Showing 1–21 of 21 results for author: Bass, C

New Deep Learning Data Analysis Method for PROSPECT using GAPE: Genetic Algorithm Powered Evolution

Authors: M. Adriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, C. Bass, O. Benevides Rodrigues, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, N. Craft, A. Delgado, G. Deichert, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, M. Fuller, A. Galindo-Uribarri, S. Ghosh, S. Gokhale, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, T. E. Haugen, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron, A. Irani , et al. (18 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We propose a genetic algorithm powered evolution (GAPE) method to create deep learning solutions for energy and position estimation for reactor antineutrino interactions in the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) at the highly enriched High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. We also apply GAPE to create classification models to distinguish si… ▽ More We propose a genetic algorithm powered evolution (GAPE) method to create deep learning solutions for energy and position estimation for reactor antineutrino interactions in the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) at the highly enriched High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. We also apply GAPE to create classification models to distinguish signatures of inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions of reactor antineutrinos from common background types. The GAPE method can also be adopted for optimization of other types of problems that utilize machine learning (ML) models for particle physics applications. When applied in the PROSPECT context, we find that the models selected by GAPE can, in some cases, outperform the traditional models previously used for PROSPECT data analysis. In particular, when benchmarked against conventional PROSPECT neutrino identification pathways using the same underlying information, the classifier offers the promise of improving the signal-to-background ratio by nearly 2.8 times. Performance biases uncovered during initial IBD classifier validation were primarily caused by differences in time-dependent response between background and signal training datasets. Biases were effectively mitigated through a data-period-specific training regimen, offering a pathway towards realizing an unbiased IBD signal classifier for future reactor neutrino datasets. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Machine Learning for Single-Ended Event Reconstruction in PROSPECT Experiment

Authors: M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, C. D. Bass, O. Benevides Rodrigues, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, A. Delgado, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, M. Fuller, A. Galindo-Uribarri, S. Gokhale, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, T. E. Haugen, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron, D. E. Jaffe, S. Jayakumar , et al. (21 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, was a segmented antineutrino detector that successfully operated at the High Flux Isotope Reactor in Oak Ridge, TN, during its 2018 run. Despite challenges with photomultiplier tube base failures affecting some segments, innovative machine learning approaches were employed to perform position and energy reconstruction, and partic… ▽ More The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, was a segmented antineutrino detector that successfully operated at the High Flux Isotope Reactor in Oak Ridge, TN, during its 2018 run. Despite challenges with photomultiplier tube base failures affecting some segments, innovative machine learning approaches were employed to perform position and energy reconstruction, and particle classification. This work highlights the effectiveness of convolutional neural networks and graph convolutional networks in enhancing data analysis. By leveraging these techniques, a 3.3\% increase in effective statistics was achieved compared to traditional methods, showcasing their potential to improve analysis performance. Furthermore, these machine learning methodologies offer promising applications for other segmented particle detectors, underscoring their versatility and impact. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2025; v1 submitted 9 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 28 pages, 9 figures

Reactor Antineutrino Directionality Measurement with the PROSPECT-I Detector

Authors: M. Andriamirado, B. Balantekin, C. D. Bass, O. Benevides Rodrigues, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, A. Galindo-Uribarri, S. Gokhale, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron, D. E. Jaffe, S. Jayakumar, D. C. Jones, J. R. Koblanski, P. Kunkle , et al. (24 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The PROSPECT-I detector has several features that enable measurement of the direction of a compact neutrino source. In this paper, a detailed report on the directional measurements made on electron antineutrinos emitted from the High Flux Isotope Reactor is presented. With an estimated true neutrino (reactor to detector) direction of $φ= 40.8\unicode{xB0} \pm 0.7\unicode{xB0}$ and… ▽ More The PROSPECT-I detector has several features that enable measurement of the direction of a compact neutrino source. In this paper, a detailed report on the directional measurements made on electron antineutrinos emitted from the High Flux Isotope Reactor is presented. With an estimated true neutrino (reactor to detector) direction of $φ= 40.8\unicode{xB0} \pm 0.7\unicode{xB0}$ and $θ= 98.6\unicode{xB0} \pm 0.4\unicode{xB0}$, the PROSPECT-I detector is able to reconstruct an average neutrino direction of $φ= 39.4\unicode{xB0} \pm 2.9\unicode{xB0}$ and $θ= 97.6\unicode{xB0} \pm 1.6\unicode{xB0}$. This measurement is made with approximately 48000 Inverse Beta Decay signal events and is the most precise directional reconstruction of reactor antineutrinos to date. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2024; v1 submitted 12 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Calibration strategy of the PROSPECT-II detector with external and intrinsic sources

