Showing 1–34 of 34 results for author: Verra, L

Report on the Advanced Linear Collider Study Group (ALEGRO) Workshop 2026

Authors: L. Verra, P. Muggli, B. Cross, E. Adli, R. Babjak, T. Barklow, F. Bencivenga, C. Benedetti, C. Benedetti, M. Buscher, S. S. Bulanov, A. Caldwell, G. Chen, O. Chubenko, R. D'Arcy, S. Diederichs, K. Downham, J. Farmer, M. Ferrario, A. Ferran Pousa, A. Formenti, M. Fuchs, S. Gessner, L. Giannessi, Z. Gong , et al. (37 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The 7th ALEGRO workshop, hosted by INFN Frascati National Laboratories from 3rd to 5th March 2026, brought together the international Advanced Novel Accelerators (ANA) community to discuss the role of advanced wakefield accelerators (AWA) in particle and high-energy physics. Organized under the ICFA-ANA panel, the workshop highlighted recent progress in plasma- and structure-based wakefield accele… ▽ More The 7th ALEGRO workshop, hosted by INFN Frascati National Laboratories from 3rd to 5th March 2026, brought together the international Advanced Novel Accelerators (ANA) community to discuss the role of advanced wakefield accelerators (AWA) in particle and high-energy physics. Organized under the ICFA-ANA panel, the workshop highlighted recent progress in plasma- and structure-based wakefield acceleration and strengthened international collaboration toward future energy-frontier colliders. A major focus was the ongoing 10 TeV linear collider design study, launched in 2025 following the US P5 recommendations. A dedicated session covered accelerator concepts, enabling technologies, and the associated physics case, while recognizing that future priorities will depend on the outcome of the European Strategy for Particle Physics Update. The workshop also reviewed nearer-term applications of advanced accelerators, including fixed-target experiments, injectors for future colliders and light sources, plasma-based Higgs factory concepts, and proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. Beyond high-energy physics, sessions covered free-electron lasers, synchrotron light sources, and strong-field QED. Recent demonstrations of FEL lasing with plasma-accelerated electron beams highlighted significant progress in beam quality and accelerator performance. Operational challenges for reliable user facilities, including high-availability laser and electron-beam systems, were discussed alongside the growing role of artificial intelligence and machine learning for accelerator optimization and control. This report summarizes the workshop discussions and conclusions from the chairs, together with short contributions from the presenters, providing an overview of the current status and future prospects of advanced wakefield accelerators. △ Less

Submitted 10 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Experimental Demonstration of Beam-Driven Wakefield Acceleration in Laser-Plasma Filament

Authors: M. Galletti, L. Verra, A. Biagioni, M. Carillo, L. Crincoli, R. Demitra, G. Parise, G. Di Pirro, R. Pompili, F. Stocchi, F. Villa, A. Zigler, M. Ferrario

Abstract: Self-guided femtosecond laser pulses propagating in low-pressure gas can generate plasma filaments, establishing a new framework for plasma wakefield acceleration. Unlike conventional schemes relying on mechanically confined or preformed plasma channels, this method exploits the intrinsic non-linear light-matter interaction, greatly reducing the energy required to generate plasma. This, in turn, a… ▽ More Self-guided femtosecond laser pulses propagating in low-pressure gas can generate plasma filaments, establishing a new framework for plasma wakefield acceleration. Unlike conventional schemes relying on mechanically confined or preformed plasma channels, this method exploits the intrinsic non-linear light-matter interaction, greatly reducing the energy required to generate plasma. This, in turn, allows to realise tunable stages, potentially operating above kHz repetition rate and with meter-scale interaction lengths and transverse sizes down to a few tens of micrometres. Moreover, the laser-plasma filament reproducibility is intrinsically higher than state-of-the-art discharge-plasmas, where the breakdown process is initiated in a stochastic and uncontrolled manner. As a result, laser-based plasma formation offers improved reliability and control over plasma parameters. Here we report a proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of beam-driven wakefield acceleration of electron bunches with an accelerating field exceeding 250 MV/m in a laser-generated plasma filament. The results are cross-checked with numerical simulation, showing an excellent agreement and providing a complete picture of the physical process. Beyond particle acceleration, the concept bridges laser filamentation physics, advanced plasma photonics and compact accelerator technologies, offering a promising route towards sustainable, high-repetition-rate plasma-based facilities. △ Less

Submitted 26 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Effect of Synchrotron Radiation on Staged Plasma Wakefield Accelerators

Authors: Livio Verra, Alexander Knetsch, Doug Storey

Abstract: In a staged, beam-driven, plasma wakefield accelerator, electrons are accelerated in a sequence of plasma stages, each powered by a driver electron bunch. Between each stage, a magnetic chicane is used to dispose of the spent driver and to inject the new fresh one, while transporting the witness bunch. We discuss the effect of synchrotron radiation in the interstage section on the accelerating gra… ▽ More In a staged, beam-driven, plasma wakefield accelerator, electrons are accelerated in a sequence of plasma stages, each powered by a driver electron bunch. Between each stage, a magnetic chicane is used to dispose of the spent driver and to inject the new fresh one, while transporting the witness bunch. We discuss the effect of synchrotron radiation in the interstage section on the accelerating gradient and on the final energy reach of such a machine. △ Less

Submitted 23 June, 2026; v1 submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Numerical and Analytical Study of the Magnetic Field Distribution in a Three-Solenoid System

Authors: Mostafa Behtouei, Alberto Bacci, Martina Carillo, Moreno Comelli, Luigi Faillace, Mauro Migliorati, Livio Verra, Bruno Spataro

