Showing 1–41 of 41 results for author: Liu, T C

Trigger system for the Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO) balloon-borne neutrino detector

Authors: Q. Abarr, J. Alfaro, P. Allison, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, T. Anderson, H. Barnett, A. Basharina-Freshville, J. J. Beatty, L. Beaufore, D. Z. Besson, M. Betts, R. Bose, D. Braun, B. Chamanbahar, P. Chen, Y. Chen, J. M. Clem, T. Coakley, A. Connolly, K. Couberly, L. Cremonesi, A. Cummings, P. Dasgupta, C. Deaconu, J. Flaherty , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO) is a NASA balloon-borne instrument for the detection of ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrinos with energies above $10^{17.5}~\textrm{eV}$ via either the Askaryan effect or geomagnetic emissions from an upward-going air shower. The main instrument trigger system for PUEO is a fully digital supersample rate beamformer based on 24 Xilinx Radio Frequenc… ▽ More The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO) is a NASA balloon-borne instrument for the detection of ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrinos with energies above $10^{17.5}~\textrm{eV}$ via either the Askaryan effect or geomagnetic emissions from an upward-going air shower. The main instrument trigger system for PUEO is a fully digital supersample rate beamformer based on 24 Xilinx Radio Frequency System-on-a-Chip (RFSoC) digitizers sampling 192 channels operating at $3~\textrm{GSa/s}$ and a system clock frequency of $375~\textrm{MHz}$. The trigger implements frequency band conditioning, dynamic radio-frequency interference (RFI) rejection, and matched filtering, with significant emphasis on optimization to reduce both the power and resource usage while maintaining sensitivity. The system implements 48 total synthetic antenna beams with up to 8 antennas each, covering a $\sim25^\circ$ range in zenith and $\sim60^\circ$ range in azimuth. Preflight testing demonstrated a trigger performance of a minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of $\sim1.5$ using simulated signals while consuming between $5-7~\textrm{W}$ in the trigger logic. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2026; v1 submitted 6 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 10 pages, 11 figures, submitted to IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science

Sensitivity of the As-Built Askaryan Radio Array to Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos

Authors: ARA Collaboration, N. Alden, S. Ali, P. Allison, J. J. Beatty, D. Z. Besson, A. Bishop, P. Chen, Y. C. Chen, Y. -C. Chen, S. Chiche, B. A. Clark, A. Connolly, K. Couberly, L. Cremonesi, A. Cummings, P. Dasgupta, R. Debolt, S. de Kockere, K. D. de Vries, C. Deaconu, M. A. DuVernois, J. Flaherty, E. Friedman, R. Gaior , et al. (49 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino observatory designed to detect the impulsive radio waves produced by relativistic particle cascades in the Antarctic glacial ice. Using a significantly enhanced simulation pipeline, which adds data-driven detector simulations and fully incorporates secondary particle production, we calculate the trigger-level acceptance of the e… ▽ More The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino observatory designed to detect the impulsive radio waves produced by relativistic particle cascades in the Antarctic glacial ice. Using a significantly enhanced simulation pipeline, which adds data-driven detector simulations and fully incorporates secondary particle production, we calculate the trigger-level acceptance of the entire array. We compare the resulting trigger-level sensitivity to constraints on the UHE neutrino flux from other detectors. Given its exposure from 2013 to 2023, we find that ARA achieves a world-leading sensitivity above about $10^{19}$ eV, depending on the details of the event selection used in a search. Moreover, we find that up to 13 neutrinos are predicted to have been observed in this period at trigger-level, assuming the most optimistic neutrino flux models. We show that observations of secondary particles account for up to 30\% of the total acceptance starting at $10^{19}$ eV, and we explore the potential signatures and implications of both multi-pulse (from direct and refracted pulses and/or from secondary particle interactions) and multi-station events. Finally, we comment on the implications of this study for the design of next-generation UHE neutrino experiments, in particular IceCube-Gen2 Radio. △ Less

Submitted 5 May, 2026; originally announced May 2026.

Extracting and analyzing 3D histomorphometric features related to perineural and lymphovascular invasion in prostate cancer

Authors: Sarah S. L. Chow, Rui Wang, Robert B. Serafin, Yujie Zhao, Elena Baraznenok, Xavier Farré, Jennifer Salguero-Lopez, Gan Gao, Huai-Ching Hsieh, Lawrence D. True, Priti Lal, Anant Madabhushi, Jonathan T. C. Liu

Abstract: Diagnostic grading of prostate cancer (PCa) relies on the examination of 2D histology sections. However, the limited sampling of specimens afforded by 2D histopathology, and ambiguities when viewing 2D cross-sections, can lead to suboptimal treatment decisions. Recent studies have shown that 3D histomorphometric analysis of glands and nuclei can improve PCa risk assessment compared to analogous 2D… ▽ More Diagnostic grading of prostate cancer (PCa) relies on the examination of 2D histology sections. However, the limited sampling of specimens afforded by 2D histopathology, and ambiguities when viewing 2D cross-sections, can lead to suboptimal treatment decisions. Recent studies have shown that 3D histomorphometric analysis of glands and nuclei can improve PCa risk assessment compared to analogous 2D features. Here, we expand on these efforts by developing an analytical pipeline to extract 3D features related to perineural invasion (PNI) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI), which correlate with poor prognosis for a variety of cancers. A 3D segmentation model (nnU-Net) was trained to segment nerves and vessels in 3D datasets of archived prostatectomy specimens that were optically cleared, labeled with a fluorescent analog of H&E, and imaged with open-top light-sheet (OTLS) microscopy. PNI- and LVI-related features, including metrics describing cancer-nerve and cancer-vessel proximity, were then extracted based on the 3D nerve/vessel segmentation masks in conjunction with 3D masks of cancer-enriched regions. As a preliminary exploration of the prognostic value of these features, we trained a supervised machine learning classifier to predict 5-year biochemical recurrence (BCR) outcomes, finding that 3D PNI-related features are moderately prognostic and outperform 2D PNI-related features (AUC = 0.71 vs. 0.52). Source code is available at https://github.com/sarahrahsl/SegCIA.git. △ Less

Submitted 6 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Observation of In-ice Askaryan Radiation from High-Energy Cosmic Rays

Authors: ARA Collaboration, N. Alden, S. Ali, P. Allison, S. Archambault, J. J. Beatty, D. Z. Besson, A. Bishop, P. Chen, Y. C. Chen, Y. -C. Chen, S. Chiche, B. A. Clark, A. Connolly, K. Couberly, L. Cremonesi, A. Cummings, P. Dasgupta, R. Debolt, S. de Kockere, K. D. de Vries, C. Deaconu, M. A. DuVernois, J. Flaherty, E. Friedman , et al. (52 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first experimental evidence for in-ice Askaryan radiation -- coherent charge-excess radio emission -- from high-energy particle cascades developing in the Antarctic ice sheet. In 208 days of data recorded with the phased-array instrument of the Askaryan Radio Array, a previous analysis has incidentally identified 13 events with impulsive radiofrequency signals originating from below… ▽ More We present the first experimental evidence for in-ice Askaryan radiation -- coherent charge-excess radio emission -- from high-energy particle cascades developing in the Antarctic ice sheet. In 208 days of data recorded with the phased-array instrument of the Askaryan Radio Array, a previous analysis has incidentally identified 13 events with impulsive radiofrequency signals originating from below the ice surface. We here present a detailed reanalysis of these events. The observed event rate, radiation arrival directions, signal shape, spectral content, and electric field polarization are consistent with in-ice Askaryan radiation from cosmic ray air shower cores impacting the ice sheet. For the brightest events, the angular radiation pattern favors an extended cascade-like emitter over a pointlike source. An origin from the geomagnetic separation of charges in cosmic ray air showers is disfavored by the arrival directions and polarization. Considering the arrival angles, timing properties, and the impulsive nature of the passing events, the event rate is inconsistent with the estimation of the combined background from thermal noise events and on-surface events at the level of $5.1\,σ$. △ Less

Submitted 17 April, 2026; v1 submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 151003 (2026)

A Foundation Model for Spatial Proteomics

Authors: Muhammad Shaban, Yuzhou Chang, Huaying Qiu, Yao Yu Yeo, Andrew H. Song, Guillaume Jaume, Yuchen Wang, Luca L. Weishaupt, Tong Ding, Anurag Vaidya, Abdallah Lamane, Daniel Shao, Mohammed Zidane, Yunhao Bai, Paige McCallum, Shuli Luo, Wenrui Wu, Yang Wang, Precious Cramer, Chi Ngai Chan, Pierre Stephan, Johanna Schaffenrath, Jia Le Lee, Hendrik A. Michel, Caiwei Tian , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Foundation models have begun to transform image analysis by acting as pretrained generalist backbones that can be adapted to many tasks even when post-training data are limited, yet their impact on spatial proteomics, imaging that maps proteins at single-cell resolution, remains limited. Here, we introduce KRONOS, a foundation model built for spatial proteomics. KRONOS was trained in a self-superv… ▽ More Foundation models have begun to transform image analysis by acting as pretrained generalist backbones that can be adapted to many tasks even when post-training data are limited, yet their impact on spatial proteomics, imaging that maps proteins at single-cell resolution, remains limited. Here, we introduce KRONOS, a foundation model built for spatial proteomics. KRONOS was trained in a self-supervised manner on over 47 million image patches covering 175 protein markers, 16 tissue types, and 8 fluorescence-based imaging platforms. We introduce key architectural adaptations to address the high-dimensional, multi-channel, and heterogeneous nature of multiplex imaging. We demonstrate that KRONOS learns biologically meaningful representations across multiple scales, ranging from cellular and microenvironment to tissue levels, enabling it to address diverse downstream tasks, including cell phenotyping, region classification, and patient stratification. Evaluated across 11 independent cohorts, KRONOS achieves state-of-the-art performance across cell phenotyping, treatment response prediction, and retrieval tasks, and is highly data-efficient. KRONOS also introduces the paradigm of segmentation-free patch-level processing for efficient and scalable spatial proteomics analysis, allowing cross-institutional comparisons, and as an image reverse search engine for spatial patterns. Together, these results position KRONOS as a flexible and scalable tool for spatial proteomics. The model is publicly accessible at https://github.com/mahmoodlab/KRONOS. △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

