Showing 1–50 of 88 results for author: Cocco, A

Operation and performance of ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon time projection chamber

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, S. Abbaslu, F. Abd Alrahman, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, K. Adhikari, C. Adriano, K. Agudelo-Jaramillo, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, L. Aliaga Soplin, A. Alqaisi, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, R. Amarinei , et al. (1341 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In P… ▽ More ProtoDUNE-DP was the largest ever built Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) operating in Dual-Phase (DP) mode, with a liquid target and charge read-out placed in the gas. It had an active volume of $6\times6\times6$\,m$^3$ corresponding to an active mass of 300\,t (total LAr mass of 720\,t), constructed at the CERN Neutrino Platform and took data from 2019 to 2020 with cosmic muons. In ProtoDUNE-DP the electric drift field is oriented in the vertical direction, causing the electrons to drift vertically towards the anode at the top. The ionization charge is then extracted into the gaseous argon above the liquid surface, amplified by Townsend avalanches, and collected by the charge readout planes. The detector experienced significant technical problems affecting the long-term operation of the Charge Readout Planes, formed by the Large Electron Multipliers, but other critical segments demonstrated required performance including the delivery of -300 kV to the TPC cathode, verification of replaceable charge read-out electronics, and operation of the photon detection system. ProtoDUNE-DP experience resulted in improved designs of the Vertical Drift LArTPC. △ Less

Submitted 21 July, 2026; v1 submitted 17 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 103 pages, 66 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-26-0466-LBNF

Charge readout electronics for the DUNE horizontal drift far detector: design and performance in ProtoDUNE-HD

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, S. Abbaslu, F. Abd Alrahman, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, K. Adhikari, C. Adriano, K. Agudelo-Jaramillo, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, L. Aliaga Soplin, A. Alqaisi, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, R. Amarinei , et al. (1346 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment currently under construction, whose far detectors will be the largest liquid argon time projection chambers ever built. This detector design calls for custom-built cryogenic front-end electronics to meet its performance requirements. This paper describes the charge readout electronics that will be used i… ▽ More DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment currently under construction, whose far detectors will be the largest liquid argon time projection chambers ever built. This detector design calls for custom-built cryogenic front-end electronics to meet its performance requirements. This paper describes the charge readout electronics that will be used in the DUNE horizontal drift (HD) far detector and presents performance results using data from the ProtoDUNE-HD detector, a 770 ton liquid argon time projection chamber operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2024 that served as the final prototype of the DUNE HD design. △ Less

Submitted 12 August, 2026; v1 submitted 26 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: Accepted version

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-26-0270-LBNF, CERN-EP-2026-128

Journal ref: JINST 21 (2026) P08018

Towards Low-Energy Electron High-Resolution Spectroscopy with Transition-Edge Sensors

Authors: R. Ammendola, A. Apponi, G. Benato, M. G. Betti, R. Biondi, P. Bos, M. Cadeddu, A. Casale, O. Castellano, G. Cavoto, L. Cecchini, E. Celasco, M. Chirico, W. Chung, A. G. Cocco, A. P. Colijn, B. Corcione, N. D'Ambrosio, M. D'Incecco, G. De Bellis, M. De Deo, N. de Groot, A. Esposito, M. Farino, S. Farinon , et al. (40 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a study of the energy resolution of transition-edge sensors (TESs) for the detection of electrons in the 100 eV kinetic energy range. The TES is a Ti-Au bilayer with an active area of $(60 \times 60)$ $μ\text{m}^2$ and a critical temperature of $\sim$ 80 mK. The electron source is based on vertically-aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes located inside the cryostat, with electrons generate… ▽ More We present a study of the energy resolution of transition-edge sensors (TESs) for the detection of electrons in the 100 eV kinetic energy range. The TES is a Ti-Au bilayer with an active area of $(60 \times 60)$ $μ\text{m}^2$ and a critical temperature of $\sim$ 80 mK. The electron source is based on vertically-aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes located inside the cryostat, with electrons generated via field emission. For electrons in the (92 - 99) eV kinetic energy range, we obtain a Gaussian energy resolution for fully-absorbed electrons of (0.479 $\pm$ 0.041 $\pm$ 0.055) eV. When considering the full-width at half-maximum of the peak, the corresponding resolution is of (1.44 $\pm$ 0.17 $\pm$ 0.27) eV. The former represents an improvement of (46 - 60)% with respect to previous results, and is mainly attributed to the reduction in the TES active area. The latter is instead an improvement of over a factor of 20, and is mainly due to the reduction in the emitting area of the electron source, which significantly suppresses electron back-scattering in proximity of the TES. These results represent a major milestone toward high-precision spectroscopy on low-energy electrons, which is a key objective for the PTOLEMY experiment. △ Less

Submitted 25 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

Ultra-high precision high voltage system for PTOLEMY

Authors: R. Ammendola, A. Apponi, G. Benato, M. G. Betti, R. Biondim, P. Bos, G. Cavoto, M. Cadeddu, A. Casale, O. Castellano, E. Celasco, L. Cecchini, M. Chirico, W. Chung, A. G. Cocco, A. P. Colijn, B. Corcione, N. D'Ambrosio, M. D'Incecco, G. De Bellis, M. De Deo, N. de Groot, A. Esposito, M. Farino, S. Farinon , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PTOLEMY project is prototyping a novel electromagnetic filter for high-precision $β$ spectroscopy, with the ultimate and ambitious long-term goal of detecting the cosmic neutrino background through electron capture on tritium bound to graphene. Intermediate small-scale prototypes can achieve competitive sensitivity to the effective neutrino mass, even with reduced energy resolution. To reach a… ▽ More The PTOLEMY project is prototyping a novel electromagnetic filter for high-precision $β$ spectroscopy, with the ultimate and ambitious long-term goal of detecting the cosmic neutrino background through electron capture on tritium bound to graphene. Intermediate small-scale prototypes can achieve competitive sensitivity to the effective neutrino mass, even with reduced energy resolution. To reach an energy resolution better than \SI{500}{meV} at the tritium $β$-spectrum endpoint of \SI{18.6}{keV}, and accounting for all uncertainties in the filtering chain, the electrode voltage must be controlled at the level of a few parts per million and monitored in real time. In this work, we present the first results obtained in this effort, using a chain of commercial ultra-high-precision voltage references, read out by precision multimeters and a \emph{field mill} device. The currently available precision on high voltage is, in the conservative case, as low as \SI{0.2}{ppm} per \SI{1}{kV} single board and $\lesssim$ \SI{50}{mV} over the \SI{10}{kV} series, presently limited by field mill read-out noise. However, assuming uncorrelated Gaussian noise extrapolation, the real precision could in principle be as low as \SI{0.05}{ppm} over \SI{20}{kV}. △ Less

Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 13 figures

Operation of a Modular 3D-Pixelated Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber in a Neutrino Beam

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, S. Abbaslu, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, C. Adriano, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti , et al. (1299 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector prototypes a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprised of a two-by-two array of four modules, each f… ▽ More The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector prototypes a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprised of a two-by-two array of four modules, each further segmented into two optically-isolated LArTPCs. The 2x2 Demonstrator features a number of pioneering technologies, including a low-profile resistive field shell to establish drift fields, native 3D ionization pixelated imaging, and a high-coverage dielectric light readout system. The 2.4 tonne active mass detector is flanked upstream and downstream by supplemental solid-scintillator tracking planes, repurposed from the MINERvA experiment, which track ionizing particles exiting the argon volume. The antineutrino beam data collected by the detector over a 4.5 day period in 2024 include over 30,000 neutrino interactions in the LAr active volume-the first neutrino interactions reported by a DUNE detector prototype. During its physics-quality run, the 2x2 Demonstrator operated at a nominal drift field of 500 V/cm and maintained good LAr purity, with a stable electron lifetime of approximately 1.25 ms. This paper describes the detector and supporting systems, summarizes the installation and commissioning, and presents the initial validation of collected NuMI beam and off-beam self-triggers. In addition, it highlights observed interactions in the detector volume, including candidate muon anti-neutrino events. △ Less

Submitted 17 June, 2026; v1 submitted 6 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-25-0537-LBNF

Journal ref: Instruments 2026, 10(1), 18

Spatial and Temporal Evaluations of the Liquid Argon Purity in ProtoDUNE-SP

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, S. Abbaslu, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, L. P. Accorsi, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, C. Adriano, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti , et al. (1301 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) rely on highly pure argon to ensure that ionization electrons produced by charged particles reach readout arrays. ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) was an approximately 700-ton liquid argon detector intended to prototype the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Far Detector Horizontal Drift module. It contains two drift volumes bisected by… ▽ More Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) rely on highly pure argon to ensure that ionization electrons produced by charged particles reach readout arrays. ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) was an approximately 700-ton liquid argon detector intended to prototype the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Far Detector Horizontal Drift module. It contains two drift volumes bisected by the cathode plane assembly, which is biased to create an almost uniform electric field in both volumes. The DUNE Far Detector modules must have robust cryogenic systems capable of filtering argon and supplying the TPC with clean liquid. This paper will explore comparisons of the argon purity measured by the purity monitors with those measured using muons in the TPC from October 2018 to November 2018. A new method is introduced to measure the liquid argon purity in the TPC using muons crossing both drift volumes of ProtoDUNE-SP. For extended periods on the timescale of weeks, the drift electron lifetime was measured to be above 30 ms using both systems. A particular focus will be placed on the measured purity of argon as a function of position in the detector. △ Less

