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Doppler-free Rydberg Spectroscopy in Warm Vapor
Authors:
Jeremy Glick,
Brielle E. Anderson,
T. Nathan Nunley,
Josiah Bingaman,
Jian Jun Liu,
David H. Meyer,
Paul D. Kunz
Abstract:
The common approach for producing Rydberg atoms in warm vapor cells is with lasers arranged in a counter-propagating, collinear configuration. Doppler effects in these configurations reduce the efficiency of excitation to the Rydberg state while also producing broadened spectral features. In this work, we demonstrate a three-laser Doppler-free excitation using laser beams whose k-vectors sum to ze…
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The common approach for producing Rydberg atoms in warm vapor cells is with lasers arranged in a counter-propagating, collinear configuration. Doppler effects in these configurations reduce the efficiency of excitation to the Rydberg state while also producing broadened spectral features. In this work, we demonstrate a three-laser Doppler-free excitation using laser beams whose k-vectors sum to zero, resulting in an enhancement in the Rydberg density and narrowed spectral features. A three-times enhancement to Rydberg density along with a near four-times reduction in spectroscopic line-widths are observed compared to a collinear configuration. This Doppler-free configuration could prove beneficial to Rydberg atomic technologies, such as electric field sensing with small volumes or deterministic photon sources.
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Submitted 23 February, 2026; v1 submitted 4 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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STCF Conceptual Design Report: Volume 1 -- Physics & Detector
Authors:
M. Achasov,
X. C. Ai,
R. Aliberti,
L. P. An,
Q. An,
X. Z. Bai,
Y. Bai,
O. Bakina,
A. Barnyakov,
V. Blinov,
V. Bobrovnikov,
D. Bodrov,
A. Bogomyagkov,
A. Bondar,
I. Boyko,
Z. H. Bu,
F. M. Cai,
H. Cai,
J. J. Cao,
Q. H. Cao,
Z. Cao,
Q. Chang,
K. T. Chao,
D. Y. Chen,
H. Chen
, et al. (413 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Super $τ$-Charm facility (STCF) is an electron-positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics community. It is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of $0.5\times 10^{35}{\rm cm}^{-2}{\rm s}^{-1}$ or higher. The STCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that by the present $τ$-Charm factory -- the BEPCII,…
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The Super $τ$-Charm facility (STCF) is an electron-positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics community. It is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of $0.5\times 10^{35}{\rm cm}^{-2}{\rm s}^{-1}$ or higher. The STCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that by the present $τ$-Charm factory -- the BEPCII, providing a unique platform for exploring the asymmetry of matter-antimatter (charge-parity violation), in-depth studies of the internal structure of hadrons and the nature of non-perturbative strong interactions, as well as searching for exotic hadrons and physics beyond the Standard Model. The STCF project in China is under development with an extensive R\&D program. This document presents the physics opportunities at the STCF, describes conceptual designs of the STCF detector system, and discusses future plans for detector R\&D and physics case studies.
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Submitted 5 October, 2023; v1 submitted 28 March, 2023;
originally announced March 2023.
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Two-tone Doppler cooling of radial two-dimensional crystals in a radiofrequency ion trap
Authors:
Alexander Kato,
Apurva Goel,
Raymond Lee,
Zeyu Ye,
Samip Karki,
Jian Jun Liu,
Andrei Nomerotski,
Boris B. Blinov
Abstract:
We study the Doppler-cooling of radial two-dimensional (2D) Coulomb crystals of trapped barium ions in a radiofrequency trap. Ions in radial 2D crystals experience micromotion of an amplitude that increases linearly with the distance from the trap center, leading to a position-dependent frequency modulation of laser light in each ion's rest frame. We use two tones of Doppler-cooling laser light se…
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We study the Doppler-cooling of radial two-dimensional (2D) Coulomb crystals of trapped barium ions in a radiofrequency trap. Ions in radial 2D crystals experience micromotion of an amplitude that increases linearly with the distance from the trap center, leading to a position-dependent frequency modulation of laser light in each ion's rest frame. We use two tones of Doppler-cooling laser light separated by approximately 100~MHz to efficiently cool distinct regions in the crystals with differing amplitudes of micromotion. This technique allows us to trap and cool more than 50 ions populating 4 shells in a radial two-dimensional crystal, where with a single tone of Doppler cooling light we are limited to 30 ions in 3 shells. We also individually characterize the micromotion of all ions within the crystals, and use this information to locate the center of the trap and to determine the Matthieu parameters $q_{x}$ and $q_{y}$.
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Submitted 27 January, 2022; v1 submitted 10 November, 2021;
originally announced November 2021.
