threshold: a) we take advantage of the double photoelectron emission effect, whereby a single vacuum ultraviolet photon has a $\sim20\%$ probability of ejecting two photoelectrons from a photomultiplier tube photocathode; and b) we drop the requirement of an S1 signal altogether, and use only the ionization signal, which can be detected more efficiently. For both techniques we develop signal and background models for the nominal exposure, and explore accompanying systematic effects, including the dependence on the free electron lifetime in the liquid xenon. When incorporating double photoelectron signals, we predict a factor of $\sim 4$ sensitivity improvement to the dark matter-nucleon scattering cross-section at $2.5$ GeV/c$^2$, and a factor of $\sim1.6$ increase in the solar $^8$B neutrino detection rate. Dropping the S1 requirement may allow sensitivity gains of two orders of magnitude in both cases. Finally, we apply these techniques to even lower masses by taking into account the atomic Migdal effect; this could lower the dark matter particle mass threshold to $80$ MeV/c$^2$. △ Less

Submitted 21 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021.

Comments: 14 pages, 6 figures

III-Nitride Nanowire Based Light Emitting Diodes on Carbon Paper

Authors: Michael A. Mastro, Travis J. Anderson, Marko J. Tadjer, Francis J. Kub, Jennifer K. Hite, Jihyun Kim, Charles R. Eddy Jr

Abstract: This article presents the use of flexible carbon substrates for the growth of III-nitride nanowire light emitters. A dense packing of gallium nitride nanowires were grown on a carbon paper substrate. The nanowires grew predominantly along the a-plane direction, normal to the local surface of the carbon paper. Strong photo- and electro-luminescence was observed from InGaN quantum well light emittin… ▽ More This article presents the use of flexible carbon substrates for the growth of III-nitride nanowire light emitters. A dense packing of gallium nitride nanowires were grown on a carbon paper substrate. The nanowires grew predominantly along the a-plane direction, normal to the local surface of the carbon paper. Strong photo- and electro-luminescence was observed from InGaN quantum well light emitting diode nanowires. △ Less

Submitted 2 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Journal ref: physica status solidi (c) 11(3-4), 2014

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

Authors: D. S. Akerib, C. W. Akerlof, D. Yu. Akimov, A. Alquahtani, S. K. Alsum, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, A. Arbuckle, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, H. Auyeung, S. Aviles, X. Bai, A. J. Bailey, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, M. J. Barry, D. Bauer, P. Bauer, A. Baxter, J. Belle, P. Beltrame, J. Bensinger , et al. (365 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c$^{2}$ and a 1000 d exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherent… ▽ More LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c$^{2}$ and a 1000 d exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented. △ Less

Submitted 28 February, 2022; v1 submitted 3 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Comments: 45 pages (79 inc. tables), 7 figures, 9 tables

Journal ref: The European Physical Journal C, Volume 80, Article number: 1044 (2020)

Simulations of Events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Dark Matter Experiment

Authors: The LUX-ZEPLIN Collaboration, :, D. S. Akerib, C. W. Akerlof, A. Alqahtani, S. K. Alsum, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, D. Bauer, A. Baxter, J. Bensinger, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, K. E. Boast , et al. (173 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter search aims to achieve a sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross-section down to (1--2)$\times10^{-12}$\,pb at a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$. This paper describes the simulations framework that, along with radioactivity measurements, was used to support this projection, and also to provide mock data for validating reconstruction and analysis software. Of par… ▽ More The LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter search aims to achieve a sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross-section down to (1--2)$\times10^{-12}$\,pb at a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$. This paper describes the simulations framework that, along with radioactivity measurements, was used to support this projection, and also to provide mock data for validating reconstruction and analysis software. Of particular note are the event generators, which allow us to model the background radiation, and the detector response physics used in the production of raw signals, which can be converted into digitized waveforms similar to data from the operational detector. Inclusion of the detector response allows us to process simulated data using the same analysis routines as developed to process the experimental data. △ Less

Submitted 23 June, 2020; v1 submitted 25 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020.