AI-driven 3D Spatial Transcriptomics

Authors: Cristina Almagro-Pérez, Andrew H. Song, Luca Weishaupt, Ahrong Kim, Guillaume Jaume, Drew F. K. Williamson, Konstantin Hemker, Ming Y. Lu, Kritika Singh, Bowen Chen, Long Phi Le, Alexander S. Baras, Sizun Jiang, Ali Bashashati, Jonathan T. C. Liu, Faisal Mahmood

Abstract: A comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) map of tissue architecture and gene expression is crucial for illuminating the complexity and heterogeneity of tissues across diverse biomedical applications. However, most spatial transcriptomics (ST) approaches remain limited to two-dimensional (2D) sections of tissue. Although current 3D ST methods hold promise, they typically require extensive tissue sect… ▽ More A comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) map of tissue architecture and gene expression is crucial for illuminating the complexity and heterogeneity of tissues across diverse biomedical applications. However, most spatial transcriptomics (ST) approaches remain limited to two-dimensional (2D) sections of tissue. Although current 3D ST methods hold promise, they typically require extensive tissue sectioning, are complex, are not compatible with non-destructive 3D tissue imaging technologies, and often lack scalability. Here, we present VOlumetrically Resolved Transcriptomics EXpression (VORTEX), an AI framework that leverages 3D tissue morphology and minimal 2D ST to predict volumetric 3D ST. By pretraining on diverse 3D morphology-transcriptomic pairs from heterogeneous tissue samples and then fine-tuning on minimal 2D ST data from a specific volume of interest, VORTEX learns both generic tissue-related and sample-specific morphological correlates of gene expression. This approach enables dense, high-throughput, and fast 3D ST, scaling seamlessly to large tissue volumes far beyond the reach of existing 3D ST techniques. By offering a cost-effective and minimally destructive route to obtaining volumetric molecular insights, we anticipate that VORTEX will accelerate biomarker discovery and our understanding of morphomolecular associations and cell states in complex tissues. Interactive 3D ST volumes can be viewed at https://vortex-demo.github.io/ △ Less

Submitted 24 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Deep Learning-Powered Classification of Thoracic Diseases in Chest X-Rays

Authors: Yiming Lei, Michael Nguyen, Tzu Chia Liu, Hyounkyun Oh

Abstract: Chest X-rays play a pivotal role in diagnosing respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and COVID-19, which are prevalent and present unique diagnostic challenges due to overlapping visual features and variability in image quality. Severe class imbalance and the complexity of medical images hinder automated analysis. This study leverages deep learning techniques, including transfer le… ▽ More Chest X-rays play a pivotal role in diagnosing respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and COVID-19, which are prevalent and present unique diagnostic challenges due to overlapping visual features and variability in image quality. Severe class imbalance and the complexity of medical images hinder automated analysis. This study leverages deep learning techniques, including transfer learning on pre-trained models (AlexNet, ResNet, and InceptionNet), to enhance disease detection and classification. By fine-tuning these models and incorporating focal loss to address class imbalance, significant performance improvements were achieved. Grad-CAM visualizations further enhance model interpretability, providing insights into clinically relevant regions influencing predictions. The InceptionV3 model, for instance, achieved a 28% improvement in AUC and a 15% increase in F1-Score. These findings highlight the potential of deep learning to improve diagnostic workflows and support clinical decision-making. △ Less

Submitted 24 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Triage of 3D pathology data via 2.5D multiple-instance learning to guide pathologist assessments

Authors: Gan Gao, Andrew H. Song, Fiona Wang, David Brenes, Rui Wang, Sarah S. L. Chow, Kevin W. Bishop, Lawrence D. True, Faisal Mahmood, Jonathan T. C. Liu

Abstract: Accurate patient diagnoses based on human tissue biopsies are hindered by current clinical practice, where pathologists assess only a limited number of thin 2D tissue slices sectioned from 3D volumetric tissue. Recent advances in non-destructive 3D pathology, such as open-top light-sheet microscopy, enable comprehensive imaging of spatially heterogeneous tissue morphologies, offering the feasibili… ▽ More Accurate patient diagnoses based on human tissue biopsies are hindered by current clinical practice, where pathologists assess only a limited number of thin 2D tissue slices sectioned from 3D volumetric tissue. Recent advances in non-destructive 3D pathology, such as open-top light-sheet microscopy, enable comprehensive imaging of spatially heterogeneous tissue morphologies, offering the feasibility to improve diagnostic determinations. A potential early route towards clinical adoption for 3D pathology is to rely on pathologists for final diagnosis based on viewing familiar 2D H&E-like image sections from the 3D datasets. However, manual examination of the massive 3D pathology datasets is infeasible. To address this, we present CARP3D, a deep learning triage approach that automatically identifies the highest-risk 2D slices within 3D volumetric biopsy, enabling time-efficient review by pathologists. For a given slice in the biopsy, we estimate its risk by performing attention-based aggregation of 2D patches within each slice, followed by pooling of the neighboring slices to compute a context-aware 2.5D risk score. For prostate cancer risk stratification, CARP3D achieves an area under the curve (AUC) of 90.4% for triaging slices, outperforming methods relying on independent analysis of 2D sections (AUC=81.3%). These results suggest that integrating additional depth context enhances the model's discriminative capabilities. In conclusion, CARP3D has the potential to improve pathologist diagnosis via accurate triage of high-risk slices within large-volume 3D pathology datasets. △ Less

Submitted 11 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: CVPR CVMI 2024

Journal ref: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, 2024, pp. 6955-6965

Modeling the refractive index profile n(z) of polar ice for ultra-high energy neutrino experiments

Authors: S. Ali, P. Allison, S. Archambault, J. J. Beatty, D. Z. Besson, A. Bishop, P. Chen, Y. C. Chen, B. A. Clark, W. Clay, A. Connolly, K. Couberly, L. Cremonesi, A. Cummings, P. Dasgupta, R. Debolt, S. de Kockere, K. D. de Vries, C. Deaconu, M. A. DuVernois, J. Flaherty, E. Friedman, R. Gaior, P. Giri, J. Hanson , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We have developed an in-situ index of refraction profile n(z) for cold polar ice, using the transit times of radio signals broadcast from an englacial transmitter to 2-5 km distant radio-frequency receivers, deployed at depths up to 200 m. For propagation through a non-uniform medium, Maxwell's equations generally admit two ray propagation solutions from a given transmitter, corresponding to a dir… ▽ More We have developed an in-situ index of refraction profile n(z) for cold polar ice, using the transit times of radio signals broadcast from an englacial transmitter to 2-5 km distant radio-frequency receivers, deployed at depths up to 200 m. For propagation through a non-uniform medium, Maxwell's equations generally admit two ray propagation solutions from a given transmitter, corresponding to a direct path (D) and a refracted or reflected path (R); the measured D vs. R timing differences (dt(D,R)) are determined by the refractive index profile. We constrain n(z) near South Pole, where the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) neutrino observatory is located, by simulating D and R ray paths via ray tracing and comparing simulations to measured dt(D,R) values. Using previous ice density data as a proxy for n(z), we demonstrate that our data strongly favors a glaciologically-motivated three-phase densification model rather than a single exponential scale height model. Effective volume simulations for a detector of ARA station antenna depths yield a 14\% increase in neutrino sensitivity over a range of $10^{17} - 10^{21}$ eV using the three-phase model compared to a single exponential. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2026; v1 submitted 2 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Calibration and Physics with ARA Station 1: A Unique Askaryan Radio Array Detector

