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Towards Ultimate NMR Resolution with Deep Learning
Authors:
Amir Jahangiri,
Tatiana Agback,
Ulrika Brath,
Vladislav Orekhov
Abstract:
In multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, practical resolution is defined as the ability to distinguish and accurately determine signal positions against a background of overlapping peaks, thermal noise, and spectral artifacts. In the pursuit of ultimate resolution, we introduce Peak Probability Presentations ($P^3$)- a statistical spectral representation that assigns a probability to each spectral po…
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In multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, practical resolution is defined as the ability to distinguish and accurately determine signal positions against a background of overlapping peaks, thermal noise, and spectral artifacts. In the pursuit of ultimate resolution, we introduce Peak Probability Presentations ($P^3$)- a statistical spectral representation that assigns a probability to each spectral point, indicating the likelihood of a peak maximum occurring at that location. The mapping between the spectrum and $P^3$ is achieved using MR-Ai, a physics-inspired deep learning neural network architecture, designed to handle multidimensional NMR spectra. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MR-Ai enables coprocessing of multiple spectra, facilitating direct information exchange between datasets. This feature significantly enhances spectral quality, particularly in cases of highly sparse sampling. Performance of MR-Ai and high value of the $P^3$ are demonstrated on the synthetic data and spectra of Tau, MATL1, Calmodulin, and several other proteins.
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Submitted 28 February, 2025;
originally announced February 2025.
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Beyond traditional Magnetic Resonance processing with Artificial Intelligence
Authors:
Amir Jahangiri,
Vladislav Orekhov
Abstract:
Smart signal processing approaches using Artificial Intelligence are gaining momentum in NMR applications. In this study, we demonstrate that AI offers new opportunities beyond tasks addressed by traditional techniques. We developed and trained several artificial neural networks in our new toolbox Magnetic Resonance with Artificial intelligence (MR-Ai) to solve three "impossible" problems: quadrat…
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Smart signal processing approaches using Artificial Intelligence are gaining momentum in NMR applications. In this study, we demonstrate that AI offers new opportunities beyond tasks addressed by traditional techniques. We developed and trained several artificial neural networks in our new toolbox Magnetic Resonance with Artificial intelligence (MR-Ai) to solve three "impossible" problems: quadrature detection using only Echo (or Anti-Echo) modulation from the traditional Echo/Anti-Echo scheme; accessing uncertainty of signal intensity at each point in a spectrum processed by any given method; and defining a reference-free score for quantitative access of NMR spectrum quality. Our findings highlight the potential of AI techniques to revolutionize NMR processing and analysis.
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Submitted 13 May, 2024;
originally announced May 2024.
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Novel techniques for alpha/beta pulse shape discrimination in Borexino
Authors:
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
R. Biondi,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
A. Chepurnov,
D. D'Angelo,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacintov,
V. Di Marcello,
X. F. Ding,
A. Di Ludovico,
L. Di Noto,
I. Drachnev,
D. Franco,
C. Galbiati,
C. Ghiano,
M. Giammarchi,
A. Goretti,
M. Gromov,
D. Guffanti,
Aldo Ianni,
Andrea Ianni
, et al. (49 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Borexino could efficiently distinguish between alpha and beta radiation in its liquid scintillator by the characteristic time profile of their scintillation pulse. This alpha/beta discrimination, first demonstrated at the tonne scale in the Counting Test Facility prototype, was used throughout the lifetime of the experiment between 2007 and 2021. With this method, alpha events are identified and s…
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Borexino could efficiently distinguish between alpha and beta radiation in its liquid scintillator by the characteristic time profile of their scintillation pulse. This alpha/beta discrimination, first demonstrated at the tonne scale in the Counting Test Facility prototype, was used throughout the lifetime of the experiment between 2007 and 2021. With this method, alpha events are identified and subtracted from the beta-like solar neutrino events. This is particularly important in liquid scintillator as alpha scintillation is quenched many-fold. In Borexino, the prominent Po-210 decay peak was a background in the energy range of electrons scattered from Be-7 solar neutrinos. Optimal alpha-beta discrimination was achieved with a "multi-layer perceptron neural network", which its higher ability to leverage the timing information of the scintillation photons detected by the photomultiplier tubes. An event-by-event, high efficiency, stable, and uniform pulse shape discrimination was essential in characterising the spatial distribution of background in the detector. This benefited most Borexino measurements, including solar neutrinos in the \pp chain and the first direct observation of the CNO cycle in the Sun. This paper presents the key milestones in alpha/beta discrimination in Borexino as a term of comparison for current and future large liquid scintillator detectors
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Submitted 18 October, 2023;
originally announced October 2023.
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Final results of Borexino on CNO solar neutrinos
Authors:
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
R. Biondi,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
A. Chepurnov,
D. D'Angelo,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacinto,
V. Di Marcello,
X. F. Ding,
A. Di Ludovico,
L. Di Noto,
I. Drachnev,
D. Franco,
C. Galbiati,
C. Ghiano,
M. Giammarchi,
A. Goretti,
M. Gromov,
D. Guffanti,
Aldo Ianni,
Andrea Ianni
, et al. (50 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the first measurement of CNO solar neutrinos by Borexino that uses the Correlated Integrated Directionality (CID) method, exploiting the sub-dominant Cherenkov light in the liquid scintillator detector. The directional information of the solar origin of the neutrinos is preserved by the fast Cherenkov photons from the neutrino scattered electrons, and is used to discriminate between sign…
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We report the first measurement of CNO solar neutrinos by Borexino that uses the Correlated Integrated Directionality (CID) method, exploiting the sub-dominant Cherenkov light in the liquid scintillator detector. The directional information of the solar origin of the neutrinos is preserved by the fast Cherenkov photons from the neutrino scattered electrons, and is used to discriminate between signal and background. The directional information is independent from the spectral information on which the previous CNO solar neutrino measurements by Borexino were based. While the CNO spectral analysis could only be applied on the Phase-III dataset, the directional analysis can use the complete Borexino data taking period from 2007 to 2021. The absence of CNO neutrinos has been rejected with >5σ credible level using the Bayesian statistics. The directional CNO measurement is obtained without an external constraint on the $^{210}$Bi contamination of the liquid scintillator, which was applied in the spectral analysis approach. The final and the most precise CNO measurement of Borexino is then obtained by combining the new CID-based CNO result with an improved spectral fit of the Phase-III dataset. Including the statistical and the systematic errors, the extracted CNO interaction rate is $R(\mathrm{CNO})=6.7^{+1.2}_{-0.8} \, \mathrm{cpd/100 \, tonnes}$. Taking into account the neutrino flavor conversion, the resulting CNO neutrino flux at Earth is $Φ_\mathrm{CNO}=6.7 ^{+1.2}_{-0.8} \times 10^8 \, \mathrm{cm^{-2} s^{-1}}$, in agreement with the high metallicity Standard Solar Models. The results described in this work reinforce the role of the event directional information in large-scale liquid scintillator detectors and open up new avenues for the next-generation liquid scintillator or hybrid neutrino experiments.