Submitted 27 August, 2025; v1 submitted 11 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Report number: CERN-EP-2025-157, FERMILAB-PUB-25-0445-V

Journal ref: JINST (2025) 20 P09008

Operation of the Trigger System for the ICARUS Detector at Fermilab

Authors: ICARUS collaboration, F. Abd Alrahman, P. Abratenko, N. Abrego-Martinez, A. Aduszkiewicz, F. Akbar, L. Aliaga Soplin, M. Artero Pons, J. Asaadi, W. F. Badgett, B. Baibussinov, F. Battisti, V. Bellini, R. Benocci, J. Berger, S. Berkman, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, A. Blanchet, F. Boffelli, M. Bonesini, T. Boone, B. Bottino, A. Braggiotti, D. Brailsford , et al. (164 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ICARUS liquid argon TPC detector is taking data on the Booster (BNB) and Main Injector (NuMI) Neutrino beam lines at Fermilab with a trigger system based on the scintillation light produced by charged particles in coincidence with the proton beam extraction from the accelerators. The architecture and the deployment of the trigger system in the first two runs for physics are presented, as well… ▽ More The ICARUS liquid argon TPC detector is taking data on the Booster (BNB) and Main Injector (NuMI) Neutrino beam lines at Fermilab with a trigger system based on the scintillation light produced by charged particles in coincidence with the proton beam extraction from the accelerators. The architecture and the deployment of the trigger system in the first two runs for physics are presented, as well as the triggered event rates. The event recognition efficiency has been evaluated as a function of the deposited energy and the position of cosmic muons stopping inside the detector. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2025; v1 submitted 25 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 16 figures

Report number: Fermilab PUB-25-0393-PPD

Journal ref: JINST 20 P10044 (2025)

European Contributions to Fermilab Accelerator Upgrades and Facilities for the DUNE Experiment

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade , et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) to the FNAL accelerator chain and the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will provide the world's most intense neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) enabling a wide-ranging physics program. This document outlines the significant contributions made by European national laboratories and institutes towards realizing the first phase o… ▽ More The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) to the FNAL accelerator chain and the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will provide the world's most intense neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) enabling a wide-ranging physics program. This document outlines the significant contributions made by European national laboratories and institutes towards realizing the first phase of the project with a 1.2 MW neutrino beam. Construction of this first phase is well underway. For DUNE Phase II, this will be closely followed by an upgrade of the beam power to > 2 MW, for which the European groups again have a key role and which will require the continued support of the European community for machine aspects of neutrino physics. Beyond the neutrino beam aspects, LBNF is also responsible for providing unique infrastructure to install and operate the DUNE neutrino detectors at FNAL and at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The cryostats for the first two Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber detector modules at SURF, a contribution of CERN to LBNF, are central to the success of the ongoing execution of DUNE Phase I. Likewise, successful and timely procurement of cryostats for two additional detector modules at SURF will be critical to the success of DUNE Phase II and the overall physics program. The DUNE Collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This paper is being submitted to the 'Accelerator technologies' and 'Projects and Large Experiments' streams. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE detector technologies and R&D, and DUNE software and computing, are also being submitted to other streams. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Submitted to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics

DUNE Software and Computing Research and Development

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade , et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The ambitious physics program of Phase I and Phase II of DUNE is dependent upon deployment and utilization of significant computing res… ▽ More The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The ambitious physics program of Phase I and Phase II of DUNE is dependent upon deployment and utilization of significant computing resources, and successful research and development of software (both infrastructure and algorithmic) in order to achieve these scientific goals. This submission discusses the computing resources projections, infrastructure support, and software development needed for DUNE during the coming decades as an input to the European Strategy for Particle Physics Update for 2026. The DUNE collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This submission to the 'Computing' stream focuses on DUNE software and computing. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE detector technologies and R&D, and European contributions to Fermilab accelerator upgrades and facilities for the DUNE experiment, are also being submitted to other streams. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Submitted to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics

The DUNE Phase II Detectors

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, F. Akbar, F. Alemanno, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, A. Aman, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade , et al. (1322 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy for the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and… ▽ More The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy for the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the previous European Strategy for Particle Physics. The construction of DUNE Phase I is well underway. DUNE Phase II consists of a third and fourth far detector module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced > 2 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a 'Module of Opportunity', aimed at supporting the core DUNE science program while also expanding the physics opportunities with more advanced technologies. The DUNE collaboration is submitting four main contributions to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics process. This submission to the 'Detector instrumentation' stream focuses on technologies and R&D for the DUNE Phase II detectors. Additional inputs related to the DUNE science program, DUNE software and computing, and European contributions to Fermilab accelerator upgrades and facilities for the DUNE experiment, are also being submitted to other streams. △ Less

Submitted 29 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Submitted to the 2026 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics

A Demonstration of Slowed Electron ${\bf E} \times {\bf B}$ Drift for PTOLEMY

Authors: M. Farino, A. Tan, A. Apponi, M. Betti, M. Borghesi, A. Casale, O. Castellano, G. Cavoto, L. Cecchini, E. Celasco, W. Chung, A. G. Cocco, A. Colijn, B. Corcione, N. D'Ambrosio, N. de Groot, S. el Morabit, A. Esposito, M. Faverzani, A. D. Ferella, E. Ferri, L. Ficcadenti, S. Gamba, S. Gariazzo, H. Garrone , et al. (36 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: To resolve the effective neutrino mass $m_β$ with an energy resolution of 50~meV, the PTOLEMY experiment has proposed a novel transverse electromagnetic filtering process. Substantially reducing the kinetic energy of tritium $β$-decay electrons by counteracting motion from ${\bf E}$ $\times$ ${\bf B}$ and $\nabla{\rm B}$ drift, the PTOLEMY filter requires an input of emitted electron kinematic inf… ▽ More To resolve the effective neutrino mass $m_β$ with an energy resolution of 50~meV, the PTOLEMY experiment has proposed a novel transverse electromagnetic filtering process. Substantially reducing the kinetic energy of tritium $β$-decay electrons by counteracting motion from ${\bf E}$ $\times$ ${\bf B}$ and $\nabla{\rm B}$ drift, the PTOLEMY filter requires an input of emitted electron kinematic information to generate a tailored, suitable electric field for each candidate. The collaboration proposes to extract these quantities by using antennae to observe the relativistic frequency shift of emitted cyclotron radiation as an electron transits by ${\bf E}$ $\times$ ${\bf B}$ drift through a uniform magnetic field region preceding the filter. Electrons must be contained within this region long enough such that an adequate integrated radiated power signal is received to accurately estimate these kinematics. This necessitates a controlled, slowed drift speed. This paper presents the experimental design to vary ${\bf E}$ $\times$ ${\bf B}$ drift speed of carbon-14 $β$-decay electrons using a custom electrode field cage situated between the pole faces of an electromagnet. Matching our results with high-fidelity simulation, we deduce a capacity to increase particle time of flight by a factor of 5 in the field cage's slow drift region. Limited only by the dimensions of our system, we assert drift speed can be arbitrarily slowed to meet the needs of PTOLEMY's future detector. Actualizing such a system is a crucial milestone in developing the detector, enabling future cyclotron radiation measurements, filter implementation, and source injection. △ Less

Submitted 10 July, 2025; v1 submitted 13 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 31 pages, 32 figures

The track-length extension fitting algorithm for energy measurement of interacting particles in liquid argon TPCs and its performance with ProtoDUNE-SP data

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, F. Akbar, N. S. Alex, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos , et al. (1348 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy los… ▽ More This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm's energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe the impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions. △ Less

Submitted 26 December, 2024; v1 submitted 26 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0561-LBNF-PPD, CERN-EP-2024-256

DUNE Phase II: Scientific Opportunities, Detector Concepts, Technological Solutions

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, F. Akbar, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti , et al. (1347 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I… ▽ More The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the European Strategy for Particle Physics. While the construction of the DUNE Phase I is well underway, this White Paper focuses on DUNE Phase II planning. DUNE Phase-II consists of a third and fourth far detector (FD) module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced 2.1 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a "Module of Opportunity", aimed at expanding the physics opportunities, in addition to supporting the core DUNE science program, with more advanced technologies. This document highlights the increased science opportunities offered by the DUNE Phase II near and far detectors, including long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics, neutrino astrophysics, and physics beyond the standard model. It describes the DUNE Phase II near and far detector technologies and detector design concepts that are currently under consideration. A summary of key R&D goals and prototyping phases needed to realize the Phase II detector technical designs is also provided. DUNE's Phase II detectors, along with the increased beam power, will complete the full scope of DUNE, enabling a multi-decadal program of groundbreaking science with neutrinos. △ Less