Abstract: This paper investigates the magnetic fields produced by a three-coil system, focusing on how different mesh resolutions affect the accuracy of the results. Using both the Poisson solver, as well as a numerical approach based on the solution of fractional integrals, the study examines coils with dimensions of 80 mm by 160 mm and a radius of 15.5 mm, each carrying a current of 200 A. The research ex… ▽ More This paper investigates the magnetic fields produced by a three-coil system, focusing on how different mesh resolutions affect the accuracy of the results. Using both the Poisson solver, as well as a numerical approach based on the solution of fractional integrals, the study examines coils with dimensions of 80 mm by 160 mm and a radius of 15.5 mm, each carrying a current of 200 A. The research explores how varying mesh step sizes within the coil regions influences the simulations accuracy and convergence. The results are analyzed along a line parallel to the central axis at a distance equal to half of the solenoid's radius.. The findings emphasize the consistency of the numerical results, the compatibility of the solvers, and offer insights into further optimization strategies for more efficient simulations. △ Less

Submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

The Linear Collider Facility (LCF) at CERN

Authors: H. Abramowicz, E. Adli, F. Alharthi, M. Almanza-Soto, M. M. Altakach, S. Ampudia Castelazo, D. Angal-Kalinin, J. A. Anguiano, R. B. Appleby, O. Apsimon, A. Arbey, O. Arquero, D. Attié, J. L. Avila-Jimenez, H. Baer, Y. Bai, C. Balazs, P. Bambade, T. Barklow, J. Baudot, P. Bechtle, T. Behnke, A. B. Bellerive, S. Belomestnykh, Y. Benhammou , et al. (386 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this paper we outline a proposal for a Linear Collider Facility as the next flagship project for CERN. It offers the opportunity for a timely, cost-effective and staged construction of a new collider that will be able to comprehensively map the Higgs boson's properties, including the Higgs field potential, thanks to a large span in centre-of-mass energies and polarised beams. A comprehensive pr… ▽ More In this paper we outline a proposal for a Linear Collider Facility as the next flagship project for CERN. It offers the opportunity for a timely, cost-effective and staged construction of a new collider that will be able to comprehensively map the Higgs boson's properties, including the Higgs field potential, thanks to a large span in centre-of-mass energies and polarised beams. A comprehensive programme to study the Higgs boson and its closest relatives with high precision requires data at centre-of-mass energies from the Z pole to at least 1 TeV. It should include measurements of the Higgs boson in both major production mechanisms, ee -> ZH and ee -> vvH, precision measurements of gauge boson interactions as well as of the W boson, Higgs boson and top-quark masses, measurement of the top-quark Yukawa coupling through ee ->ttH, measurement of the Higgs boson self-coupling through HH production, and precision measurements of the electroweak couplings of the top quark. In addition, ee collisions offer discovery potential for new particles complementary to HL-LHC. △ Less

Submitted 19 June, 2025; v1 submitted 31 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Submission to the ESPPU, as updated version May 26

Report number: DESY-25-054

Design Initiative for a 10 TeV pCM Wakefield Collider

Authors: Spencer Gessner, Jens Osterhoff, Carl A. Lindstrøm, Kevin Cassou, Simone Pagan Griso, Jenny List, Erik Adli, Brian Foster, John Palastro, Elena Donegani, Moses Chung, Mikhail Polyanskiy, Lindsey Gray, Igor Pogorelsky, Gongxiaohui Chen, Gianluca Sarri, Brian Beaudoin, Ferdinand Willeke, David Bruhwiler, Joseph Grames, Yuan Shi, Robert Szafron, Angira Rastogi, Alexander Knetsch, Xueying Lu , et al. (176 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This document outlines a community-driven Design Study for a 10 TeV pCM Wakefield Accelerator Collider. The 2020 ESPP Report emphasized the need for Advanced Accelerator R\&D, and the 2023 P5 Report calls for the ``delivery of an end-to-end design concept, including cost scales, with self-consistent parameters throughout." This Design Study leverages recent experimental and theoretical progress re… ▽ More This document outlines a community-driven Design Study for a 10 TeV pCM Wakefield Accelerator Collider. The 2020 ESPP Report emphasized the need for Advanced Accelerator R\&D, and the 2023 P5 Report calls for the ``delivery of an end-to-end design concept, including cost scales, with self-consistent parameters throughout." This Design Study leverages recent experimental and theoretical progress resulting from a global R\&D program in order to deliver a unified, 10 TeV Wakefield Collider concept. Wakefield Accelerators provide ultra-high accelerating gradients which enables an upgrade path that will extend the reach of Linear Colliders beyond the electroweak scale. Here, we describe the organization of the Design Study including timeline and deliverables, and we detail the requirements and challenges on the path to a 10 TeV Wakefield Collider. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2025; v1 submitted 26 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Contribution prepared for the 2025 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics

A Linear Collider Vision for the Future of Particle Physics

Authors: H. Abramowicz, E. Adli, F. Alharthi, M. Almanza-Soto, M. M. Altakach, W. Altmannshofer, S. Ampudia Castelazo, D. Angal-Kalinin, J. A. Anguiano, R. B. Appleby, O. Apsimon, A. Arbey, F. Arco, O. Arquero, A. Aryshev, S. Asai, D. Attie, J. L. Avila-Jimenez, H. Baer, J. A. Bagger, Y. Bai, I. R. Bailey, C. Balazs, P. Bambade, T. Barklow , et al. (426 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this paper we review the physics opportunities at linear $e^+e^-$ colliders with a special focus on high centre-of-mass energies and beam polarisation, take a fresh look at the various accelerator technologies available or under development and, for the first time, discuss how a facility first equipped with a technology mature today could be upgraded with technologies of tomorrow to reach much… ▽ More In this paper we review the physics opportunities at linear $e^+e^-$ colliders with a special focus on high centre-of-mass energies and beam polarisation, take a fresh look at the various accelerator technologies available or under development and, for the first time, discuss how a facility first equipped with a technology mature today could be upgraded with technologies of tomorrow to reach much higher energies and/or luminosities. In addition, we will discuss detectors and alternative collider modes, as well as opportunities for beyond-collider experiments and R\&D facilities as part of a linear collider facility (LCF). The material of this paper will support all plans for $e^+e^-$ linear colliders and additional opportunities they offer, independently of technology choice or proposed site, as well as R\&D for advanced accelerator technologies. This joint perspective on the physics goals, early technologies and upgrade strategies has been developed by the LCVision team based on an initial discussion at LCWS2024 in Tokyo and a follow-up at the LCVision Community Event at CERN in January 2025. It heavily builds on decades of achievements of the global linear collider community, in particular in the context of CLIC and ILC. △ Less