Authors: M. F. H Seikh, D. Z. Besson, S. Ali, P. Allison, S. Archambault, J. J. Beatty, A. Bishop, P. Chen, Y. C. Chen, B. A. Clark, W. Clay, A. Connolly, K. Couberly, L. Cremonesi, A. Cummings, P. Dasgupta, R. Debolt, S. De Kockere, K. D. de Vries, C. Deaconu, M. A. DuVernois, J. Flaherty, E. Friedman, R. Gaior, P. Giri , et al. (48 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Askaryan Radio Array Station 1 (A1), the first among five autonomous stations deployed for the ARA experiment at the South Pole, is a unique ultra-high energy neutrino (UHEN) detector based on the Askaryan effect that uses Antarctic ice as the detector medium. Its 16 radio antennas (distributed across 4 strings, each with 2 Vertically Polarized (VPol), 2 Horizontally Polarized (HPol) receivers… ▽ More The Askaryan Radio Array Station 1 (A1), the first among five autonomous stations deployed for the ARA experiment at the South Pole, is a unique ultra-high energy neutrino (UHEN) detector based on the Askaryan effect that uses Antarctic ice as the detector medium. Its 16 radio antennas (distributed across 4 strings, each with 2 Vertically Polarized (VPol), 2 Horizontally Polarized (HPol) receivers), and 2 strings of transmitting antennas (calibration pulsers, CPs), each with 1 VPol and 1 HPol channel, are deployed at depths less than 100 m within the shallow firn zone of the 2.8 km thick South Pole (SP) ice. We apply different methods to calibrate its Ice Ray Sampler second generation (IRS2) chip for timing offset and ADC-to-Voltage conversion factors using a known continuous wave input signal to the digitizer, and achieve a precision of sub-nanoseconds. We achieve better calibration for odd, compared to even samples, and also find that the HPols under-perform relative to the VPol channels. Our timing calibrated data is subsequently used to calibrate the ADC-to-Voltage conversion as well as precise antenna locations, as a precursor to vertex reconstruction. The calibrated data will then be analyzed for UHEN signals in the final step of data compression. The ability of A1 to scan the firn region of SP ice sheet will contribute greatly towards a 5-station analysis and will inform the design of the planned IceCube Gen-2 radio array. △ Less

Submitted 14 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: 10 pages

Journal ref: PoS ICRC2023 (2023) 1163

Weakly Supervised AI for Efficient Analysis of 3D Pathology Samples

Authors: Andrew H. Song, Mane Williams, Drew F. K. Williamson, Guillaume Jaume, Andrew Zhang, Bowen Chen, Robert Serafin, Jonathan T. C. Liu, Alex Baras, Anil V. Parwani, Faisal Mahmood

Abstract: Human tissue and its constituent cells form a microenvironment that is fundamentally three-dimensional (3D). However, the standard-of-care in pathologic diagnosis involves selecting a few two-dimensional (2D) sections for microscopic evaluation, risking sampling bias and misdiagnosis. Diverse methods for capturing 3D tissue morphologies have been developed, but they have yet had little translation… ▽ More Human tissue and its constituent cells form a microenvironment that is fundamentally three-dimensional (3D). However, the standard-of-care in pathologic diagnosis involves selecting a few two-dimensional (2D) sections for microscopic evaluation, risking sampling bias and misdiagnosis. Diverse methods for capturing 3D tissue morphologies have been developed, but they have yet had little translation to clinical practice; manual and computational evaluations of such large 3D data have so far been impractical and/or unable to provide patient-level clinical insights. Here we present Modality-Agnostic Multiple instance learning for volumetric Block Analysis (MAMBA), a deep-learning-based platform for processing 3D tissue images from diverse imaging modalities and predicting patient outcomes. Archived prostate cancer specimens were imaged with open-top light-sheet microscopy or microcomputed tomography and the resulting 3D datasets were used to train risk-stratification networks based on 5-year biochemical recurrence outcomes via MAMBA. With the 3D block-based approach, MAMBA achieves an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.86 and 0.74, superior to 2D traditional single-slice-based prognostication (AUC of 0.79 and 0.57), suggesting superior prognostication with 3D morphological features. Further analyses reveal that the incorporation of greater tissue volume improves prognostic performance and mitigates risk prediction variability from sampling bias, suggesting the value of capturing larger extents of heterogeneous 3D morphology. With the rapid growth and adoption of 3D spatial biology and pathology techniques by researchers and clinicians, MAMBA provides a general and efficient framework for 3D weakly supervised learning for clinical decision support and can help to reveal novel 3D morphological biomarkers for prognosis and therapeutic response. △ Less

Submitted 27 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023.

Analysis of a Tau Neutrino Origin for the Near-Horizon Air Shower Events Observed by the Fourth Flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA)

Authors: R. Prechelt, S. A. Wissel, A. Romero-Wolf, C. Burch, P. W. Gorham, P. Allison, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, O. Banerjee, L. Batten, J. J. Beatty, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, W. Carvalho Jr., C. H. Chen, P. Chen, Y. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, B. Dailey, C. Deaconu, P. F. Dowkontt , et al. (43 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We study in detail the sensitivity of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) to possible $ν_τ$ point source fluxes detected via $τ$-lepton-induced air showers. This investigation is framed around the observation of four upward-going extensive air shower events very close to the horizon seen in ANITA-IV. We find that these four upgoing events are not observationally inconsistent with… ▽ More We study in detail the sensitivity of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) to possible $ν_τ$ point source fluxes detected via $τ$-lepton-induced air showers. This investigation is framed around the observation of four upward-going extensive air shower events very close to the horizon seen in ANITA-IV. We find that these four upgoing events are not observationally inconsistent with $τ$-induced EASs from Earth-skimming $ν_τ$, both in their spectral properties as well as in their observed locations on the sky. These four events, as well as the overall diffuse and point source exposure to Earth-skimming $ν_τ$, are also compared against published ultrahigh-energy neutrino limits from the Pierre Auger Observatory. While none of these four events occurred at sky locations simultaneously visible by Auger, the implied fluence necessary for ANITA to observe these events is in strong tension with limits set by Auger across a wide range of energies and is additionally in tension with ANITA's Askaryan in-ice neutrino channel above $10^{19}$ eV. We conclude by discussing some of the technical challenges with simulating and analyzing these near horizon events and the potential for future observatories to observe similar events. △ Less

Submitted 13 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 19 pages, 22 figures, will be published in Physical Review D (PRD)

The SLAC T-510 experiment for radio emission from particle showers: detailed simulation study and interpretation

Authors: K. Bechtol, K. Belov, K. Borch, P. Chen, J. Clem, P. Gorham, C. Hast, T. Huege, R. Hyneman, K. Jobe, K. Kuwatani, J. Lam, T. C. Liu, K. Mulrey, J. Nam, C. Naudet, R. J. Nichol, C. Paciaroni, B. F. Rauch, A. Romero-Wolf, B. Rotter, D. Saltzberg, H. Schoorlemmer, D. Seckel, B. Strutt , et al. (4 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Over the last several decades, radio detection of air showers has been widely used to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We developed an experiment under controlled laboratory conditions at SLAC with which we measured the radio-frequency radiation from a charged particle shower produced by bunches of electrons as primaries with known energy. The shower took place in a target made of High Densit… ▽ More Over the last several decades, radio detection of air showers has been widely used to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We developed an experiment under controlled laboratory conditions at SLAC with which we measured the radio-frequency radiation from a charged particle shower produced by bunches of electrons as primaries with known energy. The shower took place in a target made of High Density Polyethylene located in a strong magnetic field. The experiment was designed so that Askaryan and magnetically-induced components of the radio emission could be measured independently. At the same time, we performed a detailed simulation of this experiment to predict the radio signal using two microscopic formalisms, endpoint and ZHS. In this paper, we present the simulation scheme and make a comparison with data characteristics such as linearity with magnetic field and amplitude. The simulations agree with the measurements within uncertainties and present a good description of the data. In particular, reflections within the target that accounted for the largest systematic uncertainties are addressed. The prediction of the amplitude of Askaryan emission agrees with measurements to within 5% for the endpoint formalism and 11% for the ZHS formalism. The amplitudes of magnetically-induced emission agree to within 5% for the endpoint formalism and less than 1% for the ZHS formalism. The agreement of the absolute scale of emission gives confidence in state-of-the-art air shower simulations which are based on the applied formalisms. △ Less

Submitted 3 March, 2022; v1 submitted 8 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO): A White Paper

Authors: Q. Abarr, P. Allison, J. Ammerman Yebra, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, J. J. Beatty, D. Z. Besson, P. Chen, Y. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, C. Deaconu, J. Flaherty, D. Frikken, P. W. Gorham, C. Hast, C. Hornhuber, J. J. Huang, K. Hughes, A. Hynous, Y. Ku, C. -Y. Kuo, T. C. Liu, Z. Martin, C. Miki , et al. (25 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO) long-duration balloon experiment is designed to have world-leading sensitivity to ultrahigh-energy neutrinos at energies above 1 EeV. Probing this energy region is essential for understanding the extreme-energy universe at all distance scales. PUEO leverages experience from and supersedes the successful Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANI… ▽ More The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO) long-duration balloon experiment is designed to have world-leading sensitivity to ultrahigh-energy neutrinos at energies above 1 EeV. Probing this energy region is essential for understanding the extreme-energy universe at all distance scales. PUEO leverages experience from and supersedes the successful Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) program, with an improved design that drastically improves sensitivity by more than an order of magnitude at energies below 30 EeV. PUEO will either make the first significant detection of or set the best limits on ultrahigh-energy neutrino fluxes. △ Less

Submitted 20 September, 2021; v1 submitted 6 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Comments: 40 pages, 17 figures. Version accepted to JINST

Journal ref: JINST 16 (2021) 08, P08035

A search for ultrahigh-energy neutrinos associated with astrophysical sources using the third flight of ANITA