Authors: M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, E. P. Bernard, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, A. Delgado, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, C. E. Gilbert, S. Gokhale, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron, D. E. Jaffe , et al. (36 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper presents an energy calibration scheme for an upgraded reactor antineutrino detector for the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT). The PROSPECT collaboration is preparing an upgraded detector, PROSPECT-II (P-II), to advance capabilities for the investigation of fundamental neutrino physics, fission processes and associated reactor neutrino flux, and nuclear se… ▽ More This paper presents an energy calibration scheme for an upgraded reactor antineutrino detector for the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT). The PROSPECT collaboration is preparing an upgraded detector, PROSPECT-II (P-II), to advance capabilities for the investigation of fundamental neutrino physics, fission processes and associated reactor neutrino flux, and nuclear security applications. P-II will expand the statistical power of the original PROSPECT (P-I) dataset by at least an order of magnitude. The new design builds upon previous P-I design and focuses on improving the detector robustness and long-term stability to enable multi-year operation at one or more sites. The new design optimizes the fiducial volume by elimination of dead space previously occupied by internal calibration channels, which in turn necessitates the external deployment. In this paper, we describe a calibration strategy for P-II. The expected performance of externally deployed calibration sources is evaluated using P-I data and a well-benchmarked simulation package by varying detector segmentation configurations in the analysis. The proposed external calibration scheme delivers a compatible energy scale model and achieves comparable performance with the inclusion of an additional AmBe neutron source, in comparison to the previous internal arrangement. Most importantly, the estimated uncertainty contribution from the external energy scale calibration model meets the precision requirements of the P-II experiment. △ Less

Submitted 10 April, 2023; v1 submitted 17 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 19 pages, 10 figures

PROSPECT-II Physics Opportunities

Authors: M. Andriamirado, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, R. Carr, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, G. Deichert, A. Delgado, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribari, C. E. Gilbert, C. Grant, S. Hans, A. B. Hansell, K. M. Heeger, B. Heffron, D. E. Jaffe , et al. (37 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, has made world-leading measurements of reactor antineutrinos at short baselines. In its first phase, conducted at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PROSPECT produced some of the strongest limits on eV-scale sterile neutrinos, made a precision measurement of the reactor antineutrino spectrum fr… ▽ More The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, has made world-leading measurements of reactor antineutrinos at short baselines. In its first phase, conducted at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PROSPECT produced some of the strongest limits on eV-scale sterile neutrinos, made a precision measurement of the reactor antineutrino spectrum from $^{235}$U, and demonstrated the observation of reactor antineutrinos in an aboveground detector with good energy resolution and well-controlled backgrounds. The PROSPECT collaboration is now preparing an upgraded detector, PROSPECT-II, to probe yet unexplored parameter space for sterile neutrinos and contribute to a full resolution of the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly, a longstanding puzzle in neutrino physics. By pressing forward on the world's most precise measurement of the $^{235}$U antineutrino spectrum and measuring the absolute flux of antineutrinos from $^{235}$U, PROSPECT-II will sharpen a tool with potential value for basic neutrino science, nuclear data validation, and nuclear security applications. Following a two-year deployment at HFIR, an additional PROSPECT-II deployment at a low enriched uranium reactor could make complementary measurements of the neutrino yield from other fission isotopes. PROSPECT-II provides a unique opportunity to continue the study of reactor antineutrinos at short baselines, taking advantage of demonstrated elements of the original PROSPECT design and close access to a highly enriched uranium reactor core. △ Less

Submitted 3 September, 2022; v1 submitted 8 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Journal ref: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 49, 070501 (2022)

The Radioactive Source Calibration System of the PROSPECT Reactor Antineutrino Detector

