Showing 1–46 of 46 results for author: Wilson, P

Production and installation of wavelength-shifting reflective light enhancers for the Short-Baseline Near Detector

Authors: R. Acciarri, L. Aliaga-Soplin, R. Alvarez-Garrote, D. Andrade Aldana, C. Andreopoulos, A. Antonakis, S. Balasubramanian, A. Barnard, V. Basque, J. Bateman, M. C. Bazetto, A. Beever, E. Belchior, M. Betancourt, A. Bhat, M. Bishai, A. Blake, B. Bogart, D. Brailsford, A. Brandt, S. Brickner, M. B. Brunetti, L. Camilleri, D. Caratelli, D. Carber , et al. (172 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on the design, production, and installation of a wavelength-shifting reflective system on the cathode of the Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND), a liquid argon time projection chamber located along the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam. To increase and homogenize scintillation-light collection, 64 double-sided plates were fabricated from FR4, laminated with specular reflector film and coat… ▽ More We report on the design, production, and installation of a wavelength-shifting reflective system on the cathode of the Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND), a liquid argon time projection chamber located along the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam. To increase and homogenize scintillation-light collection, 64 double-sided plates were fabricated from FR4, laminated with specular reflector film and coated with 300 $μ$g/cm$^2$ of tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) wavelength shifter using controlled physical vapor deposition. The coating uniformity was validated through dedicated measurements of deposited mass and profilometry studies. Because exposure to ambient blue/UV light could degrade the TPB, protective filtering and controlled storage conditions were implemented during handling and installation. The coated plates were assembled between conductive meshes for high-voltage compatibility and installed in situ during detector integration. This system constitutes the largest TPB-coated area deployed in a neutrino detector. It operates in conjunction with SBND's photon detection system, which consists of photomultiplier tubes and X-ARAPUCAs. Early light-collection measurements show high uniformity and light response across the detector, supporting improved triggering, calorimetry, and position reconstruction in SBND. △ Less

Submitted 24 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Empathy Modeling in Active Inference Agents for Perspective-Taking and Alignment

Authors: Mahault Albarracin, Hongju Pae, Philip Wilson, Anna Mikeda, Alejandro Jimenez-Rodriguez, Sanjeev V. Namjoshi, Harshil Shah

Abstract: Artificial agents that model other agents must predict their behavior and determine whether their outcomes matter within action selection. We introduce an active inference framework that separates these components by combining a history-conditioned Theory of Mind model with an explicit other-regarding valuation parameter, $λ$. We instantiate the framework in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. The jo… ▽ More Artificial agents that model other agents must predict their behavior and determine whether their outcomes matter within action selection. We introduce an active inference framework that separates these components by combining a history-conditioned Theory of Mind model with an explicit other-regarding valuation parameter, $λ$. We instantiate the framework in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. The joint empathy configuration $(λ_i,λ_j)$ reorganizes the long-run cooperation landscape: sufficiently strong and symmetric other-regarding valuation supports sustained mutual cooperation, whereas strong asymmetry exposes the more empathic agent to systematic exploitation. Along the symmetric diagonal, cooperation exhibits a sharp but continuous finite-precision crossover. Fixed-partner sweeps reveal that the apparent cooperation boundary is path-dependent and that temporal variability is elevated where those paths cross it. Online Bayesian inference over opponent parameters modestly facilitates cooperation near the behavioral boundary but does not substitute for other-regarding valuation. Direct model comparison likewise shows that opponent-sensitive prediction at $λ=0$ does not generate cooperation. Planning depth has a partner-dependent effect: it slightly reduces cooperation when modeled reciprocity is weak but strongly increases cooperation against a reciprocating partner such as tit-for-tat. These results distinguish prediction, planning, and prosocial valuation as separable but interacting components of social agency. They also reveal a central limitation of unconditional empathic concern: the same valuation that stabilizes mutual cooperation creates predictable vulnerability when concern is not reciprocated. △ Less

Submitted 13 August, 2026; v1 submitted 24 February, 2026; originally announced February 2026.

Comments: Code and data: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21908008

Patient-Specific Modeling of Dose-Escalated Proton Beam Therapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Authors: M. A. McIntyre, J. Midson, P. Wilson, P Gorayski, C. E. Hsieh, S. W. Wu, E. Bezak

Abstract: Purpose: This study explores the feasibility of dose-escalated proton beam therapy (dPBT) for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (LAPC) patients by modeling common patient scenarios using current clinically-adopted practices. Methods: Five patient datasets were used as simulation phantoms, each with six tumour sizes, to systematically simulate treatment scenarios typical in LAPC patients. Using th… ▽ More Purpose: This study explores the feasibility of dose-escalated proton beam therapy (dPBT) for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (LAPC) patients by modeling common patient scenarios using current clinically-adopted practices. Methods: Five patient datasets were used as simulation phantoms, each with six tumour sizes, to systematically simulate treatment scenarios typical in LAPC patients. Using the Raystation treatment planning system, robustly-optimised dPBT and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) treatment plans were created with a 5 mm margin allowing for intra- and inter-fraction anatomical changes. following clinically-adopted protocols. Safe dose-escalation feasibility is assessed with dose metrics, tumour control (TCP) and normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) for average and worst-case intra-fraction motion scenarios. Significance testing was performed using a paired student's t-test. Results: Dose-escalation feasibility is largely dependent on tumour size and proximity to critical structures. Minimal therapeutic benefit was observed for patients with greater than 4.5 cm tumours, however for tumours less than or equal to 4.5 cm dPBT TCPs of 45-90% compared to SABR TCPs of 10-40% (p<0.05). The worst-case scenario dPBT TCP was comparable to SABR. Hypofractioned dPBT further improved this result to greater than 90% (p<0.05) for tumours less than or equal to 4.5 cm. Conclusion: Safe dPBT is feasible for patients with targets up to the median size and see a significant therapeutic benefit compared to the current standard of care in SABR. A patient-specific approach should be taken based on tumour size and surrounding anatomy. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Operation of the Trigger System for the ICARUS Detector at Fermilab

Authors: ICARUS collaboration, F. Abd Alrahman, P. Abratenko, N. Abrego-Martinez, A. Aduszkiewicz, F. Akbar, L. Aliaga Soplin, M. Artero Pons, J. Asaadi, W. F. Badgett, B. Baibussinov, F. Battisti, V. Bellini, R. Benocci, J. Berger, S. Berkman, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, A. Blanchet, F. Boffelli, M. Bonesini, T. Boone, B. Bottino, A. Braggiotti, D. Brailsford , et al. (164 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ICARUS liquid argon TPC detector is taking data on the Booster (BNB) and Main Injector (NuMI) Neutrino beam lines at Fermilab with a trigger system based on the scintillation light produced by charged particles in coincidence with the proton beam extraction from the accelerators. The architecture and the deployment of the trigger system in the first two runs for physics are presented, as well… ▽ More The ICARUS liquid argon TPC detector is taking data on the Booster (BNB) and Main Injector (NuMI) Neutrino beam lines at Fermilab with a trigger system based on the scintillation light produced by charged particles in coincidence with the proton beam extraction from the accelerators. The architecture and the deployment of the trigger system in the first two runs for physics are presented, as well as the triggered event rates. The event recognition efficiency has been evaluated as a function of the deposited energy and the position of cosmic muons stopping inside the detector. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2025; v1 submitted 25 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025.

Comments: 22 pages, 16 figures

Report number: Fermilab PUB-25-0393-PPD

Journal ref: JINST 20 P10044 (2025)

Lessons from commissioning of the cryogenic system for the Short-Baseline Neutrino Detector at Fermilab

Authors: Frederick Schwartz, Roberto Acciarri, Johan Bremer, Roza Doubnik, Caroline Fabre, Michael Geynisman, Claudio Montanari, Monica Nunes, Trevor Nichols, William Scofield, Zach West, Peter Wilson

Abstract: Results from commissioning and first year of operations of the cryogenic system of the Short-Baseline Neutrino Detector (SBND) and its membrane cryostat installed at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory are described. The SBND detector is installed in a 200 m$^3$ membrane cryostat filled with liquid argon, which serves both as target and as active media. For the correct operation of the detec… ▽ More Results from commissioning and first year of operations of the cryogenic system of the Short-Baseline Neutrino Detector (SBND) and its membrane cryostat installed at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory are described. The SBND detector is installed in a 200 m$^3$ membrane cryostat filled with liquid argon, which serves both as target and as active media. For the correct operation of the detector, the liquid argon must be kept in very stable thermal conditions while the contamination of electronegative impurities must be consistently kept at the level of small fractions of parts per billion. The detector is operated in Booster Neutrino Beams (BNB) at Fermilab for the search of sterile neutrinos and measurements of neutrino-argon cross sections. The cryostat and the cryogenic systems also serve as prototypes for the much larger equipment to be used for the LBNF/DUNE experiment. Since its installation in 2018-2023 and cooldown in spring of 2024, the cryostat and the cryogenic system have been commissioned to support the detector operations. The lessons learned through installation, testing, commissioning, cooldown, and initial operations are described. △ Less