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Observations of Turbulent Magnetic Reconnection Within a Solar Current Sheet
Authors:
X. Cheng,
Y. Li,
L. F. Wan,
M. D. Ding,
P. F. Chen,
J. Zhang,
J. J. Liu
Abstract:
Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental physical process in various astrophysical, space, and laboratory environments. Many pieces of evidence for magnetic reconnection have been uncovered. However, its specific processes that could be fragmented and turbulent have been short of direct observational evidence. Here, we present observations of a super-hot current sheet during SOL2017-09-10T X8.2-clas…
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Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental physical process in various astrophysical, space, and laboratory environments. Many pieces of evidence for magnetic reconnection have been uncovered. However, its specific processes that could be fragmented and turbulent have been short of direct observational evidence. Here, we present observations of a super-hot current sheet during SOL2017-09-10T X8.2-class solar flare that display the fragmented and turbulent nature of magnetic reconnection. As bilateral plasmas converge toward the current sheet, significant plasma heating and non-thermal motions are detected therein. Two oppositely directed outflow jets are intermittently expelled out of the fragmenting current sheet, whose intensity shows a power-law distribution in spatial frequency domain. The intensity and velocity of the sunward outflow jets also display a power-law distribution in temporal frequency domain. The length-to-width ratio of the current sheet is estimated to be larger than theoretical threshold of and thus ensures occurrence of tearing mode instability. The observations therefore suggest fragmented and turbulent magnetic reconnection occurring in the long stretching current sheet.
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Submitted 18 August, 2018;
originally announced August 2018.
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New measurement of $θ_{13}$ via neutron capture on hydrogen at Daya Bay
Authors:
Daya Bay Collaboration,
F. P. An,
A. B. Balantekin,
H. R. Band,
M. Bishai,
S. Blyth,
D. Cao,
G. F. Cao,
J. Cao,
W. R. Cen,
Y. L. Chan,
J. F. Chang,
L. C. Chang,
Y. Chang,
H. S. Chen,
Q. Y. Chen,
S. M. Chen,
Y. X. Chen,
Y. Chen,
J. H. Cheng,
J. -H. Cheng,
J. Cheng,
Y. P. Cheng,
Z. K. Cheng,
J. J. Cherwinka
, et al. (203 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This article reports an improved independent measurement of neutrino mixing angle $θ_{13}$ at the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. Electron antineutrinos were identified by inverse $β$-decays with the emitted neutron captured by hydrogen, yielding a data-set with principally distinct uncertainties from that with neutrons captured by gadolinium. With the final two of eight antineutrino detecto…
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This article reports an improved independent measurement of neutrino mixing angle $θ_{13}$ at the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. Electron antineutrinos were identified by inverse $β$-decays with the emitted neutron captured by hydrogen, yielding a data-set with principally distinct uncertainties from that with neutrons captured by gadolinium. With the final two of eight antineutrino detectors installed, this study used 621 days of data including the previously reported 217-day data set with six detectors. The dominant statistical uncertainty was reduced by 49%. Intensive studies of the cosmogenic muon-induced $^9$Li and fast neutron backgrounds and the neutron-capture energy selection efficiency, resulted in a reduction of the systematic uncertainty by 26%. The deficit in the detected number of antineutrinos at the far detectors relative to the expected number based on the near detectors yielded $\sin^22θ_{13} = 0.071 \pm 0.011$ in the three-neutrino-oscillation framework. The combination of this result with the gadolinium-capture result is also reported.
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Submitted 25 April, 2016; v1 submitted 11 March, 2016;
originally announced March 2016.
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Modeling the Influence of Antifreeze Proteins on Three-Dimensional Ice Crystal Melt Shapes using a Geometric Approach
Authors:
Jun Jie Liu,
Yangzong Qin,
Maya Bar Dolev,
Yeliz Celik,
J. S. Wettlaufer,
Ido Braslavsky
Abstract:
The melting of pure axisymmetric ice crystals has been described previously by us within the framework of so-called geometric crystal growth. Nonequilibrium ice crystal shapes evolving in the presence of hyperactive antifreeze proteins (hypAFPs) are experimentally observed to assume ellipsoidal geometries ("lemon" or "rice" shapes). To analyze such shapes we harness the underlying symmetry of hexa…
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The melting of pure axisymmetric ice crystals has been described previously by us within the framework of so-called geometric crystal growth. Nonequilibrium ice crystal shapes evolving in the presence of hyperactive antifreeze proteins (hypAFPs) are experimentally observed to assume ellipsoidal geometries ("lemon" or "rice" shapes). To analyze such shapes we harness the underlying symmetry of hexagonal ice Ih and extend two-dimensional geometric models to three-dimensions to reproduce the experimental dissolution process. The geometrical model developed will be useful as a quantitative test of the mechanisms of interaction between hypAFPs and ice.
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Submitted 12 July, 2012;
originally announced July 2012.