Submitted 23 December, 2025; v1 submitted 25 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: Community document for EPPSU, major updates of several sections, in particular the global interpretation section

Measurement of the emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment

Authors: D. A. Cooke, F. Pannell, G. Zevi Della Porta, J. Farmer, V. Bencini, M. Bergamaschi, S. Mazzoni, L. Ranc, E. Senes, P. Sherwood, M. Wing, R. Agnello, C. C. Ahdida, C. Amoedo, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, J. M. Arnesano, P. Blanchard, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, M. Chung, A. Clairembaud, C. Davut , et al. (59 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The vertical plane transverse emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment at CERN has been determined, using three different methods of data analysis. This is a proof-of-principle measurement using the existing AWAKE electron spectrometer to validate the measurement technique. Large values of the geometric emittance, compared to that of the injection beam, are observed (… ▽ More The vertical plane transverse emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment at CERN has been determined, using three different methods of data analysis. This is a proof-of-principle measurement using the existing AWAKE electron spectrometer to validate the measurement technique. Large values of the geometric emittance, compared to that of the injection beam, are observed ($\sim \SI{0.5}{\milli\metre\milli\radian}$ compared with $\sim \SI{0.08}{\milli\metre\milli\radian}$), which is in line with expectations of emittance growth arising from plasma density ramps and large injection beam bunch size. Future iterations of AWAKE are anticipated to operate in conditions where emittance growth is better controlled, and the effects of the imaging systems of the existing and future spectrometer designs on the ability to measure the emittance are discussed. Good performance of the instrument down to geometric emittances of approximately $\SI{1e-4}{\milli\metre\milli\radian}$ is required, which may be possible with improved electron optics and imaging. △ Less

Submitted 13 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 20 pages, 9 figures

Effect of Dielectric Wakefields in a Capillary Discharge for Plasma Wakefield Acceleration

Authors: L. Verra, M. Galletti, R. Pompili, A. Biagioni, M. Carillo, A. Cianchi, L. Crincoli, A. Curcio, F. Demurtas, G. Di Pirro, V. Lollo, G. Parise, D. Pellegrini, S. Romeo, G. J. Silvi, F. Villa, M. Ferrario

Abstract: Dielectric capillaries are widely used to generate plasmas for plasma wakefield acceleration. When a relativistic drive bunch travels through a capillary with misaligned trajectory with respect to the capillary axis, it is deflected by the effect of the dielectric transverse wakefields it drives. We experimentally show that the deflection effect increases along the bunch and with larger misalignme… ▽ More Dielectric capillaries are widely used to generate plasmas for plasma wakefield acceleration. When a relativistic drive bunch travels through a capillary with misaligned trajectory with respect to the capillary axis, it is deflected by the effect of the dielectric transverse wakefields it drives. We experimentally show that the deflection effect increases along the bunch and with larger misalignment, and we investigate the decay of dielectric wakefields by measuring the effect on the front of a trailing bunch. We discuss the implications for the design of a plasma wakefield accelerator based on dielectric capillaries. △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: Proceedings of the 2024 Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop

Experimental Observation of Motion of Ions in a Resonantly Driven Plasma Wakefield Accelerator

Authors: M. Turner, E. Walter, C. Amoedo, N. Torrado, N. Lopes, A. Sublet, M. Bergamaschi, J. Pucek, J. Mezger, N. van Gils, L. Verra, G. Zevi Della Porta, J. Farmer, A. Clairembaud, F. Pannell, E. Gschwendtner, P. Muggli, the AWAKE Collaboration

Abstract: We show experimentally that an effect of motion of ions, observed in a plasma-based accelerator, depends inversely on the plasma ion mass. The effect appears within a single wakefield event and manifests itself as a bunch tail, occurring only when sufficient motion of ions suppresses wakefields. Wakefields are driven resonantly by multiple bunches, and simulation results indicate that the ponderom… ▽ More We show experimentally that an effect of motion of ions, observed in a plasma-based accelerator, depends inversely on the plasma ion mass. The effect appears within a single wakefield event and manifests itself as a bunch tail, occurring only when sufficient motion of ions suppresses wakefields. Wakefields are driven resonantly by multiple bunches, and simulation results indicate that the ponderomotive force causes the motion of ions. In this case, the effect is also expected to depend on the amplitude of the wakefields, experimentally confirmed through variations in the drive bunch charge. △ Less

Submitted 27 February, 2025; v1 submitted 24 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Experimental Observation of Space-Charge Field Screening of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma

Authors: L. Verra, M. Galletti, R. Pompili, A. Biagioni, M. Carillo, A. Cianchi, L. Crincoli, A. Curcio, F. Demurtas, G. Di Pirro, V. Lollo, G. Parise, D. Pellegrini, S. Romeo, G. J. Silvi, F. Villa, M. Ferrario

Abstract: The space-charge field of a relativistic charged bunch propagating in plasma is screened due to the presence of mobile charge carriers. We experimentally investigate such screening by measuring the effect of dielectric wakefields driven by the bunch in a uncoated dielectric capillary where the plasma is confined. We show that the plasma screens the space-charge field and therefore suppresses the d… ▽ More The space-charge field of a relativistic charged bunch propagating in plasma is screened due to the presence of mobile charge carriers. We experimentally investigate such screening by measuring the effect of dielectric wakefields driven by the bunch in a uncoated dielectric capillary where the plasma is confined. We show that the plasma screens the space-charge field and therefore suppresses the dielectric wakefields when the distance between the bunch and the dielectric surface is much larger than the plasma skin depth. Before full screening is reached, the effects of dielectric and plasma wakefields are present simultaneously. △ Less