Submitted 22 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Report number: FERMILAB-TM-2833-LBNF

First Measurement of the Total Inelastic Cross-Section of Positively-Charged Kaons on Argon at Energies Between 5.0 and 7.5 GeV

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, F. Akbar, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti , et al. (1341 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) is a 770-ton liquid argon time projection chamber that operated in a hadron test beam at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2018. We present a measurement of the total inelastic cross section of charged kaons on argon as a function of kaon energy using 6 and 7 GeV/$c$ beam momentum settings. The flux-weighted average of the extracted inelastic cross section at each… ▽ More ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) is a 770-ton liquid argon time projection chamber that operated in a hadron test beam at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2018. We present a measurement of the total inelastic cross section of charged kaons on argon as a function of kaon energy using 6 and 7 GeV/$c$ beam momentum settings. The flux-weighted average of the extracted inelastic cross section at each beam momentum setting was measured to be 380$\pm$26 mbarns for the 6 GeV/$c$ setting and 379$\pm$35 mbarns for the 7 GeV/$c$ setting. △ Less

Submitted 1 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Report number: CERN-EP-2024-211, FERMILAB-PUB-24-0216-V

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 110, (2024) 092011

Angular dependent measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon for ionization calorimetry in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber

Authors: ICARUS collaboration, P. Abratenko, N. Abrego-Martinez, A. Aduszkiewic, F. Akbar, L. Aliaga Soplin, M. Artero Pons, J. Asaadi, W. F. Badgett, B. Baibussinov, B. Behera, V. Bellini, R. Benocci, J. Berger, S. Berkman, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, M. Bonesini, T. Boone, B. Bottino, A. Braggiotti, D. Brailsford, S. J. Brice, V. Brio, C. Brizzolari , et al. (156 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper reports on a measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). A clear dependence of recombination on the angle of the ionizing particle track relative to the drift electric field is observed. An ellipsoid modified box (EMB) model of recombination describes the data across all measured angles. These measurements are us… ▽ More This paper reports on a measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). A clear dependence of recombination on the angle of the ionizing particle track relative to the drift electric field is observed. An ellipsoid modified box (EMB) model of recombination describes the data across all measured angles. These measurements are used for the calorimetric energy scale calibration of the ICARUS TPC, which is also presented. The impact of the EMB model is studied on calorimetric particle identification, as well as muon and proton energy measurements. Accounting for the angular dependence in EMB recombination improves the accuracy and precision of these measurements. △ Less

Submitted 9 August, 2024; v1 submitted 17 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0332-PPD

Journal ref: JINST 20 P01033 (2025)

Calibration and simulation of ionization signal and electronics noise in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber

Authors: ICARUS collaboration, P. Abratenko, N. Abrego-Martinez, A. Aduszkiewic, F. Akbar, L. Aliaga Soplin, M. Artero Pons, J. Asaadi, W. F. Badgett, B. Baibussinov, B. Behera, V. Bellini, R. Benocci, J. Berger, S. Berkman, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, M. Bonesini, T. Boone, B. Bottino, A. Braggiotti, D. Brailsford, S. J. Brice, V. Brio, C. Brizzolari , et al. (156 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector has been taking physics data since 2022 as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. This paper details the equalization of the response to charge in the ICARUS time projection chamber (TPC), as well as data-driven tuning of the simulation of ionization charge signals and electronics noise. The equalization procedu… ▽ More The ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector has been taking physics data since 2022 as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. This paper details the equalization of the response to charge in the ICARUS time projection chamber (TPC), as well as data-driven tuning of the simulation of ionization charge signals and electronics noise. The equalization procedure removes non-uniformities in the ICARUS TPC response to charge in space and time. This work leverages the copious number of cosmic ray muons available to ICARUS at the surface. The ionization signal shape simulation applies a novel procedure that tunes the simulation to match what is measured in data. The end result of the equalization procedure and simulation tuning allows for a comparison of charge measurements in ICARUS between Monte Carlo simulation and data, showing good performance with minimal residual bias between the two. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2024; v1 submitted 16 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0330-PPD

Supernova Pointing Capabilities of DUNE

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, B. Aimard, F. Akbar, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade , et al. (1340 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electr… ▽ More The determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electron-neutrino charged-current absorption on 40Ar and elastic scattering of neutrinos on electrons. Procedures to reconstruct individual interactions, including a newly developed technique called ``brems flipping'', as well as the burst direction from an ensemble of interactions are described. Performance of the burst direction reconstruction is evaluated for supernovae happening at a distance of 10 kpc for a specific supernova burst flux model. The pointing resolution is found to be 3.4 degrees at 68% coverage for a perfect interaction-channel classification and a fiducial mass of 40 kton, and 6.6 degrees for a 10 kton fiducial mass respectively. Assuming a 4% rate of charged-current interactions being misidentified as elastic scattering, DUNE's burst pointing resolution is found to be 4.3 degrees (8.7 degrees) at 68% coverage. △ Less

Submitted 24 December, 2025; v1 submitted 14 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 26 pages, 17 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0319-LBNF

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 111, 092006 (Published 12 May, 2025)

Performance of a modular ton-scale pixel-readout liquid argon time projection chamber

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, B. Aimard, F. Akbar, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, T. Alves, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade , et al. (1340 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Module-0 Demonstrator is a single-phase 600 kg liquid argon time projection chamber operated as a prototype for the DUNE liquid argon near detector. Based on the ArgonCube design concept, Module-0 features a novel 80k-channel pixelated charge readout and advanced high-coverage photon detection system. In this paper, we present an analysis of an eight-day data set consisting of 25 million cosmi… ▽ More The Module-0 Demonstrator is a single-phase 600 kg liquid argon time projection chamber operated as a prototype for the DUNE liquid argon near detector. Based on the ArgonCube design concept, Module-0 features a novel 80k-channel pixelated charge readout and advanced high-coverage photon detection system. In this paper, we present an analysis of an eight-day data set consisting of 25 million cosmic ray events collected in the spring of 2021. We use this sample to demonstrate the imaging performance of the charge and light readout systems as well as the signal correlations between the two. We also report argon purity and detector uniformity measurements, and provide comparisons to detector simulations. △ Less

Submitted 5 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 47 pages, 41 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0073-LBNF

Doping Liquid Argon with Xenon in ProtoDUNE Single-Phase: Effects on Scintillation Light

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, B. Aimard, F. Akbar, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, H. Amar Es-sghir, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade, C. Andreopoulos , et al. (1297 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Doping of liquid argon TPCs (LArTPCs) with a small concentration of xenon is a technique for light-shifting and facilitates the detection of the liquid argon scintillation light. In this paper, we present the results of the first doping test ever performed in a kiloton-scale LArTPC. From February to May 2020, we carried out this special run in the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype (ProtoDUN… ▽ More Doping of liquid argon TPCs (LArTPCs) with a small concentration of xenon is a technique for light-shifting and facilitates the detection of the liquid argon scintillation light. In this paper, we present the results of the first doping test ever performed in a kiloton-scale LArTPC. From February to May 2020, we carried out this special run in the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype (ProtoDUNE-SP) at CERN, featuring 720 t of total liquid argon mass with 410 t of fiducial mass. A 5.4 ppm nitrogen contamination was present during the xenon doping campaign. The goal of the run was to measure the light and charge response of the detector to the addition of xenon, up to a concentration of 18.8 ppm. The main purpose was to test the possibility for reduction of non-uniformities in light collection, caused by deployment of photon detectors only within the anode planes. Light collection was analysed as a function of the xenon concentration, by using the pre-existing photon detection system (PDS) of ProtoDUNE-SP and an additional smaller set-up installed specifically for this run. In this paper we first summarize our current understanding of the argon-xenon energy transfer process and the impact of the presence of nitrogen in argon with and without xenon dopant. We then describe the key elements of ProtoDUNE-SP and the injection method deployed. Two dedicated photon detectors were able to collect the light produced by xenon and the total light. The ratio of these components was measured to be about 0.65 as 18.8 ppm of xenon were injected. We performed studies of the collection efficiency as a function of the distance between tracks and light detectors, demonstrating enhanced uniformity of response for the anode-mounted PDS. We also show that xenon doping can substantially recover light losses due to contamination of the liquid argon by nitrogen. △ Less

Submitted 2 August, 2024; v1 submitted 2 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 36 pages, 20 figures. Corrected author list; corrected typos across paper and polished text

Report number: CERN-EP-2024-024; FERMILAB-PUB-23-0819-LBNF

Journal ref: JINST 19 P08005 (2024)