Comments: 24 pages, 19 figures; Corresponding Authors: A. Cottle, V. Kudryavtsev, D. Woodward

Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the $0νββ$ decay of $^{136}$Xe

Authors: D. S. Akerib, C. W. Akerlof, A. Alqahtani, S. K. Alsum, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, A. Baxter, J. Bensinger, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, K. E. Boast, B. Boxer, P. Brás, J. H. Buckley , et al. (167 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double beta decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay, taking advantage of the significant ($>$600 kg) $^{136}$Xe mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 l… ▽ More The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double beta decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to $^{136}$Xe neutrinoless double beta decay, taking advantage of the significant ($>$600 kg) $^{136}$Xe mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 live-days, the median exclusion sensitivity to the half-life of $^{136}$Xe is projected to be 1.06$\times$10$^{26}$ years (90% confidence level), similar to existing constraints. We also report the expected sensitivity of a possible subsequent dedicated exposure using 90% enrichment with $^{136}$Xe at 1.06$\times$10$^{27}$ years. △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2020; v1 submitted 9 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

Comments: 13 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, version 2 changes: additional clarifications requested by referee on Sections II.A, III.C, III.E, III.F and IV.B

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 102, 014602 (2020)

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Authors: The LZ Collaboration, D. S. Akerib, C. W. Akerlof, D. Yu. Akimov, A. Alquahtani, S. K. Alsum, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, A. Arbuckle, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, H. Auyeung, X. Bai, A. J. Bailey, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, M. J. Barry, J. Barthel, D. Bauer, P. Bauer, A. Baxter, J. Belle, P. Beltrame , et al. (357 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient n… ▽ More We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850' level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experiment and its key design features and requirements. △ Less

Submitted 3 November, 2019; v1 submitted 20 October, 2019; originally announced October 2019.

Anisotropic spin-orbit torque generation in epitaxial SrIrO3 by symmetry design

Authors: T. Nan, T. J. Anderson, J. Gibbons, K. Hwang, N. Campbell, H. Zhou, Y. Q. Dong, G. Y. Kim, N. Reynolds, X. J. Wang, N. X. Sun, S. Y. Choi, M. S. Rzchowski, Yong Baek Kim, D. C. Ralph, C. B. Eom

Abstract: Spin-orbit coupling (SOC), the interaction between the electron spin and the orbital angular momentum, can unlock rich phenomena at interfaces, in particular interconverting spin and charge currents. Conventional heavy metals have been extensively explored due to their strong SOC of conduction electrons. However, spin-orbit effects in classes of materials such as epitaxial 5d-electron transition m… ▽ More Spin-orbit coupling (SOC), the interaction between the electron spin and the orbital angular momentum, can unlock rich phenomena at interfaces, in particular interconverting spin and charge currents. Conventional heavy metals have been extensively explored due to their strong SOC of conduction electrons. However, spin-orbit effects in classes of materials such as epitaxial 5d-electron transition metal complex oxides, which also host strong SOC, remain largely unreported. In addition to strong SOC, these complex oxides can also provide the additional tuning knob of epitaxy to control the electronic structure and the engineering of spin-to-charge conversion by crystalline symmetry. Here, we demonstrate room-temperature generation of spin-orbit torque on a ferromagnet with extremely high efficiency via the spin-Hall effect in epitaxial metastable perovskite SrIrO3. We first predict a large intrinsic spin-Hall conductivity in orthorhombic bulk SrIrO3 arising from the Berry curvature in the electronic band structure. By manipulating the intricate interplay between SOC and crystalline symmetry, we control the spin-Hall torque ratio by engineering the tilt of the corner-sharing oxygen octahedra in perovskite SrIrO3 through epitaxial strain. This allows the presence of an anisotropic spin-Hall effect due to a characteristic structural anisotropy in SrIrO3 with orthorhombic symmetry. Our experimental findings demonstrate the heteroepitaxial symmetry design approach to engineer spin-orbit effects. We therefore anticipate that these epitaxial 5d transition-metal oxide thin films can be an ideal building block for low-power spintronics. △ Less

Submitted 20 August, 2018; originally announced August 2018.

Surface and Bulk Effects of K in Cu$_{1-x}$K$_x$In$_{1-y}$Ga$_y$Se$_2$ Solar Cells