Submitted 17 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

A decomposition algorithm for streak camera data

Authors: Kaan Oguzhan, Lucas Ranc, Livio Verra, Allen Caldwell

Abstract: We describe a novel reconstruction algorithm for time-resolved images obtained using a streak camera. This algorithm operates by decomposing a recorded image into a set of individual photoelectron-induced signals, thereby providing a powerful method for streak camera image reconstruction. This deconstruction allows for a standard statistical analysis of the resulting image. We demonstrate the effe… ▽ More We describe a novel reconstruction algorithm for time-resolved images obtained using a streak camera. This algorithm operates by decomposing a recorded image into a set of individual photoelectron-induced signals, thereby providing a powerful method for streak camera image reconstruction. This deconstruction allows for a standard statistical analysis of the resulting image. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique by analyzing the temporal spacing between the emitted fs-long laser pulse and its succeeding first, second, and third reflections within a thick glass captured by a streak image. △ Less

Submitted 22 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024.

Comments: 18 pages, 12 Figures, 1 table, 1 algorithm block

Filamentation of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma

Authors: L. Verra, C. Amoedo, N. Torrado, A. Clairembaud, J. Mezger, F. Pannell, J. Pucek, N. van Gils, M. Bergamaschi, G. Zevi Della Porta, N. Lopes, A. Sublet, M. Turner, E. Gschwendtner, P. Muggli

Abstract: We show in experiments that a long, underdense, relativistic proton bunch propagating in plasma undergoes the oblique instability, that we observe as filamentation. We determine a threshold value for the ratio between the bunch transverse size and plasma skin depth for the instability to occur. At the threshold, the outcome of the experiment alternates between filamentation and self-modulation ins… ▽ More We show in experiments that a long, underdense, relativistic proton bunch propagating in plasma undergoes the oblique instability, that we observe as filamentation. We determine a threshold value for the ratio between the bunch transverse size and plasma skin depth for the instability to occur. At the threshold, the outcome of the experiment alternates between filamentation and self-modulation instability (evidenced by longitudinal modulation into microbunches). Time-resolved images of the bunch density distribution reveal that filamentation grows to an observable level late along the bunch, confirming the spatio-temporal nature of the instability. We calculate the amplitude of the magnetic field generated in the plasma by the instability and show that the associated magnetic energy increases with plasma density. △ Less

Submitted 21 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Hosing of a long relativistic particle bunch in plasma

Authors: T. Nechaeva, L. Verra, J. Pucek, L. Ranc, M. Bergamaschi, G. Zevi Della Porta, P. Muggli

Abstract: Experimental results show that hosing of a long particle bunch in plasma can be induced by wakefields driven by a short, misaligned preceding bunch. Hosing develops in the plane of misalignment, self-modulation in the perpendicular plane, at frequencies close to the plasma electron frequency, and are reproducible. Development of hosing depends on misalignment direction, its growth on misalignment… ▽ More Experimental results show that hosing of a long particle bunch in plasma can be induced by wakefields driven by a short, misaligned preceding bunch. Hosing develops in the plane of misalignment, self-modulation in the perpendicular plane, at frequencies close to the plasma electron frequency, and are reproducible. Development of hosing depends on misalignment direction, its growth on misalignment extent and on proton bunch charge. Results have the main characteristics of a theoretical model, are relevant to other plasma-based accelerators and represent the first characterization of hosing. △ Less

Submitted 5 January, 2024; v1 submitted 7 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Development of the Self-Modulation Instability of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma

Authors: L. Verra, S. Wyler, T. Nechaeva, J. Pucek, V. Bencini, M. Bergamaschi, L. Ranc, G. Zevi Della Porta, E. Gschwendtner, P. Muggli

Abstract: Self-modulation is a beam-plasma instability that is useful to drive large-amplitude wakefields with bunches much longer than the plasma skin depth. We present experimental results showing that, when increasing the ratio between the initial transverse size of the bunch and the plasma skin depth, the instability occurs later along the bunch, or not at all, over a fixed plasma length, because the am… ▽ More Self-modulation is a beam-plasma instability that is useful to drive large-amplitude wakefields with bunches much longer than the plasma skin depth. We present experimental results showing that, when increasing the ratio between the initial transverse size of the bunch and the plasma skin depth, the instability occurs later along the bunch, or not at all, over a fixed plasma length, because the amplitude of the initial wakefields decreases. We show cases for which self-modulation does not develop and we introduce a simple model discussing the conditions for which it would not occur after any plasma length. Changing bunch size and plasma electron density also changes the growth rate of the instability. We discuss the impact of these results on the design of a particle accelerator based on the self-modulation instability seeded by a relativistic ionization front, such as the future upgrade of the AWAKE experiment. △ Less

Submitted 9 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Techniques to seed the self-modulation instability of a long proton bunch in plasma

Authors: L. Verra, G. Zevi Della Porta, E. Gschwendtner, M. Bergamaschi, P. Muggli

Abstract: The Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE) at CERN relies on the seeded Self-Modulation (SM) of a long relativistic proton bunch in plasma to accelerate an externally injected MeV witness electron bunch to GeV energies. During AWAKE Run 1 (2016-2018) and Run 2a (2021-2022), two seeding methods were investigated experimentally: relativistic ionization front seeding and electron bunch seeding. In the… ▽ More The Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE) at CERN relies on the seeded Self-Modulation (SM) of a long relativistic proton bunch in plasma to accelerate an externally injected MeV witness electron bunch to GeV energies. During AWAKE Run 1 (2016-2018) and Run 2a (2021-2022), two seeding methods were investigated experimentally: relativistic ionization front seeding and electron bunch seeding. In the first one, a short laser pulse copropagates within the proton bunch and ionizes the rubidium vapor, generating the plasma. In the second, a short electron bunch propagates in plasma ahead of the proton bunch and drives the seed wakefields. Both seeding methods will be further employed during AWAKE Run 2b (2023-2024) to study their effect on the SM evolution in the presence of a plasma density step. In this contribution, we will show the main experimental results and discuss their impact for the future design of the experiment, in particular for Run 2c (starting in 2028), where the plasma will be split in two sections: one dedicated to SM of the proton bunch, and the other to the electron acceleration process. △ Less