Authors: C. Deaconu, L. Batten, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, J. J. Beatty, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. H. Chen, P. Chen, Y. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, B. Dailey, P. F. Dowkontt, B. D. Fox, J. W. H. Gordon, P. W. Gorham, C. Hast, B. Hill, S. Y. Hsu, J. J. Huang , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) long-duration balloon experiment is sensitive to interactions of ultra high-energy (E > 10^{18} eV) neutrinos in the Antarctic ice sheet. The third flight of ANITA, lasting 22 days, began in December 2014. We develop a methodology to search for energetic neutrinos spatially and temporally coincident with potential source classes in ANITA data. This… ▽ More The ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) long-duration balloon experiment is sensitive to interactions of ultra high-energy (E > 10^{18} eV) neutrinos in the Antarctic ice sheet. The third flight of ANITA, lasting 22 days, began in December 2014. We develop a methodology to search for energetic neutrinos spatially and temporally coincident with potential source classes in ANITA data. This methodology is applied to several source classes: the TXS 0506+056 blazar and NGC 1068, the first potential TeV neutrino sources identified by IceCube, flaring high-energy blazars reported by the Fermi All-Sky Variability Analysis, gamma-ray bursts, and supernovae. Among searches within the five source classes, one candidate was identified as associated with SN 2015D, although not at a statistically significant level. We proceed to place upper limits on the source classes. We further comment on potential applications of this methodology to more sensitive future instruments. △ Less

Submitted 15 March, 2021; v1 submitted 6 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Comments: 23 pages, 7 figures, version accepted to JCAP

Experimental tests of sub-surface reflectors as an explanation for the ANITA anomalous events

Authors: D. Smith, D. Z. Besson, C. Deaconu, S. Prohira, P. Allison, L. Batten, J. J. Beatty, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. Chen, P. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, P. Dasgupta, P. W. Gorham, M. H. Israel, T. C. Liu, A. Ludwig, S. Matsuno, C. Miki, J. Nam, A. Novikov, R. J. Nichol , et al. (9 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The balloon-borne ANITA experiment is designed to detect ultra-high energy neutrinos via radio emissions produced by an in-ice shower. Although initially purposed for interactions within the Antarctic ice sheet, ANITA also demonstrated the ability to self-trigger on radio emissions from ultra-high energy charged cosmic rays interacting in the Earth's atmosphere. For showers produced above the Anta… ▽ More The balloon-borne ANITA experiment is designed to detect ultra-high energy neutrinos via radio emissions produced by an in-ice shower. Although initially purposed for interactions within the Antarctic ice sheet, ANITA also demonstrated the ability to self-trigger on radio emissions from ultra-high energy charged cosmic rays interacting in the Earth's atmosphere. For showers produced above the Antarctic ice sheet, reflection of the down-coming radio signals at the Antarctic surface should result in a polarity inversion prior to subsequent observation at the $\sim$35-40 km altitude ANITA gondola. ANITA has published two anomalous instances of upcoming cosmic-rays with measured polarity opposite the remaining sample of $\sim$50 UHECR signals. The steep observed upwards incidence angles (25--30 degrees relative to the horizontal) require non-Standard Model physics if these events are due to in-ice neutrino interactions, as the Standard Model cross-section would otherwise prohibit neutrinos from penetrating the long required chord of Earth. Shoemaker et al. posit that glaciological effects may explain the steep observed anomalous events. We herein consider the scenarios offered by Shoemaker et al. and find them to be disfavored by extant ANITA and HiCal experimental data. We note that the recent report of four additional near-horizon anomalous ANITA-4 events, at $>3σ$ significance, are incompatible with their model, which requires significant signal transmission into the ice. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2022; v1 submitted 27 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020.

Unusual Near-horizon Cosmic-ray-like Events Observed by ANITA-IV

Authors: ANITA Collaboration, P. W. Gorham, A. Ludwig, C. Deaconu, P. Cao, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, L. Batten, D. Bhattacharya, J. J. Beatty, K. Belov, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, C. H. Chen, P. Chen, Y. Chen, J. M. Clem, L. Cremonesi, B. Dailey, P. F. Dowkontt, B. D. Fox, J. W. H. Gordon, C. Hast, B. Hill, S. Y. Hsu , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: ANITA's fourth long-duration balloon flight in late 2016 detected 29 cosmic-ray (CR)-like events on a background of $0.37^{+0.27}_{-0.17}$ anthropogenic events. CRs are mainly seen in reflection off the Antarctic ice sheets, creating a characteristic phase-inverted waveform polarity. However, four of the below-horizon CR-like events show anomalous non-inverted polarity, a $p = 5.3 \times 10^{-4}$… ▽ More ANITA's fourth long-duration balloon flight in late 2016 detected 29 cosmic-ray (CR)-like events on a background of $0.37^{+0.27}_{-0.17}$ anthropogenic events. CRs are mainly seen in reflection off the Antarctic ice sheets, creating a characteristic phase-inverted waveform polarity. However, four of the below-horizon CR-like events show anomalous non-inverted polarity, a $p = 5.3 \times 10^{-4}$ chance if due to background. All anomalous events are from locations near the horizon; ANITA-IV observed no steeply-upcoming anomalous events similar to the two such events seen in prior flights. △ Less

Submitted 19 November, 2020; v1 submitted 13 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Physical Review Letters. Supplemental material (reference 17) available from corresponding author

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 071103 (2021)

The Next-Generation Radio Neutrino Observatory -- Multi-Messenger Neutrino Astrophysics at Extreme Energies

Authors: J. A. Aguilar, P. Allison, S. Archambault, J. J. Beatty, D. Z. Besson, O. Botner, S. Buitink, P. Chen, B. A. Clark, A. Connolly, C. Deaconu, S. de Kockere, M. A. DuVernois, N. van Eijndhoven, C. Finley, D. Garcia, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, J. Hanson, K. Hanson, C. Pérez de los Heros, K. D. Hoffman, B. Hokanson-Fasig, K. Hughes, K. Hultqvist , et al. (36 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: RNO is the mid-scale discovery instrument designed to make the first observation of neutrinos from the cosmos at extreme energies, with sensitivity well beyond current instrument capabilities. This new observatory will be the largest ground-based neutrino telescope to date, enabling the measurement of neutrinos above $10^{16}$ eV, determining the nature of the astrophysical neutrino flux that has… ▽ More RNO is the mid-scale discovery instrument designed to make the first observation of neutrinos from the cosmos at extreme energies, with sensitivity well beyond current instrument capabilities. This new observatory will be the largest ground-based neutrino telescope to date, enabling the measurement of neutrinos above $10^{16}$ eV, determining the nature of the astrophysical neutrino flux that has been measured by IceCube at higher energies, similarly extending the reach of multi-messenger astrophysics to the highest energies, and enabling investigations of fundamental physics at energies unreachable by particle accelerators on Earth. △ Less

Submitted 12 September, 2019; v1 submitted 29 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Comments: 14 pages including references, 5 figures, submitted to the Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics (Astro2020)

Recent Results from The Askaryan Radio Array

Authors: ARA Collaboration, P. Allison, S. Archambault, R. Bard, J. J. Beatty, M. Beheler-Amass, D. Z. Besson, M. Beydler, C. -C. Chen, C. -H. Chen, P. Chen, B. Clark, A. Clough, A. Connolly, J. Davies, C. Deaconu, M. A. DuVernois, C. Fender, E. Friedman, J. Hanson, K. Hanson, J. Haugen, K. D. Hoffman, E. Hong, S. -Y. Hsu , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino telescope at the South Pole consisting of an array of radio antennas aimed at detecting the Askaryan radiation produced by neutrino interactions in the ice. Currently, the experiment has five stations in operation that have been deployed in stages since 2012. This contribution focuses on the development of a search for a diffuse… ▽ More The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino telescope at the South Pole consisting of an array of radio antennas aimed at detecting the Askaryan radiation produced by neutrino interactions in the ice. Currently, the experiment has five stations in operation that have been deployed in stages since 2012. This contribution focuses on the development of a search for a diffuse flux of neutrinos in two ARA stations (A2 and A3) from 2013-2016. A background of $\sim 0.01-0.02$ events is expected in one station in each of two search channels in horizontal- and vertical-polarizations. The expected new constraints on the flux of ultra-high energy neutrinos based on four years of analysis with two stations improve on the previous limits set by ARA by a factor of about two. The projected sensitivity of ARA's five-station dataset is beginning to be competitive with other neutrino telescopes at high energies near $10^{10.5}\,$GeV. △ Less

Submitted 24 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures, prepared for proceedings for the International Cosmic Ray Conference, Madison, WI, 2019

The Simulation of the Sensitivity of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) to Askaryan Radiation from Cosmogenic Neutrinos Interacting in the Antarctic Ice

Authors: L. Cremonesi, A. Connolly, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, L. Batten, J. J. Beatty, K. Bechtol, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. C. Chen, C. H. Chen, P. Chen, J. M. Clem, B. Dailey, C. Deaconu, P. F. Dowkontt, B. D. Fox, J. W. H. Gordon, P. W. Gorham, B. Hill, J. J. Huang, K. Hughes , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A Monte Carlo simulation program for the radio detection of Ultra High Energy (UHE) neutrino interactions in the Antarctic ice as viewed by the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) is described in this article. The program, icemc, provides an input spectrum of UHE neutrinos, the parametrization of the Askaryan radiation generated by their interaction in the ice, and the propagation of the… ▽ More A Monte Carlo simulation program for the radio detection of Ultra High Energy (UHE) neutrino interactions in the Antarctic ice as viewed by the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) is described in this article. The program, icemc, provides an input spectrum of UHE neutrinos, the parametrization of the Askaryan radiation generated by their interaction in the ice, and the propagation of the radiation through ice and air to a simulated model of the third and fourth ANITA flights. This paper provides an overview of the icemc simulation, descriptions of the physics models used and of the ANITA electronics processing chain, data/simulation comparisons to validate the predicted performance, and a summary of the impact of published results. △ Less

Submitted 12 August, 2019; v1 submitted 26 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019.