Submitted 18 April, 2025; v1 submitted 17 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: Cryogenics 2023. Proceedings of the 17th IIR International Conference, Dresden, Germany, april 25-28 2023

Report number: FERMILAB-CONF-25-0005-PPD

Angular dependent measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon for ionization calorimetry in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber

Authors: ICARUS collaboration, P. Abratenko, N. Abrego-Martinez, A. Aduszkiewic, F. Akbar, L. Aliaga Soplin, M. Artero Pons, J. Asaadi, W. F. Badgett, B. Baibussinov, B. Behera, V. Bellini, R. Benocci, J. Berger, S. Berkman, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, M. Bonesini, T. Boone, B. Bottino, A. Braggiotti, D. Brailsford, S. J. Brice, V. Brio, C. Brizzolari , et al. (156 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This paper reports on a measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). A clear dependence of recombination on the angle of the ionizing particle track relative to the drift electric field is observed. An ellipsoid modified box (EMB) model of recombination describes the data across all measured angles. These measurements are us… ▽ More This paper reports on a measurement of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). A clear dependence of recombination on the angle of the ionizing particle track relative to the drift electric field is observed. An ellipsoid modified box (EMB) model of recombination describes the data across all measured angles. These measurements are used for the calorimetric energy scale calibration of the ICARUS TPC, which is also presented. The impact of the EMB model is studied on calorimetric particle identification, as well as muon and proton energy measurements. Accounting for the angular dependence in EMB recombination improves the accuracy and precision of these measurements. △ Less

Submitted 9 August, 2024; v1 submitted 17 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0332-PPD

Journal ref: JINST 20 P01033 (2025)

Calibration and simulation of ionization signal and electronics noise in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber

Authors: ICARUS collaboration, P. Abratenko, N. Abrego-Martinez, A. Aduszkiewic, F. Akbar, L. Aliaga Soplin, M. Artero Pons, J. Asaadi, W. F. Badgett, B. Baibussinov, B. Behera, V. Bellini, R. Benocci, J. Berger, S. Berkman, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, M. Bonesini, T. Boone, B. Bottino, A. Braggiotti, D. Brailsford, S. J. Brice, V. Brio, C. Brizzolari , et al. (156 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector has been taking physics data since 2022 as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. This paper details the equalization of the response to charge in the ICARUS time projection chamber (TPC), as well as data-driven tuning of the simulation of ionization charge signals and electronics noise. The equalization procedu… ▽ More The ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector has been taking physics data since 2022 as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. This paper details the equalization of the response to charge in the ICARUS time projection chamber (TPC), as well as data-driven tuning of the simulation of ionization charge signals and electronics noise. The equalization procedure removes non-uniformities in the ICARUS TPC response to charge in space and time. This work leverages the copious number of cosmic ray muons available to ICARUS at the surface. The ionization signal shape simulation applies a novel procedure that tunes the simulation to match what is measured in data. The end result of the equalization procedure and simulation tuning allows for a comparison of charge measurements in ICARUS between Monte Carlo simulation and data, showing good performance with minimal residual bias between the two. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2024; v1 submitted 16 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0330-PPD

Scintillation Light in SBND: Simulation, Reconstruction, and Expected Performance of the Photon Detection System

Authors: SBND Collaboration, P. Abratenko, R. Acciarri, C. Adams, L. Aliaga-Soplin, O. Alterkait, R. Alvarez-Garrote, C. Andreopoulos, A. Antonakis, L. Arellano, J. Asaadi, W. Badgett, S. Balasubramanian, V. Basque, A. Beever, B. Behera, E. Belchior, M. Betancourt, A. Bhat, M. Bishai, A. Blake, B. Bogart, J. Bogenschuetz, D. Brailsford, A. Brandt , et al. (158 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: SBND is the near detector of the Short-Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab. Its location near to the Booster Neutrino Beam source and relatively large mass will allow the study of neutrino interactions on argon with unprecedented statistics. This paper describes the expected performance of the SBND photon detection system, using a simulated sample of beam neutrinos and cosmogenic particles. Its… ▽ More SBND is the near detector of the Short-Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab. Its location near to the Booster Neutrino Beam source and relatively large mass will allow the study of neutrino interactions on argon with unprecedented statistics. This paper describes the expected performance of the SBND photon detection system, using a simulated sample of beam neutrinos and cosmogenic particles. Its design is a dual readout concept combining a system of 120 photomultiplier tubes, used for triggering, with a system of 192 X-ARAPUCA devices, located behind the anode wire planes. Furthermore, covering the cathode plane with highly-reflective panels coated with a wavelength-shifting compound recovers part of the light emitted towards the cathode, where no optical detectors exist. We show how this new design provides a high light yield and a more uniform detection efficiency, an excellent timing resolution and an independent 3D-position reconstruction using only the scintillation light. Finally, the whole reconstruction chain is applied to recover the temporal structure of the beam spill, which is resolved with a resolution on the order of nanoseconds. △ Less

Submitted 11 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 21 pages, 17 figures

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0303-PPD

Journal ref: Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 1046 (2024)

Strong light-matter interaction with self-hybridized bound states in the continuum in monolithic van der Waals metasurfaces

Authors: Thomas Weber, Lucca Kühner, Luca Sortino, Amine Ben Mhenni, Nathan P. Wilson, Julius Kühne, Jonathan J. Finley, Stefan A. Maier, Andreas Tittl

Abstract: Photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) are a standout nanophotonic platform for strong light-matter coupling with transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), but have so far mostly been employed as all-dielectric metasurfaces with adjacent TMDC layers, incurring limitations related to strain, mode overlap, and material integration. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate for the first tim… ▽ More Photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) are a standout nanophotonic platform for strong light-matter coupling with transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), but have so far mostly been employed as all-dielectric metasurfaces with adjacent TMDC layers, incurring limitations related to strain, mode overlap, and material integration. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate for the first time asymmetry-dependent BIC resonances in 2D arrays of monolithic metasurfaces composed solely of the nanostructured bulk TMDC WS$_2$ with BIC modes exhibiting sharp and tailored linewidths, ideal for selectively enhancing light-matter interactions. Geometrical variation enables the tuning of the BIC resonances across the exciton resonance in bulk WS$_2$, revealing the strong-coupling regime with an anti-crossing pattern and a Rabi splitting of 116 meV. The precise control over the radiative loss channel provided by the BIC concept is harnessed to tailor the Rabi splitting via a geometrical asymmetry parameter of the metasurface. Crucially, the coupling strength itself can be controlled and is shown to be independent of material-intrinsic losses. Our BIC-driven monolithic metasurface platform can readily incorporate other TMDCs or excitonic materials to deliver previously unavailable fundamental insights and practical device concepts for polaritonic applications. △ Less

Submitted 5 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: Main text and supporting information, 31 pages, 4 Figures manuscript + 8 Supporting Figures

Ray tracing and finite element modeling of sound propagation in a compartment fire

Authors: Mustafa Z. Abbasi, Preston S. Wilson, Ofodike A. Ezekoye

Abstract: A compartment fire (a fire in a room or building) creates temperature gradients and inhomogeneous time-varying temperature, density, and flow fields. This work compared experimental measurements of the room acoustic impulse/frequency response in a room with a fire to numerically modeled responses. The fire is modeled using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Acoustic modeling was performed using the te… ▽ More A compartment fire (a fire in a room or building) creates temperature gradients and inhomogeneous time-varying temperature, density, and flow fields. This work compared experimental measurements of the room acoustic impulse/frequency response in a room with a fire to numerically modeled responses. The fire is modeled using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Acoustic modeling was performed using the temperature field computed by FDS. COMSOL Multiphysics was used for finite element acoustic modeling and Bellhop for ray-trace acoustics modeling. The results show that the fire causes wave-fronts to arrive earlier (due to the higher sound speed) and with more variation in the delay times (due to the sound speed perturbations). The frequency response shows that the modes are shifted up in frequency and high frequency (>2500 Hz) modes are significantly attenuated. Model results are compared with data and show good agreement in observed trends. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021.