Submitted 30 April, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: Proceedings of International Particle Accelerator Conference IPAC 2023

Focusing of a Long Relativistic Proton Bunch in Underdense Plasma

Authors: Livio Verra, Edda Gschwendtner, Patric Muggli

Abstract: We discuss the focusing effect experienced by a long relativistic proton bunch, when propagating in underdense plasma. We show with 2D quasi-static simulations that the response of the plasma to the presence of the bunch provides a focusing force for the protons. We discuss the impact of the finite transverse size of the plasma on the dynamics of the process and we introduce the measurements perfo… ▽ More We discuss the focusing effect experienced by a long relativistic proton bunch, when propagating in underdense plasma. We show with 2D quasi-static simulations that the response of the plasma to the presence of the bunch provides a focusing force for the protons. We discuss the impact of the finite transverse size of the plasma on the dynamics of the process and we introduce the measurements performed at the AWAKE experiment at CERN. △ Less

Submitted 8 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023.

Comments: Proceedings of the Advanced Accelerator Concepts (AAC) Workshop 2022

Adiabatic Focusing of a Long Proton Bunch in Plasma

Authors: L. Verra, E. Gschwendtner, P. Muggli

Abstract: We show in experiments that a long, relativistic proton bunch is focused by the plasma adiabatic response. The free plasma electrons migrate so as to neutralize the space charge field of the bunch, and the bunch is therefore focused by the azimuthal magnetic field generated by its own current, that is not balanced by the radial electric field. Since the length of the bunch is much longer than the… ▽ More We show in experiments that a long, relativistic proton bunch is focused by the plasma adiabatic response. The free plasma electrons migrate so as to neutralize the space charge field of the bunch, and the bunch is therefore focused by the azimuthal magnetic field generated by its own current, that is not balanced by the radial electric field. Since the length of the bunch is much longer than the plasma electron wavelength, the bunch also undergoes the self-modulation instability. Thus, the amplitude of the wakefields grows along the bunch and along the plasma, and the defocusing effect of the self-modulation can become dominant over the adiabatic focusing effect. We show that, when seeding the self-modulation with a preceding electron bunch, the transition between the effect of the adiabatic response and that of the self-modulation depends on the amplitude of the seed wakefields. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: EPS Plasma Conference 2022

Mapping charge capture and acceleration in a plasma wakefield of a proton bunch using variable emittance electron beam injection

Authors: E. Granados, L. Verra, A. -M. Bachmann, E. Chevallay, S. Doebert, V. Fedosseev, F. Friebel, S. Gessner, E. Gschwendtner, S. Y. Kim, S. Mazzoni, J. T. Moody, M. Turner

Abstract: In the Phase 2 of the AWAKE first experimental run (from May to November 2018), an electron beam was used to probe and test proton-driven wakefield acceleration in a rubidium plasma column. In this work, we analyze the overall charge capture and shot-to-shot reproducibility of the proton-driven plasma wakefield accelerator with various electron bunch injection parameters. The witness electron bunc… ▽ More In the Phase 2 of the AWAKE first experimental run (from May to November 2018), an electron beam was used to probe and test proton-driven wakefield acceleration in a rubidium plasma column. In this work, we analyze the overall charge capture and shot-to-shot reproducibility of the proton-driven plasma wakefield accelerator with various electron bunch injection parameters. The witness electron bunches were produced using an RF-gun equipped with a Cs2Te photocathode illuminated by a tailorable ultrafast deep ultraviolet (UV) laser pulse. The construction of the UV beam optical system enabled appropriate transverse beam shaping and control of its pulse duration, size, and position on the photocathode, as well as time delay with respect to the ionizing laser pulse that seeds the plasma wakefields in the proton bunches. Variable photocathode illumination provided the required flexibility to produce electron bunches with variable charge, emittance, and injection trajectory into the plasma column. We demonstrate charge capture rates exceeding 15% (40 pC of GeV accelerated charge for a 385 pC injected electron bunch) under optimized electron injection conditions. △ Less

Submitted 28 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond

Authors: Edda Gschwendtner, Konstantin Lotov, Patric Muggli, Matthew Wing, Riccardo Agnello, Claudia Christina Ahdida, Maria Carolina Amoedo Goncalves, Yanis Andrebe, Oznur Apsimon, Robert Apsimon, Jordan Matias Arnesano, Anna-Maria Bachmann, Diego Barrientos, Fabian Batsch, Vittorio Bencini, Michele Bergamaschi, Patrick Blanchard, Philip Nicholas Burrows, Birger Buttenschön, Allen Caldwell, James Chappell, Eric Chevallay, Moses Chung, David Andrew Cooke, Heiko Damerau , et al. (77 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. Use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of energy 400 GeV drove wakefields that accelerated electrons to 2 GeV in under 10 m of plasma. The AWAKE collaboration is now embarking on Run 2 with the main aims to… ▽ More Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. Use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of energy 400 GeV drove wakefields that accelerated electrons to 2 GeV in under 10 m of plasma. The AWAKE collaboration is now embarking on Run 2 with the main aims to demonstrate stable accelerating gradients of 0.5-1 GV/m, preserve emittance of the electron bunches during acceleration and develop plasma sources scalable to 100s of metres and beyond. By the end of Run 2, the AWAKE scheme should be able to provide electron beams for particle physics experiments and several possible experiments have already been evaluated. This article summarises the programme of AWAKE Run 2 and how it will be achieved as well as the possible application of the AWAKE scheme to novel particle physics experiments. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022.