Authors: PROSPECT Collaboration, J. Ashenfelter, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, N. S. Bowden, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, J. J. Cherwinka, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, D. Dean, G. Deichert, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, M. Febbraro, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, C. E. Gilbert, B. T. Hackett, S. Hans , et al. (40 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum (PROSPECT) Experiment is a reactor neutrino experiment designed to search for sterile neutrinos with a mass on the order of 1 eV/c$^2$ and to measure the spectrum of electron antineutrinos from a highly-enriched $^{235}$U nuclear reactor. The PROSPECT detector consists of an 11 by 14 array of optical segments in $^{6}$Li-loaded liquid scintillator at… ▽ More The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum (PROSPECT) Experiment is a reactor neutrino experiment designed to search for sterile neutrinos with a mass on the order of 1 eV/c$^2$ and to measure the spectrum of electron antineutrinos from a highly-enriched $^{235}$U nuclear reactor. The PROSPECT detector consists of an 11 by 14 array of optical segments in $^{6}$Li-loaded liquid scintillator at the High Flux Isotope Reactor in Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Antineutrino events are identified via inverse beta decay and read out by photomultiplier tubes located at the ends of each segment. The detector response is characterized using a radioactive source calibration system. This paper describes the design, operation, and performance of the PROSPECT source calibration system. △ Less

Submitted 16 August, 2019; v1 submitted 17 June, 2019; originally announced June 2019.

Journal ref: Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, Vol. 944, 2019

A Low Mass Optical Grid for the PROSPECT Reactor Antineutrino Detector

Authors: PROSPECT Collaboration, J. Ashenfelter, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, N. S. Bowden, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, J. J. Cherwinka, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, D. Davee, D. Dean, G. Deichert, A. E. Detweiler M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, M. Febbraro, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, Y. Gebre, C. E. Gilbert , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: PROSPECT, the Precision Reactor Oscillation and SPECTrum experiment, is a short-baseline reactor antineutrino experiment designed to provide precision measurements of the $^{235}$U product $\overlineν_e$ spectrum of utilizing an optically segmented 4-ton liquid scintillator detector. PROSPECT's segmentation system, the optical grid, plays a central role in reconstructing the position and energy of… ▽ More PROSPECT, the Precision Reactor Oscillation and SPECTrum experiment, is a short-baseline reactor antineutrino experiment designed to provide precision measurements of the $^{235}$U product $\overlineν_e$ spectrum of utilizing an optically segmented 4-ton liquid scintillator detector. PROSPECT's segmentation system, the optical grid, plays a central role in reconstructing the position and energy of $\overlineν_e$ interactions in the detector. This paper is the technical reference for this PROSPECT subsystem, describing its design, fabrication, quality assurance, transportation and assembly in detail. In addition, the dimensional, optical and mechanical characterizations of optical grid components and the assembled PROSPECT target are also presented. The technical information and characterizations detailed here will inform geometry-related inputs for PROSPECT physics analysis, and can guide a variety of future particle detection development efforts, such as those using optically reflecting materials or filament-based 3D printing. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2019; v1 submitted 18 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019.

Comments: 31 pages, 28 figures

Lithium-loaded Liquid Scintillator Production for the PROSPECT experiment

Authors: PROSPECT Collaboration, J. Ashenfelter, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, L. J. Bignell, N. S. Bowden, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, C. Camilo Reyes, S. Campos, J. J. Cherwinka, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, D. Davee, D. Dean, G. Deichert, R. Diaz Perez, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, M. Febbraro, B. T. Foust , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This work reports the production and characterization of lithium-loaded liquid scintillator (LiLS) for the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT). Fifty-nine 90 liter batches of LiLS (${}^6{\rm Li}$ mass fraction 0.082%$\pm$0.001%) were produced and samples from all batches were characterized by measuring their optical absorbance relative to air, light yield relative to a… ▽ More This work reports the production and characterization of lithium-loaded liquid scintillator (LiLS) for the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT). Fifty-nine 90 liter batches of LiLS (${}^6{\rm Li}$ mass fraction 0.082%$\pm$0.001%) were produced and samples from all batches were characterized by measuring their optical absorbance relative to air, light yield relative to a pure liquid scintillator reference, and pulse shape discrimination capability. Fifty-seven batches passed the quality assurance criteria and were used for the PROSPECT experiment. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2019; v1 submitted 16 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019.