Head-related transfer function measurements in a compartment fire

Authors: Mustafa Z. Abbasi, Preston S. Wilson, Ofodike A. Ezekoye

Abstract: The Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) is an alarm signal device carried by firefighters to help rescuers locate and extricate downed firefighters. A fire creates temperature gradients and inhomogeneous time-varying temperature, density, and flow fields that modify the acoustic properties of a room. To understand the effect of the fire on an alarm signal, experimental measurements of head-related… ▽ More The Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) is an alarm signal device carried by firefighters to help rescuers locate and extricate downed firefighters. A fire creates temperature gradients and inhomogeneous time-varying temperature, density, and flow fields that modify the acoustic properties of a room. To understand the effect of the fire on an alarm signal, experimental measurements of head-related transfer functions (HRTF) in a room with fire are presented in time and frequency domains. The results show that low frequency (<1000 Hz) modes in the HRTF increase in frequency and higher frequency modal structure weakens and becomes unstable in time. In the time domain, the time difference of arrival between the ears changes and becomes unstable over time. Both these effects could impact alarm signal detection and localization. Received level of narrowband tones is presented that shows the fire makes the received level of a source vary by >10 dB. All these effects could impact the detection and localization of the PASS alarm, and life safety consequences. △ Less

Submitted 25 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021.

An augmented Lagrangian algorithm for recovery of ice thickness in unidirectional flow using the Shallow Ice Approximation

Authors: Elizabeth K. McGeorge, Miguel Moyers-Gonzalez, Mathieu Sellier, Phillip L. Wilson

Abstract: A key parameter in ice flow modelling is basal slipping at the ice-bed interface as it can have a large effect on the resultant ice thickness. Unfortunately, its contribution to surface observations can be hard to distinguish from that of bed undulations. Therefore, inferring the ice thickness from surface measurements is an interesting and non-trivial inverse problem. This paper presents a method… ▽ More A key parameter in ice flow modelling is basal slipping at the ice-bed interface as it can have a large effect on the resultant ice thickness. Unfortunately, its contribution to surface observations can be hard to distinguish from that of bed undulations. Therefore, inferring the ice thickness from surface measurements is an interesting and non-trivial inverse problem. This paper presents a method for recovering dually the ice thickness and the basal slip using only surface elevation and speed measurements. The unidirectional shallow ice approximation is first implemented to model steady state ice flow for given bedrock and basal slip profiles. This surface is then taken as synthetic observed data. An augmented Lagrangian algorithm is then used to find the diffusion coefficient which gives the best fit to observations. Combining this recovered diffusion with observed surface velocity, a simple Newton's method is used to recover both the ice thickness and basal slip. The method was successful in each test case and this implies that it should be possible to recover both of these parameters in two-dimensional cases also. △ Less

Submitted 27 July, 2021; originally announced August 2021.

Quantum Immortality and Non-Classical Logic

Authors: Phillip L. Wilson

Abstract: The Everett Box is a device in which an observer and a lethal quantum apparatus are isolated from the rest of the universe. On a regular basis, successive trials occur, in each of which an automatic measurement of a quantum superposition inside the apparatus either causes instant death or does nothing to the observer. From the observer's perspective, the chances of surviving $m$ trials monotonical… ▽ More The Everett Box is a device in which an observer and a lethal quantum apparatus are isolated from the rest of the universe. On a regular basis, successive trials occur, in each of which an automatic measurement of a quantum superposition inside the apparatus either causes instant death or does nothing to the observer. From the observer's perspective, the chances of surviving $m$ trials monotonically decreases with increasing $m$. As a result, if the observer is still alive for sufficiently large $m$ she must reject any interpretation of quantum mechanics which is not the many-worlds interpretation (MWI), since surviving $m$ trials becomes vanishingly unlikely in a single world, whereas a version of the observer will necessarily survive in the branching MWI universe. Here we ask whether this conclusion still holds if rather than a classical understanding of limits built on classical logic we instead require our physics to satisfy a computability requirement by investigating the Everett Box in a model of a computational universe running on a variety of constructive logic, Recursive Constructive Mathematics. We show that although the standard Everett argument rejecting non-MWI interpretations is no longer valid, we can show that Everett's conclusion still holds within a computable universe. Thus we argue that Everett's argument is strengthened and any counter-argument must be strengthened, since it holds not only in classical logic (with embedded notions of continuity and infinity) but also in a computable logic. △ Less

Submitted 24 March, 2022; v1 submitted 19 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Comments: 14 pages

Journal ref: Journal of Applied Logics - IfCoLog Journal of Logics and their Applications 9(2):635-650 01 Apr 2022

Bedrock reconstruction from free surface data for unidirectional glacier flow with basal slip

Authors: Elizabeth K. McGeorge, Mathieu Sellier, Miguel Moyers-Gonzalez, Phillip L. Wilson

Abstract: Glacier ice flow is shaped and defined by several properties, including the bedrock elevation profile and the basal slip distribution. The effect of these two basal properties can present in similar ways in the surface. For bedrock recovery this makes distinguishing between them an interesting and complex problem. The results of this paper show that in some synthetic test cases it is indeed possib… ▽ More Glacier ice flow is shaped and defined by several properties, including the bedrock elevation profile and the basal slip distribution. The effect of these two basal properties can present in similar ways in the surface. For bedrock recovery this makes distinguishing between them an interesting and complex problem. The results of this paper show that in some synthetic test cases it is indeed possible to distinguish and recover both bedrock elevation and basal slip given free surface elevation and free surface velocity. The unidirectional shallow ice approximation is used to compute steady state surface data for a number of synthetic cases with different bedrock profiles and basal slip distributions. A simple inversion method based on Newton's method is applied to the known surface data to return the bedrock profile and basal slip distribution. In each synthetic test case, the inversion was successful in recovering both the bedrock elevation profile and the basal slip distribution variables. These results imply that there is a unique bedrock profile and basal slip which give rise to a unique combination of free surface velocity and free surface elevation. △ Less

Submitted 21 September, 2020; v1 submitted 5 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Comments: 25 pages, 14 figures

Construction of precision wire readout planes for the Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND)

Authors: R. Acciarri, C. Adams, C. Andreopoulos, J. Asaadi, M. Babicz, C. Backhouse, W. Badgett, L. F. Bagby, D. Barker, C. Barnes, A. Basharina-Freshville, V. Basque, A. Baxter, M. C. Q. Bazetto, O. Beltramello, M. Betancourt, A. Bhanderi, A. Bhat, M. R. M. Bishai, A. Bitadze, A. S. T. Blake, J. Boissevain, C. Bonifazi, J. Y. Book, D. Brailsford , et al. (170 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Short-Baseline Near Detector time projection chamber is unique in the design of its charge readout planes. These anode plane assemblies (APAs) have been fabricated and assembled to meet strict accuracy and precision requirements: wire spacing of 3 mm +/- 0.5 mm and wire tension of 7 N +/- 1 N across 3,964 wires per APA, and flatness within 0.5 mm over the 4 m +/- 2.5 m extent of each APA. This… ▽ More The Short-Baseline Near Detector time projection chamber is unique in the design of its charge readout planes. These anode plane assemblies (APAs) have been fabricated and assembled to meet strict accuracy and precision requirements: wire spacing of 3 mm +/- 0.5 mm and wire tension of 7 N +/- 1 N across 3,964 wires per APA, and flatness within 0.5 mm over the 4 m +/- 2.5 m extent of each APA. This paper describes the design, manufacture and assembly of these key detector components, with a focus on the quality assurance at each stage. △ Less

Submitted 24 April, 2020; v1 submitted 19 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020.

Comments: 42 pages, 45 figures. Prepared for submission to JINST

Dynamic quantum sensing of paramagnetic species using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Authors: Valentin Radu, Joshua Colm Price, Simon James Levett, Kaarjel K. Narayanasamy, Thomas David Bateman-Price, Philippe Barrie Wilson, Melissa Louise Mather

Abstract: Naturally occurring paramagnetic species (PS), such as free radicals and paramagnetic metalloproteins, play an essential role in a multitude of critical physiological processes including metabolism, cell signaling and immune response. These highly dynamic species can also act as intrinsic biomarkers for a variety of disease states whilst synthetic para-magnetic probes targeted to specific sites on… ▽ More Naturally occurring paramagnetic species (PS), such as free radicals and paramagnetic metalloproteins, play an essential role in a multitude of critical physiological processes including metabolism, cell signaling and immune response. These highly dynamic species can also act as intrinsic biomarkers for a variety of disease states whilst synthetic para-magnetic probes targeted to specific sites on biomolecules enable the study of functional information such as tissue oxygenation and redox status in living systems. The work presented herein describes a new sensing method that exploits the spin dependent emission of photoluminescence (PL) from an ensemble of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond for rapid, non-destructive detection of PS in living systems. Uniquely this approach involves simple measurement protocols that assess PL contrast with and without the application of microwaves. The method is demonstrated to detect concentrations of paramagnetic salts in solution and the widely used magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Gadobutrol with a limit of detection of less than 10 attomol over a 100 micron x 100 micron field of view. Real time monitoring of changes in the concentration of paramagnetic salts is demonstrated with image exposure times of 20 ms. Further, dynamic tracking of chemical reactions is demonstrated via the conversion of low spin cyanide coordinated Fe3+ to hexaaqua Fe3+ under acidic conditions. Finally, the capability to map paramagnetic species in model cells with sub-cellular resolution is demonstrated using lipid membranes containing gadolinium labelled phospholipids under ambient conditions in the order of minutes. Overall, this work introduces a new sensing approach for the realization of fast, sensitive imaging of PS in a widefield format that is readily deployable in biomedical settings. △ Less

Submitted 21 August, 2019; originally announced August 2019.

