-
Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities
Authors:
Gheorghe Comanici,
Eric Bieber,
Mike Schaekermann,
Ice Pasupat,
Noveen Sachdeva,
Inderjit Dhillon,
Marcel Blistein,
Ori Ram,
Dan Zhang,
Evan Rosen,
Luke Marris,
Sam Petulla,
Colin Gaffney,
Asaf Aharoni,
Nathan Lintz,
Tiago Cardal Pais,
Henrik Jacobsson,
Idan Szpektor,
Nan-Jiang Jiang,
Krishna Haridasan,
Ahmed Omran,
Nikunj Saunshi,
Dara Bahri,
Gaurav Mishra,
Eric Chu
, et al. (3410 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal unde…
▽ More
In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. Gemini 2.5 Flash provides excellent reasoning abilities at a fraction of the compute and latency requirements and Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite provide high performance at low latency and cost. Taken together, the Gemini 2.X model generation spans the full Pareto frontier of model capability vs cost, allowing users to explore the boundaries of what is possible with complex agentic problem solving.
△ Less
Submitted 19 December, 2025; v1 submitted 7 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
-
First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment
Authors:
J. Aalbers,
D. S. Akerib,
C. W. Akerlof,
A. K. Al Musalhi,
F. Alder,
A. Alqahtani,
S. K. Alsum,
C. S. Amarasinghe,
A. Ames,
T. J. Anderson,
N. Angelides,
H. M. Araújo,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
S. Azadi,
A. J. Bailey,
A. Baker,
J. Balajthy,
S. Balashov,
J. Bang,
J. W. Bargemann,
M. J. Barry,
J. Barthel,
D. Bauer,
A. Baxter
, et al. (322 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60~live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis s…
▽ More
The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60~live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis shows the data to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, setting new limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon, spin-dependent WIMP-neutron, and spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross sections for WIMP masses above 9 GeV/c$^2$. The most stringent limit is set for spin-independent scattering at 36 GeV/c$^2$, rejecting cross sections above 9.2$\times 10^{-48}$ cm$^2$ at the 90% confidence level.
△ Less
Submitted 2 August, 2023; v1 submitted 8 July, 2022;
originally announced July 2022.
-
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs
Authors:
D. S. Akerib,
C. W. Akerlof,
D. Yu. Akimov,
A. Alquahtani,
S. K. Alsum,
T. J. Anderson,
N. Angelides,
H. M. Araújo,
A. Arbuckle,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
H. Auyeung,
S. Aviles,
X. Bai,
A. J. Bailey,
J. Balajthy,
S. Balashov,
J. Bang,
M. J. Barry,
D. Bauer,
P. Bauer,
A. Baxter,
J. Belle,
P. Beltrame,
J. Bensinger
, et al. (365 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c$^{2}$ and a 1000 d exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherent…
▽ More
LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c$^{2}$ and a 1000 d exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented.
△ Less
Submitted 28 February, 2022; v1 submitted 3 June, 2020;
originally announced June 2020.
-
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment
Authors:
The LZ Collaboration,
D. S. Akerib,
C. W. Akerlof,
D. Yu. Akimov,
A. Alquahtani,
S. K. Alsum,
T. J. Anderson,
N. Angelides,
H. M. Araújo,
A. Arbuckle,
J. E. Armstrong,
M. Arthurs,
H. Auyeung,
X. Bai,
A. J. Bailey,
J. Balajthy,
S. Balashov,
J. Bang,
M. J. Barry,
J. Barthel,
D. Bauer,
P. Bauer,
A. Baxter,
J. Belle,
P. Beltrame
, et al. (357 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient n…
▽ More
We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850' level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experiment and its key design features and requirements.
△ Less
Submitted 3 November, 2019; v1 submitted 20 October, 2019;
originally announced October 2019.
-
LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Technical Design Report
Authors:
B. J. Mount,
S. Hans,
R. Rosero,
M. Yeh,
C. Chan,
R. J. Gaitskell,
D. Q. Huang,
J. Makkinje,
D. C. Malling,
M. Pangilinan,
C. A. Rhyne,
W. C. Taylor,
J. R. Verbus,
Y. D. Kim,
H. S. Lee,
J. Lee,
D. S. Leonard,
J. Li,
J. Belle,
A. Cottle,
W. H. Lippincott,
D. J. Markley,
T. J. Martin,
M. Sarychev,
T. E. Tope
, et al. (237 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In this Technical Design Report (TDR) we describe the LZ detector to be built at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The LZ dark matter experiment is designed to achieve sensitivity to a WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section of three times ten to the negative forty-eighth square centimeters.
In this Technical Design Report (TDR) we describe the LZ detector to be built at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The LZ dark matter experiment is designed to achieve sensitivity to a WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section of three times ten to the negative forty-eighth square centimeters.
△ Less
Submitted 27 March, 2017;
originally announced March 2017.