The DUNE Far Detector Vertical Drift Technology, Technical Design Report

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, B. Aimard, F. Akbar, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, H. Amar, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, D. A. Andrade, C. Andreopoulos , et al. (1304 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precisi… ▽ More DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precision measurements of the PMNS matrix parameters, including the CP-violating phase. It will also stand ready to observe supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector implements liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, and combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with the sub-centimeter spatial resolution required to image those events with high precision. The addition of a photon detection system enhances physics capabilities for all DUNE physics drivers and opens prospects for further physics explorations. Given its size, the far detector will be implemented as a set of modules, with LArTPC designs that differ from one another as newer technologies arise. In the vertical drift LArTPC design, a horizontal cathode bisects the detector, creating two stacked drift volumes in which ionization charges drift towards anodes at either the top or bottom. The anodes are composed of perforated PCB layers with conductive strips, enabling reconstruction in 3D. Light-trap-style photon detection modules are placed both on the cryostat's side walls and on the central cathode where they are optically powered. This Technical Design Report describes in detail the technical implementations of each subsystem of this LArTPC that, together with the other far detector modules and the near detector, will enable DUNE to achieve its physics goals. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 425 pages; 281 figures Central editing team: A. Heavey, S. Kettell, A. Marchionni, S. Palestini, S. Rajogopalan, R. J. Wilson

Report number: Fermilab Report no: TM-2813-LBNF

Highly-parallelized simulation of a pixelated LArTPC on a GPU

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, B. Aimard, F. Akbar, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, P. Amedo, J. Anderson , et al. (1282 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The rapid development of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is allowing the implementation of highly-parallelized Monte Carlo simulation chains for particle physics experiments. This technique is particularly suitable for the simulation of a pixelated charge readout for time projection chambers, given the large number of channels that this technology employs. Here we pr… ▽ More The rapid development of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is allowing the implementation of highly-parallelized Monte Carlo simulation chains for particle physics experiments. This technique is particularly suitable for the simulation of a pixelated charge readout for time projection chambers, given the large number of channels that this technology employs. Here we present the first implementation of a full microphysical simulator of a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) equipped with light readout and pixelated charge readout, developed for the DUNE Near Detector. The software is implemented with an end-to-end set of GPU-optimized algorithms. The algorithms have been written in Python and translated into CUDA kernels using Numba, a just-in-time compiler for a subset of Python and NumPy instructions. The GPU implementation achieves a speed up of four orders of magnitude compared with the equivalent CPU version. The simulation of the current induced on $10^3$ pixels takes around 1 ms on the GPU, compared with approximately 10 s on the CPU. The results of the simulation are compared against data from a pixel-readout LArTPC prototype. △ Less

Submitted 28 February, 2023; v1 submitted 19 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022.

Comments: 26 pages, 15 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-22-926-LBNF

Journal ref: JINST 2023 18 P04034

Identification and reconstruction of low-energy electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, B. Aimard, F. Akbar, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, P. Amedo, J. Anderson , et al. (1235 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Measurements of electrons from $ν_e$ interactions are crucial for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) neutrino oscillation program, as well as searches for physics beyond the standard model, supernova neutrino detection, and solar neutrino measurements. This article describes the selection and reconstruction of low-energy (Michel) electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector. ProtoDUNE-SP is… ▽ More Measurements of electrons from $ν_e$ interactions are crucial for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) neutrino oscillation program, as well as searches for physics beyond the standard model, supernova neutrino detection, and solar neutrino measurements. This article describes the selection and reconstruction of low-energy (Michel) electrons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector. ProtoDUNE-SP is one of the prototypes for the DUNE far detector, built and operated at CERN as a charged particle test beam experiment. A sample of low-energy electrons produced by the decay of cosmic muons is selected with a purity of 95%. This sample is used to calibrate the low-energy electron energy scale with two techniques. An electron energy calibration based on a cosmic ray muon sample uses calibration constants derived from measured and simulated cosmic ray muon events. Another calibration technique makes use of the theoretically well-understood Michel electron energy spectrum to convert reconstructed charge to electron energy. In addition, the effects of detector response to low-energy electron energy scale and its resolution including readout electronics threshold effects are quantified. Finally, the relation between the theoretical and reconstructed low-energy electron energy spectrum is derived and the energy resolution is characterized. The low-energy electron selection presented here accounts for about 75% of the total electron deposited energy. After the addition of lost energy using a Monte Carlo simulation, the energy resolution improves from about 40% to 25% at 50~MeV. These results are used to validate the expected capabilities of the DUNE far detector to reconstruct low-energy electrons. △ Less

Submitted 31 May, 2023; v1 submitted 2 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 19 pages, 10 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-22-784, CERN-EP-DRAFT-MISC-2022-008

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 107, 092012 (2023)

Reconstruction of interactions in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector with Pandora

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, B. Aimard, F. Akbar, B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. AlRashed, C. Alt, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, P. Amedo , et al. (1203 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a char… ▽ More The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/$c$ charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1$\pm0.6$% and 84.1$\pm0.6$%, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2023; v1 submitted 29 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: 39 pages, 20 figures. Accepted version. Published version available in Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 618 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11733-2

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-22-488-AD-ESH-LBNF-ND-SCD, CERN-EP-DRAFT-MISC-2022-007

Journal ref: Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 618 (2023)

Separation of track- and shower-like energy deposits in ProtoDUNE-SP using a convolutional neural network

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, B. Aimard, B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh, T. Alion, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. AlRashed, C. Alt, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, P. Amedo, J. Anderson , et al. (1204 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Liquid argon time projection chamber detector technology provides high spatial and calorimetric resolutions on the charged particles traversing liquid argon. As a result, the technology has been used in a number of recent neutrino experiments, and is the technology of choice for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform high precision measurements of neutrinos in the det… ▽ More Liquid argon time projection chamber detector technology provides high spatial and calorimetric resolutions on the charged particles traversing liquid argon. As a result, the technology has been used in a number of recent neutrino experiments, and is the technology of choice for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform high precision measurements of neutrinos in the detector, final state particles need to be effectively identified, and their energy accurately reconstructed. This article proposes an algorithm based on a convolutional neural network to perform the classification of energy deposits and reconstructed particles as track-like or arising from electromagnetic cascades. Results from testing the algorithm on data from ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype of the DUNE far detector, are presented. The network identifies track- and shower-like particles, as well as Michel electrons, with high efficiency. The performance of the algorithm is consistent between data and simulation. △ Less

Submitted 30 June, 2022; v1 submitted 31 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 31 pages, 15 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-22-240-AD-ESH-LBNF-ND-SCD, CERN-EP-2022-077

Journal ref: Eur.Phys.J.C 82 (2022) 10, 903

Scintillation light detection in the 6-m drift-length ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon TPC

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, B. Aimard, B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh, T. Alion, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. AlRashed, C. Alt, A. Alton, R. Alvarez, P. Amedo, J. Anderson , et al. (1202 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: DUNE is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6x6x6m3 liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019-2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and… ▽ More DUNE is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6x6x6m3 liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019-2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and scintillation light. The scintillation light signal in these detectors can provide the trigger for non-beam events. In addition, it adds precise timing capabilities and improves the calorimetry measurements. In ProtoDUNE-DP, scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7 m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, the ProtoDUNE-DP photon detection system performance is evaluated with a particular focus on the different wavelength shifters, such as PEN and TPB, and the use of Xe-doped LAr, considering its future use in giant LArTPCs. The scintillation light production and propagation processes are analyzed and a comparison of simulation to data is performed, improving understanding of the liquid argon properties △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 2022; v1 submitted 30 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 31 pages, 29 figures

Report number: CERN-EP-DRAFT-MISC-2022-003; FERMILAB-PUB-22-242-LBNF

Low exposure long-baseline neutrino oscillation sensitivity of the DUNE experiment

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, B. Aimard, B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh, T. Alion, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. AlRashed, C. Alt, A. Alton, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti , et al. (1132 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will produce world-leading neutrino oscillation measurements over the lifetime of the experiment. In this work, we explore DUNE's sensitivity to observe charge-parity violation (CPV) in the neutrino sector, and to resolve the mass ordering, for exposures of up to 100 kiloton-megawatt-years (kt-MW-yr). The analysis includes detailed uncertainties on t… ▽ More The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will produce world-leading neutrino oscillation measurements over the lifetime of the experiment. In this work, we explore DUNE's sensitivity to observe charge-parity violation (CPV) in the neutrino sector, and to resolve the mass ordering, for exposures of up to 100 kiloton-megawatt-years (kt-MW-yr). The analysis includes detailed uncertainties on the flux prediction, the neutrino interaction model, and detector effects. We demonstrate that DUNE will be able to unambiguously resolve the neutrino mass ordering at a 3$σ$ (5$σ$) level, with a 66 (100) kt-MW-yr far detector exposure, and has the ability to make strong statements at significantly shorter exposures depending on the true value of other oscillation parameters. We also show that DUNE has the potential to make a robust measurement of CPV at a 3$σ$ level with a 100 kt-MW-yr exposure for the maximally CP-violating values $δ_{\rm CP}} = \pmπ/2$. Additionally, the dependence of DUNE's sensitivity on the exposure taken in neutrino-enhanced and antineutrino-enhanced running is discussed. An equal fraction of exposure taken in each beam mode is found to be close to optimal when considered over the entire space of interest. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-21-391-ND

