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Efficient Analysis of Carrier Transport and TM-TE Emission in AlGaN UVC LEDs via Multi-band Localization Landscape Theory
Authors:
Yu-Ming Chang,
Ping-Jie Zhuang,
Marcel Filoche,
Claude Weisbuch,
James S. Speck,
Yuh-Renn Wu
Abstract:
AlGaN-based UVC LEDs (220-250 nm) suffer from poor hole confinement and strain-induced |Z>-band dominance at high Al content (>60%), leading to increased TM emission and reduced external quantum efficiency (EQE). While conventional k.p models combined with Schrodinger, Poisson, and drift-diffusion solvers are widely used to study optical transitions, they are computationally expensive. In this wor…
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AlGaN-based UVC LEDs (220-250 nm) suffer from poor hole confinement and strain-induced |Z>-band dominance at high Al content (>60%), leading to increased TM emission and reduced external quantum efficiency (EQE). While conventional k.p models combined with Schrodinger, Poisson, and drift-diffusion solvers are widely used to study optical transitions, they are computationally expensive. In this work, we apply the multiband Localization Landscape (LL) model, including the effect of strain, as an alternative that replaces the eigenvalue problem to efficiently capture quantum effects and carrier localization. Using the 3D multi-band LL model with the Wigner-Weyl formalism, we reproduce emission and absorption spectra trends similar to the results in 3D k.p calculations, but with significantly reduced simulation time. The polarization ratio also agrees well with published experimental results across a wide spectral range. Furthermore, we analyze electrical characteristics such as band structure, polarization switching, and carrier confinement under alloy fluctuations and strain. This multi-band LL-based approach provides a fast and reliable solution for understanding and optimizing UVC LED performance.
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Submitted 4 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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General Fourier Feature Physics-Informed Extreme Learning Machine (GFF-PIELM) for High-Frequency PDEs
Authors:
Fei Ren,
Sifan Wang,
Pei-Zhi Zhuang,
Hai-Sui Yu,
He Yang
Abstract:
Conventional physics-informed extreme learning machine (PIELM) often faces challenges in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) involving high-frequency and variable-frequency behaviors. To address these challenges, we propose a general Fourier feature physics-informed extreme learning machine (GFF-PIELM). We demonstrate that directly concatenating multiple Fourier feature mappings (FFMs) a…
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Conventional physics-informed extreme learning machine (PIELM) often faces challenges in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) involving high-frequency and variable-frequency behaviors. To address these challenges, we propose a general Fourier feature physics-informed extreme learning machine (GFF-PIELM). We demonstrate that directly concatenating multiple Fourier feature mappings (FFMs) and an extreme learning machine (ELM) network makes it difficult to determine frequency-related hyperparameters. Fortunately, we find an alternative to establish the GFF-PIELM in three main steps. First, we integrate a variation of FFM into ELM as the Fourier-based activation function, so there is still one hidden layer in the GFF-PIELM framework. Second, we assign a set of frequency coefficients to the hidden neurons, which enables ELM network to capture diverse frequency components of target solutions. Finally, we develop an innovative, straightforward initialization method for these hyperparameters by monitoring the distribution of ELM output weights. GFF-PIELM not only retains the high accuracy, efficiency, and simplicity of the PIELM framework but also inherits the ability of FFMs to effectively handle high-frequency problems. We carry out five case studies with a total of ten numerical examples to highlight the feasibility and validity of the proposed GFF-PIELM, involving high frequency, variable frequency, multi-scale behaviour, irregular boundary and inverse problems. Compared to conventional PIELM, the GFF-PIELM approach significantly improves predictive accuracy without additional cost in training time and architecture complexity. Our results confirm that that PIELM can be extended to solve high-frequency and variable-frequency PDEs with high accuracy, and our initialization strategy may further inspire advances in other physics-informed machine learning (PIML) frameworks.