Comments: 16 pages, 15 figures

Journal ref: J. Ashenfelter et al 2019 JINST 14 P03026

A cryostat to hold frozen-spin polarized HD targets in CLAS: HDice-II

Authors: M. M. Lowry, C. D. Bass, A. D'Angelo, A. Deur, G. Dezern, C. Hanretty, D. Ho, T. Kageya, D. Kashy, M. Khandaker, V. Laine, T. O'Connell, O. Pastor, P. Peng, A. M. Sandorfi, D. Sokhan, X. Wei, M. Zarecky

Abstract: The design, fabrication, operation, and performance of a helium-3/4 dilution refrigerator and superconducting magnet system for holding a frozen-spin polarized hydrogen deuteride target in the Jefferson Laboratory CLAS detector during photon beam running is reported. The device operates both vertically (for target loading) and horizontally (for target bombardment). The device proves capable of mai… ▽ More The design, fabrication, operation, and performance of a helium-3/4 dilution refrigerator and superconducting magnet system for holding a frozen-spin polarized hydrogen deuteride target in the Jefferson Laboratory CLAS detector during photon beam running is reported. The device operates both vertically (for target loading) and horizontally (for target bombardment). The device proves capable of maintaining a base temperature of 50 mK and a holding field of 1 Tesla for extended periods. These characteristics enabled multi-month polarization lifetimes for frozen spin HD targets having proton polarization of up to 50% and deuteron up to 27%. △ Less

Submitted 14 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019.

Journal ref: NIM A815 (2016) p31-41

Measurement of the Antineutrino Spectrum from $^{235}$U Fission at HFIR with PROSPECT

Authors: PROSPECT Collaboration, J. Ashenfelter, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, N. S. Bowden, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, J. J. Cherwinka, T. Classen, A. J. Conant, A. A. Cox, D. Davee, D. Dean, G. Deichert, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, M. Febbraro, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, C. E. Gilbert , et al. (45 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This Letter reports the first measurement of the $^{235}$U $\overline{ν_{e}}$ energy spectrum by PROSPECT, the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum experiment, operating 7.9m from the 85MW$_{\mathrm{th}}$ highly-enriched uranium (HEU) High Flux Isotope Reactor. With a surface-based, segmented detector, PROSPECT has observed 31678$\pm$304 (stat.) $\overline{ν_{e}}$-induced inverse beta decays… ▽ More This Letter reports the first measurement of the $^{235}$U $\overline{ν_{e}}$ energy spectrum by PROSPECT, the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum experiment, operating 7.9m from the 85MW$_{\mathrm{th}}$ highly-enriched uranium (HEU) High Flux Isotope Reactor. With a surface-based, segmented detector, PROSPECT has observed 31678$\pm$304 (stat.) $\overline{ν_{e}}$-induced inverse beta decays (IBD), the largest sample from HEU fission to date, 99% of which are attributed to $^{235}$U. Despite broad agreement, comparison of the Huber $^{235}$U model to the measured spectrum produces a $χ^2/ndf = 51.4/31$, driven primarily by deviations in two localized energy regions. The measured $^{235}$U spectrum shape is consistent with a deviation relative to prediction equal in size to that observed at low-enriched uranium power reactors in the $\overline{ν_{e}}$ energy region of 5-7MeV. △ Less

Submitted 28 June, 2019; v1 submitted 27 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 251801 (2019)

The PROSPECT Reactor Antineutrino Experiment

Authors: PROSPECT Collaboration, J. Ashenfelter, A. B. Balantekin, C. Baldenegro, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, L. J. Bignell, N. S. Bowden, J. Boyle, J. Bricco, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, A. Bykadorova Telles, J. J. Cherwinka, T. Classen, K. Commeford, A. Conant, A. A. Cox, D. Davee, D. Dean, G. Deichert, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski , et al. (64 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, is designed to make both a precise measurement of the antineutrino spectrum from a highly-enriched uranium reactor and to probe eV-scale sterile neutrinos by searching for neutrino oscillations over meter-long baselines. PROSPECT utilizes a segmented $^6$Li-doped liquid scintillator detector for both efficient detection of reacto… ▽ More The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, is designed to make both a precise measurement of the antineutrino spectrum from a highly-enriched uranium reactor and to probe eV-scale sterile neutrinos by searching for neutrino oscillations over meter-long baselines. PROSPECT utilizes a segmented $^6$Li-doped liquid scintillator detector for both efficient detection of reactor antineutrinos through the inverse beta decay reaction and excellent background discrimination. PROSPECT is a movable 4-ton antineutrino detector covering distances of 7m to 13m from the High Flux Isotope Reactor core. It will probe the best-fit point of the $\barν_e$ disappearance experiments at 4$σ$ in 1 year and the favored regions of the sterile neutrino parameter space at more than 3$σ$ in 3 years. PROSPECT will test the origin of spectral deviations observed in recent $θ_{13}$ experiments, search for sterile neutrinos, and address the hypothesis of sterile neutrinos as an explanation of the reactor anomaly. This paper describes the design, construction, and commissioning of PROSPECT and reports first data characterizing the performance of the PROSPECT antineutrino detector. △ Less

Submitted 21 August, 2019; v1 submitted 31 July, 2018; originally announced August 2018.