Comments: 6 Figures

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 3: Dual-Phase Module

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. Adamowski, C. Adams, D. Adams, P. Adamson, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, C. H. Albright, L. Aliaga Soplin, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, R. A. Andrews, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonello, M. Antonova , et al. (1076 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable… ▽ More The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 3 describes the dual-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 280 pages, 109 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1807.10327

Report number: Fermilab-Design-2018-04

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report Volume 1: Physics, Technology and Strategies

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. Adamowski, C. Adams, D. Adams, P. Adamson, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, C. H. Albright, L. Aliaga Soplin, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, R. A. Andrews, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonello, M. Antonova , et al. (1076 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable… ▽ More The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 1 contains an executive summary that describes the general aims of this document. The remainder of this first volume provides a more detailed description of the DUNE physics program that drives the choice of detector technologies. It also includes concise outlines of two overarching systems that have not yet evolved to consortium structures: computing and calibration. Volumes 2 and 3 of this IDR describe, for the single-phase and dual-phase technologies, respectively, each detector module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 83 pages, 11 figures

Report number: Fermilab-Design-2018-02

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 2: Single-Phase Module

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. Adamowski, C. Adams, D. Adams, P. Adamson, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, C. H. Albright, L. Aliaga Soplin, T. Alion, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, C. Alt, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, R. A. Andrews, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonello, M. Antonova , et al. (1076 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable… ▽ More The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 2 describes the single-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 324 pages, 130 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1807.10340

Report number: Fermilab-Design-2018-03

Demonstration of neutron radiation-induced nucleation of supercooled water

Authors: Matthew Szydagis, Cecilia Levy, Yujia Huang, Alvine C. Kamaha, Corwin C. Knight, Gregory R. C. Rischbieter, Peter W. Wilson

Abstract: We present here direct evidence for neutrons causing nucleation of supercooled water. Highly purified water (20 nm filtration) is cooled to well below freezing (as low as -20 degrees C) with a radioactive calibration source of neutrons / gamma-rays either present or removed during each of many control cooling runs for the same volume of water. When it is primarily neutrons irradiating the sample b… ▽ More We present here direct evidence for neutrons causing nucleation of supercooled water. Highly purified water (20 nm filtration) is cooled to well below freezing (as low as -20 degrees C) with a radioactive calibration source of neutrons / gamma-rays either present or removed during each of many control cooling runs for the same volume of water. When it is primarily neutrons irradiating the sample bulk, the non-equilibrium freezing point (also known as the "supercooling point") is, on average, +0.7 degrees C warmer than the control equivalent, with a statistical significance of greater than 5 sigma, with systematic uncertainty included. This effect is not observed with water in the presence of gamma-rays instead of neutrons. While these neutrons should have theoretically had sufficient energy to mount the energy barrier, corroborating our results, their raising of supercooling temperature has never been reported experimentally to the best of our knowledge. The potential to use deeply supercooled solutions, not only water, as metastable detectors for radiation and perhaps dark matter or neutrino physics presents now a new avenue for exploration. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2021; v1 submitted 24 July, 2018; originally announced July 2018.

Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures; pre-print, pre-acceptance version

Journal ref: Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, Advance Article

The Single-Phase ProtoDUNE Technical Design Report

Authors: B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. Adamowski, C. Adams, D. L. Adams, P. Adamson, M. Adinolfi, Z. Ahmad, C. H. Albright, T. Alion, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. P. Andrews, R. A. Andrews, J. dos Anjos, A. Ankowski, J. Anthony, M. Antonello, A. Aranda Fernandez, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, E. Arrieta Diaz, J. Asaadi , et al. (806 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: ProtoDUNE-SP is the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype that is under construction and will be operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform (NP) starting in 2018. ProtoDUNE-SP, a crucial part of the DUNE effort towards the construction of the first DUNE 10-kt fiducial mass far detector module (17 kt total LAr mass), is a significant experiment in its own right. With a total liquid argon (LAr) mass… ▽ More ProtoDUNE-SP is the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype that is under construction and will be operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform (NP) starting in 2018. ProtoDUNE-SP, a crucial part of the DUNE effort towards the construction of the first DUNE 10-kt fiducial mass far detector module (17 kt total LAr mass), is a significant experiment in its own right. With a total liquid argon (LAr) mass of 0.77 kt, it represents the largest monolithic single-phase LArTPC detector to be built to date. It's technical design is given in this report. △ Less

Submitted 27 July, 2017; v1 submitted 21 June, 2017; originally announced June 2017.

Comments: 165 pages, fix references, author list and minor numbers

Broadband focusing of underwater sound using a transparent pentamode lens

Authors: Xiaoshi Su, Andrew N. Norris, Colby W. Cushing, Michael R. Haberman, Preston S. Wilson

Abstract: We report an inhomogeneous acoustic metamaterial lens based on spatial variation of refractive index for broadband focusing of underwater sound. The index gradient follows a modified hyperbolic secant profile designed to reduce aberration and suppress side lobes. The gradient index (GRIN) lens is comprised of transversely isotropic hexagonal microstructures with tunable quasi-static bulk modulus a… ▽ More We report an inhomogeneous acoustic metamaterial lens based on spatial variation of refractive index for broadband focusing of underwater sound. The index gradient follows a modified hyperbolic secant profile designed to reduce aberration and suppress side lobes. The gradient index (GRIN) lens is comprised of transversely isotropic hexagonal microstructures with tunable quasi-static bulk modulus and mass density. In addition, the unit cells are impedance-matched to water and have in-plane shear modulus negligible compared to the effective bulk modulus. The flat GRIN lens is fabricated by cutting hexagonal centimeter scale hollow microstructures in aluminum plates, which are then stacked and sealed from the exterior water. Broadband focusing effects are observed within the homogenization regime of the lattice in both finite element (FEM) simulations and underwater measurements (20-40 kHz). This design approach has potential applications in medical ultrasound imaging and underwater acoustic communications. △ Less

Submitted 26 May, 2017; originally announced May 2017.

Comments: 10 pages, 16 figures

Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Pedestrian Level Wind Comfort Inside Urban Street Canyons

Authors: P. P. Pancholy, K. Clemens, P. Geoghegan, M. Jermy, M. Moyers-Gonzalez, P. L. Wilson

Abstract: In this work we numerically investigate the flow conditions inside uniform and non-uniform street canyons well within the atmospheric boundary layer. The numerical simulations use the steady RANS method with the near-wall modelling approach to simulate wall roughness at the boundary. With the aim of investigating both flow structure in broad terms, and pedestrian comfort in the street canyon betwe… ▽ More In this work we numerically investigate the flow conditions inside uniform and non-uniform street canyons well within the atmospheric boundary layer. The numerical simulations use the steady RANS method with the near-wall modelling approach to simulate wall roughness at the boundary. With the aim of investigating both flow structure in broad terms, and pedestrian comfort in the street canyon between parallel buildings, we test different canyon configurations with varied street width, building width and building height. Turbulent conditions are broadly expected to hold within the physically-realistic range of Reynolds number of order $10^6$ considered here, where we take the building height to be a characteristic length scale, and the free stream velocity as the characteristic velocity. In addition to discussing the features of the canyon and wake flow, we investigate the effects of canyon geometry on pedestrian comfort by using the Extended Land Beaufort Scale for this purpose. We present and compare pedestrian comfort maps for each of our geometries. △ Less

Submitted 1 July, 2020; v1 submitted 27 March, 2017; originally announced March 2017.