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Submitted 27 July, 2023;
originally announced July 2023.
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NMR spectrum reconstruction as a pattern recognition problem
Authors:
Amir Jahangiri,
Xiao Han,
Dmitry Lesovoy,
Tatiana Agback,
Peter Agback,
Adnane Achour,
Vladislav Orekhov
Abstract:
A new deep neural network based on the WaveNet architecture (WNN) is presented, which is designed to grasp specific patterns in the NMR spectra. When trained at a fixed non-uniform sampling (NUS) schedule, the WNN benefits from pattern recognition of the corresponding point spread function (PSF) pattern produced by each spectral peak resulting in the highest quality and robust reconstruction of th…
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A new deep neural network based on the WaveNet architecture (WNN) is presented, which is designed to grasp specific patterns in the NMR spectra. When trained at a fixed non-uniform sampling (NUS) schedule, the WNN benefits from pattern recognition of the corresponding point spread function (PSF) pattern produced by each spectral peak resulting in the highest quality and robust reconstruction of the NUS spectra as demonstrated in simulations and exemplified in this work on 2D 1H-15N correlation spectra of three representative globular proteins with different sizes: Ubiquitin (8.6 kDa), Azurin (14 kDa), and Malt1 (44 kDa). The pattern recognition by WNN is also demonstrated for successful virtual homo-decoupling in a 2D methyl 1H-13 HMQC spectrum of MALT1. We demonstrate using WNN that prior knowledge about the NUS schedule, which so far was not fully exploited, can be used for designing new powerful NMR processing techniques that surpass the existing algorithmic methods.
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Submitted 4 August, 2022;
originally announced August 2022.
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First Directional Measurement of sub-MeV Solar Neutrinos with Borexino
Authors:
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmüller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
R. Biondi,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
P. Cavalcante,
A. Chepurnov,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacinto,
V. Di Marcello,
X. F. Ding,
A. Di Ludovico,
L. Di Noto,
I. Drachnev,
A. Formozov
, et al. (72 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the measurement of sub-MeV solar neutrinos through the use of their associated Cherenkov radiation, performed with the Borexino detector at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. The measurement is achieved using a novel technique that correlates individual photon hits of events to the known position of the Sun. In an energy window between 0.54 MeV to 0.74 MeV, selected using the domin…
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We report the measurement of sub-MeV solar neutrinos through the use of their associated Cherenkov radiation, performed with the Borexino detector at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. The measurement is achieved using a novel technique that correlates individual photon hits of events to the known position of the Sun. In an energy window between 0.54 MeV to 0.74 MeV, selected using the dominant scintillation light, we have measured 10887$^{+2386}_{-2103} (\mathrm{stat.})\pm 947 (\mathrm{syst.})$ ($68\%$ confidence interval) solar neutrinos out of 19904 total events. This corresponds to a $^{7}$Be neutrino interaction rate of 51.6$^{+13.9}_{-12.5}$ counts/(day$\cdot$ 100 ton), which is in agreement with the Standard Solar Model predictions and the previous spectroscopic results of Borexino. The no-neutrino hypothesis can be excluded with $>$5$σ$ confidence level. For the first time, we have demonstrated the possibility of utilizing the directional Cherenkov information for sub-MeV solar neutrinos, in a large-scale, high light yield liquid scintillator detector. This measurement provides an experimental proof of principle for future hybrid event reconstruction using both Cherenkov and scintillation signatures simultaneously.
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Submitted 22 December, 2021;
originally announced December 2021.
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Correlated and Integrated Directionality for sub-MeV solar neutrinos in Borexino
Authors:
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmüller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
R. Biondi,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
P. Cavalcante,
A. Chepurnov,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacinto,
V. Di Marcello,
X. F. Ding,
A. Di Ludovico,
L. Di Noto,
I. Drachnev,
A. Formozov
, et al. (72 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Liquid scintillator detectors play a central role in the detection of neutrinos from various sources. In particular, it is the only technique used so far for the precision spectroscopy of sub-MeV solar neutrinos, as demonstrated by the Borexino experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy. The benefit of a high light yield, and thus a low energy threshold and a good energy resolution,…
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Liquid scintillator detectors play a central role in the detection of neutrinos from various sources. In particular, it is the only technique used so far for the precision spectroscopy of sub-MeV solar neutrinos, as demonstrated by the Borexino experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy. The benefit of a high light yield, and thus a low energy threshold and a good energy resolution, comes at the cost of the directional information featured by water Cherenkov detectors, measuring $^8$B solar neutrinos above a few MeV. In this paper we provide the first directionality measurement of sub-MeV solar neutrinos which exploits the correlation between the first few detected photons in each event and the known position of the Sun for each event. This is also the first signature of directionality in neutrinos elastically scattering off electrons in a liquid scintillator target. This measurement exploits the sub-dominant, fast Cherenkov light emission that precedes the dominant yet slower scintillation light signal. Through this measurement, we have also been able to extract the rate of $^{7}$Be solar neutrinos in Borexino. The demonstration of directional sensitivity in a traditional liquid scintillator target paves the way for the possible exploitation of the Cherenkov light signal in future kton-scale experiments using liquid scintillator targets. Directionality is important for background suppression as well as the disentanglement of signals from various sources.
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Submitted 22 December, 2021; v1 submitted 10 September, 2021;
originally announced September 2021.