Comments: 30 pages, 33 figures; updated with journal revision and reference

Journal ref: Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A922 (2019) 287-309

Performance of a segmented $^{6}$Li-loaded liquid scintillator detector for the PROSPECT experiment

Authors: J. Ashenfelter, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, C. D. Bass, D. E. Bergeron, D. Berish, N. S. Bowden, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, A. Bykadorova Telles, J. J. Cherwinka, T. Classen, K. Commeford, A. Conant, D. Davee, G. Deichert, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, A. Erickson, B. T. Foust, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, K. Gilje, B. Hackett, K. Han , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper describes the design and performance of a 50 liter, two-segment $^{6}$Li-loaded liquid scintillator detector that was designed and operated as prototype for the PROSPECT (Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum) Experiment. The two-segment detector was constructed according to the design specifications of the experiment. It features low-mass optical separators, an integrated source a… ▽ More This paper describes the design and performance of a 50 liter, two-segment $^{6}$Li-loaded liquid scintillator detector that was designed and operated as prototype for the PROSPECT (Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum) Experiment. The two-segment detector was constructed according to the design specifications of the experiment. It features low-mass optical separators, an integrated source and optical calibration system, and materials that are compatible with the $^{6}$Li-doped scintillator developed by PROSPECT. We demonstrate a high light collection of 850$\pm$20 PE/MeV, an energy resolution of $σ$ = 4.0$\pm$0.2% at 1 MeV, and efficient pulse-shape discrimination of low $dE/dx$ (electronic recoil) and high $dE/dx$ (nuclear recoil) energy depositions. An effective scintillation attenuation length of 85$\pm$3 cm is measured in each segment. The 0.1% by mass concentration of $^{6}$Li in the scintillator results in a measured neutron capture time of $τ$ = 42.8$\pm$0.2 $μs$. The long-term stability of the scintillator is also discussed. The detector response meets the criteria necessary for achieving the PROSPECT physics goals and demonstrates features that may find application in fast neutron detection. △ Less

Submitted 29 June, 2018; v1 submitted 23 May, 2018; originally announced May 2018.

Comments: 16 pages, 13 figures; minor edits to design detail and references

Journal ref: J. Ashenfelter et al 2018 JINST 13 P06023

Precision Measurement of the Radiative $\Beta$ Decay of the Free Neutron

Authors: M. J. Bales, R. Alarcon, C. D. Bass, E. J. Beise, H. Breuer, J. Byrne, T. E. Chupp, K. J. Coakley, R. L. Cooper, M. S. Dewey, S. Gardner, T. R. Gentile, D. He, H. P. Mumm, J. S. Nico, B. O'Neill, A. K. Thompson, F. E. Wietfeldt

Abstract: The standard model predicts that, in addition to a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino, a continuous spectrum of photons is emitted in the $β$ decay of the free neutron. We report on the RDK II experiment which measured the photon spectrum using two different detector arrays. An annular array of bismuth germanium oxide scintillators detected photons from 14 to 782~keV. The spectral shape was… ▽ More The standard model predicts that, in addition to a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino, a continuous spectrum of photons is emitted in the $β$ decay of the free neutron. We report on the RDK II experiment which measured the photon spectrum using two different detector arrays. An annular array of bismuth germanium oxide scintillators detected photons from 14 to 782~keV. The spectral shape was consistent with theory, and we determined a branching ratio of 0.00335 $\pm$ 0.00005 [stat] $\pm$ 0.00015 [syst]. A second detector array of large area avalanche photodiodes directly detected photons from 0.4 to 14~keV. For this array, the spectral shape was consistent with theory, and the branching ratio was determined to be 0.00582 $\pm$ 0.00023 [stat] $\pm$ 0.00062 [syst]. We report the first precision test of the shape of the photon energy spectrum from neutron radiative decay and a substantially improved determination of the branching ratio over a broad range of photon energies. △ Less