Constraints on the ultra-high energy cosmic neutrino flux from the fourth flight of ANITA

Authors: P. W. Gorham, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, L. Batten, J. J. Beatty, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. C. Chen, C. H. Chen, P. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, B. Dailey, C. Deaconu, P. F. Dowkontt, B. D. Fox, J. W. H. Gordon, C. Hast, B. Hill, S. Y. Hsu, J. J. Huang , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) NASA long-duration balloon payload completed its fourth flight in December 2016, after 28 days of flight time. ANITA is sensitive to impulsive broadband radio emission from interactions of ultra-high-energy neutrinos in polar ice (Askaryan emission). We present the results of two separate blind analyses searching for signals from Askaryan emission… ▽ More The ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) NASA long-duration balloon payload completed its fourth flight in December 2016, after 28 days of flight time. ANITA is sensitive to impulsive broadband radio emission from interactions of ultra-high-energy neutrinos in polar ice (Askaryan emission). We present the results of two separate blind analyses searching for signals from Askaryan emission in the data from the fourth flight of ANITA. The more sensitive analysis, with a better expected limit, has a background estimate of $0.64^{+0.69}_{-0.45}$ and an analysis efficiency of $82\pm2\%$. The second analysis has a background estimate of $0.34^{+0.66}_{-0.16}$ and an analysis efficiency of $71\pm6\%$. Each analysis found one event in the signal region, consistent with the background estimate for each analysis. The resulting limit further tightens the constraints on the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos at energies above $10^{19.5}$ eV. △ Less

Submitted 11 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019.

Comments: 11 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 99, 122001 (2019)

A comprehensive analysis of anomalous ANITA events disfavors a diffuse tau-neutrino flux origin

Authors: A. Romero-Wolf, S. A. Wissel, H. Schoorlemmer, W. R. Carvalho Jr, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, E. Zas, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, L. Batten, J. J. Beatty, K. Bechtol, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. C. Chen, C. H. Chen, P. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, B. Dailey, C. Deaconu, P. F. Dowkontt , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Recently, the ANITA collaboration reported on two upward-going extensive air shower events consistent with a primary particle that emerges from the surface of the ice. These events may be of $ν_τ$ origin, in which the neutrino interacts within the Earth to produce a $τ$ lepton that emerges from the Earth, decays in the atmosphere, and initiates an extensive air shower. In this paper we estimate an… ▽ More Recently, the ANITA collaboration reported on two upward-going extensive air shower events consistent with a primary particle that emerges from the surface of the ice. These events may be of $ν_τ$ origin, in which the neutrino interacts within the Earth to produce a $τ$ lepton that emerges from the Earth, decays in the atmosphere, and initiates an extensive air shower. In this paper we estimate an upper bound on the ANITA acceptance to a diffuse $ν_τ$ flux detected via $τ$-lepton-induced air showers within the bounds of Standard Model (SM) uncertainties. By comparing this estimate with the acceptance of Pierre Auger Observatory and IceCube and assuming SM interactions, we conclude that a $ν_τ$ origin of these events would imply a neutrino flux at least two orders of magnitude above current bounds. △ Less

Submitted 5 February, 2019; v1 submitted 17 November, 2018; originally announced November 2018.

Comments: 12 pages, 7 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 99, 063011 (2019)

Upward-Pointing Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed with ANITA

Authors: Andres Romero-Wolf, P. W. Gorham, J. Nam, S. Hoover, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, L. Batten, J. J. Beatty, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. Chen, P. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, B. Dailey, C. Deaconu, L. Cremonesi, P. F. Dowkontt, M. A. DuVernois, R. C. Field, B. D. Fox, D. Goldstein , et al. (51 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: These proceedings address a recent publication by the ANITA collaboration of four upward- pointing cosmic-ray-like events observed in the first flight of ANITA. Three of these events were consistent with stratospheric cosmic-ray air showers where the axis of propagation does not inter- sect the surface of the Earth. The fourth event was consistent with a primary particle that emerges from the surf… ▽ More These proceedings address a recent publication by the ANITA collaboration of four upward- pointing cosmic-ray-like events observed in the first flight of ANITA. Three of these events were consistent with stratospheric cosmic-ray air showers where the axis of propagation does not inter- sect the surface of the Earth. The fourth event was consistent with a primary particle that emerges from the surface of the ice suggesting a possible τ-lepton decay as the origin of this event. These proceedings follow-up on the modeling and testing of the hypothesis that this event was of τ neutrino origin. △ Less

Submitted 30 September, 2018; originally announced October 2018.

Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures, presented at the International Cosmic Ray Conference 2017, Busan, South Korea

Design and Performance of an Interferometric Trigger Array for Radio Detection of High-Energy Neutrinos

Authors: P. Allison, S. Archambault, R. Bard, J. J. Beatty, M. Beheler-Amass, D. Z. Besson, M. Beydler, M. Bogdan, C. -C. Chen, C. -H. Chen, P. Chen, B. A. Clark, A. Clough, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, J. Davies, C. Deaconu, M. A. DuVernois, E. Friedman, J. Hanson, K. Hanson, J. Haugen, K. D. Hoffman, B. Hokanson-Fasig, E. Hong , et al. (47 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Ultra-high energy neutrinos are detectable through impulsive radio signals generated through interactions in dense media, such as ice. Subsurface in-ice radio arrays are a promising way to advance the observation and measurement of astrophysical high-energy neutrinos with energies above those discovered by the IceCube detector ($\geq$1 PeV) as well as cosmogenic neutrinos created in the GZK proces… ▽ More Ultra-high energy neutrinos are detectable through impulsive radio signals generated through interactions in dense media, such as ice. Subsurface in-ice radio arrays are a promising way to advance the observation and measurement of astrophysical high-energy neutrinos with energies above those discovered by the IceCube detector ($\geq$1 PeV) as well as cosmogenic neutrinos created in the GZK process ($\geq$100 PeV). Here we describe the $\textit{NuPhase}$ detector, which is a compact receiving array of low-gain antennas deployed 185 m deep in glacial ice near the South Pole. Signals from the antennas are digitized and coherently summed into multiple beams to form a low-threshold interferometric phased array trigger for radio impulses. The NuPhase detector was installed at an Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) station during the 2017/18 Austral summer season. $\textit{In situ}$ measurements with an impulsive, point-source calibration instrument show a 50% trigger efficiency on impulses with voltage signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of $\le$2.0, a factor of $\sim$1.8 improvement in SNR over the standard ARA combinatoric trigger. Hardware-level simulations, validated with $\textit{in situ}$ measurements, predict a trigger threshold of an SNR as low as 1.6 for neutrino interactions that are in the far field of the array. With the already-achieved NuPhase trigger performance included in ARASim, a detector simulation for the ARA experiment, we find the trigger-level effective detector volume is increased by a factor of 1.8 at neutrino energies between 10 and 100 PeV compared to the currently used ARA combinatoric trigger. We also discuss an achievable near term path toward lowering the trigger threshold further to an SNR of 1.0, which would increase the effective single-station volume by more than a factor of 3 in the same range of neutrino energies. △ Less

Submitted 21 October, 2018; v1 submitted 12 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018.

Comments: 19 pages, 19 figures, submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A

Observation of Reconstructable Radio Emission Coincident with an X-Class Solar Flare in the Askaryan Radio Array Prototype Station

Authors: P. Allison, S. Archambault, J. Auffenberg, R. Bard, J. J. Beatty, M. Beheler-Amass, D. Z. Besson, M. Beydler, C. Bora, C. -C. Chen, C. -H. Chen, P. Chen, B. A. Clark, A. Clough, A. Connolly, J. Davies, C. Deaconu, M. A. DuVernois, E. Friedman, B. Fox, P. W. Gorham, J. Hanson, K. Hanson, J. Haugen, B. Hill , et al. (52 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) reports an observation of radio emission coincident with the "Valentine's Day" solar flare on Feb. 15$^{\rm{th}}$, 2011 in the prototype "Testbed" station. We find $\sim2000$ events that passed our neutrino search criteria during the 70 minute period of the flare, all of which reconstruct to the location of the sun. A signal analysis of the events reveals them to be… ▽ More The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) reports an observation of radio emission coincident with the "Valentine's Day" solar flare on Feb. 15$^{\rm{th}}$, 2011 in the prototype "Testbed" station. We find $\sim2000$ events that passed our neutrino search criteria during the 70 minute period of the flare, all of which reconstruct to the location of the sun. A signal analysis of the events reveals them to be consistent with that of bright thermal noise correlated across antennas. This is the first natural source of radio emission reported by ARA that is tightly reconstructable on an event-by-event basis. The observation is also the first for ARA to point radio from individual events to an extraterrestrial source on the sky. We comment on how the solar flares, coupled with improved systematic uncertainties in reconstruction algorithms, could aid in a mapping of any above-ice radio emission, such as that from cosmic-ray air showers, to astronomical locations on the sky. △ Less

