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The Ladder and Readout Cables of Intermediate Silicon Strip Detector for sPHENIX
Authors:
Y. Akiba,
H. Aso,
J. T. Bertaux,
D. Cacace,
K. Y. Chen,
K. Y. Cheng,
A. Enokizono,
H. Enyo,
K. Fujiki,
Y. Fujino,
M. Fujiiwara,
T. Hachiya,
T. Harada,
S. Hasegawa,
M. Hata,
B. Hong,
J. Hwang,
T. Ichino,
M. Ikemoto,
H. Imagawa,
H. Imai,
Y. Ishigaki,
M. Isshiki,
K. Iwatsuki,
R. Kane M. Kano
, et al. (46 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A new silicon-strip-type detector was developed for precise charged-particle tracking in the central rapidity region of heavy ion collisions. A new detector and collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory is sPHENIX, which is a major upgrade of the PHENIX detector. The intermediate tracker (INTT) is part of the advanced tracking system of the sPHENIX dete…
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A new silicon-strip-type detector was developed for precise charged-particle tracking in the central rapidity region of heavy ion collisions. A new detector and collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory is sPHENIX, which is a major upgrade of the PHENIX detector. The intermediate tracker (INTT) is part of the advanced tracking system of the sPHENIX detector complex together with a CMOS monolithic-active-pixel-sensor based silicon-pixel vertex detector, a time-projection chamber, and a micromegas-based detector. The INTT detector is barrel shaped and comprises 56 silicon ladders. Two different types of strip sensors of 78~$μm$ pitch and 320~$μm$ thick are mounted on each half of a silicon ladder. Each strip sensor is segmented into 8$\times$2 and 5$\times$2 blocks with lengths of 16 and 20 mm. Strips are read out with a silicon strip-readout (FPHX) chip. In order to transmit massive data from the FPHX to the down stream readout electronics card (ROC), a series of long and high speed readout cables were developed. This document focuses on the silicon ladder, the readout cables, and the ROC of the INTT. The radiation hardness is studied for some parts of the INTT devices in the last part of this document, since the INTT employed some materials from the technology frontier of the industry whose radiation hardness is not necessarily well known.
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Submitted 12 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Using graph neural networks to reconstruct charged pion showers in the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter
Authors:
M. Aamir,
G. Adamov,
T. Adams,
C. Adloff,
S. Afanasiev,
C. Agrawal,
C. Agrawal,
A. Ahmad,
H. A. Ahmed,
S. Akbar,
N. Akchurin,
B. Akgul,
B. Akgun,
R. O. Akpinar,
E. Aktas,
A. Al Kadhim,
V. Alexakhin,
J. Alimena,
J. Alison,
A. Alpana,
W. Alshehri,
P. Alvarez Dominguez,
M. Alyari,
C. Amendola,
R. B. Amir
, et al. (550 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A novel method to reconstruct the energy of hadronic showers in the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) is presented. The HGCAL is a sampling calorimeter with very fine transverse and longitudinal granularity. The active media are silicon sensors and scintillator tiles readout by SiPMs and the absorbers are a combination of lead and Cu/CuW in the electromagnetic section, and steel in the hadr…
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A novel method to reconstruct the energy of hadronic showers in the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) is presented. The HGCAL is a sampling calorimeter with very fine transverse and longitudinal granularity. The active media are silicon sensors and scintillator tiles readout by SiPMs and the absorbers are a combination of lead and Cu/CuW in the electromagnetic section, and steel in the hadronic section. The shower reconstruction method is based on graph neural networks and it makes use of a dynamic reduction network architecture. It is shown that the algorithm is able to capture and mitigate the main effects that normally hinder the reconstruction of hadronic showers using classical reconstruction methods, by compensating for fluctuations in the multiplicity, energy, and spatial distributions of the shower's constituents. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using test beam data collected in 2018 prototype of the CMS HGCAL accompanied by a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype. The capability of the method to mitigate the impact of energy leakage from the calorimeter is also demonstrated.