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Identification of the cosmogenic $^{11}$C background in large volumes of liquid scintillators with Borexino
Authors:
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmüller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
R. Biondi,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
P. Cavalcante,
A. Chepurnov,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacintio,
V. Di Marcello,
X. F. Ding,
A. Di Ludovico,
L. Di Noto,
I. Drachnev,
A. Formozov
, et al. (71 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Cosmogenic radio-nuclei are an important source of background for low-energy neutrino experiments. In Borexino, cosmogenic $^{11}$C decays outnumber solar $pep$ and CNO neutrino events by about ten to one. Highly efficient identification of this background is mandatory for these neutrino analyses. We present here the details of the most consolidated strategy, used throughout Borexino solar neutrin…
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Cosmogenic radio-nuclei are an important source of background for low-energy neutrino experiments. In Borexino, cosmogenic $^{11}$C decays outnumber solar $pep$ and CNO neutrino events by about ten to one. Highly efficient identification of this background is mandatory for these neutrino analyses. We present here the details of the most consolidated strategy, used throughout Borexino solar neutrino measurements. It hinges upon finding the space-time correlations between $^{11}$C decays, the preceding parent muons and the accompanying neutrons. This article describes the working principles and evaluates the performance of this Three-Fold Coincidence (TFC) technique in its two current implementations: a hard-cut and a likelihood-based approach. Both show stable performances throughout Borexino Phases II (2012-2016) and III (2016-2020) data sets, with a $^{11}$C tagging efficiency of $\sim$90 % and $\sim$63-66 % of the exposure surviving the tagging. We present also a novel technique that targets specifically $^{11}$C produced in high-multiplicity during major spallation events. Such $^{11}$C appear as a burst of events, whose space-time correlation can be exploited. Burst identification can be combined with the TFC to obtain about the same tagging efficiency of $\sim$90 % but with a higher fraction of the exposure surviving, in the range of $\sim$66-68 %.
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Submitted 1 October, 2021; v1 submitted 21 June, 2021;
originally announced June 2021.
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The Low Polonium Field of Borexino and its significance for the CNO neutrino detection
Authors:
S. Kumaran,
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmüller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
R. Biondi,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
P. Cavalcante,
A. Chepurnov,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacinto,
V. Di Marcello,
X. F. Ding,
A. Di Ludovico,
L. Di Noto,
I. Drachnev
, et al. (71 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Borexino is a liquid scintillator detector located at the Laboratori Nazionale del Gran Sasso, Italy with the main goal to measure solar neutrinos. The experiment recently provided the first direct experimental evidence of CNO-cycle neutrinos in the Sun, rejecting the no-CNO signal hypothesis with a significance greater than 5$σ$ at 99\%C.L. The intrinsic $^{210}$Bi is an important background for…
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Borexino is a liquid scintillator detector located at the Laboratori Nazionale del Gran Sasso, Italy with the main goal to measure solar neutrinos. The experiment recently provided the first direct experimental evidence of CNO-cycle neutrinos in the Sun, rejecting the no-CNO signal hypothesis with a significance greater than 5$σ$ at 99\%C.L. The intrinsic $^{210}$Bi is an important background for this analysis due to its similar spectral shape to that of CNO neutrinos. $^{210}$Bi can be measured through its daughter $^{210}$Po which can be distinguished through an event-by-event basis via pulse shape discrimination. However, this required reducing the convective motions in the scintillator that brought additional $^{210}$Po from peripheral sources. This was made possible through the thermal insulation and stabilization campaign performed between 2015 and 2016. This article will explain the strategy and the different methods performed to extract the $^{210}$Bi upper limit in Phase-III (Jul 2016- Feb 2020) of the experiment through the analysis of $^{210}$Po in the cleanest region of the detector called the Low Polonium Field.
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Submitted 27 May, 2021;
originally announced May 2021.
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Unambiguous tracking of protein phosphorylation by fast, high-resolution FOSY NMR
Authors:
Dmitry M. Lesovoy,
Panagiota S. Georgoulia,
Tammo Diercks,
Irena Matečko-Burmann,
Björn M. Burmann,
Eduard V. Bocharov,
Wolfgang Bermel,
Vladislav Y. Orekhov
Abstract:
Phosphorylation is a prototypical example of post-translational modifications (PTMs) that dynamically modulate protein func-tion, where dysregulation is often implicated in disease. NMR provides information on the exact location and time course of PTMs with atomic resolution and under nearly physiological conditions, including inside living cells, but requires unambiguous prior assignment of affec…
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Phosphorylation is a prototypical example of post-translational modifications (PTMs) that dynamically modulate protein func-tion, where dysregulation is often implicated in disease. NMR provides information on the exact location and time course of PTMs with atomic resolution and under nearly physiological conditions, including inside living cells, but requires unambiguous prior assignment of affected NMR signals to individual atoms. Yet, existing methods for this task base on a global, hence, costly and tedious NMR signal assignment that may often fail, especially for large intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Here we introduce a sensitive and robust method to rapidly obtain only the relevant local NMR signal assignment, based on a suite of FOcused SpectroscopY (FOSY) experiments that employ the long overlooked concept of selective polarisation transfer (SPT). We then demonstrate the efficiency of FOSY in identifying two phosphorylation sites of proline-dependent glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3\b{eta}) in human Tau40, an IDP of 441 residues. Besides confirming the known target residue Ser404, the un-precedented spectral dispersion in FOSY disclosed for the first time that GSK3\b{eta} can also phosphorylate Ser409 without priming by other protein kinases. The new approach will benefit NMR studies of other PTMs and protein hotspots in general, including sites involved in molecular interactions and conformational changes
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Submitted 3 February, 2021; v1 submitted 3 January, 2021;
originally announced January 2021.
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A Sparse Model-inspired Deep Thresholding Network for Exponential Signal Reconstruction -- Application in Fast Biological Spectroscopy
Authors:
Zi Wang,
Di Guo,
Zhangren Tu,
Yihui Huang,
Yirong Zhou,
Jian Wang,
Liubin Feng,
Donghai Lin,
Yongfu You,
Tatiana Agback,
Vladislav Orekhov,
Xiaobo Qu
Abstract:
The non-uniform sampling is a powerful approach to enable fast acquisition but requires sophisticated reconstruction algorithms. Faithful reconstruction from partial sampled exponentials is highly expected in general signal processing and many applications. Deep learning has shown astonishing potential in this field but many existing problems, such as lack of robustness and explainability, greatly…
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The non-uniform sampling is a powerful approach to enable fast acquisition but requires sophisticated reconstruction algorithms. Faithful reconstruction from partial sampled exponentials is highly expected in general signal processing and many applications. Deep learning has shown astonishing potential in this field but many existing problems, such as lack of robustness and explainability, greatly limit its applications. In this work, by combining merits of the sparse model-based optimization method and data-driven deep learning, we propose a deep learning architecture for spectra reconstruction from undersampled data, called MoDern. It follows the iterative reconstruction in solving a sparse model to build the neural network and we elaborately design a learnable soft-thresholding to adaptively eliminate the spectrum artifacts introduced by undersampling. Extensive results on both synthetic and biological data show that MoDern enables more robust, high-fidelity, and ultra-fast reconstruction than the state-of-the-art methods. Remarkably, MoDern has a small number of network parameters and is trained on solely synthetic data while generalizing well to biological data in various scenarios. Furthermore, we extend it to an open-access and easy-to-use cloud computing platform (XCloud-MoDern), contributing a promising strategy for further development of biological applications.