Comments: 21 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to Symmetry journal

Controlled Growth of the Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma

Authors: L. Verra

Abstract: A long, narrow, relativistic charged particle bunch propagating in plasma is subject to the self-modulation (SM) instability. We show that SM of a proton bunch can be seeded by the wakefields driven by a preceding electron bunch. SM timing reproducibility and control are at the level of a small fraction of the modulation period. With this seeding method, we independently control the amplitude of t… ▽ More A long, narrow, relativistic charged particle bunch propagating in plasma is subject to the self-modulation (SM) instability. We show that SM of a proton bunch can be seeded by the wakefields driven by a preceding electron bunch. SM timing reproducibility and control are at the level of a small fraction of the modulation period. With this seeding method, we independently control the amplitude of the seed wakefields with the charge of the electron bunch and the growth rate of SM with the charge of the proton bunch. Seeding leads to larger growth of the wakefields than in the instability case. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Design of the AWAKE Run 2c transfer lines using numerical optimizers

Authors: Rebecca Ramjiawan, Vittorio Bencini, Steffen Doebert, John Farmer, Edda Gschwendtner, Francesco Velotti, Livio Verra, Giovanni Zevi Della Porta

Abstract: The Advanced Wakefield (AWAKE) Experiment is a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrating the acceleration of electron beams via proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. AWAKE Run 1 achieved acceleration of electron beams to 2 GeV and the intention for Run 2 is to build on these results by achieving acceleration to ~10 GeV with a higher beam quality. As part of the upgrade to Run 2, the exist… ▽ More The Advanced Wakefield (AWAKE) Experiment is a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrating the acceleration of electron beams via proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. AWAKE Run 1 achieved acceleration of electron beams to 2 GeV and the intention for Run 2 is to build on these results by achieving acceleration to ~10 GeV with a higher beam quality. As part of the upgrade to Run 2, the existing proton and electron beamlines will be adapted and a second plasma cell and new 150 MeV electron beamline will be added. This new beamline will be required to inject electron bunches with micron-level beam size and stability into the second plasma cell from within the 1 m gap between the two plasma cells. In this paper we describe the techniques used (e.g. numerical optimizers and genetic algorithms) to produce the design of the 150 MeV electron line in order to meet the challenging experimental specifications. Operational techniques are also studied for both electron transfer lines including steering and alignment methods utilising numerical optimizers and beam measurement techniques employing neural networks. △ Less

Submitted 3 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Analysis of Proton Bunch Parameters in the AWAKE Experiment

Authors: V. Hafych, A. Caldwell, R. Agnello, C. C. Ahdida, M. Aladi, M. C. Amoedo Goncalves, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, M. A. Baistrukov, F. Batsch, M. Bergamaschi, P. Blanchard, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, J. Chappell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, H. Damerau, C. Davut, G. Demeter, A. Dexter, S. Doebert , et al. (63 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along t… ▽ More A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along the beamline using scintillating or optical transition radiation screens. The parameters of a model that describes the bunch transverse dimensions and divergence are fitted to represent the observed data using Bayesian inference. The analysis is tested on simulated data and then applied to the experimental data. △ Less

Submitted 27 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021.

Simulation and Experimental Study of Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Linear Density Gradients

Authors: P. I. Morales Guzmán, P. Muggli, R. Agnello, C. C. Ahdida, M. Aladi, M. C. Amoedo Goncalves, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, M. A. Baistrukov, F. Batsch, M. Bergamaschi, P. Blanchard, F. Braunmüller, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, J. Chappell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, H. Damerau, C. Davut, G. Demeter , et al. (66 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported in arXiv:2007.14894v2: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency vari… ▽ More We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported in arXiv:2007.14894v2: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency varies with gradient. Simulation results show that dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the relativistic protons along the plasma is the main cause for the loss of charge. The study of the modulation frequency reveals details about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. In particular for negative gradients, the modulation frequency across time-resolved images of the bunch indicates the position along the plasma where protons leave the wakefields. Simulations and experimental results are in excellent agreement. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 24, 101301 (2021)

Seeding of proton bunch self-modulation by an electron bunch in plasma

Authors: L. Verra, G. Zevi Della Porta, K. -J. Moon, A. -M. Bachmann, E. Gschwendtner, P. Muggli

Abstract: The AWAKE experiment relies on the self-modulation instability of a long proton bunch to effectively drive wakefields and accelerate an electron bunch to GeV-level energies. During the first experimental run (2016-2018) the instability was made phase reproducible by means of a seeding process: a short laser pulse co-propagates within the proton bunch in a rubidium vapor. Thus, the fast creation of… ▽ More The AWAKE experiment relies on the self-modulation instability of a long proton bunch to effectively drive wakefields and accelerate an electron bunch to GeV-level energies. During the first experimental run (2016-2018) the instability was made phase reproducible by means of a seeding process: a short laser pulse co-propagates within the proton bunch in a rubidium vapor. Thus, the fast creation of plasma and the onset of beam-plasma interaction within the bunch drives seed wakefields. However, this seeding method leaves the front of the bunch not modulated. The bunch front could self-modulate in a second, preformed plasma and drive wakefields that would interfere with those driven by the (already self-modulated) back of the bunch and with the acceleration process. We present studies of the seeded the self-modulation (SSM) of a long proton bunch using a short electron bunch. The short seed bunch is placed ahead of the proton bunch leading to self-modulation of the entire bunch. Numerical simulations show that this method have other advantages when compared to the ionization front method. We discuss the requirements for the electron bunch parameters (charge, emittance, transverse size at the focal point, length), to effectively seed the self-modulation process. We also present preliminary experimental studies on the electron bunch seed wakefields generation. △ Less

Submitted 23 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: 47th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics

Long range propagation of ultrafast, ionizing laser pulses in a resonant nonlinear medium

Authors: G. Demeter, J. T. Moody, M. Aladi, A. -M. Bachmann, F. Batsch, F. Braunmuller, G. P. Djotyan, V. Fedosseev, F. Friebel, S. Gessner, E. Granados, E. Guran, M. Huther, M. A. Kedves, M. Martyanov, P. Muggli, E. Oz, H. Panuganti, B. Raczkevi, L. Verra, G. Zevi Della Porta

Abstract: We study the propagation of 0.05-1 TW power, ultrafast laser pulses in a 10 meter long rubidium vapor cell. The central wavelength of the laser is resonant with the $D_2$ line of rubidium and the peak intensity in the $10^{12}-10^{14} ~W/cm^2$ range, enough to create a plasma channel with single electron ionization. We observe the absorption of the laser pulse for low energy, a regime of transvers… ▽ More We study the propagation of 0.05-1 TW power, ultrafast laser pulses in a 10 meter long rubidium vapor cell. The central wavelength of the laser is resonant with the $D_2$ line of rubidium and the peak intensity in the $10^{12}-10^{14} ~W/cm^2$ range, enough to create a plasma channel with single electron ionization. We observe the absorption of the laser pulse for low energy, a regime of transverse confinement of the laser beam by the strong resonant nonlinearity for higher energies and the transverse broadening of the output beam when the nonlinearity is saturated due to full medium ionization. We compare experimental observations of transmitted pulse energy and transverse fluence profile with the results of computer simulations modeling pulse propagation. We find a qualitative agreement between theory and experiment that corroborates the validity of our propagation model. While the quantitative differences are substantial, the results show that the model can be used to interpret the observed phenomena in terms of self-focusing and channeling of the laser pulses by the saturable nonlinearity and the transparency of the fully ionized medium along the propagation axis. △ Less

Submitted 20 September, 2021; v1 submitted 26 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 12 pages, 10 Figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. A 104, 033506 (2021)

Transition between Instability and Seeded Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma

Authors: F. Batsch, P. Muggli, R. Agnello, C. C. Ahdida, M. C. Amoedo Goncalves, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, M. A. Baistrukov, P. Blanchard, F. Braunmüller, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, J. Chappell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, H. Damerau, C. Davut, G. Demeter, H. L. Deubner, S. Doebert, J. Farmer , et al. (72 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude ($\ge(4.1\pm0.4)$ MV/m), the phase of the modulation along the bunch is reproducible from event to event, with 3 to 7% (of 2$π$) rms variations all along the bunch. The phase is not… ▽ More We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude ($\ge(4.1\pm0.4)$ MV/m), the phase of the modulation along the bunch is reproducible from event to event, with 3 to 7% (of 2$π$) rms variations all along the bunch. The phase is not reproducible for lower initial amplitudes. We observe the transition between these two regimes. Phase reproducibility is essential for deterministic external injection of particles to be accelerated. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020.

Comments: Letter and Supplemental Material, 6 figures, 8 pages

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 164802 (2021)

Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch

Authors: J. Chappell, E. Adli, R. Agnello, M. Aladi, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, M. A. Baistrukov, F. Batsch, M. Bergamaschi, P. Blanchard, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, H. Damerau, C. Davut, G. Demeter, L. H. Deubner, A. Dexter, G. P. Djotyan, S. Doebert , et al. (74 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield cau… ▽ More Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield causes plasma electron trajectory crossing, resulting in the development of a potential outside the plasma boundary as electrons are transversely ejected. Trends consistent with the presence of this potential are experimentally measured and their dependence on wakefield amplitude are studied via seed laser timing scans and electron injection delay scans. △ Less

Submitted 12 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020.

Comments: 11 pages, 8 figures

Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements

Authors: A. A. Gorn, M. Turner, E. Adli, R. Agnello, M. Aladi, Y. Andrebe, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, M. A. Baistrukov, F. Batsch, M. Bergamaschi, P. Blanchard, P. N. Burrows, B. Buttenschon, A. Caldwell, J. Chappell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. A. Cooke, H. Damerau, C. Davut, G. Demeter, L. H. Deubner, A. Dexter , et al. (74 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In 2017, AWAKE demonstrated the seeded self-modulation (SSM) of a 400 GeV proton beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN. The angular distribution of the protons deflected due to SSM is a quantitative measure of the process, which agrees with simulations by the two-dimensional (axisymmetric) particle-in-cell code LCODE. Agreement is achieved for beam populations between $10^{11}$ and… ▽ More In 2017, AWAKE demonstrated the seeded self-modulation (SSM) of a 400 GeV proton beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN. The angular distribution of the protons deflected due to SSM is a quantitative measure of the process, which agrees with simulations by the two-dimensional (axisymmetric) particle-in-cell code LCODE. Agreement is achieved for beam populations between $10^{11}$ and $3 \times 10^{11}$ particles, various plasma density gradients ($-20 ÷20\%$) and two plasma densities ($2\times 10^{14} \text{cm}^{-3}$ and $7 \times 10^{14} \text{cm}^{-3}$). The agreement is reached only in the case of a wide enough simulation box (at least five plasma wavelengths). △ Less

Submitted 26 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020.