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Submitted 18 December, 2024; v1 submitted 17 June, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
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Performance of the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter prototype to charged pion beams of 20$-$300 GeV/c
Authors:
B. Acar,
G. Adamov,
C. Adloff,
S. Afanasiev,
N. Akchurin,
B. Akgün,
M. Alhusseini,
J. Alison,
J. P. Figueiredo de sa Sousa de Almeida,
P. G. Dias de Almeida,
A. Alpana,
M. Alyari,
I. Andreev,
U. Aras,
P. Aspell,
I. O. Atakisi,
O. Bach,
A. Baden,
G. Bakas,
A. Bakshi,
S. Banerjee,
P. DeBarbaro,
P. Bargassa,
D. Barney,
F. Beaudette
, et al. (435 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). The electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing med…
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The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). The electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing medium and silicon sensors as an active medium in the regions of high radiation exposure, and scintillator tiles directly readout by silicon photomultipliers in the remaining regions. As part of the development of the detector and its readout electronic components, a section of a silicon-based HGCAL prototype detector along with a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype was exposed to muons, electrons and charged pions in beam test experiments at the H2 beamline at the CERN SPS in October 2018. The AHCAL uses the same technology as foreseen for the HGCAL but with much finer longitudinal segmentation. The performance of the calorimeters in terms of energy response and resolution, longitudinal and transverse shower profiles is studied using negatively charged pions, and is compared to GEANT4 predictions. This is the first report summarizing results of hadronic showers measured by the HGCAL prototype using beam test data.
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Submitted 27 May, 2023; v1 submitted 9 November, 2022;
originally announced November 2022.
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The Development of Spatial Attention U-Net for The Recovery of Ionospheric Measurements and The Extraction of Ionospheric Parameters
Authors:
Guan-Han Huang,
Alexei V. Dmitriev,
Chia-Hsien Lin,
Yu-Chi Chang,
Mon-Chai Hsieh,
Enkhtuya Tsogtbaatar,
Merlin M. Mendoza,
Hao-Wei Hsu,
Yu-Chiang Lin,
Lung-Chih Tsai,
Yung-Hui Li
Abstract:
We train a deep learning artificial neural network model, Spatial Attention U-Net to recover useful ionospheric signals from noisy ionogram data measured by Hualien's Vertical Incidence Pulsed Ionospheric Radar. Our results show that the model can well identify F2 layer ordinary and extraordinary modes (F2o, F2x) and the combined signals of the E layer (ordinary and extraordinary modes and sporadi…
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We train a deep learning artificial neural network model, Spatial Attention U-Net to recover useful ionospheric signals from noisy ionogram data measured by Hualien's Vertical Incidence Pulsed Ionospheric Radar. Our results show that the model can well identify F2 layer ordinary and extraordinary modes (F2o, F2x) and the combined signals of the E layer (ordinary and extraordinary modes and sporadic Es). The model is also capable of identifying some signals that were not labeled. The performance of the model can be significantly degraded by insufficient number of samples in the data set. From the recovered signals, we determine the critical frequencies of F2o and F2x and the intersection frequency between the two signals. The difference between the two critical frequencies is peaking at 0.63 MHz, with the uncertainty being 0.18 MHz.
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Submitted 15 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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Response of a CMS HGCAL silicon-pad electromagnetic calorimeter prototype to 20-300 GeV positrons
Authors:
B. Acar,
G. Adamov,
C. Adloff,
S. Afanasiev,
N. Akchurin,
B. Akgün,
F. Alam Khan,
M. Alhusseini,
J. Alison,
A. Alpana,
G. Altopp,
M. Alyari,
S. An,
S. Anagul,
I. Andreev,
P. Aspell,
I. O. Atakisi,
O. Bach,
A. Baden,
G. Bakas,
A. Bakshi,
S. Bannerjee,
P. Bargassa,
D. Barney,
F. Beaudette
, et al. (364 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Compact Muon Solenoid Collaboration is designing a new high-granularity endcap calorimeter, HGCAL, to be installed later this decade. As part of this development work, a prototype system was built, with an electromagnetic section consisting of 14 double-sided structures, providing 28 sampling layers. Each sampling layer has an hexagonal module, where a multipad large-area silicon sensor is glu…
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The Compact Muon Solenoid Collaboration is designing a new high-granularity endcap calorimeter, HGCAL, to be installed later this decade. As part of this development work, a prototype system was built, with an electromagnetic section consisting of 14 double-sided structures, providing 28 sampling layers. Each sampling layer has an hexagonal module, where a multipad large-area silicon sensor is glued between an electronics circuit board and a metal baseplate. The sensor pads of approximately 1 cm$^2$ are wire-bonded to the circuit board and are readout by custom integrated circuits. The prototype was extensively tested with beams at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron in 2018. Based on the data collected with beams of positrons, with energies ranging from 20 to 300 GeV, measurements of the energy resolution and linearity, the position and angular resolutions, and the shower shapes are presented and compared to a detailed Geant4 simulation.
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Submitted 31 March, 2022; v1 submitted 12 November, 2021;
originally announced November 2021.