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Submitted 17 January, 2022; v1 submitted 29 December, 2020;
originally announced December 2020.
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Resolution Enhancement in Protein NMR Spectra by Deconvolution with Compressed Sensing Reconstruction
Authors:
Krzysztof Kazimierczuk,
Paweł Kasprzak,
Panagiota S. Georgoulia,
Irena Burmann,
Björn M. Burmann,
Linnéa Isaksson,
Emil Gustavsson,
Sebastian Westenhoff,
Vladislav Yu. Orekhov
Abstract:
Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy is one of the basic tools for determining the structure of biomolecules. Unfortunately, the resolution of the spectra is often limited by inter-nuclear couplings. This limitation cannot be overcome by common ways of increasing resolution, i.e. non-uniform sampling (NUS) followed by compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction. In this paper, we show how to enrich CS pro…
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Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy is one of the basic tools for determining the structure of biomolecules. Unfortunately, the resolution of the spectra is often limited by inter-nuclear couplings. This limitation cannot be overcome by common ways of increasing resolution, i.e. non-uniform sampling (NUS) followed by compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction. In this paper, we show how to enrich CS processing with virtual decoupling leading to an increase in resolution, sensitivity, and overall quality of NUS reconstruction. A mathematical description of the decoupling by deconvolution approach explains the effects of noise, modulation of the sampling schedule, and reveals relation with the underlying assumption of the CS. The gain in resolution and sensitivity is demonstrated for the basic experiment used for protein backbone assignment 3D HNCA applied to two large protein systems: intrinsically disordered 441-residue Tau and a 509-residue globular bacteriophytochrome fragment.
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Submitted 11 September, 2020;
originally announced September 2020.
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Exponential Signal Reconstruction with Deep Hankel Matrix Factorization
Authors:
Yihui Huang,
Jinkui Zhao,
Zi Wang,
Vladislav Orekhov,
Di Guo,
Xiaobo Qu
Abstract:
Exponential is a basic signal form, and how to fast acquire this signal is one of the fundamental problems and frontiers in signal processing. To achieve this goal, partial data may be acquired but result in the severe artifacts in its spectrum, which is the Fourier transform of exponentials. Thus, reliable spectrum reconstruction is highly expected in the fast sampling in many applications, such…
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Exponential is a basic signal form, and how to fast acquire this signal is one of the fundamental problems and frontiers in signal processing. To achieve this goal, partial data may be acquired but result in the severe artifacts in its spectrum, which is the Fourier transform of exponentials. Thus, reliable spectrum reconstruction is highly expected in the fast sampling in many applications, such as chemistry, biology, and medical imaging. In this work, we propose a deep learning method whose neural network structure is designed by unrolling the iterative process in the model-based state-of-the-art exponentials reconstruction method with low-rank Hankel matrix factorization. With the experiments on synthetic data and realistic biological magnetic resonance signals, we demonstrate that the new method yields much lower reconstruction errors and preserves the low-intensity signals much better.
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Submitted 20 December, 2021; v1 submitted 13 July, 2020;
originally announced July 2020.
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Experimental evidence of neutrinos produced in the CNO fusion cycle in the Sun
Authors:
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmüller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
R. Biondi,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
P. Cavalcante,
A. Chepurnov,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacinto,
V. Di Marcello,
X. F. Ding,
A. Di Ludovico,
L. Di Noto,
I. Drachnev,
A. Formozov
, et al. (71 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
For most of their existence stars are fueled by the fusion of hydrogen into helium proceeding via two theoretically well understood processes, namely the $pp$ chain and the CNO cycle. Neutrinos emitted along such fusion processes in the solar core are the only direct probe of the deep interior of the star. A complete spectroscopy of neutrinos from the {\it pp} chain, producing about 99\% of the so…
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For most of their existence stars are fueled by the fusion of hydrogen into helium proceeding via two theoretically well understood processes, namely the $pp$ chain and the CNO cycle. Neutrinos emitted along such fusion processes in the solar core are the only direct probe of the deep interior of the star. A complete spectroscopy of neutrinos from the {\it pp} chain, producing about 99\% of the solar energy, has already been performed \cite{bib:Nature-2018}. Here, we report the direct observation, with a high statistical significance, of neutrinos produced in the CNO cycle in the Sun. This is the first experimental evidence of this process obtained with the unprecedentedly radio-pure large-volume liquid-scintillator Borexino detector located at the underground Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The main difficulty of this experimental effort is to identify the excess of the few counts per day per 100 tonnes of target due to CNO neutrino interactions above the backgrounds. A novel method to constrain the rate of \bi contaminating the scintillator relies on the thermal stabilisation of the detector achieved over the past 5 years. In the CNO cycle, the hydrogen fusion is catalyzed by the carbon (C) - nitrogen (N) - oxygen (O) and thus its rate, as well as the flux of emitted CNO neutrinos, directly depends on the abundance of these elements in solar core. Therefore, this result paves the way to a direct measurement of the solar metallicity by CNO neutrinos. While this result quantifies the relative contribution of the CNO fusion in the Sun to be of the order of 1\%, this process is dominant in the energy production of massive stars. The occurrence of the primary mechanism for the stellar conversion of hydrogen into helium in the Universe has been proven.
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Submitted 22 July, 2021; v1 submitted 26 June, 2020;
originally announced June 2020.
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About the possibility to observe diurnal variations of the count rate of dark photons by the multicathode counters
Authors:
A. V. Kopylov,
I. V. Orekhov,
V. V. Petukhov
Abstract:
The possibility to observe the diurnal variations in the count rate of dark photons using the multicathode counters is investigated. We show that placing detectors at three different mines at different latitudes: Pyhäsalmi in Finland, Baksan at Russia and INO in India and conducting the measurements with three different orientations of detectors one can obtain quite a complete series of data to de…
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The possibility to observe the diurnal variations in the count rate of dark photons using the multicathode counters is investigated. We show that placing detectors at three different mines at different latitudes: Pyhäsalmi in Finland, Baksan at Russia and INO in India and conducting the measurements with three different orientations of detectors one can obtain quite a complete series of data to determine the direction of the dark photon field. We present the results of the measurements fulfilled by the presently developed counters.
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Submitted 9 June, 2020;
originally announced June 2020.