Implementation and Optimization of the PTOLEMY Transverse Drift Electromagnetic Filter

Authors: A. Apponi, M. G. Betti, M. Borghesi, A. Boscá, F. Calle, N. Canci, G. Cavoto, C. Chang, W. Chung, A. G. Cocco, A. P. Colijn, N. D'Ambrosio, N. de Groot, M. Faverzani, A. Ferella, E. Ferri, L. Ficcadenti, P. Garcia-Abia, G. Garcia Gomez-Tejedor, S. Gariazzo, F. Gatti, C. Gentile, A. Giachero, Y. Hochberg, Y. Kahn , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PTOLEMY transverse drift filter is a new concept to enable precision analysis of the energy spectrum of electrons near the tritium beta-decay endpoint. This paper details the implementation and optimization methods for successful operation of the filter. We present the first demonstrator that produces the required magnetic field properties with an iron return-flux magnet. Two methods for the s… ▽ More The PTOLEMY transverse drift filter is a new concept to enable precision analysis of the energy spectrum of electrons near the tritium beta-decay endpoint. This paper details the implementation and optimization methods for successful operation of the filter. We present the first demonstrator that produces the required magnetic field properties with an iron return-flux magnet. Two methods for the setting of filter electrode voltages are detailed. The challenges of low-energy electron transport in cases of low field are discussed, such as the growth of the cyclotron radius with decreasing magnetic field, which puts a ceiling on filter performance relative to fixed filter dimensions. Additionally, low pitch angle trajectories are dominated by motion parallel to the magnetic field lines and introduce non-adiabatic conditions and curvature drift. To minimize these effects and maximize electron acceptance into the filter, we present a three-potential-well design to simultaneously drain the parallel and transverse kinetic energies throughout the length of the filter. These optimizations are shown, in simulation, to achieve low-energy electron transport from a 1 T iron core (or 3 T superconducting) starting field with initial kinetic energy of 18.6 keV drained to <10 eV (<1 eV) in about 80 cm. This result for low field operation paves the way for the first demonstrator of the PTOLEMY spectrometer for measurement of electrons near the tritium endpoint to be constructed at the Gran Sasso National Laboratary (LNGS) in Italy. △ Less

Submitted 24 January, 2022; v1 submitted 23 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021.

Comments: 29 pages, 25 figures

Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. Aguilar, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh, T. Alion, K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, A. Alton, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti, M. P. Andrews , et al. (1158 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA.… ▽ More The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector incorporates full-size components as designed for DUNE and has an active volume of $7\times 6\times 7.2$~m$^3$. The H4 beam delivers incident particles with well-measured momenta and high-purity particle identification. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation between 2018 and 2020 demonstrates the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. This paper describes the design, construction, assembly and operation of the detector components. △ Less

Submitted 23 September, 2021; v1 submitted 4 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021.

Calibration of the liquid argon ionization response to low energy electronic and nuclear recoils with DarkSide-50

Authors: The DarkSide collaboration, P. Agnes, I. F. M. Albuquerque, T. Alexander, A. K. Alton, M. Ave, H. O. Back, G. Batignani, K. Biery, V. Bocci, W. M. Bonivento, B. Bottino, S. Bussino, M. Cadeddu, M. Cadoni, F. Calaprice, A. Caminata, N. Canci, M. Caravati, M. Cariello, M. Carlini, M. Carpinelli, S. Catalanotti, V. Cataudella, P. Cavalcante , et al. (114 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: DarkSide-50 has demonstrated the high potential of dual-phase liquid argon time projection chambers in exploring interactions of WIMPs in the GeV/c$^2$ mass range. The technique, based on the detection of the ionization signal amplified via electroluminescence in the gas phase, allows to explore recoil energies down to the sub-keV range. We report here on the DarkSide-50 measurement of the ionizat… ▽ More DarkSide-50 has demonstrated the high potential of dual-phase liquid argon time projection chambers in exploring interactions of WIMPs in the GeV/c$^2$ mass range. The technique, based on the detection of the ionization signal amplified via electroluminescence in the gas phase, allows to explore recoil energies down to the sub-keV range. We report here on the DarkSide-50 measurement of the ionization yield of electronic recoils down to $\sim$180~eV$_{er}$, exploiting $^{37}$Ar and $^{39}$Ar decays, and extrapolated to a few ionization electrons with the Thomas-Imel box model. Moreover, we present a model-dependent determination of the ionization response to nuclear recoils down to $\sim$500~eV$_{nr}$, the lowest ever achieved in liquid argon, using \textit{in situ} neutron calibration sources and external datasets from neutron beam experiments. △ Less

Submitted 15 September, 2021; v1 submitted 16 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 11 pages, 12 figures, 1 table

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 104, 082005 (2021)

A study of events with photoelectric emission in the DarkSide-50 liquid argon Time Projection Chamber

Authors: The DarkSide-50 Collaboration, :, P. Agnes, I. F. M. Albuquerque, T. Alexander, A. K. Alton, M. Ave, H. O. Back, G. Batignani, K. Biery, V. Bocci, W. M. Bonivento, B. Bottino, S. Bussino, M. Cadeddu, M. Cadoni, F. Calaprice, A. Caminata, N. Canci, M. Caravati, M. Cariello, M. Carlini, M. Carpinelli, S. Catalanotti, V. Cataudella , et al. (114 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Finding unequivocal evidence of dark matter interactions in a particle detector is a major objective of physics research. Liquid argon time projection chambers offer a path to probe Weakly Interacting Massive Particles scattering cross sections on nucleus down to the so-called neutrino floor, in a mass range from few GeV's to hundredths of TeV's. Based on the successful operation of the DarkSide-5… ▽ More Finding unequivocal evidence of dark matter interactions in a particle detector is a major objective of physics research. Liquid argon time projection chambers offer a path to probe Weakly Interacting Massive Particles scattering cross sections on nucleus down to the so-called neutrino floor, in a mass range from few GeV's to hundredths of TeV's. Based on the successful operation of the DarkSide-50 detector at LNGS, a new and more sensitive experiment, DarkSide-20k, has been designed and is now under construction. A thorough understanding of the DarkSide-50 detector response and, therefore, of all kind of observed events, is essential for an optimal design of the new experiment. In this paper, we report on a particular set of events, which were not used for dark matter searches. Namely, standard two-pulse scintillation-ionization signals accompanied by a small amplitude third pulse, originating from single or few electrons, in a time window of less than a maximum drift time. We compare our findings to those of a recent paper of the LUX Collaboration (D.S.Akerib et al. Phys.Rev.D 102, 092004). Indeed, both experiments observe events related to photoionization of the cathode. From the measured rate of these events, we estimate for the first time the quantum efficiency of the tetraphenyl butadiene deposited on the DarkSide-50 cathode at wavelengths around 128 nm, in liquid argon. Also, both experiments observe events likely related to photoionization of impurities in the liquid. The probability of photoelectron emission per unit length turns out to be one order of magnitude smaller in DarkSide-50 than in LUX. This result, together with the much larger measured electron lifetime, coherently hints toward a lower concentration of contaminants in DarkSide-50 than in LUX. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2021; v1 submitted 16 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 10 pages, 8 figures, 1 table

Measurement of the muon flux in the bunker of Monte Soratte with the CRC detector

Authors: Attanasio Candela, Alfredo Cocco, Nicola D Ambrosio, Massimiliano De Deo, Alessio De Iulis, Marco D Incecco, Pablo Garcia Abia, Carlo Gustavino, Giuliano Gustavino, Marcello Messina, Gregory Paolucci, Sandra Parlati, Nicola Rossi

Abstract: In the context of the PTOLEMY project, the need for a site with a rather low cosmogenic induced background led us to measure the differential muon flux inside the bunker of Monte Soratte, located about 50~km north of Rome (Italy). The measurement was performed with the Cosmic Ray Cube (CRC), a portable tracking device. The simple operation of the Cosmic Ray Cube was crucial to finalise the measure… ▽ More In the context of the PTOLEMY project, the need for a site with a rather low cosmogenic induced background led us to measure the differential muon flux inside the bunker of Monte Soratte, located about 50~km north of Rome (Italy). The measurement was performed with the Cosmic Ray Cube (CRC), a portable tracking device. The simple operation of the Cosmic Ray Cube was crucial to finalise the measurements, as they were carried out during the COVID-19 lockdown and in a site devoid of scientific equipment. The muon flux measured at the Soratte hypogeum is above two orders of magnitude lower than the flux observed on the surface, suggesting the possible use of the Mt. Soratte bunker for hosting astroparticle physics experiments requiring a low environmental background. △ Less