Submitted 26 May, 2016; v1 submitted 1 March, 2016; originally announced March 2016.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 242501 (2016)

The PROSPECT Physics Program

Authors: J. Ashenfelter, B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, G. Barclay, C. D. Bass, D. Berish, N. S. Bowden, A. Bowes, C. D. Bryan, J. P. Brodsky, J. J. Cherwinka, R. Chu, T. Classen, K. Commeford, D. Davee, D. Dean, G. Deichert, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, J. Dolph, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, K. Gilje, A. Glenn, B. W. Goddard , et al. (39 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, is designed to make a precise measurement of the antineutrino spectrum from a highly-enriched uranium reactor and probe eV-scale sterile neutrinos by searching for neutrino oscillations over meter-long distances. PROSPECT is conceived as a 2-phase experiment utilizing segmented $^6$Li-doped liquid scintillator detectors for both… ▽ More The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment, PROSPECT, is designed to make a precise measurement of the antineutrino spectrum from a highly-enriched uranium reactor and probe eV-scale sterile neutrinos by searching for neutrino oscillations over meter-long distances. PROSPECT is conceived as a 2-phase experiment utilizing segmented $^6$Li-doped liquid scintillator detectors for both efficient detection of reactor antineutrinos through the inverse beta decay reaction and excellent background discrimination. PROSPECT Phase I consists of a movable 3-ton antineutrino detector at distances of 7 - 12 m from the reactor core. It will probe the best-fit point of the $ν_e$ disappearance experiments at 4$σ$ in 1 year and the favored region of the sterile neutrino parameter space at $>$3$σ$ in 3 years. With a second antineutrino detector at 15 - 19 m from the reactor, Phase II of PROSPECT can probe the entire allowed parameter space below 10 eV$^{2}$ at 5$σ$ in 3 additional years. The measurement of the reactor antineutrino spectrum and the search for short-baseline oscillations with PROSPECT will test the origin of the spectral deviations observed in recent $θ_{13}$ experiments, search for sterile neutrinos, and conclusively address the hypothesis of sterile neutrinos as an explanation of the reactor anomaly. △ Less

Submitted 7 December, 2015; originally announced December 2015.

Comments: 21 pages, 21 figures

Light Collection and Pulse-Shape Discrimination in Elongated Scintillator Cells for the PROSPECT Reactor Antineutrino Experiment

Authors: J. Ashenfelter, B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, G. Barclay, C. D. Bass, D. Berish, N. S. Bowden, A. Bowes, J. P. Brodsky, C. D. Bryan, J. J. Cherwinka, R. Chu, T. Classen, K. Commeford, D. Davee, D. Dean, G. Deichert, M. V. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, J. Dolph, D. A. Dwyer, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, K. Gilje, A. Glenn , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A meter-long, 23-liter EJ-309 liquid scintillator detector has been constructed to study the light collection and pulse-shape discrimination performance of elongated scintillator cells for the PROSPECT reactor antineutrino experiment. The magnitude and uniformity of light collection and neutron/gamma discrimination power in the energy range of antineutrino inverse beta decay products have been stu… ▽ More A meter-long, 23-liter EJ-309 liquid scintillator detector has been constructed to study the light collection and pulse-shape discrimination performance of elongated scintillator cells for the PROSPECT reactor antineutrino experiment. The magnitude and uniformity of light collection and neutron/gamma discrimination power in the energy range of antineutrino inverse beta decay products have been studied using gamma and spontaneous fission calibration sources deployed along the cell long axis. We also study neutron-gamma discrimination and light collection abilities for differing PMT and reflector configurations. Key design features for optimizing MeV-scale response and background rejection capabilities are identified. △ Less

Submitted 26 August, 2015; originally announced August 2015.