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Sensitivity to neutrinos from the solar CNO cycle in Borexino
Authors:
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmüller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
R. Biondi,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
P. Cavalcante,
A. Chepurnov,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacinto,
V. Di Marcello,
X. F. Ding,
A. Di Ludovico,
L. Di Noto,
I. Drachnev,
A. Formozov
, et al. (69 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Neutrinos emitted in the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen (CNO) fusion cycle in the Sun are a sub-dominant, yet crucial component of solar neutrinos whose flux has not been measured yet. The Borexino experiment at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy) has a unique opportunity to detect them directly thanks to the detector's radiopurity and the precise understanding of the detector backgrounds. W…
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Neutrinos emitted in the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen (CNO) fusion cycle in the Sun are a sub-dominant, yet crucial component of solar neutrinos whose flux has not been measured yet. The Borexino experiment at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy) has a unique opportunity to detect them directly thanks to the detector's radiopurity and the precise understanding of the detector backgrounds. We discuss the sensitivity of Borexino to CNO neutrinos, which is based on the strategies we adopted to constrain the rates of the two most relevant background sources, pep neutrinos from the solar pp-chain and Bi-210 beta decays originating in the intrinsic contamination of the liquid scintillator with Pb-210.
Assuming the CNO flux predicted by the high-metallicity Standard Solar Model and an exposure of 1000 daysx71.3 t, Borexino has a median sensitivity to CNO neutrino higher than 3 sigma. With the same hypothesis the expected experimental uncertainty on the CNO neutrino flux is 23%, provided the uncertainty on the independent estimate of the Bi-210 interaction rate is 1.5 cpd/100t.
Finally, we evaluated the expected uncertainty of the C and N abundances and the expected discrimination significance between the high and low metallicity Standard Solar Models (HZ and LZ) with future more precise measurement of the CNO solar neutrino flux.
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Submitted 13 October, 2020; v1 submitted 26 May, 2020;
originally announced May 2020.
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Measurements of the effect from a hidden photon dark matter using a multi-cathode counter technique
Authors:
A. V. Kopylov,
I. V. Orekhov,
V. V. Petukho
Abstract:
The results of the experiment to search for hidden photons using a multi-cathode counter technique are presented. The new results of measurements using a counter filled with Ne + CH4 (10\%) are given. The analysis of the data obtained is provided and future perspectives are outlined.
The results of the experiment to search for hidden photons using a multi-cathode counter technique are presented. The new results of measurements using a counter filled with Ne + CH4 (10\%) are given. The analysis of the data obtained is provided and future perspectives are outlined.
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Submitted 17 February, 2020;
originally announced February 2020.
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Review and Prospect: Deep Learning in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors:
Dicheng Chen,
Zi Wang,
Di Guo,
Vladislav Orekhov,
Xiaobo Qu
Abstract:
Since the concept of Deep Learning (DL) was formally proposed in 2006, it had a major impact on academic research and industry. Nowadays, DL provides an unprecedented way to analyze and process data with demonstrated great results in computer vision, medical imaging, natural language processing, etc. In this Minireview, we summarize applications of DL in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrosco…
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Since the concept of Deep Learning (DL) was formally proposed in 2006, it had a major impact on academic research and industry. Nowadays, DL provides an unprecedented way to analyze and process data with demonstrated great results in computer vision, medical imaging, natural language processing, etc. In this Minireview, we summarize applications of DL in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and outline a perspective for DL as entirely new approaches that are likely to transform NMR spectroscopy into a much more efficient and powerful technique in chemistry and life science.
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Submitted 3 April, 2020; v1 submitted 13 January, 2020;
originally announced January 2020.
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Search for low-energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources with Borexino
Authors:
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmüller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
D. Bick,
G. Bonfini,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
L. Cappelli,
P. Cavalcante,
F. Cavanna,
A. Chepurnov,
K. Choi,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacinto,
V. Di Marcello,
X. F. Ding
, et al. (79 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report on searches for neutrinos and antineutrinos from astrophysical sources performed with the Borexino detector at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. Electron antineutrinos ($\barν_e$) are detected in an organic liquid scintillator through the inverse $β$-decay reaction. In the present work we set model-independent upper limits in the energy range 1.8-16.8 MeV on neutrino flux…
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We report on searches for neutrinos and antineutrinos from astrophysical sources performed with the Borexino detector at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. Electron antineutrinos ($\barν_e$) are detected in an organic liquid scintillator through the inverse $β$-decay reaction. In the present work we set model-independent upper limits in the energy range 1.8-16.8 MeV on neutrino fluxes from unknown sources that improve our previous results, on average, by a factor 2.5. Using the same data set, we first obtain experimental constraints on the diffuse supernova $\barν_e$ fluxes in the previously unexplored region below 8 MeV. A search for $\barν_e$ in the solar neutrino flux is also presented: the presence of $\barν_e$ would be a manifestation of a non-zero anomalous magnetic moment of the neutrino, making possible its conversion to antineutrinos in the strong magnetic field of the Sun. We obtain a limit for a solar $\barν_e$ flux of 384 cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ (90% C.L.), assuming an undistorted solar $^{8}$B neutrinos energy spectrum, that corresponds to a transition probability $p_{ ν_e \rightarrow \barν_{e}}<$ 7.2$\times$10$^{-5}$ (90% C.L.) for E$_{\bar ν_e}$ $>$ 1.8 MeV. At lower energies, by investigating the spectral shape of elastic scattering events, we obtain a new limit on solar $^{7}$Be-$ν_e$ conversion into $\barν_e$ of $p_{ ν_e \rightarrow \bar ν_{e}}<$ 0.14 (90% C.L.) at 0.862 keV. Last, we investigate solar flares as possible neutrino sources and obtain the strongest up-to-date limits on the fluence of neutrinos of all flavor neutrino below 3-7 ,MeV. Assuming the neutrino flux to be proportional to the flare's intensity, we exclude an intense solar flare as the cause of the observed excess of events in run 117 of the Cl-Ar Homestake experiment.
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Submitted 5 September, 2019;
originally announced September 2019.