Submitted 9 June, 2021; v1 submitted 4 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: 8 pages, 9 figures

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector Conceptual Design Report

Authors: A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, G. Adamov, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, A. Aduszkiewicz, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, A. Alton, P. Amedo, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, N. Anfimov, A. Ankowski, M. Antonova, S. Antusch , et al. (1041 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This report describes the conceptual design of the DUNE near detector This report describes the conceptual design of the DUNE near detector △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 314 pages, 185 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-21-067-E-LBNF-PPD-SCD-T

Overhaul and Installation of the ICARUS-T600 Liquid Argon TPC Electronics for the FNAL Short Baseline Neutrino Program

Authors: L. Bagby, B. Baibussinov, B. Behera, V. Bellini, R. Benocci, M. Betancourt, M. Bettini, M. Bonesini, T. Boone, A. Braggiotti, J. D. Brown, H. Budd, F. Calaon, L. Castellani, S. Centro, A. G. Cocco, M. Convery, F. Fabris, A. Falcone, C. Farnese, A. Fava, F. Fichera, M. Giarin, D. Gibin, A. Guglielmi , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ICARUS T600 liquid argon (LAr) time projection chamber (TPC) underwent a major overhaul at CERN in 2016-2017 to prepare for the operation at FNAL in the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program. This included a major upgrade of the photo-multiplier system and of the TPC wire read-out electronics. The full TPC wire read-out electronics together with the new wire biasing and interconnection scheme… ▽ More The ICARUS T600 liquid argon (LAr) time projection chamber (TPC) underwent a major overhaul at CERN in 2016-2017 to prepare for the operation at FNAL in the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program. This included a major upgrade of the photo-multiplier system and of the TPC wire read-out electronics. The full TPC wire read-out electronics together with the new wire biasing and interconnection scheme are described. The design of a new signal feed-through flange is also a fundamental piece of this overhaul whose major feature is the integration of all electronics components onto the signal flange. Initial functionality tests of the full TPC electronics chain installed in the T600 detector at FNAL are also described. △ Less

Submitted 25 November, 2020; v1 submitted 5 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-20-504-ND

Supernova Neutrino Burst Detection with the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

Authors: DUNE collaboration, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, G. Adamov, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, C. Alt, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, A. Ankowski, M. Antonova, S. Antusch, A. Aranda-Fernandez, A. Ariga, L. O. Arnold, M. A. Arroyave, J. Asaadi , et al. (949 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a 40-kton underground liquid argon time projection chamber experiment, will be sensitive to the electron-neutrino flavor component of the burst of neutrinos expected from the next Galactic core-collapse supernova. Such an observation will bring unique insight into the astrophysics of core collapse as well as into the properties of neutrinos. The gen… ▽ More The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a 40-kton underground liquid argon time projection chamber experiment, will be sensitive to the electron-neutrino flavor component of the burst of neutrinos expected from the next Galactic core-collapse supernova. Such an observation will bring unique insight into the astrophysics of core collapse as well as into the properties of neutrinos. The general capabilities of DUNE for neutrino detection in the relevant few- to few-tens-of-MeV neutrino energy range will be described. As an example, DUNE's ability to constrain the $ν_e$ spectral parameters of the neutrino burst will be considered. △ Less

Submitted 29 May, 2021; v1 submitted 15 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: 29 pages, 17 figures; paper based on DUNE Technical Design Report. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2002.03005

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-20-380-LBNF

First results on ProtoDUNE-SP liquid argon time projection chamber performance from a beam test at the CERN Neutrino Platform

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, B. Abi, A. Abed Abud, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. Adams, P. Adrien, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, C. Alt, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, A. Ankowski, M. Antonova, S. Antusch, A. Aranda-Fernandez, A. Ariga , et al. (970 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber with an active volume of $7.2\times 6.0\times 6.9$ m$^3$. It is installed at the CERN Neutrino Platform in a specially-constructed beam that delivers charged pions, kaons, protons, muons and electrons with momenta in the range 0.3 GeV$/c$ to 7 GeV/$c$. Beam line instrumentation provides accurate momentum measurements… ▽ More The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber with an active volume of $7.2\times 6.0\times 6.9$ m$^3$. It is installed at the CERN Neutrino Platform in a specially-constructed beam that delivers charged pions, kaons, protons, muons and electrons with momenta in the range 0.3 GeV$/c$ to 7 GeV/$c$. Beam line instrumentation provides accurate momentum measurements and particle identification. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, and it incorporates full-size components as designed for that module. This paper describes the beam line, the time projection chamber, the photon detectors, the cosmic-ray tagger, the signal processing and particle reconstruction. It presents the first results on ProtoDUNE-SP's performance, including noise and gain measurements, $dE/dx$ calibration for muons, protons, pions and electrons, drift electron lifetime measurements, and photon detector noise, signal sensitivity and time resolution measurements. The measured values meet or exceed the specifications for the DUNE far detector, in several cases by large margins. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation starting in 2018 and its production of large samples of high-quality data demonstrate the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 2021; v1 submitted 13 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Comments: 93 pages, 70 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-20-059-AD-ESH-LBNF-ND-SCD, CERN-EP-2020-125

Journal ref: JINST 15 (2020) P12004

Neutrino interaction classification with a convolutional neural network in the DUNE far detector

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, G. Adamov, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, C. Alt, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, A. Ankowski, M. Antonova, S. Antusch, A. Aranda-Fernandez, A. Ariga, L. O. Arnold, M. A. Arroyave, J. Asaadi , et al. (951 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment is a next-generation neutrino oscillation experiment that aims to measure $CP$-violation in the neutrino sector as part of a wider physics program. A deep learning approach based on a convolutional neural network has been developed to provide highly efficient and pure selections of electron neutrino and muon neutrino charged-current interactions. The electr… ▽ More The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment is a next-generation neutrino oscillation experiment that aims to measure $CP$-violation in the neutrino sector as part of a wider physics program. A deep learning approach based on a convolutional neural network has been developed to provide highly efficient and pure selections of electron neutrino and muon neutrino charged-current interactions. The electron neutrino (antineutrino) selection efficiency peaks at 90% (94%) and exceeds 85% (90%) for reconstructed neutrino energies between 2-5 GeV. The muon neutrino (antineutrino) event selection is found to have a maximum efficiency of 96% (97%) and exceeds 90% (95%) efficiency for reconstructed neutrino energies above 2 GeV. When considering all electron neutrino and antineutrino interactions as signal, a selection purity of 90% is achieved. These event selections are critical to maximize the sensitivity of the experiment to $CP$-violating effects. △ Less

Submitted 10 November, 2020; v1 submitted 26 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Comments: 39 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 102, 092003 (2020)

Design and implementation of the new scintillation light detection system of ICARUS T600

Authors: B. Ali-Mohammadzadeh, M. Babicz, W. Badgett, L. Bagby, V. Bellini, R. Benocci, M. Bonesini, A. Braggiotti, S. Centro, A. Chatterjee, A. G. Cocco, M. Diwan, A. Falcone, C. Farnese, A. Fava, D. Gibin, A. Guglielmi, W. Ketchum, U. Kose, A. Menegolli, G. Meng, C. Montanari, M. Nessi, F. Pietropaolo, A. Rappoldi , et al. (15 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: ICARUS T600 is the far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab(USA), which foresees three Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers along the Booster Neutrino Beam line to search for LSND-like sterile neutrino signal. The T600 detector underwent a significant overhauling process at CERN, introducing new technological developments while maintaining the already achieved performances.… ▽ More ICARUS T600 is the far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab(USA), which foresees three Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers along the Booster Neutrino Beam line to search for LSND-like sterile neutrino signal. The T600 detector underwent a significant overhauling process at CERN, introducing new technological developments while maintaining the already achieved performances. The realization of a new liquid argon scintillation light detection system is a primary task of the detector overhaul. As the detector will be subject to a huge flux of cosmic rays, the light detection system should allow the 3D reconstruction of events contributing to the identification of neutrino interactions in the beam spill gate. The design and implementationof the new scintillation light detection system of ICARUS T600 is described. △ Less

Submitted 1 September, 2020; v1 submitted 9 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-20-230-ND

Effective field theory interactions for liquid argon target in DarkSide-50 experiment