Authors: Christopher P. Muzzillo, Timothy J. Anderson

Abstract: Two strategies for enhancing photovoltaic (PV) performance in chalcopyrite solar cells were investigated: Cu1-xKxIn1-yGaySe2 absorbers with low K content (K/(K+Cu), or x ~ 0.07) distributed throughout the bulk, and CuIn1-yGaySe2 absorbers with KIn1-yGaySe2 grown on their surfaces. For the Ga-free case, increased temperature improved PV performance in the KInSe2 surface absorbers, but not in the bu… ▽ More Two strategies for enhancing photovoltaic (PV) performance in chalcopyrite solar cells were investigated: Cu1-xKxIn1-yGaySe2 absorbers with low K content (K/(K+Cu), or x ~ 0.07) distributed throughout the bulk, and CuIn1-yGaySe2 absorbers with KIn1-yGaySe2 grown on their surfaces. For the Ga-free case, increased temperature improved PV performance in the KInSe2 surface absorbers, but not in the bulk x ~ 0.07 absorbers. Growth temperature also increased KInSe2 phase fraction, relative to Cu1-xKxInSe2 alloys-evidence that surface KInSe2 improved performance more than bulk KInSe2. Surface KIn1-yGaySe2 and bulk x ~ 0.07 Cu1-xKxIn1-yGaySe2 films with Ga/(Ga+In), or y of 0.3 and 0.5 also had improved efficiency, open-circuit voltage (VOC), and fill factor (FF), relative to CuIn1-yGaySe2 baselines. On the other hand, y ~ 1 absorbers did not benefit from K introduction. Similar to Cu1-xKxInSe2, the formation of Cu1-xKxGaSe2 alloys was favored at low temperatures and high substrate Na content, relative to the formation of mixed-phase CuGaSe2 + KGaSe2. KIn1-yGaySe2 alloys were grown for the first time, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. For all Ga/(Ga+In) compositions, the surface KIn1-yGaySe2 absorbers had superior PV performance in buffered and buffer-free devices. However, the bulk x ~ 0.07 absorbers only outperformed the baselines in buffered devices. The data demonstrate that KIn1-yGaySe2 passivates the surface of CuIn1-yGaySe2 to increase efficiency, VOC, and FF, while bulk Cu1-xKxIn1-yGaySe2 absorbers with x ~ 0.07 enhance efficiency, VOC, and FF by some other mechanism. △ Less

Submitted 18 March, 2017; originally announced April 2017.

Surface and bulk effects of K in highly efficient Cu$_{1-x}$K$_x$InSe$_2$ solar cells

Authors: Christopher P. Muzzillo, Jian V. Li, Lorelle M. Mansfield, Kannan Ramanathan, Timothy J. Anderson

Abstract: To advance knowledge of K bonding in Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) absorbers, recent Cu-K-In-Se phase growth studies have been extended to PV performance. First, the effect of distributing K throughout bulk Cu1-xKxInSe2 absorbers at low K/(K+Cu) compositions (0 <= x <= 0.30) was studied. Efficiency, open-circuit voltage (VOC), and fill factor (FF) were greatly enhanced for x ~ 0.07, re… ▽ More To advance knowledge of K bonding in Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) absorbers, recent Cu-K-In-Se phase growth studies have been extended to PV performance. First, the effect of distributing K throughout bulk Cu1-xKxInSe2 absorbers at low K/(K+Cu) compositions (0 <= x <= 0.30) was studied. Efficiency, open-circuit voltage (VOC), and fill factor (FF) were greatly enhanced for x ~ 0.07, resulting in an officially-measured 15.0%-efficient solar cell, matching to the world record CuInSe2 efficiency. The improvements were a result of reduced interface and bulk recombination, relative to CuInSe2 (x ~ 0). However, higher x compositions had reduced efficiency, short-circuit current density (JSC), and FF due to greatly increased interface recombination, relative to the x ~ 0 baseline. Next, the effect of confining K at the absorber/buffer interface at high K/(K+Cu) compositions (0.30 <= x <= 0.92) was researched. Previous work showed that these surface layer growth conditions produced CuInSe2 with a large phase fraction of KInSe2. After optimization (75 nm surface layer with x ~ 0.41), these KInSe2 surface samples exhibited increased efficiency (officially 14.9%), VOC, and FF as a result of decreased interface recombination. The KInSe2 surfaces had features similar to previous reports for KF post-deposition treatments (PDTs) used in world record CIGS solar cells-taken as indirect evidence that KInSe2 can form during these PDTs. Both the bulk and surface growth processes greatly reduced interface recombination. However, the KInSe2 surface had higher K levels near the surface, greater lifetimes, and increased inversion near the buffer interface, relative to the champion bulk CKIS absorber. These characteristics demonstrate that K may benefit PV performance by different mechanisms at the surface and in the absorber bulk. △ Less

Submitted 18 March, 2017; originally announced April 2017.