-
Identification of Radiopure Titanium for the LZ Dark Matter Experiment and Future Rare Event Searches
Authors:
D. S. Akerib,
C. W. Akerlof,
D. Yu. Akimov,
S. K. Alsum,
H. M. Araújo,
I. J. Arnquist,
M. Arthurs,
X. Bai,
A. J. Bailey,
J. Balajthy,
S. Balashov,
M. J. Barry,
J. Belle,
P. Beltrame,
T. Benson,
E. P. Bernard,
A. Bernstein,
T. P. Biesiadzinski,
K. E. Boast,
A. Bolozdynya,
B. Boxer,
R. Bramante,
P. Brás,
J. H. Buckley,
V. V. Bugaev
, et al. (180 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a detector containing a total of 10 tonnes of liquid xenon within a double-vessel cryostat. The large mass and proximity of the cryostat to the active detector volume demand the use of material with extremely low intrinsic radioactivity. We report on the radioassay campaign conducted to identify suitable metals,…
▽ More
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a detector containing a total of 10 tonnes of liquid xenon within a double-vessel cryostat. The large mass and proximity of the cryostat to the active detector volume demand the use of material with extremely low intrinsic radioactivity. We report on the radioassay campaign conducted to identify suitable metals, the determination of factors limiting radiopure production, and the selection of titanium for construction of the LZ cryostat and other detector components. This titanium has been measured with activities of $^{238}$U$_{e}$~$<$1.6~mBq/kg, $^{238}$U$_{l}$~$<$0.09~mBq/kg, $^{232}$Th$_{e}$~$=0.28\pm 0.03$~mBq/kg, $^{232}$Th$_{l}$~$=0.25\pm 0.02$~mBq/kg, $^{40}$K~$<$0.54~mBq/kg, and $^{60}$Co~$<$0.02~mBq/kg (68\% CL). Such low intrinsic activities, which are some of the lowest ever reported for titanium, enable its use for future dark matter and other rare event searches. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to assess the expected background contribution from the LZ cryostat with this radioactivity. In 1,000 days of WIMP search exposure of a 5.6-tonne fiducial mass, the cryostat will contribute only a mean background of $0.160\pm0.001$(stat)$\pm0.030$(sys) counts.
△ Less
Submitted 26 September, 2017; v1 submitted 8 February, 2017;
originally announced February 2017.
-
On color-critical ($P_{5},\overline{P}_5$)-free graphs
Authors:
Harjinder S. Dhaliwal,
Angèle M. Hamel,
Chính T. Hoàng,
Frédéric Maffray,
Tyler J. D. McConnell,
Stefan A. Panait
Abstract:
A graph is $k$-critical if it is $k$-chromatic but each of its proper induced subgraphs is ($k-1$)-colorable. It is known that the number of $4$-critical $P_5$-free graphs is finite, but there is an infinite number of $k$-critical $P_5$-free graphs for each $k \geq 5$. We show that the number of $k$-critical $(P_5, \overline{P}_5)$-free graphs is finite for every fixed $k$. Our result implies the…
▽ More
A graph is $k$-critical if it is $k$-chromatic but each of its proper induced subgraphs is ($k-1$)-colorable. It is known that the number of $4$-critical $P_5$-free graphs is finite, but there is an infinite number of $k$-critical $P_5$-free graphs for each $k \geq 5$. We show that the number of $k$-critical $(P_5, \overline{P}_5)$-free graphs is finite for every fixed $k$. Our result implies the existence of a certifying algorithm for $k$-coloring $(P_5, \overline{P}_5)$-free graphs.
△ Less
Submitted 26 November, 2014; v1 submitted 31 March, 2014;
originally announced March 2014.
-
DeBruijn Strings, Double Helices, and the Ehrenfeucht-Mycielski Mechanism
Authors:
Terry R. McConnell
Abstract:
We revisit the pseudo-random sequence introduced by Ehrenfeucht and Mycielski and its connections with DeBruijn strings.
We revisit the pseudo-random sequence introduced by Ehrenfeucht and Mycielski and its connections with DeBruijn strings.
△ Less
Submitted 13 April, 2013; v1 submitted 27 March, 2013;
originally announced March 2013.
-
Note on the One and Two-Sided Z Tests
Authors:
Trrry R. McConnell
Abstract:
The one sided Z test of elementary statistics is more powerful than the two-sided test of the same size.
The one sided Z test of elementary statistics is more powerful than the two-sided test of the same size.
△ Less
Submitted 3 February, 2012;
originally announced February 2012.
-
The Kepler Problem: Orbit Cones and Cylinders
Authors:
Terry R. McConnell
Abstract:
Planetary orbits, being conic sections, may be obtained as the locus of intersection of planes and cones. The planes involved are familiar to anyone who has studied the classical Kepler problem. We focus here on the cones.
Planetary orbits, being conic sections, may be obtained as the locus of intersection of planes and cones. The planes involved are familiar to anyone who has studied the classical Kepler problem. We focus here on the cones.
△ Less
Submitted 23 January, 2012;
originally announced January 2012.