Submitted 9 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 18 pages, 22 figures

Observation of an Unusual Upward-going Cosmic-ray-like Event in the Third Flight of ANITA

Authors: P. W. Gorham, B. Rotter, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, L. Batten, J. J. Beatty, K. Bechtol, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. C. Chen, C. H. Chen, P. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, B. Dailey, C. Deaconu, P. F. Dowkontt, B. D. Fox, J. W. H. Gordon, C. Hast, B. Hill , et al. (38 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on an upward traveling, radio-detected cosmic-ray-like impulsive event with characteristics closely matching an extensive air shower. This event, observed in the third flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload, is consistent with a similar event reported in a previous flight. These events may be produced by the atmospheric… ▽ More We report on an upward traveling, radio-detected cosmic-ray-like impulsive event with characteristics closely matching an extensive air shower. This event, observed in the third flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload, is consistent with a similar event reported in a previous flight. These events may be produced by the atmospheric decay of an upward-propagating $τ$-lepton produced by a $ν_τ$ interaction, although their relatively steep arrival angles create tension with the standard model (SM) neutrino cross section. Each of the two events have $a~posteriori$ background estimates of $\lesssim 10^{-2}$ events. If these are generated by $τ$-lepton decay, then either the charged-current $ν_τ$ cross section is suppressed at EeV energies, or the events arise at moments when the peak flux of a transient neutrino source was much larger than the typical expected cosmogenic background neutrinos. △ Less

Submitted 13 March, 2018; originally announced March 2018.

Comments: 5 pages, 4 figures. Supplemental material available from corresponding author by request

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 161102 (2018)

Constraints on the diffuse high-energy neutrino flux from the third flight of ANITA

Authors: P. W. Gorham, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, L. Batten, J. J. Beatty, K. Bechtol, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. C. Chen, C. H. Chen, P. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, B. Dailey, C. Deaconu, P. F. Dowkontt, B. D. Fox, J. W. H. Gordon, C. Hast, B. Hill, S. Y. Hsu , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA long-duration balloon payload, searches for radio emission from interactions of ultra-high-energy neutrinos in polar ice. The third flight of ANITA (ANITA-III) was launched in December 2014 and completed a 22-day flight. We present the results of three analyses searching for Askaryan radio emission of neutrino origin. In the most sensitive… ▽ More The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA long-duration balloon payload, searches for radio emission from interactions of ultra-high-energy neutrinos in polar ice. The third flight of ANITA (ANITA-III) was launched in December 2014 and completed a 22-day flight. We present the results of three analyses searching for Askaryan radio emission of neutrino origin. In the most sensitive of the analyses, we find one event in the signal region on an expected a priori background of $0.7^{+0.5}_{-0.3}$. Though consistent with the background estimate, the candidate event remains compatible with a neutrino hypothesis even after additional post-unblinding scrutiny. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2018; v1 submitted 7 March, 2018; originally announced March 2018.

Comments: 15 pages, 15 figures, Accepted to PRD

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 98, 022001 (2018)

Antarctic Surface Reflectivity Calculations and Measurements from the ANITA-4 and HiCal-2 Experiments

Authors: S. Prohira, A. Novikov, P. Dasgupta, P. Jain, S. Nande, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, L. Batten, J. J. Beatty, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. Chen, P. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, B. Dailey, C. Deaconu, P. F. Dowkontt, B. D. Fox, J. Gordon, P. W. Gorham , et al. (32 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The balloon-borne HiCal radio-frequency (RF) transmitter, in concert with the ANITA radio-frequency receiver array, is designed to measure the Antarctic surface reflectivity in the RF wavelength regime. The amplitude of surface-reflected transmissions from HiCal, registered as triggered events by ANITA, can be compared with the direct transmissions preceding them by O(10) microseconds, to infer th… ▽ More The balloon-borne HiCal radio-frequency (RF) transmitter, in concert with the ANITA radio-frequency receiver array, is designed to measure the Antarctic surface reflectivity in the RF wavelength regime. The amplitude of surface-reflected transmissions from HiCal, registered as triggered events by ANITA, can be compared with the direct transmissions preceding them by O(10) microseconds, to infer the surface power reflection coefficient $\cal{R}$. The first HiCal mission (HiCal-1, Jan. 2015) yielded a sample of 100 such pairs, resulting in estimates of $\cal{R}$ at highly-glancing angles (i.e., zenith angles approaching $90^\circ$), with measured reflectivity for those events which exceeded extant calculations. The HiCal-2 experiment, flying from Dec., 2016-Jan., 2017, provided an improvement by nearly two orders of magnitude in our event statistics, allowing a considerably more precise mapping of the reflectivity over a wider range of incidence angles. We find general agreement between the HiCal-2 reflectivity results and those obtained with the earlier HiCal-1 mission, as well as estimates from Solar reflections in the radio-frequency regime. In parallel, our calculations of expected reflectivity have matured; herein, we use a plane-wave expansion to estimate the reflectivity R from both a flat, smooth surface (and, in so doing, recover the Fresnel reflectivity equations) and also a curved surface. Multiplying our flat-smooth reflectivity by improved Earth curvature and surface roughness corrections now provides significantly better agreement between theory and the HiCal 2a/2b measurements. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2018; originally announced January 2018.

Comments: submitted to Astropart. Phys

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 98, 042004 (2018)

Measurement of the real dielectric permittivity epsilon_r of glacial ice

Authors: P. Allison, S. Archambault, J. Auffenberg, R. Bard, J. J. Beatty, M. Beheler-Amass, D. Z. Besson, M. Beydler, C. Brabec, C. -C. Chen, C. -H. Chen, P. Chen, A. Christenson, B. A. Clark, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, C. Deaconu, M. Duvernois, L. Friedman, R. Gaior, P. W. Gorham, J. Hanson, K. Hanson, J. Haugen, K. D. Hoffman , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Using data collected by the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) experiment at the South Pole, we have used long-baseline propagation of radio-frequency signals to extract information on the radio-frequency index-of-refraction in South Polar ice. Owing to the increasing ice density over the upper 150--200 meters, rays are observed along two, nearly parallel paths, one of which is direct and a second which r… ▽ More Using data collected by the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) experiment at the South Pole, we have used long-baseline propagation of radio-frequency signals to extract information on the radio-frequency index-of-refraction in South Polar ice. Owing to the increasing ice density over the upper 150--200 meters, rays are observed along two, nearly parallel paths, one of which is direct and a second which refracts through an inflection point, with differences in both arrival time and arrival angle that can be used to constrain the neutrino properties. We also observe indications, for the first time, of radio-frequency ice birefringence for signals propagating along predominantly horizontal trajectories, corresponding to an asymmetry of order 0.1% between the ordinary and extra-ordinary paths, numerically compatible with previous measurements of birefringent asymmetries for vertically-propagating radio-frequency signals at South Pole. Taken together, these effects offer the possibility of redundantly measuring the range from receiver to a neutrino interaction in Antarctic ice, if receiver antennas are deployed at shallow (25 m<z<100 m) depths. Such range information is essential in determining both the neutrino energy, as well as the incident neutrino direction. △ Less

Submitted 14 January, 2019; v1 submitted 8 December, 2017; originally announced December 2017.

HiCal 2: An instrument designed for calibration of the ANITA experiment and for Antarctic surface reflectivity measurements

Authors: S. Prohira, A. Novikov, D. Z. Besson, K. Ratzlaff, J. Stockham, M. Stockham, J. M. Clem, R. Young, P. W. Gorham, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, L. Batten, J. J. Beatty, K. Belov, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. Chen, P. Chen, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, B. Dailey, C. Deaconu, P. F. Dowkontt, B. D. Fox , et al. (33 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The NASA supported High-Altitude Calibration (HiCal)-2 instrument flew as a companion balloon to the ANITA-4 experiment in December 2016. Based on a HV discharge pulser producing radio-frequency (RF) calibration pulses, HiCal-2 comprised two payloads, which flew for a combined 18 days, covering 1.5 revolutions of the Antarctic continent. ANITA-4 captured over 10,000 pulses from HiCal, both direct… ▽ More The NASA supported High-Altitude Calibration (HiCal)-2 instrument flew as a companion balloon to the ANITA-4 experiment in December 2016. Based on a HV discharge pulser producing radio-frequency (RF) calibration pulses, HiCal-2 comprised two payloads, which flew for a combined 18 days, covering 1.5 revolutions of the Antarctic continent. ANITA-4 captured over 10,000 pulses from HiCal, both direct and reflected from the surface, at distances varying from 100-800 km, providing a large dataset for surface reflectivity measurements. Herein we present details on the design, construction and performance of HiCal-2. △ Less

Submitted 17 September, 2020; v1 submitted 30 October, 2017; originally announced October 2017.