Authors: The DarkSide-50 Collaboration, :, P. Agnes, I. F. M. Albuquerque, T. Alexander, A. K. Alton, M. Ave, H. O. Back, G. Batignani, K. Biery, V. Bocci, G. Bonfini, W. M. Bonivento, B. Bottino, S. Bussino, M. Cadeddu, M. Cadoni, F. Calaprice, A. Caminata, N. Canci, A. Candela, M. Caravati, M. Cariello, M. Carlini, M. Carpinelli , et al. (143 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We reanalize data collected with the DarkSide-50 experiment and recently used to set limits on the spin-independent interaction rate of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) on argon nuclei with an effective field theory framework. The dataset corresponds to a total (16660 $\pm$ 270) kg d exposure using a target of low-radioactivity argon extracted from underground sources. We obtain upper… ▽ More We reanalize data collected with the DarkSide-50 experiment and recently used to set limits on the spin-independent interaction rate of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) on argon nuclei with an effective field theory framework. The dataset corresponds to a total (16660 $\pm$ 270) kg d exposure using a target of low-radioactivity argon extracted from underground sources. We obtain upper limits on the effective couplings of the 12 leading operators in the nonrelativistic systematic expansion. For each effective coupling we set constraints on WIMP-nucleon cross sections, setting upper limits between $2.4 \times 10^{-45} \, \mathrm{cm}^2$ and $2.3 \times 10^{-42} \, \mathrm{cm}^2$ (8.9 $\times 10^{-45} \, \mathrm{cm}^2$ and 6.0 $\times 10^{-42} \, \mathrm{cm}^2$) for WIMPs of mass of 100 $\mathrm{GeV/c^2}$ (1000 $\mathrm{GeV/c^2}$) at 90\% confidence level. △ Less

Submitted 18 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: Accepted by PRD

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume IV: Far Detector Single-phase Technology

Authors: B. Abi, R. Acciarri, Mario A. Acero, G. Adamov, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, C. Alt, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonova, S. Antusch, A. Aranda Fernandez, A. Ariga, L. O. Arnold, M. A. Arroyave, J. Asaadi , et al. (941 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. DUNE is an international world-clas… ▽ More The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. DUNE is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. Central to achieving DUNE's physics program is a far detector that combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with sub-centimeter spatial resolution in its ability to image those events, allowing identification of the physics signatures among the numerous backgrounds. In the single-phase liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, ionization charges drift horizontally in the liquid argon under the influence of an electric field towards a vertical anode, where they are read out with fine granularity. A photon detection system supplements the TPC, directly enhancing physics capabilities for all three DUNE physics drivers and opening up prospects for further physics explorations. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume IV presents an overview of the basic operating principles of a single-phase LArTPC, followed by a description of the DUNE implementation. Each of the subsystems is described in detail, connecting the high-level design requirements and decisions to the overriding physics goals of DUNE. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2020; v1 submitted 7 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: Minor corrections made for JINST submission, 673 pages, 312 figures (corrected errors in author list)

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-20-027-ND

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume III: DUNE Far Detector Technical Coordination

Authors: B. Abi, R. Acciarri, Mario A. Acero, G. Adamov, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, C. Alt, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonova, S. Antusch, A. Aranda Fernandez, A. Ariga, L. O. Arnold, M. A. Arroyave, J. Asaadi , et al. (941 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Exper… ▽ More The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume III of this TDR describes how the activities required to design, construct, fabricate, install, and commission the DUNE far detector modules are organized and managed. This volume details the organizational structures that will carry out and/or oversee the planned far detector activities safely, successfully, on time, and on budget. It presents overviews of the facilities, supporting infrastructure, and detectors for context, and it outlines the project-related functions and methodologies used by the DUNE technical coordination organization, focusing on the areas of integration engineering, technical reviews, quality assurance and control, and safety oversight. Because of its more advanced stage of development, functional examples presented in this volume focus primarily on the single-phase (SP) detector module. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2020; v1 submitted 7 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: Minor corrections made for JINST submission, 209 pages, 55 figures (updated typos in Table A.5; corrected errors in author list)

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-20-026-ND

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume II: DUNE Physics

Authors: B. Abi, R. Acciarri, Mario A. Acero, G. Adamov, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, C. Alt, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonova, S. Antusch, A. Aranda Fernandez, A. Ariga, L. O. Arnold, M. A. Arroyave, J. Asaadi , et al. (941 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. DUNE is an international world-clas… ▽ More The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. DUNE is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume II of this TDR, DUNE Physics, describes the array of identified scientific opportunities and key goals. Crucially, we also report our best current understanding of the capability of DUNE to realize these goals, along with the detailed arguments and investigations on which this understanding is based. This TDR volume documents the scientific basis underlying the conception and design of the LBNF/DUNE experimental configurations. As a result, the description of DUNE's experimental capabilities constitutes the bulk of the document. Key linkages between requirements for successful execution of the physics program and primary specifications of the experimental configurations are drawn and summarized. This document also serves a wider purpose as a statement on the scientific potential of DUNE as a central component within a global program of frontier theoretical and experimental particle physics research. Thus, the presentation also aims to serve as a resource for the particle physics community at large. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2020; v1 submitted 7 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: 357 pages, 165 figures (updated typos in Table 6.1 and corrected errors in author list)

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-20-025-ND

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume I: Introduction to DUNE

Authors: B. Abi, R. Acciarri, Mario A. Acero, G. Adamov, D. Adams, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, J. Ahmed, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, C. Alt, J. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonova, S. Antusch, A. Aranda Fernandez, A. Ariga, L. O. Arnold, M. A. Arroyave, J. Asaadi , et al. (941 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Exper… ▽ More The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. This TDR is intended to justify the technical choices for the far detector that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. Volume I contains an executive summary that introduces the DUNE science program, the far detector and the strategy for its modular designs, and the organization and management of the Project. The remainder of Volume I provides more detail on the science program that drives the choice of detector technologies and on the technologies themselves. It also introduces the designs for the DUNE near detector and the DUNE computing model, for which DUNE is planning design reports. Volume II of this TDR describes DUNE's physics program in detail. Volume III describes the technical coordination required for the far detector design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. Volume IV describes the single-phase far detector technology. A planned Volume V will describe the dual-phase technology. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2020; v1 submitted 7 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: Minor corrections made for JINST submission; 244 pages, 114 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-20-024-ND

Study of space charge in the ICARUS T600 detector

Authors: M. Antonello, B. Baibussinov, V. Bellini, F. Boffelli, M. Bonesini, A. Bubak, S. Centro, K. Cieslik, A. G. Cocco, A. Dabrowska, A. Dermenev, A. Falcone, C. Farnese, A. Fava, A. Ferrari, D. Gibin, S. Gninenko, A. Guglielmi, M. Haranczyk, J. Holeczek, M. Kirsanov, J. Kisiel, I. Kochanek, J. Lagoda, A. Menegolli , et al. (23 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The accumulation of positive ions, produced by ionizing particles crossing Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LAr-TPCs), may generate distortions of the electric drift field affecting the track reconstruction of the ionizing events. These effects could become relevant for large LAr-TPCs operating at surface or at shallow depth, where the detectors are exposed to a copious flux of cosmic rays.… ▽ More The accumulation of positive ions, produced by ionizing particles crossing Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LAr-TPCs), may generate distortions of the electric drift field affecting the track reconstruction of the ionizing events. These effects could become relevant for large LAr-TPCs operating at surface or at shallow depth, where the detectors are exposed to a copious flux of cosmic rays. A detailed study of such possible field distortions in the ICARUS T600 LAr-TPC has been performed analyzing a sample of cosmic muon tracks recorded with one T600 module operated at surface in 2001. The maximum track distortion turns out to be of few mm in good agreement with the prediction by a numerical calculation. As a cross-check, the same analysis has been performed on a cosmic muon sample recorded during the ICARUS T600 run at the LNGS underground laboratory, where the cosmic ray flux was suppressed by a factor $\sim 10^6$ by 3400 m water equivalent shielding. No appreciable distortion has been observed, confirming that the effects measured on surface are actually due to ion space charge. △ Less

Submitted 28 May, 2020; v1 submitted 24 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020.