Comments: 8 pages, 9 figures, 1 table

Electron beam characterization with beam loss monitors in AWAKE

Authors: L. Verra, M. Turner, S. Gessner, E. Gschwendtner, F. Velotti, P. Muggli

Abstract: We present a method to measure transverse size and position of an electron or proton beam, close to the injection point in plasma wakefields, where other diagnostics are not available. We show that transverse size measurements are in agreement with values expected from the beam optics with a $< 10\%$ uncertainty. We confirm the deflection of the low-energy 18 MeV electron beam trajectory by the Ea… ▽ More We present a method to measure transverse size and position of an electron or proton beam, close to the injection point in plasma wakefields, where other diagnostics are not available. We show that transverse size measurements are in agreement with values expected from the beam optics with a $< 10\%$ uncertainty. We confirm the deflection of the low-energy 18 MeV electron beam trajectory by the Earth's magnetic field. This measurement can be used to correct for this effect and set proper electron bunch injection parameters. The advanced wakefield experiment at CERN (AWAKE) relies on these measurements for optimizing electron injection. △ Less

Submitted 6 March, 2020; v1 submitted 24 November, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 23, 032803 (2020)

Study of external electron beam injection into proton driven plasma wakefields for AWAKE Run2

Authors: L. Verra, E. Gschwendtner, P. Muggli

Abstract: We describe an external electron injection scheme for the AWAKE experiment. We use scattering in two foils, that are necessary as vacuum window and laser beam dump, to decrease the betatron function of the incoming electron beam for injection and matching into plasma wakefields driven by a self-modulated proton bunch. We show that, for a total aluminum foil thickness of $\sim 280\, μ$m, multiple C… ▽ More We describe an external electron injection scheme for the AWAKE experiment. We use scattering in two foils, that are necessary as vacuum window and laser beam dump, to decrease the betatron function of the incoming electron beam for injection and matching into plasma wakefields driven by a self-modulated proton bunch. We show that, for a total aluminum foil thickness of $\sim 280\, μ$m, multiple Coulomb scattering increases the beam emittance by a factor of $\sim 10$ and decreases the betatron function by a factor of $\sim 3$. The plasma in the accelerator is created by a ionizing laser pulse, counter-propagating with respect to the electron beam. This allows for the electron bunch to enter the plasma through an "infinitely" sharp vapor-plasma boundary, away from the foils. △ Less

Submitted 27 November, 2019; originally announced December 2019.

External Electron Injection for the AWAKE Experiment

Authors: Marlene Turner, Chiara Bracco, Spencer Gessner, Brennan Goddard, Edda Gschwendtner, Patric Muggli, Felipe Pena Asmus, Francesco Velotti, Livio Verra

Abstract: We summarize and explain the realization of witness particle injection into wakefields for the AWAKE experiment. In AWAKE, the plasma wakefields are driven by a self-modulating relativistic proton bunch. To demonstrate that these wakefields can accelerate charged particles, we inject a \unit[10-20]{MeV} electron bunch produced by a photo-injector. We summarize the experimental challenges of this i… ▽ More We summarize and explain the realization of witness particle injection into wakefields for the AWAKE experiment. In AWAKE, the plasma wakefields are driven by a self-modulating relativistic proton bunch. To demonstrate that these wakefields can accelerate charged particles, we inject a \unit[10-20]{MeV} electron bunch produced by a photo-injector. We summarize the experimental challenges of this injection process and present our plans for the near future. △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018.

Comments: 4 pages, 3 figures

Experimental observation of proton bunch modulation in a plasma, at varying plasma densities

Authors: E. Adli, A. Ahuja, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, D. Barrientos, M. M. Barros, J. Batkiewicz, F. Batsch, J. Bauche, V. K. Berglyd Olsen, M. Bernardini, B. Biskup, A. Boccardi, T. Bogey, T. Bohl, C. Bracco, F. Braunmüller, S. Burger, G. Burt, S. Bustamante, B. Buttenschön, A. Caldwell, M. Cascella, J. Chappell , et al. (87 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma. The bunch exits the plasma with a density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects with a period reciprocal to the plasma frequency. We show that the modulation is seeded by using an intense laser pulse co-propagating with the… ▽ More We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma. The bunch exits the plasma with a density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects with a period reciprocal to the plasma frequency. We show that the modulation is seeded by using an intense laser pulse co-propagating with the proton bunch which creates a relativistic ionization front within the bunch. We show by varying the plasma density over one order of magnitude that the modulation period scales with the expected dependence on the plasma density. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2019; v1 submitted 12 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018.

Comments: 4 figures, AWAKE collaboration paper, Submitted to PRL

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 054802 (2019)

Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch

Authors: The AWAKE Collaboration, E. Adli, A. Ahuja, O. Apsimon, R. Apsimon, A. -M. Bachmann, D. Barrientos, F. Batsch, J. Bauche, V. K. Berglyd Olsen, M. Bernardini, T. Bohl, C. Bracco, F. Braunmueller, G. Burt, B. Buttenschoen, A. Caldwell, M. Cascella, J. Chappell, E. Chevallay, M. Chung, D. Cooke, H. Damerau, L. Deacon, L. H. Deubner , et al. (69 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: High energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. In order to increase the energy or reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields, is one s… ▽ More High energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. In order to increase the energy or reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields, is one such promising novel acceleration technique. Pioneering experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse or electron bunch traversing a plasma, drives electric fields of 10s GV/m and above. These values are well beyond those achieved in conventional RF accelerators which are limited to ~0.1 GV/m. A limitation of laser pulses and electron bunches is their low stored energy, which motivates the use of multiple stages to reach very high energies. The use of proton bunches is compelling, as they have the potential to drive wakefields and accelerate electrons to high energy in a single accelerating stage. The long proton bunches currently available can be used, as they undergo self-modulation, a particle-plasma interaction which longitudinally splits the bunch into a series of high density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The AWAKE experiment at CERN uses intense bunches of protons, each of energy 400 GeV, with a total bunch energy of 19 kJ, to drive a wakefield in a 10 m long plasma. Bunches of electrons are injected into the wakefield formed by the proton microbunches. This paper presents measurements of electrons accelerated up to 2 GeV at AWAKE. This constitutes the first demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. The potential for this scheme to produce very high energy electron bunches in a single accelerating stage means that the results shown here are a significant step towards the development of future high energy particle accelerators. △ Less

Submitted 11 October, 2018; v1 submitted 29 August, 2018; originally announced August 2018.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures. Updated acknowledgements and one reference