Comments: Published in NIM-A, final version

Dynamic tunable notch filters for the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA)

Authors: P. Allison, O. Banerjee, J. J. Beatty, A. Connolly, C. Deaconu, J. Gordon, P. W. Gorham, M. Kovacevich, C. Miki, E. Oberla, J. Roberts, B. Rotter, S. Stafford, K. Tatem, L. Batten, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. Chen, P. Chen, Y. Chen, J. M. Clem, L. Cremonesi , et al. (34 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) is a NASA long-duration balloon experiment with the primary goal of detecting ultra-high-energy ($>10^{18}\,\mbox{eV}$) neutrinos via the Askaryan Effect. The fourth ANITA mission, ANITA-IV, recently flew from Dec 2 to Dec 29, 2016. For the first time, the Tunable Universal Filter Frontend (TUFF) boards were deployed for mitigation of narrow-band,… ▽ More The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) is a NASA long-duration balloon experiment with the primary goal of detecting ultra-high-energy ($>10^{18}\,\mbox{eV}$) neutrinos via the Askaryan Effect. The fourth ANITA mission, ANITA-IV, recently flew from Dec 2 to Dec 29, 2016. For the first time, the Tunable Universal Filter Frontend (TUFF) boards were deployed for mitigation of narrow-band, anthropogenic noise with tunable, switchable notch filters. The TUFF boards also performed second-stage amplification by approximately 45 dB to boost the $\sim\,μ\mbox{V-level}$ radio frequency (RF) signals to $\sim$ mV-level for digitization, and supplied power via bias tees to the first-stage, antenna-mounted amplifiers. The other major change in signal processing in ANITA-IV is the resurrection of the $90^{\circ}$ hybrids deployed previously in ANITA-I, in the trigger system, although in this paper we focus on the TUFF boards. During the ANITA-IV mission, the TUFF boards were successfully operated throughout the flight. They contributed to a factor of 2.8 higher total instrument livetime on average in ANITA-IV compared to ANITA-III due to reduction of narrow-band, anthropogenic noise before a trigger decision is made. △ Less

Submitted 13 September, 2017; originally announced September 2017.

Comments: 27 pages, 19 figures

Antarctic Surface Reflectivity Measurements from the ANITA-3 and HiCal-1 Experiments

Authors: P. W. Gorham, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, J. J. Beatty, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. Chen, P. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, B. Dailey, P. Dasgupta, C. Deaconu, L. Cremonesi, P. F. Dowkontt, B. D. Fox, J. Gordon, B. Hill, R. Hupe, M. H. Israel, P. Jain, J. Kowalski , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The primary science goal of the NASA-sponsored ANITA project is measurement of ultra-high energy neutrinos and cosmic rays, observed via radio-frequency signals resulting from a neutrino- or cosmic ray- interaction with terrestrial matter (atmospheric or ice molecules, e.g.). Accurate inference of the energies of these cosmic rays requires understanding the transmission/reflection of radio wave si… ▽ More The primary science goal of the NASA-sponsored ANITA project is measurement of ultra-high energy neutrinos and cosmic rays, observed via radio-frequency signals resulting from a neutrino- or cosmic ray- interaction with terrestrial matter (atmospheric or ice molecules, e.g.). Accurate inference of the energies of these cosmic rays requires understanding the transmission/reflection of radio wave signals across the ice-air boundary. Satellite-based measurements of Antarctic surface reflectivity, using a co-located transmitter and receiver, have been performed more-or-less continuously for the last few decades. Satellite-based reflectivity surveys, at frequencies ranging from 2--45 GHz and at near-normal incidence, yield generally consistent reflectivity maps across Antarctica. Using the Sun as an RF source, and the ANITA-3 balloon borne radio-frequency antenna array as the RF receiver, we have also measured the surface reflectivity over the interval 200-1000 MHz, at elevation angles of 12-30 degrees, finding agreement with the Fresnel equations within systematic errors. To probe low incidence angles, inaccessible to the Antarctic Solar technique and not probed by previous satellite surveys, a novel experimental approach ("HiCal-1") was devised. Unlike previous measurements, HiCal-ANITA constitute a bi-static transmitter-receiver pair separated by hundreds of kilometers. Data taken with HiCal, between 200--600 MHz shows a significant departure from the Fresnel equations, constant with frequency over that band, with the deficit increasing with obliquity of incidence, which we attribute to the combined effects of possible surface roughness, surface grain effects, radar clutter and/or shadowing of the reflection zone due to Earth curvature effects. △ Less

Submitted 21 June, 2017; v1 submitted 1 March, 2017; originally announced March 2017.

Comments: updated to match publication version

Characteristics of Four Upward-pointing Cosmic-ray-like Events Observed with ANITA

Authors: P. W. Gorham, J. Nam, A. Romero-Wolf, S. Hoover, P. Allison, O. Banerjee, J. J. Beatty, K. Belov, D. Z. Besson, W. R. Binns, V. Bugaev, P. Cao, C. Chen, P. Chen, J. M. Clem, A. Connolly, B. Dailey, C. Deaconu, L. Cremonesi, P. F. Dowkonnt, M. A. Duvernois, R. C. Field, B. D. Fox, D. Goldstein, J. Gordon , et al. (44 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on four radio-detected cosmic-ray (CR) or CR-like events observed with the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload. Two of the four were previously identified as stratospheric CR air showers during the ANITA-I flight. A third stratospheric CR was detected during the ANITA-II flight. Here we report on characteristics these three unusua… ▽ More We report on four radio-detected cosmic-ray (CR) or CR-like events observed with the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload. Two of the four were previously identified as stratospheric CR air showers during the ANITA-I flight. A third stratospheric CR was detected during the ANITA-II flight. Here we report on characteristics these three unusual CR events, which develop nearly horizontally, 20-30~km above the surface of the Earth. In addition, we report on a fourth steeply upward-pointing ANITA-I CR-like radio event which has characteristics consistent with a primary that emerged from the surface of the ice. This suggests a possible $τ$-lepton decay as the origin of this event, but such an interpretation would require significant suppression of the Standard Model $τ$-neutrino cross section. △ Less

Submitted 29 June, 2016; v1 submitted 16 March, 2016; originally announced March 2016.

Comments: 5pp,4 figures, referees' comments addressed, this version accepted to Phys. Rev. Letters. Supplemental PDF material available; see source files

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 071101 (2016)

Performance of two Askaryan Radio Array stations and first results in the search for ultra-high energy neutrinos

Authors: ARA Collaboration, P. Allison, R. Bard, J. J. Beatty, D. Z. Besson, C. Bora, C. -C. Chen, C. -H. Chen, P. Chen, A. Christenson, A. Connolly, J. Davies, M. Duvernois, B. Fox, R. Gaior, P. W. Gorham, K. Hanson, J. Haugen, B. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, E. Hong, S. -Y. Hsu, L. Hu, J. -J. Huang, M. -H. A. Huang , et al. (42 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Ultra-high energy neutrinos are interesting messenger particles since, if detected, they can transmit exclusive information about ultra-high energy processes in the Universe. These particles, with energies above $10^{16}\mathrm{eV}$, interact very rarely. Therefore, detectors that instrument several gigatons of matter are needed to discover them. The ARA detector is currently being constructed at… ▽ More Ultra-high energy neutrinos are interesting messenger particles since, if detected, they can transmit exclusive information about ultra-high energy processes in the Universe. These particles, with energies above $10^{16}\mathrm{eV}$, interact very rarely. Therefore, detectors that instrument several gigatons of matter are needed to discover them. The ARA detector is currently being constructed at South Pole. It is designed to use the Askaryan effect, the emission of radio waves from neutrino-induced cascades in the South Pole ice, to detect neutrino interactions at very high energies. With antennas distributed among 37 widely-separated stations in the ice, such interactions can be observed in a volume of several hundred cubic kilometers. Currently 3 deep ARA stations are deployed in the ice of which two have been taking data since the beginning of the year 2013. In this publication, the ARA detector "as-built" and calibrations are described. Furthermore, the data reduction methods used to distinguish the rare radio signals from overwhelming backgrounds of thermal and anthropogenic origin are presented. Using data from only two stations over a short exposure time of 10 months, a neutrino flux limit of $3 \cdot 10^{-6} \mathrm{GeV} / (\mathrm{cm^2 \ s \ sr})$ is calculated for a particle energy of 10^{18}eV, which offers promise for the full ARA detector. △ Less

Submitted 16 May, 2016; v1 submitted 31 July, 2015; originally announced July 2015.

Comments: 21 pages, 34 figures, 1 table, includes supplementary material

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 93, 082003 (2016)

Design and Initial Performance of the Askaryan Radio Array Prototype EeV Neutrino Detector at the South Pole

Authors: P. Allison, J. Auffenberg, R. Bard, J. J. Beatty, D. Z. Besson, S. Boeser, C. Chen, P. Chen, A. Connolly, J. Davies, M. DuVernois, B. Fox, P. W. Gorham, E. W. Grashorn, K. Hanson, J. Haugen, K. Helbing, B. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, M. Huang, M. H. A. Huang, A. Ishihara, A. Karle, D. Kennedy, H. Landsman , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on studies of the viability and sensitivity of the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA), a new initiative to develop a Teraton-scale ultra-high energy neutrino detector in deep, radio-transparent ice near Amundsen-Scott station at the South Pole. An initial prototype ARA detector system was installed in January 2011, and has been operating continuously since then. We report on studies of the backg… ▽ More We report on studies of the viability and sensitivity of the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA), a new initiative to develop a Teraton-scale ultra-high energy neutrino detector in deep, radio-transparent ice near Amundsen-Scott station at the South Pole. An initial prototype ARA detector system was installed in January 2011, and has been operating continuously since then. We report on studies of the background radio noise levels, the radio clarity of the ice, and the estimated sensitivity of the planned ARA array given these results, based on the first five months of operation. Anthropogenic radio interference in the vicinity of the South Pole currently leads to a few-percent loss of data, but no overall effect on the background noise levels, which are dominated by the thermal noise floor of the cold polar ice, and galactic noise at lower frequencies. We have also successfully detected signals originating from a 2.5 km deep impulse generator at a distance of over 3 km from our prototype detector, confirming prior estimates of kilometer-scale attenuation lengths for cold polar ice. These are also the first such measurements for propagation over such large slant distances in ice. Based on these data, ARA-37, the 200 km^2 array now under construction, will achieve the highest sensitivity of any planned or existing neutrino detector in the 10^{16}-10^{19} eV energy range. △ Less

Submitted 9 August, 2011; v1 submitted 13 May, 2011; originally announced May 2011.