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Submitted 14 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Physics-Informed Extreme Learning Machine (PIELM) for Tunnelling-Induced Soil-Pile Interactions
Authors:
Fu-Chen Guo,
Pei-Zhi Zhuang,
Fei Ren,
Hong-Ya Yue,
He Yang
Abstract:
Physics-informed machine learning has been a promising data-driven and physics-informed approach in geotechnical engineering. This study proposes a physics-informed extreme learning machine (PIELM) framework for analyzing tunneling-induced soil-pile interactions. The pile foundation is modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam, and the surrounding soil is modeled as a Pasternak foundation. The soil-pile…
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Physics-informed machine learning has been a promising data-driven and physics-informed approach in geotechnical engineering. This study proposes a physics-informed extreme learning machine (PIELM) framework for analyzing tunneling-induced soil-pile interactions. The pile foundation is modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam, and the surrounding soil is modeled as a Pasternak foundation. The soil-pile interaction is formulated into a fourth-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) that constitutes the physics-informed component, while measured data are incorporated into PIELM as the data-driven component. Combining physics and data yields a loss vector of the extreme learning machine (ELM) network, which is trained within 1 second by the least squares method. After validating the PIELM approach by the boundary element method (BEM) and finite difference method (FDM), parametric studies are carried out to examine the effects of ELM network architecture, data monitoring locations and numbers on the performance of PIELM. The results indicate that monitored data should be placed at positions where the gradients of pile deflections are significant, such as at the pile tip/top and near tunneling zones. Two application examples highlight the critical role of physics-informed and data-driven approach for tunnelling-induced soil-pile interactions. The proposed approach shows great potential for real-time monitoring and safety assessment of pile foundations, and benefits for intelligent early-warning systems in geotechnical engineering.
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Submitted 1 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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OpenSWI: A Massive-Scale Benchmark Dataset for Surface Wave Dispersion Curve Inversion
Authors:
Feng Liu,
Sijie Zhao,
Xinyu Gu,
Fenghua Ling,
Peiqin Zhuang,
Yaxing Li,
Rui Su,
Lihua Fang,
Lianqing Zhou,
Jianping Huang,
Lei Bai
Abstract:
Surface wave dispersion curve inversion plays a critical role in both shallow resource exploration and deep geological studies, yet it remains hindered by sensitivity to initial models and low computational efficiency. Recently, data-driven deep learning methods, inspired by advances in computer vision, have shown promising potential to address these challenges. However, the lack of large-scale, d…
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Surface wave dispersion curve inversion plays a critical role in both shallow resource exploration and deep geological studies, yet it remains hindered by sensitivity to initial models and low computational efficiency. Recently, data-driven deep learning methods, inspired by advances in computer vision, have shown promising potential to address these challenges. However, the lack of large-scale, diverse benchmark datasets remains a major obstacle to their development and evaluation. To bridge this gap, we present OpenSWI, a comprehensive benchmark dataset generated through the Surface Wave Inversion Dataset Preparation (SWIDP) pipeline. OpenSWI includes two synthetic datasets tailored to different research scales and scenarios, OpenSWI-shallow and OpenSWI-deep, and an AI-ready real-world dataset for generalization evaluation, OpenSWI-real. OpenSWI-shallow, derived from the 2-D OpenFWI geological model dataset, contains over 22 million 1-D velocity profiles paired with fundamental-mode phase and group velocity dispersion curves, spanning a wide range of shallow geological structures (e.g., flat layers, faults, folds, realistic stratigraphy). OpenSWI-deep, built from 14 global and regional 3-D geological models, comprises 1.26 million high-fidelity 1-D velocity-dispersion pairs for deep-Earth studies. OpenSWI-real, compiled from open-source projects, contains two sets of observed dispersion curves with corresponding reference models, serving as a benchmark for evaluating model generalization. To demonstrate utility, we trained models on OpenSWI-shallow and -deep and evaluated them on OpenSWI-real, demonstrating strong agreement between predictions and references, which confirms the diversity and representativeness of the dataset. To advance intelligent surface wave inversion, we release the SWIDP toolbox, OpenSWI datasets, and trained models for the research community.