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Comprehensive geoneutrino analysis with Borexino
Authors:
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmüller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
D. Bick,
G. Bonfini,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
L. Cappelli,
P. Cavalcante,
F. Cavanna,
A. Chepurnov,
K. Choi,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacinto,
V. Di Marcello,
X. F. Ding
, et al. (87 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This paper presents a geoneutrino measurement using 3262.74 days of data taken with the Borexino detector at LNGS in Italy. By observing $52.6 ^{+9.4}_{-8.6} ({\rm stat}) ^{+2.7}_{-2.1}({\rm sys})$ geoneutrinos (68% interval) from $^{238}$U and $^{232}$Th, a signal of $47.0^{+8.4}_{-7.7}\,({\rm stat)}^{+2.4}_{-1.9}\,({\rm sys})$ TNU with $^{+18.3}_{-17.2}$% total precision was obtained. This resul…
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This paper presents a geoneutrino measurement using 3262.74 days of data taken with the Borexino detector at LNGS in Italy. By observing $52.6 ^{+9.4}_{-8.6} ({\rm stat}) ^{+2.7}_{-2.1}({\rm sys})$ geoneutrinos (68% interval) from $^{238}$U and $^{232}$Th, a signal of $47.0^{+8.4}_{-7.7}\,({\rm stat)}^{+2.4}_{-1.9}\,({\rm sys})$ TNU with $^{+18.3}_{-17.2}$% total precision was obtained. This result assumes the same Th/U mass ratio found in chondritic CI meteorites but compatible results were found when contributions from $^{238}$U and $^{232}$Th were fit as free parameters. Antineutrino background from reactors is fit unconstrained and found compatible with the expectations. The null-hypothesis of observing a signal from the mantle is excluded at a 99.0% C.L. when exploiting the knowledge of the local crust. Measured mantle signal of $21.2 ^{+9.6}_{-9.0} ({\rm stat})^{+1.1}_{-0.9} ({\rm sys})$ TNU corresponds to the production of a radiogenic heat of $24.6 ^{+11.1}_{-10.4}$ TW (68% interval) from $^{238}$U and $^{232}$Th in the mantle. Assuming 18% contribution of $^{40}$K in the mantle and $8.1^{+1.9}_{-1.4}$ TW of radiogenic heat of the lithosphere, the Borexino estimate of the total Earth radiogenic heat is $38.2 ^{+13.6}_{-12.7}$ TW, corresponding to a convective Urey ratio of 0.78$^{+0.41}_{-0.28}$. These values are compatible with different geological models, however there is a 2.4$σ$ tension with those which predict the lowest concentration of heat-producing elements. By fitting the data with a constraint on the reactor antineutrino background, the existence of a hypothetical georeactor at the center of the Earth having power greater than 2.4 TW at 95% C.L. is excluded. Particular attention is given to all analysis details, which should be of interest for the next generation geoneutrino measurements.
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Submitted 14 February, 2020; v1 submitted 5 September, 2019;
originally announced September 2019.
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Constraints on Flavor-Diagonal Non-Standard Neutrino Interactions from Borexino Phase-II
Authors:
S. K. Agarwalla,
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmüller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
D. Bick,
G. Bonfini,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
L. Cappelli,
P. Cavalcante,
F. Cavanna,
A. Chepurnov,
K. Choi,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Giacinto,
V. Di Marcello
, et al. (81 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Borexino detector measures solar neutrino fluxes via neutrino-electron elastic scattering. Observed spectra are determined by the solar-$ν_{e}$ survival probability $P_{ee}(E)$, and the chiral couplings of the neutrino and electron. Some theories of physics beyond the Standard Model postulate the existence of Non-Standard Interactions (NSI's) which modify the chiral couplings and $P_{ee}(E)$.…
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The Borexino detector measures solar neutrino fluxes via neutrino-electron elastic scattering. Observed spectra are determined by the solar-$ν_{e}$ survival probability $P_{ee}(E)$, and the chiral couplings of the neutrino and electron. Some theories of physics beyond the Standard Model postulate the existence of Non-Standard Interactions (NSI's) which modify the chiral couplings and $P_{ee}(E)$. In this paper, we search for such NSI's, in particular, flavor-diagonal neutral current interactions that modify the $ν_e e$ and $ν_τe$ couplings using Borexino Phase II data. Standard Solar Model predictions of the solar neutrino fluxes for both high- and low-metallicity assumptions are considered. No indication of new physics is found at the level of sensitivity of the detector and constraints on the parameters of the NSI's are placed. In addition, with the same dataset the value of $\sin^2θ_W$ is obtained with a precision comparable to that achieved in reactor antineutrino experiments.
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Submitted 21 January, 2020; v1 submitted 9 May, 2019;
originally announced May 2019.
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Accelerated Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Deep Learning
Authors:
Xiaobo Qu,
Yihui Huang,
Hengfa Lu,
Tianyu Qiu,
Di Guo,
Tatiana Agback,
Vladislav Orekhov,
Zhong Chen
Abstract:
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy serves as an indispensable tool in chemistry and biology but often suffers from long experimental time. We present a proof-of-concept of application of deep learning and neural network for high-quality, reliable, and very fast NMR spectra reconstruction from limited experimental data. We show that the neural network training can be achieved using solel…
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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy serves as an indispensable tool in chemistry and biology but often suffers from long experimental time. We present a proof-of-concept of application of deep learning and neural network for high-quality, reliable, and very fast NMR spectra reconstruction from limited experimental data. We show that the neural network training can be achieved using solely synthetic NMR signal, which lifts the prohibiting demand for a large volume of realistic training data usually required in the deep learning approach.
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Submitted 14 May, 2019; v1 submitted 9 April, 2019;
originally announced April 2019.
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Modulations of the Cosmic Muon Signal in Ten Years of Borexino Data
Authors:
The Borexino Collaboration,
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmüller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
D. Bick,
I. Bolognino,
G. Bonfini,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
S. Caprioli,
M. Carlini,
P. Cavalcante,
F. Cavanna,
A. Chepurnov,
K. Choi,
L. Collica,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini
, et al. (91 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We have measured the flux of cosmic muons in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso at 3800\,m\,w.e. to be $(3.432 \pm 0.003)\cdot 10^{-4}\,\mathrm{{m^{-2}s^{-1}}}$ based on ten years of Borexino data acquired between May 2007 and May 2017. A seasonal modulation with a period of $(366.3 \pm 0.6)\,\mathrm{d}$ and a relative amplitude of $(1.36 \pm0.04)\%$ is observed. The phase is measured to be…
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We have measured the flux of cosmic muons in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso at 3800\,m\,w.e. to be $(3.432 \pm 0.003)\cdot 10^{-4}\,\mathrm{{m^{-2}s^{-1}}}$ based on ten years of Borexino data acquired between May 2007 and May 2017. A seasonal modulation with a period of $(366.3 \pm 0.6)\,\mathrm{d}$ and a relative amplitude of $(1.36 \pm0.04)\%$ is observed. The phase is measured to be $(181.7 \pm 0.4)\,\mathrm{d}$, corresponding to a maximum at the 1$^\mathrm{st}$ of July. Using data inferred from global atmospheric models, we show the muon flux to be positively correlated with the atmospheric temperature and measure the effective temperature coefficient $α_\mathrm{T} = 0.90 \pm 0.02$. The origin of cosmic muons from pion and kaon decays in the atmosphere allows to interpret the effective temperature coefficient as an indirect measurement of the atmospheric kaon-to-pion production ratio $r_{\mathrm{K}/π} = 0.11^{+0.11}_{-0.07}$ for primary energies above $18\,\mathrm{TeV}$. We find evidence for a long-term modulation of the muon flux with a period of $\sim 3000\,\mathrm{d}$ and a maximum in June 2012 that is not present in the atmospheric temperature data. A possible correlation between this modulation and the solar activity is investigated. The cosmogenic neutron production rate is found to show a seasonal modulation in phase with the cosmic muon flux but with an increased amplitude of $(2.6 \pm 0.4)\%$.