Comments: 20 pages, 11 figures

Journal ref: JINST 10 P11004 (2015)

Background Radiation Measurements at High Power Research Reactors

Authors: J. Ashenfelter, B. Balantekin, C. X. Baldenegro, H. R. Band, G. Barclay, C. D. Bass, D. Berish, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, J. J. Cherwinka, R. Chu, T. Classen, D. Davee, D. Dean, G. Deichert, M. J. Dolinski, J. Dolph, D. A. Dwyer, S. Fan, J. K. Gaison, A. Galindo-Uribarri, K. Gilje, A. Glenn, M. Green, K. Han , et al. (36 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Research reactors host a wide range of activities that make use of the intense neutron fluxes generated at these facilities. Recent interest in performing measurements with relatively low event rates, e.g. reactor antineutrino detection, at these facilities necessitates a detailed understanding of background radiation fields. Both reactor-correlated and naturally occurring background sources are p… ▽ More Research reactors host a wide range of activities that make use of the intense neutron fluxes generated at these facilities. Recent interest in performing measurements with relatively low event rates, e.g. reactor antineutrino detection, at these facilities necessitates a detailed understanding of background radiation fields. Both reactor-correlated and naturally occurring background sources are potentially important, even at levels well below those of importance for typical activities. Here we describe a comprehensive series of background assessments at three high-power research reactors, including $γ$-ray, neutron, and muon measurements. For each facility we describe the characteristics and identify the sources of the background fields encountered. The general understanding gained of background production mechanisms and their relationship to facility features will prove valuable for the planning of any sensitive measurement conducted therein. △ Less

Submitted 11 November, 2015; v1 submitted 11 June, 2015; originally announced June 2015.

Comments: 26 pages, 28 figures. Accepted for publication in Nuclear Instruments and Methods A. v2 incorporates minor revisions requested by NIMA

Journal ref: Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A806: 401-419, 2016

Fast Neutron Detection with a Segmented Spectrometer

Authors: T. J. Langford, C. D. Bass, E. J. Beise, H. Breuer, D. K. Erwin, C. R. Heimbach, J. S. Nico

Abstract: A fast neutron spectrometer consisting of segmented plastic scintillator and He-3 proportional counters was constructed for the measurement of neutrons in the energy range 1 MeV to 200 MeV. We discuss its design, principles of operation, and the method of analysis. The detector is capable of observing very low neutron fluxes in the presence of ambient gamma background and does not require scintill… ▽ More A fast neutron spectrometer consisting of segmented plastic scintillator and He-3 proportional counters was constructed for the measurement of neutrons in the energy range 1 MeV to 200 MeV. We discuss its design, principles of operation, and the method of analysis. The detector is capable of observing very low neutron fluxes in the presence of ambient gamma background and does not require scintillator pulseshape discrimination. The spectrometer was characterized for its energy response in fast neutron fields of 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV, and the results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. Measurements of the fast neutron flux and energy response at 120 m above sea-level (39.130 deg. N, 77.218 deg. W) and at a depth of 560 m in a limestone mine are presented. Finally, the design of a spectrometer with improved sensitivity and energy resolution is discussed. △ Less

Submitted 20 November, 2014; v1 submitted 24 July, 2014; originally announced July 2014.

Comments: 15 pages, 9 figures, published in NIM A

Journal ref: NIM A 771 (2015) 78-87

PROSPECT - A Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment at Short Baselines

Authors: J. Ashenfelter, A. B. Balantekin, H. R. Band, G. Barclay, C. Bass, N. S. Bowden, C. D. Bryan, J. J. Cherwinka, R. Chu, T. Classen, D. Davee, D. Dean, G. Deichert, M. Diwan, M. J. Dolinski, J. Dolph, D. A. Dwyer, Y. Efremenko, S. Fan, A. Galindo-Uribarri, K. Gilje, A. Glenn, M. Green, K. Han, S. Hans , et al. (41 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Current models of antineutrino production in nuclear reactors predict detection rates and spectra at odds with the existing body of direct reactor antineutrino measurements. High-resolution antineutrino detectors operated close to compact research reactor cores can produce new precision measurements useful in testing explanations for these observed discrepancies involving underlying nuclear or new… ▽ More Current models of antineutrino production in nuclear reactors predict detection rates and spectra at odds with the existing body of direct reactor antineutrino measurements. High-resolution antineutrino detectors operated close to compact research reactor cores can produce new precision measurements useful in testing explanations for these observed discrepancies involving underlying nuclear or new physics. Absolute measurement of the 235U-produced antineutrino spectrum can provide additional constraints for evaluating the accuracy of current and future reactor models, while relative measurements of spectral distortion between differing baselines can be used to search for oscillations arising from the existence of eV-scale sterile neutrinos. Such a measurement can be performed in the United States at several highly-enriched uranium fueled research reactors using near-surface segmented liquid scintillator detectors. We describe here the conceptual design and physics potential of the PROSPECT experiment, a U.S.-based, multi-phase experiment with reactor-detector baselines of 7-20 meters capable of addressing these and other physics and detector development goals. Current R&D status and future plans for PROSPECT detector deployment and data-taking at the High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory will be discussed. △ Less

Submitted 27 January, 2015; v1 submitted 29 September, 2013; originally announced September 2013.