Comments: 18 pages, 15 figures

Rayleigh Quotient Iteration with a Multigrid in Energy Preconditioner for Massively Parallel Neutron Transport

Authors: R. N. Slaybaugh, T. M. Evans, G. G. Davidson, P. P. H. Wilson

Abstract: Three complementary methods have been implemented in the code Denovo that accelerate neutral particle transport calculations with methods that use leadership-class computers fully and effectively: a multigroup block (MG) Krylov solver, a Rayleigh quotient iteration (RQI) eigenvalue solver, and a multigrid in energy preconditioner. The multigroup Krylov solver converges more quickly than Gauss Seid… ▽ More Three complementary methods have been implemented in the code Denovo that accelerate neutral particle transport calculations with methods that use leadership-class computers fully and effectively: a multigroup block (MG) Krylov solver, a Rayleigh quotient iteration (RQI) eigenvalue solver, and a multigrid in energy preconditioner. The multigroup Krylov solver converges more quickly than Gauss Seidel and enables energy decomposition such that Denovo can scale to hundreds of thousands of cores. The new multigrid in energy preconditioner reduces iteration count for many problem types and takes advantage of the new energy decomposition such that it can scale efficiently. These two tools are useful on their own, but together they enable the RQI eigenvalue solver to work. Each individual method has been described before, but this is the first time they have been demonstrated to work together effectively. RQI should converge in fewer iterations than power iteration (PI) for large and challenging problems. RQI creates shifted systems that would not be tractable without the MG Krylov solver. It also creates ill-conditioned matrices that cannot converge without the multigrid in energy preconditioner. Using these methods together, RQI converged in fewer iterations and in less time than all PI calculations for a full pressurized water reactor core. It also scaled reasonably well out to 275,968 cores. △ Less

Submitted 7 February, 2017; originally announced February 2017.

Comments: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1612.00907

Journal ref: ANS MC2015 Joint International Conference on Mathematics and Computation, Supercomputing in Nuclear Applications and the Monte Carlo Method, Nashville, Tennessee, April 19-23, 2015

Multigrid In Energy Preconditioner for Krylov Solvers

Authors: R. N. Slaybaugh, T. M. Evans, G. G. Davidson, P. P. H. Wilson

Abstract: We have added a new multigrid in energy (MGE) preconditioner to the Denovo discrete-ordinates radiation transport code. This preconditioner takes advantage of a new multilevel parallel decomposition. A multigroup Krylov subspace iterative solver that is decomposed in energy as well as space-angle forms the backbone of the transport solves in Denovo. The space-angle-energy decomposition facilitates… ▽ More We have added a new multigrid in energy (MGE) preconditioner to the Denovo discrete-ordinates radiation transport code. This preconditioner takes advantage of a new multilevel parallel decomposition. A multigroup Krylov subspace iterative solver that is decomposed in energy as well as space-angle forms the backbone of the transport solves in Denovo. The space-angle-energy decomposition facilitates scaling to hundreds of thousands of cores. The multigrid in energy preconditioner scales well in the energy dimension and significantly reduces the number of Krylov iterations required for convergence. This preconditioner is well-suited for use with advanced eigenvalue solvers such as Rayleigh Quotient Iteration and Arnoldi. △ Less

Submitted 2 December, 2016; originally announced December 2016.

Journal ref: Journal of Computational Physics. 242 (2013) 405-419

Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Conceptual Design Report Volume 1: The LBNF and DUNE Projects

Authors: R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. Adamowski, C. Adams, P. Adamson, S. Adhikari, Z. Ahmad, C. H. Albright, T. Alion, E. Amador, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andrews, R. Andrews, I. Anghel, J. d. Anjos, A. Ankowski, M. Antonello, A. ArandaFernandez, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, D. Aristizabal, E. Arrieta-Diaz, K. Aryal , et al. (780 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This document presents the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) put forward by an international neutrino community to pursue the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF/DUNE), a groundbreaking science experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies and for neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. The DUNE far detector will be a very large modu… ▽ More This document presents the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) put forward by an international neutrino community to pursue the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF/DUNE), a groundbreaking science experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies and for neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. The DUNE far detector will be a very large modular liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) located deep underground, coupled to the LBNF multi-megawatt wide-band neutrino beam. DUNE will also have a high-resolution and high-precision near detector. △ Less

Submitted 20 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016.

Measurement of the $B_c^{\pm}$ production cross section in $p\bar{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=1.96$ TeV

Authors: CDF Collaboration, T. Aaltonen, S. Amerio, D. Amidei, A. Anastassov, A. Annovi, J. Antos, G. Apollinari, J. A. Appel, T. Arisawa, A. Artikov, J. Asaadi, W. Ashmanskas, B. Auerbach, A. Aurisano, F. Azfar, W. Badgett, T. Bae, A. Barbaro-Galtieri, V. E. Barnes, B. A. Barnett, P. Barria, P. Bartos, M. Bauce, F. Bedeschi , et al. (374 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We describe a measurement of the ratio of the cross sections times branching fractions of the $B_c^+$ meson in the decay mode $B_c^+ \rightarrow J/ψμν$ to the $B^+$ meson in the decay mode $B^+ \rightarrow J/ψK^+$ in proton-antiproton collisions at center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=1.96$ TeV. The measurement is based on the complete CDF Run II data set, which comes from an integrated luminosity of… ▽ More We describe a measurement of the ratio of the cross sections times branching fractions of the $B_c^+$ meson in the decay mode $B_c^+ \rightarrow J/ψμν$ to the $B^+$ meson in the decay mode $B^+ \rightarrow J/ψK^+$ in proton-antiproton collisions at center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=1.96$ TeV. The measurement is based on the complete CDF Run II data set, which comes from an integrated luminosity of $8.7\,{\rm fb}^{-1}$. The ratio of the production cross sections times branching fractions for $B_c^+$ and $B_c^+$ mesons with momentum transverse to the beam greater than $6~\textrm{GeV}/c$ and rapidity magnitude smaller than 0.6 is $0.211\pm 0.012~\mbox{(stat)}^{+0.021}_{-0.020}~\mbox{(syst)}$. Using the known $B^+ \rightarrow J/ψK^+$ branching fraction, the known $B^+$ production cross section, and a selection of the predicted $B_c^+ \rightarrow J/ψμν$ branching fractions, the range for the total $B_c^+$ production cross section is estimated. △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2016; v1 submitted 15 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016.

Comments: 28 pages, 25 figures, and 20 tables. This version is consistent with paper published in Phys. Rev. D on March 1, 2016

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-16-008-E-PPD

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 93, 052001 (2016)

Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Conceptual Design Report, Volume 4 The DUNE Detectors at LBNF

Authors: R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. Adamowski, C. Adams, P. Adamson, S. Adhikari, Z. Ahmad, C. H. Albright, T. Alion, E. Amador, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andrews, R. Andrews, I. Anghel, J. d. Anjos, A. Ankowski, M. Antonello, A. ArandaFernandez, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, D. Aristizabal, E. Arrieta-Diaz, K. Aryal , et al. (779 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A description of the proposed detector(s) for DUNE at LBNF A description of the proposed detector(s) for DUNE at LBNF △ Less

Submitted 12 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016.

Calibration and GEANT4 Simulations of the Phase II Proton Compute Tomography (pCT) Range Stack Detector

Authors: S. A. Uzunyan, G. Blazey, S. Boi, G. Coutrakon, A. Dyshkant, K. Francis, D. Hedin, E. Johnson, J. Kalnins, V. Zutshi, R. Ford, J. E. Rauch, P. Rubinov, G. Sellberg, P. Wilson, M. Naimuddin

Abstract: Northern Illinois University in collaboration with Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) and Delhi University has been designing and building a proton CT scanner for applications in proton treatment planning. The Phase II proton CT scanner consists of eight planes of tracking detectors with two X and two Y coordinate measurements both before and after the patient. In addition, a range stack… ▽ More Northern Illinois University in collaboration with Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) and Delhi University has been designing and building a proton CT scanner for applications in proton treatment planning. The Phase II proton CT scanner consists of eight planes of tracking detectors with two X and two Y coordinate measurements both before and after the patient. In addition, a range stack detector consisting of a stack of thin scintillator tiles, arranged in twelve eight-tile frames, is used to determine the water equivalent path length (WEPL) of each track through the patient. The X-Y coordinates and WEPL are required input for image reconstruction software to find the relative (proton) stopping powers (RSP) value of each voxel in the patient and generate a corresponding 3D image. In this Note we describe tests conducted in 2015 at the proton beam at the Central DuPage Hospital in Warrenville, IL, focusing on the range stack calibration procedure and comparisons with the GEANT~4 range stack simulation. △ Less

Submitted 4 January, 2016; v1 submitted 3 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016.

Report number: FERMILAB-TM-2617-AD-CD-E

Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Conceptual Design Report Volume 2: The Physics Program for DUNE at LBNF

Authors: DUNE Collaboration, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. Adamowski, C. Adams, P. Adamson, S. Adhikari, Z. Ahmad, C. H. Albright, T. Alion, E. Amador, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andrews, R. Andrews, I. Anghel, J. d. Anjos, A. Ankowski, M. Antonello, A. ArandaFernandez, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, D. Aristizabal, E. Arrieta-Diaz , et al. (780 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Physics Program for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Fermilab Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) is described. The Physics Program for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Fermilab Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) is described. △ Less

Submitted 22 January, 2016; v1 submitted 18 December, 2015; originally announced December 2015.