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Submitted 28 January, 2019; v1 submitted 13 August, 2018;
originally announced August 2018.
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Speeding up complex multivariate data analysis in Borexino with parallel computing based on Graphics Processing Unit
Authors:
X. F. Ding,
M. Agostini,
K. Altenmuller,
S. Appel,
V. Atroshchenko,
Z. Bagdasarian,
D. Basilico,
G. Bellini,
J. Benziger,
D. Bick,
G. Bonfini,
D. Bravo,
B. Caccianiga,
F. Calaprice,
A. Caminata,
S. Caprioli,
M. Carlini,
P. Cavalcante,
A. Chepurnov,
K. Choi,
L. Collica,
D. D'Angelo,
S. Davini,
A. Derbin,
A. Di Ludovico
, et al. (82 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A spectral fitter based on the graphics processor unit (GPU) has been developed for Borexino solar neutrino analysis. It is able to shorten the fitting time to a superior level compared to the CPU fitting procedure. In Borexino solar neutrino spectral analysis, fitting usually requires around one hour to converge since it includes time-consuming convolutions in order to account for the detector re…
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A spectral fitter based on the graphics processor unit (GPU) has been developed for Borexino solar neutrino analysis. It is able to shorten the fitting time to a superior level compared to the CPU fitting procedure. In Borexino solar neutrino spectral analysis, fitting usually requires around one hour to converge since it includes time-consuming convolutions in order to account for the detector response and pile-up effects. Moreover, the convergence time increases to more than two days when including extra computations for the discrimination of $^{11}$C and external $γ$s. In sharp contrast, with the GPU-based fitter it takes less than 10 seconds and less than four minutes, respectively. This fitter is developed utilizing the GooFit project with customized likelihoods, pdfs and infrastructures supporting certain analysis methods. In this proceeding the design of the package, developed features and the comparison with the original CPU fitter are presented.
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Submitted 28 May, 2018;
originally announced May 2018.
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Looking for Hidden Photon's Cold Dark Matter By Multi-Cathode Counter
Authors:
A. V. Kopylov,
I. V. Orekhov,
V. V. Petukhov
Abstract:
The dark rate of single-electrons emitted from a cathode of a multi-cathode counter may be interpreted as the effect from Hidden Photons (HPs) of Cold Dark Matter (CDM). As a tentative approach the measurements have been performed at different temperatures of the counter. Preliminary results of measurements by using a counter with a copper cathode are presented. An upper limit of 4.3x10-23 for par…
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The dark rate of single-electrons emitted from a cathode of a multi-cathode counter may be interpreted as the effect from Hidden Photons (HPs) of Cold Dark Matter (CDM). As a tentative approach the measurements have been performed at different temperatures of the counter. Preliminary results of measurements by using a counter with a copper cathode are presented. An upper limit of 4.3x10-23 for parameter ksi^2 at 2 sigma has been obtained for hypothetical conversion of hidden photon to real photon at the metallic surface with the resulting emission of single electron. The work is considered as a pure illustration of the method and the perspectives are discussed for future search of HPs by a multi-cathode counter.
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Submitted 9 April, 2018; v1 submitted 3 April, 2018;
originally announced April 2018.
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Work of a multi-cathode counter in a single electron counting mode
Authors:
A. V. Kopylov,
I. V. Orekhov,
V. V. Petukhov
Abstract:
We describe a work of a multi-cathode counter of the developed design in a single electron counting mode with a cathode made of aluminum alloy. The results of the calibration of the counter are presented. The coefficient of gas amplification was found from the calibration spectra. The electric fields and operation of this detector in two configurations are described and the original idea to find t…
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We describe a work of a multi-cathode counter of the developed design in a single electron counting mode with a cathode made of aluminum alloy. The results of the calibration of the counter are presented. The coefficient of gas amplification was found from the calibration spectra. The electric fields and operation of this detector in two configurations are described and the original idea to find the effect from electrons emitted from the surface of a cathode by difference of the rates measured in two volume configurations is expounded. Furthermore, the advantage of using a multi-cathode counter for measurement of the intensity of single electron emission from a metal is explained.
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Submitted 24 February, 2018; v1 submitted 21 February, 2018;
originally announced February 2018.
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The Study of a Temperature Dependence of the Dark Rate of Single Electrons Emitted from a Cathode of a Multi-Cathode Counter as a Method to Search for Hidden Photons of CDM
Authors:
A. V. Kopylov,
I. V. Orekhov,
V. V. Petukhov
Abstract:
The dark rate of single electrons emitted from a metal cathode of the counter depends upon a temperature. At cryogenic temperatures the dark rate measured with bi-alkaline cathodes of PMT has been found to increase by lowering the temperature of the detector. One of the possible interpretations of this effect suggests the energy trapping mechanism from the conversion of Hidden Photons of CDM at th…
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The dark rate of single electrons emitted from a metal cathode of the counter depends upon a temperature. At cryogenic temperatures the dark rate measured with bi-alkaline cathodes of PMT has been found to increase by lowering the temperature of the detector. One of the possible interpretations of this effect suggests the energy trapping mechanism from the conversion of Hidden Photons of CDM at the surface of a photocathode. The measurements are planned by using a Multi-Cathode Counter (MCC) with a copper and aluminum cathodes of 0.2 m2 at temperatures from 300 K down to 220 K to spot the increase of cryogenic dark rate from Hidden Photons of CDM. The physical motivation and the description of the experiment are presented.
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Submitted 22 August, 2016;
originally announced August 2016.