Comments: 25 pages, 37 figures, this version with improved ice attenuation length analysis; for submission to Astroparticle Physics

Determinations of flavor ratios and flavor transitions of astrophysical neutrinos

Authors: G. -L. Lin, T. C. Liu, K. -C. Lai, M. A. Huang

Abstract: We argue that an effective flavor discrimination in neutrino telescopes is the key to probe the flavor ratios of astrophysical neutrinos at the source and flavor transition mechanisms of these neutrinos during their propagations from the source to the Earth. We first discuss how well one can reconstruct the flavor ratios of astrophysical neutrinos at the source. We then discuss how to probe flavor… ▽ More We argue that an effective flavor discrimination in neutrino telescopes is the key to probe the flavor ratios of astrophysical neutrinos at the source and flavor transition mechanisms of these neutrinos during their propagations from the source to the Earth. We first discuss how well one can reconstruct the flavor ratios of astrophysical neutrinos at the source. We then discuss how to probe flavor transition mechanisms of propagating astrophysical neutrinos. In this regard, we propose a model independent parametrization for neutrino flavor transitions, with the neutrino oscillation as a special case. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2011; originally announced March 2011.

Comments: 4 pages; presented at ICHEP 2010, July 22-28, 2010, Paris, France

Determination of the Source Flavor Ratio of Ultrahigh Energy Neutrinos

Authors: T. C. Liu, M. A. Huang, Guey-Lin Lin

Abstract: We discuss the reconstruction of neutrino flavor neutrino at a distant source in the very high en- ergy regime. This reconstruction procedure is relevant to the confirmation of detecting cosmogenic neutrinos, for example. To facilitate such a reconstruction, it is imperative to achieve effective flavor discriminations in terrestrial neutrino telescopes. We note that, for energies beyond few tens o… ▽ More We discuss the reconstruction of neutrino flavor neutrino at a distant source in the very high en- ergy regime. This reconstruction procedure is relevant to the confirmation of detecting cosmogenic neutrinos, for example. To facilitate such a reconstruction, it is imperative to achieve effective flavor discriminations in terrestrial neutrino telescopes. We note that, for energies beyond few tens of PeV, a tau-lepton behaves like a track similar to a muon. Hence, while it is rather challenging to separate νμ from ντ in this case, one can expect to isolate νe from the rest by a distinctive shower signature. We present the result of flavor ratio reconstruction given the anticipated accuracies of flavor measurement in neutrino telescopes and current uncertainties of neutrino mixing parame- ters. It is shown that the further separation between νμ and ντ events does not improve the flavor reconstruction due to the approximate νμ - ντ symmetry. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2011; v1 submitted 28 April, 2010; originally announced April 2010.

Comments: 4 pages, 10 figures. Paper reorganized with a new title

Flavor Transition Mechanisms of Propagating Astrophysical Neutrinos -A Model Independent Parametrization

Authors: Kwang-Chang Lai, Guey-Lin Lin, T. C. Liu

Abstract: One of the important goals for future neutrino telescopes is to identify the flavors of astrophysical neutrinos and therefore determine the flavor ratio. The flavor ratio of astrophysical neutrinos observed on the Earth depends on both the initial flavor ratio at the source and flavor transitions taking place during propagations of these neutrinos. We propose a model independent parametrization fo… ▽ More One of the important goals for future neutrino telescopes is to identify the flavors of astrophysical neutrinos and therefore determine the flavor ratio. The flavor ratio of astrophysical neutrinos observed on the Earth depends on both the initial flavor ratio at the source and flavor transitions taking place during propagations of these neutrinos. We propose a model independent parametrization for describing the above flavor transitions. A few flavor transition models are employed to test our parametrization. The observational test for flavor transition mechanisms through our parametrization is discussed. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2010; v1 submitted 9 April, 2010; originally announced April 2010.

Comments: Matches the published version

Journal ref: Phys.Rev.D82:103003,2010

Neutrino Flavor Ratio on Earth and at Astrophysical Sources

Authors: Kwang-Chang Lai, Guey-Lin Lin, T. C. Liu

Abstract: We present the reconstruction of neutrino flavor ratios at astrophysical sources. For distinguishing the pion source and the muon-damped source to the 3$σ$ level, the neutrino flux ratios, $R\equivφ(ν_μ)/(φ(ν_e)+φ(ν_τ))$ and $S\equivφ(ν_e)/φ(ν_τ)$, need to be measured in accuracies better than 10%. We present the reconstruction of neutrino flavor ratios at astrophysical sources. For distinguishing the pion source and the muon-damped source to the 3$σ$ level, the neutrino flux ratios, $R\equivφ(ν_μ)/(φ(ν_e)+φ(ν_τ))$ and $S\equivφ(ν_e)/φ(ν_τ)$, need to be measured in accuracies better than 10%. △ Less

Submitted 7 April, 2010; originally announced April 2010.

Comments: 3 pages, 8 figures. Talk presented by T.C. Liu in ERICE 2009, Sicily.

Journal ref: Prog.Part.Nucl.Phys.64:420-422,2010

Determination of the Neutrino Flavor Ratio at the Astrophysical Source

Authors: Kwang-Chang Lai, Guey-Lin Lin, T. C. Liu

Abstract: We discuss the reconstruction of neutrino flavor ratios at astrophysical sources through the future neutrino-telescope measurements. Taking the ranges of neutrino mixing parameters $θ_{ij}$ as those given by the current global fit, we demonstrate by a statistical method that the accuracies in the measurements of energy-independent ratios $R\equivφ(ν_μ)/(φ(ν_{e})+φ(ν_τ))$ and… ▽ More We discuss the reconstruction of neutrino flavor ratios at astrophysical sources through the future neutrino-telescope measurements. Taking the ranges of neutrino mixing parameters $θ_{ij}$ as those given by the current global fit, we demonstrate by a statistical method that the accuracies in the measurements of energy-independent ratios $R\equivφ(ν_μ)/(φ(ν_{e})+φ(ν_τ))$ and $S\equivφ(ν_e)/φ(ν_τ)$ among integrated neutrino flux should both be better than 10% in order to distinguish between the pion source and the muon-damped source at the $3 σ$ level. The 10% accuracy needed for measuring $R$ and $S$ requires an improved understanding on the background atmospheric neutrino flux to a better than 10% level in the future. We discuss the applicability of our analysis to practical situations that the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux arises from different types of sources and each point source has a neutrino flavor ratio varying with energies. We also discuss the effect of leptonic CP phase on the flavor-ratio reconstruction. △ Less

Submitted 3 November, 2009; v1 submitted 25 May, 2009; originally announced May 2009.

Comments: Figures corrected, Discussions on the feasibility of measuring various flux ratios added; version to appear in Phys. Rev. D

Journal ref: Phys.Rev.D80:103005,2009

Simulation of the cosmic ray tau neutrino telescope (CRTNT) experiment

Authors: J. L. Liu, S. S. Zhang, Z. Cao, H. H. He, M. A. Huang, T. C. Liu, G. Xiao, M. Zha, B. K. Zhang, Y. X. Bai, Y. Zhang

Abstract: A tau lepton can be produced in a charged current interaction by cosmic ray tau neutrino with material inside a mountain. If it escapes from the mountain, it will decay and initiate a shower in the air, which can be detected by an air shower fluorescence/Cherenkov light detector. Designed according to such a principle, the Cosmic Ray Tau Neutrino Telescope (CRTNT) experiment, located at the foot… ▽ More A tau lepton can be produced in a charged current interaction by cosmic ray tau neutrino with material inside a mountain. If it escapes from the mountain, it will decay and initiate a shower in the air, which can be detected by an air shower fluorescence/Cherenkov light detector. Designed according to such a principle, the Cosmic Ray Tau Neutrino Telescope (CRTNT) experiment, located at the foothill of Mt. Balikun in Xinjiang, China, will search for very high-energy cosmic tau neutrinos from energetic astrophysical sources by detecting those showers. This paper describes a Monte Carlo simulation for a detection of tau neutrino events by the CRTNT experiment. Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray events are also simulated to estimate the potential contamination. With the CRTNT experiment composed of four detector stations, each covering 64 by 14 degrees field of view, the expected event rates are 28.6, 21.9 and 4.7 per year assuming AGN neutrino flux according to Semikoz et. al. 2004, MPR AGN jet model and SDSS AGN core model, respectively. Null detection of such tau event by the CRTNT experiment in one year could set 90% C.L. upper limit at 19.9 (eV^-1 cm^-2 s^-1 sr^-1) for E^-2 neutrino spectrum. △ Less

Submitted 12 May, 2009; originally announced May 2009.

Comments: 14 pages

Journal ref: J.Phys.G36:075201,2009