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Submitted 14 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Physics-informed extreme learning machine for Terzaghi consolidation problems and interpretation of coefficient of consolidation based on CPTu data
Authors:
He Yang,
Pin-Qiang Mo,
Fei Ren,
Hai-Sui Yu,
Xueyu Geng,
Pei-Zhi Zhuang
Abstract:
This paper conducts a preliminary study to investigate the feasibility of a physics-informed extreme learning machine (PIELM) for solving the Terzaghi consolidation equation and interpreting the coefficient of consolidation of soil from piezocone penetration tests (CPTu). In the PIELM framework, the target solution is approximated by a single-layer feed-forward extreme learning machine (ELM) netwo…
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This paper conducts a preliminary study to investigate the feasibility of a physics-informed extreme learning machine (PIELM) for solving the Terzaghi consolidation equation and interpreting the coefficient of consolidation of soil from piezocone penetration tests (CPTu). In the PIELM framework, the target solution is approximated by a single-layer feed-forward extreme learning machine (ELM) network, instead of the deep neural networks typically employed in physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). Physical laws and measured data are integrated into a loss vector, which is minimized via least squares methods during ELM training. As a result, training efficiency is significantly improved by avoiding the gradient-descent optimisation commonly used in PINNs. The performance of PIELM is evaluated using three forward-problem case studies. Notably, a time-stepping strategy is incorporated into the PIELM framework to alleviate sharp gradients caused by inconsistent initial and boundary conditions. This paper further applies PIELM to estimate the soil consolidation coefficient, given that initial distributions of excess water pressure are often unavailable in CPTu dissipation tests (conducted following the pauses of penetration). By combining physical laws (excluding initial conditions) with measured data (i.e., excess pore-water pressure at the probe surface), the results demonstrate that PIELM is an effective tool for interpreting CPTu dissipation tests, owing to its ability to fuse data with physical constraints. This study contributes to the interpretation of consolidation coefficients from CPTu dissipation tests, particularly in scenarios where initial distributions of excess water pressure are not prior-known.
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Submitted 6 February, 2026; v1 submitted 9 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Cylindrical cavity expansion analysis under partially drained conditions for normalisation of excess water pressure in CPTU
Authors:
He Yang,
Pei-Zhi Zhuang,
Hai-Sui Yu,
Pin-Qiang Mo,
Yue Ma,
Xiaohui Chen,
Fernando Schnaid
Abstract:
Cone tip resistance and excess water pressure (EWP) measured by piezocone penetration tests (CPTU) may be significantly affected by the partially drained effect in soils with intermediate permeability. To capture this effect, the paper proposes a straightforward, hydro-mechanical coupling solution for cylindrical cavity expansion under partially drained conditions. The mechanical behaviour of soil…
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Cone tip resistance and excess water pressure (EWP) measured by piezocone penetration tests (CPTU) may be significantly affected by the partially drained effect in soils with intermediate permeability. To capture this effect, the paper proposes a straightforward, hydro-mechanical coupling solution for cylindrical cavity expansion under partially drained conditions. The mechanical behaviour of soils is modelled using the elastoplastic Tresca model and water flow within porous soils is assumed to obey Darcys law. Two partial differential equations (PDEs) are established in the elastic and plastic zones, respectively, transforming the cavity expansion analysis into a typical Stefan problem with dynamic boundary conditions (i.e. a moving boundary at the elastoplastic interface). An approximate solution for the PDEs is derived by leveraging the variable transformation method. Based on the new solution, a novel normalised penetration rate is defined considering the rigidity index of soils, with which a unique backbone curve for CPTU is found. Finally, the backbone curve is compared with a database comprising 109 in-situ experimental tests, 101 centrifuge modelling tests, and numerical simulation results. The proposed solution may provide a useful theoretical tool for interpreting the consolidation coefficient of fine-grained soils from the penetration stage of multi-rate CPTU, which can enhance the interpretation reliability for CPTU dissipation tests.
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Submitted 19 February, 2025;
originally announced February 2025.