Comments: White paper prepared for Snowmass-2013; Updated to reflect experimental status as of January 2015. 18 pages, 12 figures

Event Identification in $^3$He Proportional Counters Using Risetime Discrimination

Authors: T. J. Langford, C. D. Bass, E. J. Beise, H. Breuer, D. K. Erwin, C. R. Heimbach, J. S. Nico

Abstract: We present a straightforward method for particle identification and background rejection in $^3$He proportional counters for use in neutron detection. By measuring the risetime and pulse height of the preamplifier signals, one may define a region in the risetime versus pulse height space where the events are predominately from neutron interactions. For six proportional counters surveyed in a low-b… ▽ More We present a straightforward method for particle identification and background rejection in $^3$He proportional counters for use in neutron detection. By measuring the risetime and pulse height of the preamplifier signals, one may define a region in the risetime versus pulse height space where the events are predominately from neutron interactions. For six proportional counters surveyed in a low-background environment, we demonstrate the ability to reject alpha-particle events with an efficiency of 99%. By applying the same method, we also show an effective rejection of microdischarge noise events that, when passed through a shaping amplifier, are indistinguishable from physical events in the counters. The primary application of this method is in measurements where the signal-to-background for counting neutrons is very low, such as in underground laboratories. △ Less

Submitted 19 December, 2012; originally announced December 2012.

Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures, Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods A

A gamma- and X-ray detector for cryogenic, high magnetic field applications

Authors: R. L. Cooper, R. Alarcon, M. J. Bales, C. D. Bass, E. J. Beise, H. Breuer, J. Byrne, T. E. Chupp, K. J. Coakley, M. S. Dewey, C. Fu, T. R. Gentile, H. P. Mumm, J. S. Nico, B. O'Neill, K. Pulliam, A. K. Thompson, F. E. Wietfeldt

Abstract: As part of an experiment to measure the spectrum of photons emitted in beta-decay of the free neutron, we developed and operated a detector consisting of 12 bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals coupled to avalanche photodiodes (APDs). The detector was operated near liquid nitrogen temperature in the bore of a superconducting magnet and registered photons with energies from 5 keV to 1000 keV. To enlarg… ▽ More As part of an experiment to measure the spectrum of photons emitted in beta-decay of the free neutron, we developed and operated a detector consisting of 12 bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals coupled to avalanche photodiodes (APDs). The detector was operated near liquid nitrogen temperature in the bore of a superconducting magnet and registered photons with energies from 5 keV to 1000 keV. To enlarge the detection range, we also directly detected soft X-rays with energies between 0.2 keV and 20 keV with three large area APDs. The construction and operation of the detector is presented, as well as information on operation of APDs at cryogenic temperatures. △ Less

Submitted 18 July, 2012; originally announced July 2012.

Characterization of a Li-6 loaded liquid organic scintillator for fast neutron spectrometry and thermal neutron detection

Authors: C. D. Bass, E. J. Beise, H. Breuer, C. R. Heimbach, T. Langford, J. S. Nico

Abstract: The characterization of a liquid scintillator incorporating an aqueous solution of enriched lithium chloride to produce a scintillator with 0.40% Li-6 is presented, including the performance of the scintillator in terms of its optical properties and neutron response. The scintillator was incorporated into a fast neutron spectrometer, and the light output spectra from 2.5 MeV, 14.1 MeV, and Cf-252… ▽ More The characterization of a liquid scintillator incorporating an aqueous solution of enriched lithium chloride to produce a scintillator with 0.40% Li-6 is presented, including the performance of the scintillator in terms of its optical properties and neutron response. The scintillator was incorporated into a fast neutron spectrometer, and the light output spectra from 2.5 MeV, 14.1 MeV, and Cf-252 neutrons were measured using capture-gated coincidence techniques. The spectrometer was operated without coincidence to perform thermal neutron measurements. Possible improvements in spectrometer performance are discussed. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2013; v1 submitted 18 June, 2012; originally announced June 2012.

Comments: Submitted to Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 11 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables. Revision addresses reviewers' comments

Journal ref: Appl. Radiat. Isot. 77 (2013) 130-138