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Longitudinal variations of positive dayside ionospheric storms related to recurrent geomagnetic storms
Authors:
A. V. Dmitriev,
C. -M. Huang,
P. S. Brahmanandam,
L. C. Chang,
K. -T. Chen,
L. -C. Tsai
Abstract:
We have performed an analysis of case events and statistics of positive ionospheric storms in the dayside region of the equatorial ionization anomaly during recurrent geomagnetic storms (RGSs), which dominate in geomagnetic and ionospheric conditions on the declining phase of solar activity in 2004 to 2008. It is shown that total electron content (TEC) has a tendency to minimize before the beginni…
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We have performed an analysis of case events and statistics of positive ionospheric storms in the dayside region of the equatorial ionization anomaly during recurrent geomagnetic storms (RGSs), which dominate in geomagnetic and ionospheric conditions on the declining phase of solar activity in 2004 to 2008. It is shown that total electron content (TEC) has a tendency to minimize before the beginning of RGSs and to peak 3 to 4 days after, i.e. on the RGS recovery phase produced by high-intensity long-duration continuous auroral activity. The maximum of TEC coincides with the maximum of solar wind velocity within high-speed solar wind streams. An analysis of electron content vertical profiles, derived from two independent methods using ionosondes and COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 radio occultation, showed that in the maximum of an ionospheric storm on 28 March 2008, the F2 layer thickens, NmF2 increases by ~50% and hmF2 elevates by a few tens of kilometers. The response of positive ionospheric storms to solar, heliospheric and geomagnetic drivers reveals a prominent longitudinal asymmetry. In the longitudinal range from -90 deg to 90 deg, the solar illumination plays a major role, and in the range from 90 deg to -120 deg, the influence of heliospheric and geomagnetic drivers becomes significant. The highest correlations of the TEC enhancements with the heliospheric and geomagnetic drivers were found during December - February period (r increased from ~ 0.3 to ~0.5). We speculate that the dynamics controlling this might result from an effect of solar zenith angle, storm-time effects of thermospheric Sum(O/N2) enhancement, and penetrating electric fields of interplanetary and magnetospheric origin.
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Submitted 18 December, 2013;
originally announced December 2013.
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TEC evidence for near-equatorial energy deposition by 30-keV electrons in the topside ionosphere
Authors:
A. V. Suvorova,
A. V. Dmitriev,
L. -C. Tsai,
V. E. Kunitsyn,
E. S. Andreeva,
I. A. Nesterov,
L. L. Lazutin
Abstract:
Observations of energetic electrons (10 - 300 keV) by NOAA/POES and DMSP satellites at heights <1000 km during the period from 1999 to 2010 allowed finding abnormal intense fluxes of ~10^6 - 10^7 cm-2 s-1 sr-1 for quasi-trapped electrons appearing within the forbidden zone of low latitudes over the African, Indo-China, and Pacific regions. Extreme fluxes appeared often in the early morning and per…
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Observations of energetic electrons (10 - 300 keV) by NOAA/POES and DMSP satellites at heights <1000 km during the period from 1999 to 2010 allowed finding abnormal intense fluxes of ~10^6 - 10^7 cm-2 s-1 sr-1 for quasi-trapped electrons appearing within the forbidden zone of low latitudes over the African, Indo-China, and Pacific regions. Extreme fluxes appeared often in the early morning and persisted for several hours during the maximum and recovery phase of geomagnetic storms. We analyzed nine storm-time events when extreme electron fluxes first appeared in the Eastern Hemisphere, then drifted further eastward toward the South-Atlantic Anomaly. Using the electron spectra, we estimated the possible ionization effect produced by quasi-trapped electrons in the topside ionosphere. The estimated ionization was found to be large enough to satisfy observed storm-time increases in the ionospheric total electron content determined for the same spatial and temporal ranges from global ionospheric maps. Additionally, extreme fluxes of quasi-trapped electrons were accompanied by the significant elevation of the low-latitude F-layer obtained from COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 radio occultation measurements. We suggest that the storm-time ExB drift of energetic electrons from the inner radiation belt is an important driver of positive ionospheric storms within low-latitude and equatorial regions.
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Submitted 8 July, 2013;
originally announced July 2013.