Development of a proton Computed Tomography Detector System

Authors: Md. Naimuddin, G. Coutrakon, G. Blazey, S. Boi, A. Dyshkant, B. Erdelyi, D. Hedin, E. Johnson, J. Krider, V. Rukalin, S. A. Uzunyan, V. Zutshi, R. Fordt, G. Sellberg, J. E. Rauch, M. Roman, P. Rubinov, P. Wilson

Abstract: Computer tomography is one of the most promising new methods to image abnormal tissues inside the human body. Tomography is also used to position the patient accurately before radiation therapy. Hadron therapy for treating cancer has become one of the most advantageous and safe options. In order to fully utilize the advantages of hadron therapy, there is a necessity of performing radiography with… ▽ More Computer tomography is one of the most promising new methods to image abnormal tissues inside the human body. Tomography is also used to position the patient accurately before radiation therapy. Hadron therapy for treating cancer has become one of the most advantageous and safe options. In order to fully utilize the advantages of hadron therapy, there is a necessity of performing radiography with hadrons as well. In this paper we present the development of a proton computed tomography system. Our second-generation proton tomography system consists of two upstream and two downstream trackers made up of fibers as active material and a range detector consisting of plastic scintillators. We present details of the detector system, readout electronics, and data acquisition system as well as the commissioning of the entire system. We also present preliminary results from the test beam of the range detector. △ Less

Submitted 1 October, 2015; originally announced October 2015.

Comments: Prepared for iWorid Proceedings

The Intermediate Neutrino Program

Authors: C. Adams, J. R. Alonso, A. M. Ankowski, J. A. Asaadi, J. Ashenfelter, S. N. Axani, K. Babu, C. Backhouse, H. R. Band, P. S. Barbeau, N. Barros, A. Bernstein, M. Betancourt, M. Bishai, E. Blucher, J. Bouffard, N. Bowden, S. Brice, C. Bryan, L. Camilleri, J. Cao, J. Carlson, R. E. Carr, A. Chatterjee, M. Chen , et al. (164 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The US neutrino community gathered at the Workshop on the Intermediate Neutrino Program (WINP) at Brookhaven National Laboratory February 4-6, 2015 to explore opportunities in neutrino physics over the next five to ten years. Scientists from particle, astroparticle and nuclear physics participated in the workshop. The workshop examined promising opportunities for neutrino physics in the intermedia… ▽ More The US neutrino community gathered at the Workshop on the Intermediate Neutrino Program (WINP) at Brookhaven National Laboratory February 4-6, 2015 to explore opportunities in neutrino physics over the next five to ten years. Scientists from particle, astroparticle and nuclear physics participated in the workshop. The workshop examined promising opportunities for neutrino physics in the intermediate term, including possible new small to mid-scale experiments, US contributions to large experiments, upgrades to existing experiments, R&D plans and theory. The workshop was organized into two sets of parallel working group sessions, divided by physics topics and technology. Physics working groups covered topics on Sterile Neutrinos, Neutrino Mixing, Neutrino Interactions, Neutrino Properties and Astrophysical Neutrinos. Technology sessions were organized into Theory, Short-Baseline Accelerator Neutrinos, Reactor Neutrinos, Detector R&D and Source, Cyclotron and Meson Decay at Rest sessions.This report summarizes discussion and conclusions from the workshop. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2015; v1 submitted 23 March, 2015; originally announced March 2015.

Comments: pdfLaTeX, 31 pages, 1 figure, minor modification to 0nuBB discussion

A Proposal for a Three Detector Short-Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Program in the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam

Authors: R. Acciarri, C. Adams, R. An, C. Andreopoulos, A. M. Ankowski, M. Antonello, J. Asaadi, W. Badgett, L. Bagby, B. Baibussinov, B. Baller, G. Barr, N. Barros, M. Bass, V. Bellini, P. Benetti, S. Bertolucci, K. Biery, H. Bilokon, M. Bishai, A. Bitadze, A. Blake, F. Boffelli, T. Bolton, M. Bonesini , et al. (199 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) physics program of three LAr-TPC detectors located along the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab is presented. This new SBN Program will deliver a rich and compelling physics opportunity, including the ability to resolve a class of experimental anomalies in neutrino physics and to perform the most sensitive search to date for sterile neutrinos at the eV mass-sca… ▽ More A Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) physics program of three LAr-TPC detectors located along the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab is presented. This new SBN Program will deliver a rich and compelling physics opportunity, including the ability to resolve a class of experimental anomalies in neutrino physics and to perform the most sensitive search to date for sterile neutrinos at the eV mass-scale through both appearance and disappearance oscillation channels. Using data sets of 6.6e20 protons on target (P.O.T.) in the LAr1-ND and ICARUS T600 detectors plus 13.2e20 P.O.T. in the MicroBooNE detector, we estimate that a search for muon neutrino to electron neutrino appearance can be performed with ~5 sigma sensitivity for the LSND allowed (99% C.L.) parameter region. In this proposal for the SBN Program, we describe the physics analysis, the conceptual design of the LAr1-ND detector, the design and refurbishment of the T600 detector, the necessary infrastructure required to execute the program, and a possible reconfiguration of the BNB target and horn system to improve its performance for oscillation searches. △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2015; originally announced March 2015.

Comments: 209 pages, 129 figures

A New Proton CT Scanner

Authors: S. A. Uzunyan, G. Blazey, S. Boi, G. Coutrakon, A. Dyshkant, B. Erdelyi, D. Hedin, E. Johnson, J. Krider, V. Rykalin, V. Zutshi, R. Ford, G. Sellberg, J . E. Rauch, M. Roman, P. Rubinov, P. Wilson, M. Naimuddin

Abstract: The design, construction, and preliminary testing of a second generation proton CT scanner is presented. All current treatment planning systems at proton therapy centers use X-ray CT as the primary imaging modality for treatment planning to calculate doses to tumor and healthy tissues. One of the limitations of X-ray CT is in the conversion of X-ray attenuation coefficients to relative (proton) st… ▽ More The design, construction, and preliminary testing of a second generation proton CT scanner is presented. All current treatment planning systems at proton therapy centers use X-ray CT as the primary imaging modality for treatment planning to calculate doses to tumor and healthy tissues. One of the limitations of X-ray CT is in the conversion of X-ray attenuation coefficients to relative (proton) stopping powers, or RSP. This results in more proton range uncertainty, larger target volumes and therefore, more dose to healthy tissues. To help improve this, we present a novel scanner capable of high dose rates, up to 2~MHz, and large area coverage, 20~x~24~cm$^2$, for imaging an adult head phantom and reconstructing more accurate RSP values. △ Less

Submitted 4 January, 2016; v1 submitted 29 August, 2014; originally announced September 2014.

Comments: 6 pages,10 figures; Presented at 23rd Conference on Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry (CAARI 2014), San Antonio, TX, May 25-30, 2014

Planning the Future of U.S. Particle Physics (Snowmass 2013): Chapter 8: Instrumentation Frontier

Authors: M. Demarteau, R. Lipton, H. Nicholson, I. Shipsey, D. Akerib, A. Albayrak-Yetkin, J. Alexander, J. Anderson, M. Artuso, D. Asner, R. Ball, M. Battaglia, C. Bebek, J. Beene, Y. Benhammou, E. Bentefour, M. Bergevin, A. Bernstein, B. Bilki, E. Blucher, G. Bolla, D. Bortoletto, N. Bowden, G. Brooijmans, K. Byrum , et al. (189 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: These reports present the results of the 2013 Community Summer Study of the APS Division of Particles and Fields ("Snowmass 2013") on the future program of particle physics in the U.S. Chapter 8, on the Instrumentation Frontier, discusses the instrumentation needs of future experiments in the Energy, Intensity, and Cosmic Frontiers, promising new technologies for particle physics research, and iss… ▽ More These reports present the results of the 2013 Community Summer Study of the APS Division of Particles and Fields ("Snowmass 2013") on the future program of particle physics in the U.S. Chapter 8, on the Instrumentation Frontier, discusses the instrumentation needs of future experiments in the Energy, Intensity, and Cosmic Frontiers, promising new technologies for particle physics research, and issues of gathering resources for long-term research in this area. △ Less

Submitted 23 January, 2014; originally announced January 2014.

