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Scalable covalently functionalized black phosphorus hybrids for broadspectrum virucidal activity
Authors:
Na Xing,
Jasmin Er,
Ricardo M. Vidal,
Sandhya Khadka,
Robert Schusterbauer,
Maik Rosentreter,
Ranen Etouki,
Rameez Ahmed,
Taylor Page,
Philip Nickl,
Obida Bawadkji,
Anja Wiesner,
Joerg Radnik,
Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba,
Kai Ludwig,
Jakob Trimpert,
Ievgen S. Donskyi
Abstract:
At the onset of viral outbreaks, broad-spectrum antiviral materials are crucial before specific therapeutics become available. We report scalable, biodegradable black phosphorus (BP) hybrids that provide mutation-resilient virucidal protection. BP sheets, produced via an optimized mechanochemical process, are covalently functionalized with 2-azido-4,6-dichloro- 1,3,5-triazine to form P=N bonds. Fu…
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At the onset of viral outbreaks, broad-spectrum antiviral materials are crucial before specific therapeutics become available. We report scalable, biodegradable black phosphorus (BP) hybrids that provide mutation-resilient virucidal protection. BP sheets, produced via an optimized mechanochemical process, are covalently functionalized with 2-azido-4,6-dichloro- 1,3,5-triazine to form P=N bonds. Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide with intrinsic antiviral activity, and hydrophobic chains are then incorporated to achieve irreversible viral deactivation. The material exhibits strong antiviral inhibition and complete virucidal activity against multiple viruses, including recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. It maintains high biocompatibility, remains effective against viral mutations, and is shelf stable for at least five month. The combination of biodegradability, scalable synthesis, and synergistic antiviral and virucidal mechanisms establishes BP-conjugates as a new class of highly efficient antivirals. They offer a broad spectrum antiviral solutions that could bridge the gap between antiviral medicines and general antiseptics.
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Submitted 14 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Millikelvin Si-MOSFETs for Quantum Electronics
Authors:
Nikolai Yurttagül,
Markku Kainlauri,
Jan Toivonen,
Sushan Khadka,
Antti Kanniainen,
Arvind Kumar,
Diego Subero,
Juha T. Muhonen,
Mika Prunnila,
Janne S. Lehtinen
Abstract:
Large power consumption of silicon CMOS electronics is a challenge in very-large-scale integrated circuits and a major roadblock to fault-tolerant quantum computation. Matching the power dissipation of Si-MOSFETs to the thermal budget at deep cryogenic temperatures, below 1 K, requires switching performance beyond levels facilitated by currently available CMOS technologies. We have manufactured fu…
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Large power consumption of silicon CMOS electronics is a challenge in very-large-scale integrated circuits and a major roadblock to fault-tolerant quantum computation. Matching the power dissipation of Si-MOSFETs to the thermal budget at deep cryogenic temperatures, below 1 K, requires switching performance beyond levels facilitated by currently available CMOS technologies. We have manufactured fully depleted silicon-on-insulator MOSFETs tailored for overcoming the power dissipation barrier towards sub-1 K applications. With these cryo-optimized transistors we achieve a major milestone of reaching subthreshold swing of 0.3 mV/dec at 420 mK, thereby enabling very-large-scale integration of cryo-CMOS electronics for ultra-low temperature applications.
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Submitted 12 November, 2025; v1 submitted 1 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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Synchronization dynamics on the picosecond timescale in coupled Josephson junction neurons
Authors:
Ken Segall,
Matthew LeGro,
Steven Kaplan,
Oleksiy Svitelskiy,
Shreeya Khadka,
Patrick Crotty,
Daniel Schult
Abstract:
Conventional digital computation is rapidly approaching physical limits for speed and energy dissipation. Here we fabricate and test a simple neuromorphic circuit that models neuronal somas, axons and synapses with superconducting Josephson junctions. The circuit models two mutually coupled excitatory neurons. In some regions of parameter space the neurons are desynchronized. In others, the Joseph…
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Conventional digital computation is rapidly approaching physical limits for speed and energy dissipation. Here we fabricate and test a simple neuromorphic circuit that models neuronal somas, axons and synapses with superconducting Josephson junctions. The circuit models two mutually coupled excitatory neurons. In some regions of parameter space the neurons are desynchronized. In others, the Josephson neurons synchronize in one of two states, in-phase or anti-phase. An experimental alteration of the delay and strength of the connecting synapses can toggle the system back and forth in a phase-flip bifurcation. Firing synchronization states are calculated >70,000 times faster than conventional digital approaches. With their speed and low energy dissipation (10-17 Joules/spike), this set of proof-of- concept experiments establishes Josephson junction neurons as a viable approach for improvements in neuronal computation as well as applications in neuromorphic computing.
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Submitted 8 February, 2017; v1 submitted 16 August, 2016;
originally announced August 2016.