Comments: 16 pages, 11 figures

Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low radioactive-isotope contamination of argon

Authors: The DarkSide Collaboration, C. E. Aalseth, S. Abdelhakim, F. Acerbi, P. Agnes, R. Ajaj, I. F. M. Albuquerque, T. Alexander, A. Alici, A. K. Alton, P. Amaudruz, F. Ameli, J. Anstey, P. Antonioli, M. Arba, S. Arcelli, R. Ardito, I. J. Arnquist, P. Arpaia, D. M. Asner, A. Asunskis, M. Ave, H. O. Back, A. Barrado Olmedo, G. Batignani , et al. (306 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Large liquid argon detectors offer one of the best avenues for the detection of galactic weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their scattering on atomic nuclei. The liquid argon target allows exquisite discrimination between nuclear and electron recoil signals via pulse-shape discrimination of the scintillation signals. Atmospheric argon (AAr), however, has a naturally occurring radioa… ▽ More Large liquid argon detectors offer one of the best avenues for the detection of galactic weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their scattering on atomic nuclei. The liquid argon target allows exquisite discrimination between nuclear and electron recoil signals via pulse-shape discrimination of the scintillation signals. Atmospheric argon (AAr), however, has a naturally occurring radioactive isotope, $^{39}$Ar, a $β$ emitter of cosmogenic origin. For large detectors, the atmospheric $^{39}$Ar activity poses pile-up concerns. The use of argon extracted from underground wells, deprived of $^{39}$Ar, is key to the physics potential of these experiments. The DarkSide-20k dark matter search experiment will operate a dual-phase time projection chamber with 50 tonnes of radio-pure underground argon (UAr), that was shown to be depleted of $^{39}$Ar with respect to AAr by a factor larger than 1400. Assessing the $^{39}$Ar content of the UAr during extraction is crucial for the success of DarkSide-20k, as well as for future experiments of the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration (GADMC). This will be carried out by the DArT in ArDM experiment, a small chamber made with extremely radio-pure materials that will be placed at the centre of the ArDM detector, in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) in Spain. The ArDM LAr volume acts as an active veto for background radioactivity, mostly $γ$-rays from the ArDM detector materials and the surrounding rock. This article describes the DArT in ArDM project, including the chamber design and construction, and reviews the background required to achieve the expected performance of the detector. △ Less

Submitted 22 January, 2020; originally announced January 2020.

Comments: 13 pages, 8 figures. Corresponding author: E. Sánchez García

Measurement of the ion fraction and mobility of $^{218}$Po produced in $^{222}$Rn decays in liquid argon

Authors: P. Agnes, I. F. M. Albuquerque, T. Alexander, A. K. Alton, M. Ave, H. O. Back, G. Batignani, K. Biery, V. Bocci, G. Bonfini, W. M. Bonivento, B. Bottino, S. Bussino, M. Cadeddu, M. Cadoni, F. Calaprice, A. Caminata, N. Canci, A. Candela, M. Caravati, M. Cariello, M. Carlini, M. Carpinelli, S. Catalanotti, V. Cataudella , et al. (141 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report measurements of the charged daughter fraction of $^{218}$Po as a result of the $^{222}$Rn alpha decay, and the mobility of $^{218}$Po$^+$ ions, using radon-polonium coincidences from the $^{238}$U chain identified in 532 live-days of DarkSide-50 WIMP-search data. The fraction of $^{218}$Po that is charged is found to be 0.37$\pm$0.03 and the mobility of $^{218}$Po$^+$ is (8.6$\pm$0.1)… ▽ More We report measurements of the charged daughter fraction of $^{218}$Po as a result of the $^{222}$Rn alpha decay, and the mobility of $^{218}$Po$^+$ ions, using radon-polonium coincidences from the $^{238}$U chain identified in 532 live-days of DarkSide-50 WIMP-search data. The fraction of $^{218}$Po that is charged is found to be 0.37$\pm$0.03 and the mobility of $^{218}$Po$^+$ is (8.6$\pm$0.1)$\times$10$^{-4}$$\frac{\text{cm}^2}{\text{Vs}}$. △ Less

Submitted 28 October, 2019; v1 submitted 22 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019.

Journal ref: JINST 14 P11018 (2019)

A Design for an Electromagnetic Filter for Precision Energy Measurements at the Tritium Endpoint

Authors: M. G. Betti, M. Biasotti, A. Bosca, F. Calle, J. Carabe-Lopez, G. Cavoto, C. Chang, W. Chung, A. G. Cocco, A. P. Colijn, J. Conrad, N. D'Ambrosio, P. F. de Salas, M. Faverzani, A. Ferella, E. Ferri, P. Garcia-Abia, G. Garcia Gomez-Tejedor, S. Gariazzo, F. Gatti, C. Gentile, A. Giachero, J. Gudmundsson, Y. Hochberg, Y. Kahn , et al. (26 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a detailed description of the electromagnetic filter for the PTOLEMY project to directly detect the Cosmic Neutrino Background (CNB). Starting with an initial estimate for the orbital magnetic moment, the higher-order drift process of ExB is configured to balance the gradient-B drift motion of the electron in such a way as to guide the trajectory into the standing voltage potential alon… ▽ More We present a detailed description of the electromagnetic filter for the PTOLEMY project to directly detect the Cosmic Neutrino Background (CNB). Starting with an initial estimate for the orbital magnetic moment, the higher-order drift process of ExB is configured to balance the gradient-B drift motion of the electron in such a way as to guide the trajectory into the standing voltage potential along the mid-plane of the filter. As a function of drift distance along the length of the filter, the filter zooms in with exponentially increasing precision on the transverse velocity component of the electron kinetic energy. This yields a linear dimension for the total filter length that is exceptionally compact compared to previous techniques for electromagnetic filtering. The parallel velocity component of the electron kinetic energy oscillates in an electrostatic harmonic trap as the electron drifts along the length of the filter. An analysis of the phase-space volume conservation validates the expected behavior of the filter from the adiabatic invariance of the orbital magnetic moment and energy conservation following Liouville's theorem for Hamiltonian systems. △ Less

Submitted 15 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018.

PTOLEMY: A Proposal for Thermal Relic Detection of Massive Neutrinos and Directional Detection of MeV Dark Matter

Authors: E. Baracchini, M. G. Betti, M. Biasotti, A. Bosca, F. Calle, J. Carabe-Lopez, G. Cavoto, C. Chang, A. G. Cocco, A. P. Colijn, J. Conrad, N. D'Ambrosio, P. F. de Salas, M. Faverzani, A. Ferella, E. Ferri, P. Garcia-Abia, G. Garcia Gomez-Tejedor, S. Gariazzo, F. Gatti, C. Gentile, A. Giachero, J. Gudmundsson, Y. Hochberg, Y. Kahn , et al. (26 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We propose to achieve the proof-of-principle of the PTOLEMY project to directly detect the Cosmic Neutrino Background (CNB). Each of the technological challenges described in [1,2] will be targeted and hopefully solved by the use of the latest experimental developments and profiting from the low background environment provided by the LNGS underground site. The first phase will focus on the graphen… ▽ More We propose to achieve the proof-of-principle of the PTOLEMY project to directly detect the Cosmic Neutrino Background (CNB). Each of the technological challenges described in [1,2] will be targeted and hopefully solved by the use of the latest experimental developments and profiting from the low background environment provided by the LNGS underground site. The first phase will focus on the graphene technology for a tritium target and the demonstration of TES microcalorimetry with an energy resolution of better than 0.05 eV for low energy electrons. These technologies will be evaluated using the PTOLEMY prototype, proposed for underground installation, using precision HV controls to step down the kinematic energy of endpoint electrons to match the calorimeter dynamic range and rate capabilities. The second phase will produce a novel implementation of the EM filter that is scalable to the full target size and which demonstrates intrinsic triggering capability for selecting endpoint electrons. Concurrent with the CNB program, we plan to exploit and develop the unique properties of graphene to implement an intermediate program for direct directional detection of MeV dark matter [3,4]. This program will evaluate the radio-purity and scalability of the graphene fabrication process with the goal of using recently identified ultra-high radio-purity CO2 sources. The direct detection of the CNB is a snapshot of early universe dynamics recorded by the thermal relic neutrino yield taken at a time that predates the epochs of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, the Cosmic Microwave Background and the recession of galaxies (Hubble Expansion). Big Bang neutrinos are believed to have a central role in the evolution of the Universe and a direct measurement with PTOLEMY will unequivocally establish the extent to which these predictions match present-day neutrino densities. △ Less

Submitted 6 August, 2018; originally announced August 2018.

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 3: Dual-Phase Module

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. Adamowski, C. Adams, D. Adams, P. Adamson, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, C. H. Albright, L. Aliaga Soplin, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, R. A. Andrews, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonello, M. Antonova , et al. (1076 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable… ▽ More The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 3 describes the dual-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 280 pages, 109 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1807.10327

Report number: Fermilab-Design-2018-04

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report Volume 1: Physics, Technology and Strategies

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. Adamowski, C. Adams, D. Adams, P. Adamson, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, C. H. Albright, L. Aliaga Soplin, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, R. A. Andrews, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonello, M. Antonova , et al. (1076 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable… ▽ More The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 1 contains an executive summary that describes the general aims of this document. The remainder of this first volume provides a more detailed description of the DUNE physics program that drives the choice of detector technologies. It also includes concise outlines of two overarching systems that have not yet evolved to consortium structures: computing and calibration. Volumes 2 and 3 of this IDR describe, for the single-phase and dual-phase technologies, respectively, each detector module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 83 pages, 11 figures

Report number: Fermilab-Design-2018-02

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 2: Single-Phase Module

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. Adamowski, C. Adams, D. Adams, P. Adamson, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, C. H. Albright, L. Aliaga Soplin, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, R. A. Andrews, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonello, M. Antonova , et al. (1076 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable… ▽ More The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 2 describes the single-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 324 pages, 130 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1807.10340

Report number: Fermilab-Design-2018-03