Comments: 50 pages

Structural and optical properties of cobalt slanted columnar thin films conformally coated with graphene by chemical vapor deposition

Authors: P. M. Wilson, D. Schmidt, E. Schubert, M. Schubert, A. Sinitskii, T. Hofmann

Abstract: A slanted cobalt sculptured columnar thin film was fabricated using glancing angle deposition, and coated subsequently with graphene using a low temperature chemical vapor deposition process. The graphene deposition process preserves shape and geometry of the sculptured thin film, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. According to the Raman spectroscopy results, the graphene coating… ▽ More A slanted cobalt sculptured columnar thin film was fabricated using glancing angle deposition, and coated subsequently with graphene using a low temperature chemical vapor deposition process. The graphene deposition process preserves shape and geometry of the sculptured thin film, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. According to the Raman spectroscopy results, the graphene coating is two to three monolayers thick and has a high defect concentration. The graphene coverage within the sculptured thin film is determined from generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry using a generalized anisotropic Bruggeman effective medium approximation. The graphene coverage as well as structural parameters of the thin film agree excellently with electron microscopy and Raman observations, and suggest that the graphene coating is conformal. △ Less

Submitted 18 December, 2013; originally announced December 2013.

Development of a proton Computed Tomography (pCT) scanner at NIU

Authors: S. A. Uzunyan, G. Blazey, S. Boi, G. Coutrakon, A. Dyshkant, B. Erdelyi, A. Gearhart, D. Hedin, E. Johnson, J. Krider, V. Zutshi, R. Ford, T. Fitzpatrick, G. Sellberg, J. E. Rauch, M. Roman, P. Rubinov, P. Wilson, K. Lalwani, M. Naimuddin

Abstract: We describe the development of a proton Computed Tomography (pCT) scanner at Northern Illinois University (NIU) in collaboration with Fermilab and Delhi University. This paper provides an overview of major components of the scanner and a detailed description of the data acquisition system (DAQ). We describe the development of a proton Computed Tomography (pCT) scanner at Northern Illinois University (NIU) in collaboration with Fermilab and Delhi University. This paper provides an overview of major components of the scanner and a detailed description of the data acquisition system (DAQ). △ Less

Submitted 13 December, 2013; originally announced December 2013.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures. Proceedings of the International Conference "New Trends in High-Energy Physics", Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine, September 23-29, 2013, edited by L.L. Jenkovszky, D. Savchenko, G. Stelmakn, (Kiev, 2013), pp. 152-157

Report number: C13-09-28

Operational experience, improvements, and performance of the CDF Run II silicon vertex detector

Authors: T. Aaltonen, S. Behari, A. Boveia, B. Brau, G. Bolla, D. Bortoletto, C. Calancha, S. Carron, S. Cihangir, M. Corbo, D. Clark, B. Di Ruzza, R. Eusebi, J. P. Fernandez, J. C. Freeman, J. E. Garcia, M. Garcia-Sciveres, D. Glenzinski, O. Gonzalez, S. Grinstein, M. Hartz, M. Herndon, C. Hill, A. Hocker, U. Husemann , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) pursues a broad physics program at Fermilab's Tevatron collider. Between Run II commissioning in early 2001 and the end of operations in September 2011, the Tevatron delivered 12 fb-1 of integrated luminosity of p-pbar collisions at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV. Many physics analyses undertaken by CDF require heavy flavor tagging with large charged particle tracking acc… ▽ More The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) pursues a broad physics program at Fermilab's Tevatron collider. Between Run II commissioning in early 2001 and the end of operations in September 2011, the Tevatron delivered 12 fb-1 of integrated luminosity of p-pbar collisions at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV. Many physics analyses undertaken by CDF require heavy flavor tagging with large charged particle tracking acceptance. To realize these goals, in 2001 CDF installed eight layers of silicon microstrip detectors around its interaction region. These detectors were designed for 2--5 years of operation, radiation doses up to 2 Mrad (0.02 Gy), and were expected to be replaced in 2004. The sensors were not replaced, and the Tevatron run was extended for several years beyond its design, exposing the sensors and electronics to much higher radiation doses than anticipated. In this paper we describe the operational challenges encountered over the past 10 years of running the CDF silicon detectors, the preventive measures undertaken, and the improvements made along the way to ensure their optimal performance for collecting high quality physics data. In addition, we describe the quantities and methods used to monitor radiation damage in the sensors for optimal performance and summarize the detector performance quantities important to CDF's physics program, including vertex resolution, heavy flavor tagging, and silicon vertex trigger performance. △ Less

Submitted 3 October, 2013; v1 submitted 14 January, 2013; originally announced January 2013.

Comments: Preprint accepted for publication in Nuclear Instruments and Methods A (07/31/2013)

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-13-015-E

Journal ref: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, A 729 (2013) 153-181

Body-rock or lift-off in flow

Authors: Frank T. Smith, Phillip L. Wilson

Abstract: Conditions are investigated under which a body lying at rest or rocking on a solid horizontal surface can be removed from the surface by hydrodynamic forces or instead continues rocking. The investigation is motivated by recent observations on Martian dust movement as well as other small- and large-scale applications. The nonlinear theory of fluid-body interaction here has unsteady motion of an in… ▽ More Conditions are investigated under which a body lying at rest or rocking on a solid horizontal surface can be removed from the surface by hydrodynamic forces or instead continues rocking. The investigation is motivated by recent observations on Martian dust movement as well as other small- and large-scale applications. The nonlinear theory of fluid-body interaction here has unsteady motion of an inviscid fluid interacting with a moving thin body. Various shapes of body are addressed together with a range of initial conditions. The relevant parameter space is found to be subtle as evolution and shape play substantial roles coupled with scaled mass and gravity effects. Lift-off of the body from the surface generally cannot occur without fluid flow but it can occur either immediately or within a finite time once the fluid flow starts up: parameters for this are found and comparisons are made with Martian observations. △ Less

Submitted 10 January, 2013; originally announced January 2013.

Comments: 28 pages, 9 figures

Journal ref: Journal of Fluid Mechanics 735 (2013) 91-119

Application of a spring-dashpot system to clinical lung tumor motion data

Authors: E. J. Ackerley, A. E. Cavan, P. L. Wilson, R. I. Berbeco, J. Meyer

Abstract: A spring-dashpot system based on the Voigt model was developed to model the correlation between abdominal respiratory motion and tumor motion during lung radiotherapy. The model was applied to clinical data comprising 52 treatment beams from 10 patients, treated on the Mitsubishi Real-Time Radiation Therapy system, Sapporo, Japan. In Stage 1, model parameters were optimized for individual patients… ▽ More A spring-dashpot system based on the Voigt model was developed to model the correlation between abdominal respiratory motion and tumor motion during lung radiotherapy. The model was applied to clinical data comprising 52 treatment beams from 10 patients, treated on the Mitsubishi Real-Time Radiation Therapy system, Sapporo, Japan. In Stage 1, model parameters were optimized for individual patients and beams to determine reference values and to investigate how well the model can describe the data. In Stage 2, for each patient the optimal parameters determined for a single beam were applied to data from other beams to investigate whether a beam-specific set of model parameters is sufficient to model tumor motion over a course of treatment. In Stage 1 the baseline root mean square (RMS) residual error for all individually-optimized beam data was 0.90 plus or minus 0.40 mm. In Stage 2, patient-specific model parameters based on a single beam were found to model the tumor position closely, even for irregular beam data, with a mean increase with respect to Stage 1 values in RMS error of 0.37 mm. On average the obtained model output for the tumor position was 95% of the time within an absolute bound of 2.0 mm and 2.6 mm in Stage 1 and 2, respectively. The model was capable of dealing with baseline, amplitude and frequency variations of the input data, as well as phase shifts between the input tumor and output abdominal signals. These results indicate that it may be feasible to collect patient-specific model parameters during or prior to the first treatment, and then retain these for the rest of the treatment period. The model has potential for clinical application during radiotherapy treatment of lung tumors. △ Less

Submitted 2 September, 2012; originally announced September 2012.