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Elliptical model of cutoff boundaries for the solar energetic particles measured by POES satellites in December 2006
Authors:
A. V. Dmitriev,
P. T. Jayachandran,
L. -C. Tsai
Abstract:
Experimental data from a constellation of five NOAA POES satellites were used for studying the penetration of solar energetic particles (SEP) to high latitudes during long-lasting SEP events on December 5 to 15, 2006. We determined cutoff latitudes for electrons with energies >100 keV and > 300 keV, and protons with energies from 240 keV to >140 MeV. The large number of satellites allowed us to de…
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Experimental data from a constellation of five NOAA POES satellites were used for studying the penetration of solar energetic particles (SEP) to high latitudes during long-lasting SEP events on December 5 to 15, 2006. We determined cutoff latitudes for electrons with energies >100 keV and > 300 keV, and protons with energies from 240 keV to >140 MeV. The large number of satellites allowed us to derive snap shots of the cutoff boundaries with 1-hour time resolution. The boundaries were fitted well by ellipses. Based on the elliptical approach, we developed a model of cutoff latitudes for protons and electrons in the northern and southern hemispheres. The cutoff latitude is represented as a function of rigidity, R, of particles, MLT, geomagnetic indices: Dst, Kp, AE, and dipole tilt angle PS. The model predicts tailward and duskward shifting of the cutoff boundaries in relation to intensification of the cross-tail current, field-aligned currents, and symmetrical and asymmetrical parts of the ring current. The model was applied for prediction of a polar cap absorption (PCA) effects observed at high latitudes by CADI network of ionosondes. It was found that the PCA effects are related mainly to intense fluxes of >2.5 MeV protons and >100 keV electrons, which contribute mostly to the ionization of ionospheric D-layer at altitudes of ~75 to 85 km. This finding was confirmed independently by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC observations of the SEP-associated enhancements of electron content at altitudes of ~80 km. Supplement : a program-code of the PCap-model
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Submitted 29 May, 2013;
originally announced May 2013.
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Evidence for Near-Equatorial Deposition by Energetic Electrons in the Ionospheric F-layer
Authors:
A. V. Suvorova,
A. V. Dmitriev,
L. -C. Tsai
Abstract:
Near-equatorial great enhancements of the quasi-trapped >30 keV electrons at low-altitudes are studied during strong geomagnetic storms. We have found that the transient phenomenon often began at the morning and was capable to live several hours predominantly over the Pacific region with flux intensities largely exceeded quiet-time level by 4-5 orders of magnitudes. The purpose of the study is to…
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Near-equatorial great enhancements of the quasi-trapped >30 keV electrons at low-altitudes are studied during strong geomagnetic storms. We have found that the transient phenomenon often began at the morning and was capable to live several hours predominantly over the Pacific region with flux intensities largely exceeded quiet-time level by 4-5 orders of magnitudes. The purpose of the study is to validate an assumption that the enhanced quasi-trapped electron fluxes can be an important source of the ionization in the topside ionosphere in the range between the low and middle latitudes and to estimate energy deposition. We show that ionizing particle effect can significantly contribute in storm-time increase of total electron content (TEC) or positive ionospheric storm. We present analysis of medium/great flux events during moderate/major storms on 22 July 2009 and 27 July 2004 as examples for demonstrating concomitances of enhanced electron fluxes with ionospheric storm positive phases. Addition experimental support concerning the F2-region rise was obtained from COSMIC/FS3 radio occultation data for the storm of 22 July 2009.
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Submitted 11 January, 2013;
originally announced January 2013.
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TEC enhancement due to energetic electrons above Taiwan and the West Pacific
Authors:
A. V. Suvorova,
L. -C. Tsai,
A. V. Dmitriev
Abstract:
The energetic electrons of the inner radiation belt during a geomagnetic disturbance can penetrate in the forbidden range of drift shells located at the heights of the topside equatorial ionosphere (<1000 km). A good correlation was previously revealed between positive ionospheric storms and intense fluxes of quasi-trapped 30-keV electrons at ~900 km height in the forbidden zone. In the present wo…
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The energetic electrons of the inner radiation belt during a geomagnetic disturbance can penetrate in the forbidden range of drift shells located at the heights of the topside equatorial ionosphere (<1000 km). A good correlation was previously revealed between positive ionospheric storms and intense fluxes of quasi-trapped 30-keV electrons at ~900 km height in the forbidden zone. In the present work, we use statistics to validate an assumption that the intense electron fluxes in the topside equatorial ionosphere can be an important source of the ionization in the low-latitude ionosphere. The data on the energetic electrons were obtained from polar orbiting satellites over the periods of the 62 strong geomagnetic storms from 1999 to 2006. Ionospheric response to the selected storms was determined using global ionospheric maps of vertical total electron content (VTEC). A case-event study of a major storm on 9 November 2004 provided experimental evidence in support to the substantial ionization effect of energetic electrons during positive ionospheric storms at the low latitudes. Statistical analysis of nine magnetic storms indicated that the VTEC increases coincided with and coexisted with intense 30-keV electron fluxes irrespective of local time and phase of geomagnetic storm. We concluded that extremely intense fluxes of the 30-keV electrons in the topside low-latitude ionosphere can contribute ~ 10 - 30 TECU to the localized positive ionospheric storms.