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On a Search for Hidden Photon CDM by a Multi-Cathode Counter
Authors:
A. V. Kopylov,
I. V. Orekhov,
V. V. Petukhov
Abstract:
We report on a new technique of a Multi-Cathode Counter (MCC) developed to search for hidden photon (HP) cold dark matter (CDM) with a mass from 5 to 500 eV. The method is suggested in the assumption that HP-photon mixing causes emission of single electrons from a metal cathode if the mass of hidden photon is greater than a work function of the metal. The measured effect from HP should be dependen…
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We report on a new technique of a Multi-Cathode Counter (MCC) developed to search for hidden photon (HP) cold dark matter (CDM) with a mass from 5 to 500 eV. The method is suggested in the assumption that HP-photon mixing causes emission of single electrons from a metal cathode if the mass of hidden photon is greater than a work function of the metal. The measured effect from HP should be dependent on work function of the metal and on the structure of electronic shells of the metal used as a cathode. Potentially this can be used for a verification of the results obtained. Some preliminary results for the upper limit for mixing parameter X have been obtained for HP with a mass from 5 eV to 10 keV as a pure illustration of the potential of this technique. The efforts are continued to refine the procedure of data treatment and to improve the work of MCC. A new detector with a more developed design is under construction.
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Submitted 9 June, 2016; v1 submitted 29 March, 2016;
originally announced March 2016.
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Experience of Using a Multi-Cathode Counter (MCC) in a Search for Hidden Photon CDM
Authors:
A. V. Kopylov,
I. V. Orekhov,
V. V. Petukhov
Abstract:
We report on a new technique of a Multi-Cathode Counter (MCC) developed to search for hidden photon (HP) cold dark matter (CDM) with a mass from 5 to 500 eV. The method suggested in the assumption that hidden photons of the mass greater than a work function of the metal, the cathode of the counter is fabricated induce emission of single electrons from a cathode. Three configurations of the same co…
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We report on a new technique of a Multi-Cathode Counter (MCC) developed to search for hidden photon (HP) cold dark matter (CDM) with a mass from 5 to 500 eV. The method suggested in the assumption that hidden photons of the mass greater than a work function of the metal, the cathode of the counter is fabricated induce emission of single electrons from a cathode. Three configurations of the same counter are used to measure the count rates R1, R2 and R3 of the single electron events during several weeks. As a measure of the effect from HP the difference R1-(R2-D3/D2xR3) has been used. Some preliminary results have been obtained on a first try to search for HP with a mass from 5 to 500 eV. The upper limit for mixing parameter X has been set on the level of 3.3x10-10 for hidden photon mass from 9 to 100 eV. In our plans is to refine the procedure of data treatment and to continue the measurements to collect more data.
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Submitted 15 December, 2015;
originally announced December 2015.
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Using a Multi-Cathode Counter (MCC) in the Search for Hidden Photon CDM
Authors:
A. V. Kopylov,
I. V. Orekhov,
V. V. Petukhov
Abstract:
We report on a new technique of a Multi-Cathode Counter (MCC) developed to search for hidden photon (HP) cold dark matter (CDM) with a mass from 5 to 10 eV. The method suggested in the assumption that hidden photons of the mass greater than a work function of the metal, the cathode of the counter is fabricated induce emission of single electrons from a cathode. Three configurations of the same cou…
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We report on a new technique of a Multi-Cathode Counter (MCC) developed to search for hidden photon (HP) cold dark matter (CDM) with a mass from 5 to 10 eV. The method suggested in the assumption that hidden photons of the mass greater than a work function of the metal, the cathode of the counter is fabricated induce emission of single electrons from a cathode. Three configurations of the same counter are used to measure the count rates R1, R2 and R3 of the single electron events sequentially each week, where the difference R1- R2 measures the effect from HP and R3 is used as a reference sequence to monitor the counting process. At present the work is aimed to refine the procedure of data treatment and to look for long term variations which should be accounted for in the final analysis of data.
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Submitted 10 September, 2015;
originally announced September 2015.
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Gaseous Detector with sub keV Threshold to Study Neutrino Scattering at Low Recoil Energies
Authors:
A. V. Kopylov,
I. V. Orekhov,
V. V. Petukhov,
A. E. Solomatin
Abstract:
Gaseous detector with a sub keV electron equivalent threshold is a very perspective tool for the precision measurement of the neutrino magnetic moment and to observe coherent scattering of neutrinos on nuclei. The progress in the development of low noise electronics makes it possible to register the rare events at the threshold less than 100 eV. The construction of the gaseous detector is given an…
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Gaseous detector with a sub keV electron equivalent threshold is a very perspective tool for the precision measurement of the neutrino magnetic moment and to observe coherent scattering of neutrinos on nuclei. The progress in the development of low noise electronics makes it possible to register the rare events at the threshold less than 100 eV. The construction of the gaseous detector is given and the typical pulses with amplitudes of a few eV observed on a bench scale installation are presented. The possible implications for future experiments are discussed.
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Submitted 17 September, 2014;
originally announced September 2014.
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Causality principle in reconstruction of sparse NMR spectra
Authors:
Maxim Mayzel,
Krzysztof Kazimierczuk,
Vladislav Yu. Orekhov
Abstract:
Rapid development of sparse sampling methodology offers dramatic increase in power and efficiency of magnetic resonance techniques in medicine, chemistry, molecular structural biology, and other fields. We suggest to use available yet usually unexploited prior knowledge about the phase and the causality of the sparsely detected NMR signal as a general approach for a major improvement of the spectr…
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Rapid development of sparse sampling methodology offers dramatic increase in power and efficiency of magnetic resonance techniques in medicine, chemistry, molecular structural biology, and other fields. We suggest to use available yet usually unexploited prior knowledge about the phase and the causality of the sparsely detected NMR signal as a general approach for a major improvement of the spectra quality. The work gives a theoretical framework of the method and demonstrates notable improvement of the protein spectra reconstructed with two commonly used state-of-the-art signal processing algorithms, compressed sensing and SIFT.
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Submitted 27 January, 2014; v1 submitted 24 January, 2014;
originally announced January 2014.
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Large Gaseous Detector of Ionizing Eradiation in Search for Coherent Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering
Authors:
A. V. Kopylov,
I. V. Orekhov,
V. V. Petukhov,
A. E. Solomatin
Abstract:
We propose to search for coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering (CNNS)by means of a triple-sectioned low background proportional counter. As a working medium we plan to use argon and xenon at about 1 MPa. We have shown using bench-scale assembly, that pulse-shape discrimination enables to effectively suppress noise pulses from electromagnetic disturbances and microphonic effect in the energy region…
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We propose to search for coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering (CNNS)by means of a triple-sectioned low background proportional counter. As a working medium we plan to use argon and xenon at about 1 MPa. We have shown using bench-scale assembly, that pulse-shape discrimination enables to effectively suppress noise pulses from electromagnetic disturbances and microphonic effect in the energy region where one expects signal from CNNS (from 20 eV to 100 eV) with a factor of about $10^3$. The calculation has been done of the background from neutrons, generated by muons of cosmic rays. The experimental setup has been proposed.
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Submitted 28 November, 2013; v1 submitted 26 November, 2013;
originally announced November 2013.