Journal ref: Medical Physics 40(2) (2013)

A 96-Channel FPGA-based Time-to-Digital Converter

Authors: Mircea Bogdan, Henry Frisch, Mary Heintz, Alexander Paramonov, Harold Sanders, Steve Chappa, Robert DeMaat, Rod Klein, Ting Miao, Peter Wilson, Thomas J. Phillips

Abstract: We describe an FPGA-based, 96-channel, time-to-digital converter (TDC) intended for use with the Central Outer Tracker (COT) in the CDF Experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron. The COT system is digitized and read out by 315 TDC cards, each serving 96 wires of the chamber. The TDC is physically configured as a 9U VME card. The functionality is almost entirely programmed in firmware in two Altera Str… ▽ More We describe an FPGA-based, 96-channel, time-to-digital converter (TDC) intended for use with the Central Outer Tracker (COT) in the CDF Experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron. The COT system is digitized and read out by 315 TDC cards, each serving 96 wires of the chamber. The TDC is physically configured as a 9U VME card. The functionality is almost entirely programmed in firmware in two Altera Stratix FPGA's. The special capabilities of this device are the availability of 840 MHz LVDS inputs, multiple phase-locked clock modules, and abundant memory. The TDC system operates with an input resolution of 1.2 ns. Each input can accept up to 7 hits per collision. The time-to-digital conversion is done by first sampling each of the 96 inputs in 1.2-ns bins and filling a circular memory; the memory addresses of logical transitions (edges) in the input data are then translated into the time of arrival and width of the COT pulses. Memory pipelines with a depth of 5.5 $μ$s allow deadtime-less operation in the first-level trigger. The TDC VME interface allows a 64-bit Chain Block Transfer of multiple boards in a crate with transfer-rates up to 47 Mbytes/sec. The TDC also contains a separately-programmed data path that produces prompt trigger data every Tevatron crossing. The full TDC design and multi-card test results are described. The physical simplicity ensures low-maintenance; the functionality being in firmware allows reprogramming for other applications. △ Less

Submitted 11 February, 2005; originally announced February 2005.

Comments: 32 pages, 13 figures

Report number: EFI-04-42

Journal ref: Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A554:444-457,2005

Impedance Measurement Setup for Higher-Order Mode Studies in NLC Accelerator Structures with the Wire Method

Authors: N. Baboi, R. M. Jones, J. W. Wang, G. B. Bowden, V. A. Dolgashev, J. Lewandowski, S. G. Tantawi, P. B. Wilson

Abstract: Dipole modes are the main cause of transverse emittance dilution in the Japanese Linear Collider / Next Linear Collider (JLC/NLC). A diagnostic setup has been built in order to investigate them. The method is based on using a coaxial wire to excite and measure electromagnetic modes of accelerating structures. This method can offer a more efficient and less expensive procedure than the ASSET faci… ▽ More Dipole modes are the main cause of transverse emittance dilution in the Japanese Linear Collider / Next Linear Collider (JLC/NLC). A diagnostic setup has been built in order to investigate them. The method is based on using a coaxial wire to excite and measure electromagnetic modes of accelerating structures. This method can offer a more efficient and less expensive procedure than the ASSET facility. Initial measurements have been made and are presented in this paper. △ Less

Submitted 19 September, 2002; originally announced September 2002.

Comments: 3 pages Presented at Linac 2002, Gyeongju, Korea, Aug. 19-23, 2002

Report number: SLAC-PUB-9472

A Multi-Moded RF Delay Line Distribution System for the Next Linear Collider

Authors: S. G. Tantawi, C. Nantista, N. Kroll, Z. Li, R. Miller, R. Ruth, P. Wilson, J. Neilson

Abstract: The Delay Line Distribution System (DLDS) is an alternative to conventional pulse compression, which enhances the peak power of rf sources while matching the long pulse of those sources to the shorter filling time of accelerator structures. We present an implementation of this scheme that combines pairs of parallel delay lines of the system into single lines. The power of several sources is comb… ▽ More The Delay Line Distribution System (DLDS) is an alternative to conventional pulse compression, which enhances the peak power of rf sources while matching the long pulse of those sources to the shorter filling time of accelerator structures. We present an implementation of this scheme that combines pairs of parallel delay lines of the system into single lines. The power of several sources is combined into a single waveguide delay line using a multi-mode launcher. The output mode of the launcher is determined by the phase coding of the input signals. The combined power is extracted from the delay line using mode-selective extractors, each of which extracts a single mode. Hence, the phase coding of the sources controls the output port of the combined power. The power is then fed to the local accelerator structures. We present a detailed design of such a system, including several implementation methods for the launchers, extractors, and ancillary high power rf components. The system is designed so that it can handle the 600 MW peak power required by the NLC design while maintaining high efficiency. △ Less

Submitted 17 September, 2002; originally announced September 2002.

Comments: 25 pages, 11 figures

Report number: SLAC-PUB-9125

Journal ref: Phys.Rev.ST Accel.Beams 5 (2002) 032001

Tuning And Field Sensitivity Of Pi-Mode Standing Wave Linacs For The NLC

Authors: R. M. Jones, R. H. Miller, J. W. Wang, P. B. Wilson

Abstract: In order to mitigate the effects of electrical breakdown (which have been found to occur in SLAC X-band traveling wave structures) standing wave structures are being considered for the NLC linac. At SLAC, structures consisting of 15 cells operating in the p accelerating mode are being tested for their electrical breakdown characteristics. In this paper the tuning requirement on the cavities is e… ▽ More In order to mitigate the effects of electrical breakdown (which have been found to occur in SLAC X-band traveling wave structures) standing wave structures are being considered for the NLC linac. At SLAC, structures consisting of 15 cells operating in the p accelerating mode are being tested for their electrical breakdown characteristics. In this paper the tuning requirement on the cavities is elucidated by utilizing a circuit model of the structure. The sensitivity of the field to both random and systematic errors is also discussed. △ Less

Submitted 27 June, 2002; originally announced June 2002.

Comments: Paper presented at the 2002 8th European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC 2002) Paris, France, June 3rd -June 7th, 2002

Report number: SLAC-PUB-9247

A Plasma Model for RF Breakdown in Accelerator Structures

Authors: P. B. Wilson

Abstract: A plasma model is presented for the formation of ``cathode spots'' and subsequent crater development near field emission sites on a copper surface in the presence of a strong dc electric field. Adding to previously published models, we propose that the two-stream plasma instability relates the plasma density to its dimensions. Arguments are presented that suggest that the formation and dynamics… ▽ More A plasma model is presented for the formation of ``cathode spots'' and subsequent crater development near field emission sites on a copper surface in the presence of a strong dc electric field. Adding to previously published models, we propose that the two-stream plasma instability relates the plasma density to its dimensions. Arguments are presented that suggest that the formation and dynamics of such plasma spots are essentially the same phenomenon for both dc and rf fields. A consequence for accelerating structures is that, when such plasma spots are present, they erode the copper surface at a rate on the order of 300 micrograms per Coulomb of ion bombardment current. This erosion rate can have a measurable effect on the rf properties of an accelerating structure after processing at high gradients for a few hundred hours. △ Less

Submitted 30 September, 2000; originally announced October 2000.

Comments: Linac2000 Papaer TUE05. One PDF File, File Name: TUE05.pdf

Journal ref: eConf C00082 (2000) TUE05

DC-electric-field-induced and low-frequency electromodulation second-harmonic generation spectroscopy of Si(001)-SiO$_2$ interfaces

Authors: O. A. Aktsipetrov, A. A. Fedyanin, A. V. Melnikov, E. D. Mishina, A. N. Rubtsov, M. H. Anderson, P. T. Wilson, M. ter Beek, X. F. Hu, J. I. Dadap, M. C. Downer

Abstract: The mechanism of DC-Electric-Field-Induced Second-Harmonic (EFISH) generation at weakly nonlinear buried Si(001)-SiO$_2$ interfaces is studied experimentally in planar Si(001)-SiO$_2$-Cr MOS structures by optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy with a tunable Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser. The spectral dependence of the EFISH contribution near the direct two-photon $E_1$ transition… ▽ More The mechanism of DC-Electric-Field-Induced Second-Harmonic (EFISH) generation at weakly nonlinear buried Si(001)-SiO$_2$ interfaces is studied experimentally in planar Si(001)-SiO$_2$-Cr MOS structures by optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy with a tunable Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser. The spectral dependence of the EFISH contribution near the direct two-photon $E_1$ transition of silicon is extracted. A systematic phenomenological model of the EFISH phenomenon, including a detailed description of the space charge region (SCR) at the semiconductor-dielectric interface in accumulation, depletion, and inversion regimes, has been developed. The influence of surface quantization effects, interface states, charge traps in the oxide layer, doping concentration and oxide thickness on nonlocal screening of the DC-electric field and on breaking of inversion symmetry in the SCR is considered. The model describes EFISH generation in the SCR using a Green function formalism which takes into account all retardation and absorption effects of the fundamental and second harmonic (SH) waves, optical interference between field-dependent and field-independent contributions to the SH field and multiple reflection interference in the SiO$_2$ layer. Good agreement between the phenomenological model and our recent and new EFISH spectroscopic results is demonstrated. Finally, low-frequency electromodulated EFISH is demonstrated as a useful differential spectroscopic technique for studies of the Si-SiO$_2$ interface in silicon-based MOS structures. △ Less

Submitted 3 June, 1998; v1 submitted 1 June, 1998; originally announced June 1998.

Comments: 31 pages, 14 figures, 1 table, figures are also available at http://kali.ilc.msu.su/articles/50/efish.htm