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Submitted 11 January, 2013;
originally announced January 2013.
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On relation between mid-latitude ionospheric ionization and quasi-trapped energetic electrons during 15 December 2006 magnetic storm
Authors:
A. V. Suvorova,
L. -C. Tsai,
A. V. Dmitriev
Abstract:
We report simultaneous observations of intense fluxes of quasi-trapped energetic electrons and substantial enhancements of ionospheric electron concentration (EC) at low and middle latitudes over Pacific region during geomagnetic storm on 15 December 2006. Electrons with energy of tens of keV were measured at altitude of ~800 to 900 km by POES and DMSP satellites. Experimental data from COSMIC/FS3…
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We report simultaneous observations of intense fluxes of quasi-trapped energetic electrons and substantial enhancements of ionospheric electron concentration (EC) at low and middle latitudes over Pacific region during geomagnetic storm on 15 December 2006. Electrons with energy of tens of keV were measured at altitude of ~800 to 900 km by POES and DMSP satellites. Experimental data from COSMIC/FS3 satellites and global network of ground-based GPS receivers were used to determine height profiles of EC and vertical total EC, respectively. A good spatial and temporal correlation between the electron fluxes and EC enhancements was found. This fact allows us to suggest that the quasi-trapped energetic electrons can be an important source of ionospheric ionization at middle latitudes during magnetic storms.
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Submitted 9 November, 2011;
originally announced November 2011.
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Posture-Dependent Human 3He Lung Imaging in an Open Access MRI System: Initial Results
Authors:
L. L. Tsai,
R. W. Mair,
C. -H. Li,
M. S. Rosen,
S. Patz,
R. L. Walsworth
Abstract:
The human lung and its functions are extremely sensitive to orientation and posture, and debate continues as to the role of gravity and the surrounding anatomy in determining lung function and heterogeneity of perfusion and ventilation. However, study of these effects is difficult. The conventional high-field magnets used for most hyperpolarized 3He MRI of the human lung, and most other common r…
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The human lung and its functions are extremely sensitive to orientation and posture, and debate continues as to the role of gravity and the surrounding anatomy in determining lung function and heterogeneity of perfusion and ventilation. However, study of these effects is difficult. The conventional high-field magnets used for most hyperpolarized 3He MRI of the human lung, and most other common radiological imaging modalities including PET and CT, restrict subjects to lying horizontally, minimizing most gravitational effects. In this paper, we briefly review the motivation for posture-dependent studies of human lung function, and present initial imaging results of human lungs in the supine and vertical body orientations using inhaled hyperpolarized 3He gas and an open-access MRI instrument. The open geometry of this MRI system features a "walk-in" capability that permits subjects to be imaged in vertical and horizontal positions, and potentially allows for complete rotation of the orientation of the imaging subject in a two-dimensional plane. Initial results include two-dimensional lung images acquired with ~ 4 mm in-plane resolution and three-dimensional images with ~ 1.5 cm slice thickness. Effects of posture variation are observed.
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Submitted 23 July, 2007;
originally announced July 2007.
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3He Lung Imaging in an Open Access, Very-Low-Field Human MRI System
Authors:
R. W. Mair,
M. I. Hrovat,
S. Patz,
M. S. Rosen,
I. C. Ruset,
G. P. Topulos,
L. L. Tsai,
J. P. Butler,
F. W. Hersman,
R. L. Walsworth
Abstract:
The human lung and its functions are extremely sensitive to gravity, however the conventional high-field magnets used for most laser-polarized 3He MRI of the human lung restrict subjects to lying horizontally. Imaging of human lungs using inhaled laser-polarized 3He gas is demonstrated in an open-access very-low-magnetic-field (< 5 mT) MRI instrument. This prototype device employs a simple, low-…
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The human lung and its functions are extremely sensitive to gravity, however the conventional high-field magnets used for most laser-polarized 3He MRI of the human lung restrict subjects to lying horizontally. Imaging of human lungs using inhaled laser-polarized 3He gas is demonstrated in an open-access very-low-magnetic-field (< 5 mT) MRI instrument. This prototype device employs a simple, low-cost electromagnet, with an open geometry that allows variation of the orientation of the imaging subject in a two-dimensional plane. As a demonstration, two-dimensional lung images were acquired with 4 mm in-plane resolution from a subject in two orientations: lying supine, and sitting in a vertical position with one arm raised. Experience with this prototype device will guide optimization of a second-generation very-low-field imager to enable studies of human pulmonary physiology as a function of subject orientation.
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Submitted 16 December, 2004; v1 submitted 18 March, 2004;
originally announced March 2004.