The Effect of Temperature on Cu-K-In-Se Thin Films

Authors: Christopher P. Muzzillo, Ho Ming Tong, Timothy J. Anderson

Abstract: Films of Cu-K-In-Se were co-evaporated at varied K/(K+Cu) compositions and substrate temperatures (with constant (K+Cu)/In ~ 0.85). Increased Na composition on the substrate's surface and decreased growth temperature were both found to favor Cu1-xKxInSe2 (CKIS) alloy formation, relative to mixed-phase CuInSe2 + KInSe2 formation. Structures from X-ray diffraction (XRD), band gaps, resistivities, mi… ▽ More Films of Cu-K-In-Se were co-evaporated at varied K/(K+Cu) compositions and substrate temperatures (with constant (K+Cu)/In ~ 0.85). Increased Na composition on the substrate's surface and decreased growth temperature were both found to favor Cu1-xKxInSe2 (CKIS) alloy formation, relative to mixed-phase CuInSe2 + KInSe2 formation. Structures from X-ray diffraction (XRD), band gaps, resistivities, minority carrier lifetimes and carrier concentrations from time-resolved photoluminescence were in agreement with previous reports, where low K/(K+Cu) composition films exhibited properties promising for photovoltaic (PV) absorbers. Films grown at 400-500 C were then annealed to 600 C under Se, which caused K loss by evaporation in proportion to initial K/(K+Cu) composition. Similar to growth temperature, annealing drove CKIS alloy consumption and CuInSe2 + KInSe2 production, as evidenced by high temperature XRD. Annealing also decomposed KInSe2 and formed K2In12Se19. At high temperature the KInSe2 crystal lattice gradually contracted as temperature and time increased, as well as just time. Evaporative loss of K during annealing could accompany the generation of vacancies on K lattice sites, and may explain the KInSe2 lattice contraction. This knowledge of Cu-K-In-Se material chemistry may be used to predict and control minor phase impurities in Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 PV absorbers-where impurities below typical detection limits may have played a role in recent world record PV efficiencies that utilized KF post-deposition treatments. △ Less

Submitted 18 March, 2017; originally announced March 2017.

The Effect of Na on Cu-K-In-Se Thin Film Growth

Authors: Christopher P. Muzzillo, Ho Ming Tong, Timothy J. Anderson

Abstract: Co-evaporation of Cu-KF-In-Se was performed on substrates with varied surface Na compositions. Compositions of interest for photovoltaic absorbers were studied, with ratios of (K+Cu)/In ~ 0.85 and K/(K+Cu) ~ 0 - 0.57. Soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates led to the most Na by secondary ion mass spectrometry, while SLG/Mo and SLG/SiO2/Mo substrates led to 3x and 3,000x less Na in the growing film, resp… ▽ More Co-evaporation of Cu-KF-In-Se was performed on substrates with varied surface Na compositions. Compositions of interest for photovoltaic absorbers were studied, with ratios of (K+Cu)/In ~ 0.85 and K/(K+Cu) ~ 0 - 0.57. Soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates led to the most Na by secondary ion mass spectrometry, while SLG/Mo and SLG/SiO2/Mo substrates led to 3x and 3,000x less Na in the growing film, respectively. Increased Na content favored Cu1-xKxInSe2 (CKIS) alloy formation by X-ray diffraction (XRD), while decreased Na favored the formation of CuInSe2 + KInSe2 mixed-phase films. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the KInSe2 precipitates to be readily recognizable planar crystals. Extrinsic KF addition also drove diffusion of Na out from the various substrates and into the growing film, in agreement with previous reports. Time-resolved photoluminescence showed enhanced minority carrier lifetimes for films with moderate K compositions (0.04 < K/(K+Cu) < 0.14) grown on Mo. Due to the relatively high detection limit of KInSe2 by XRD and the low magnitude of chalcopyrite lattice shift for CKIS alloys with these compositions, it is unclear if the lifetime gains were associated with CKIS alloying, minor KInSe2 content, or both. The identified Na-K interdependency can be used to engineer alkali metal bonding in Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 absorbers to optimize both initial and long-term photovoltaic power generation. △ Less

Submitted 18 March, 2017; originally announced March 2017.

Technique for the Dry Transfer of Epitaxial Graphene onto Arbitrary Substrates

Authors: Joshua D. Caldwell, Travis J. Anderson, James C. Culbertson, Glenn G. Jernigan, Karl D. Hobart, Fritz J. Kub, Marko J. Tadjer, Joseph L. Tedesco, Jennifer K. Hite, Michael A. Mastro, Rachael L. Myers-Ward, Charles R. Eddy Jr., Paul M. Campbell, D. Kurt Gaskill

Abstract: In order to make graphene technologically viable, the transfer of graphene films to substrates appropriate for specific applications is required. We demonstrate the dry transfer of epitaxial graphene (EG) from the C-face of 4H-SiC onto SiO2, GaN and Al2O3 substrates using a thermal release tape. We further report on the impact of this process on the electrical properties of the EG films. This pr… ▽ More In order to make graphene technologically viable, the transfer of graphene films to substrates appropriate for specific applications is required. We demonstrate the dry transfer of epitaxial graphene (EG) from the C-face of 4H-SiC onto SiO2, GaN and Al2O3 substrates using a thermal release tape. We further report on the impact of this process on the electrical properties of the EG films. This process enables EG films to be used in flexible electronic devices or as optically transparent contacts. △ Less

Submitted 14 October, 2009; originally announced October 2009.

Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures and supplementary info regarding procedure for transfer

Journal ref: ACS Nano 4(2), 1108-1114 (2010)