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Cooperative near- and far-field thermal management via diffusive superimposed dipoles
Authors:
Pengfei Zhuang,
Xinchen Zhou,
Xuliu Jun,
Jiping Huang
Abstract:
Active metadevices with external excitations exhibit significant potential for advanced heat regulation. Nonetheless, conventional inputs, like heating/cooling and introducing convection by rotating plate, display inherent limitations. One is the only focus on far-field control to eliminate temperature distortion in the background while neglecting near-field regulation in the functional region. An…
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Active metadevices with external excitations exhibit significant potential for advanced heat regulation. Nonetheless, conventional inputs, like heating/cooling and introducing convection by rotating plate, display inherent limitations. One is the only focus on far-field control to eliminate temperature distortion in the background while neglecting near-field regulation in the functional region. Another is lacking adaptability due to complex devices like thermoelectric modules and stepping motors. To tackle these challenges, the concept of diffusive superimposed dipoles characterized by orthogonal thermal dipole moments is proposed. Cooperative near- and far-field regulation of temperature fields is achieved by designing superimposed dipole moments, enabling transparency and cloaking functionalities. Simulation and experiment outcomes affirm the efficacy of this adaptive thermal field control technique, even when interface thermal resistance is taken into account. Adaptivity stems from dipole moment decomposability, allowing metadevices to operate in various heat flux directions and background thermal conductivity. These findings could pave the way for cooperative and adaptive thermal management and hold potential applications in other Laplace fields, including direct current and hydrodynamics.
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Submitted 6 January, 2024;
originally announced February 2024.
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Reconfigurable Three-Dimensional Thermal Dome
Authors:
Yuhong Zhou,
Fubao Yang,
Liujun Xu,
Pengfei Zhuang,
Dong Wang,
Xiaoping Ouyang,
Ying Li,
Jiping Huang
Abstract:
Thermal metamaterial represents a groundbreaking approach to control heat conduction, and, as a crucial component, thermal invisibility is of utmost importance for heat management. Despite the flourishing development of thermal invisibility schemes, they still face two limitations in practical applications. First, objects are typically completely enclosed in traditional cloaks, making them difficu…
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Thermal metamaterial represents a groundbreaking approach to control heat conduction, and, as a crucial component, thermal invisibility is of utmost importance for heat management. Despite the flourishing development of thermal invisibility schemes, they still face two limitations in practical applications. First, objects are typically completely enclosed in traditional cloaks, making them difficult to use and unsuitable for objects with heat sources. Second, although some theoretical proposals have been put forth to change the thermal conductivity of materials to achieve dynamic invisibility, their designs are complex and rigid, making them unsuitable for large-scale use in real three-dimensional spaces. Here, we propose a concept of a thermal dome to achieve three-dimensional invisibility. Our scheme includes an open functional area, greatly enhancing its usability and applicability. It features a reconfigurable structure, constructed with simple isotropic natural materials, making it suitable for dynamic requirements. The performance of our reconfigurable thermal dome has been confirmed through simulations and experiments, consistent with the theory. The introduction of this concept can greatly advance the development of thermal invisibility technology from theory to engineering and provide inspiration for other physical domains, such as direct current electric fields and magnetic fields.
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Submitted 7 January, 2024; v1 submitted 9 September, 2023;
originally announced September 2023.
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Controlling mass and energy diffusion with metamaterials
Authors:
Fubao Yang,
Zeren Zhang,
Liujun Xu,
Zhoufei Liu,
Peng Jin,
Pengfei Zhuang,
Min Lei,
Jinrong Liu,
Jian-Hua Jiang,
Xiaoping Ouyang,
Fabio Marchesoni,
Jiping Huang
Abstract:
Diffusion driven by temperature or concentration gradients is a fundamental mechanism of energy and mass transport, which inherently differs from wave propagation in both physical foundations and application prospects. Compared with conventional schemes, metamaterials provide an unprecedented potential for governing diffusion processes, based on emerging theories like the transformation and the sc…
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Diffusion driven by temperature or concentration gradients is a fundamental mechanism of energy and mass transport, which inherently differs from wave propagation in both physical foundations and application prospects. Compared with conventional schemes, metamaterials provide an unprecedented potential for governing diffusion processes, based on emerging theories like the transformation and the scattering cancellation theory, which enormously expanded the original concepts and suggest innovative metamaterial-based devices. We hereby use the term "diffusionics" to generalize these remarkable achievements in various energy (e.g., heat) and mass (e.g., particles and plasmas) diffusion systems. For clarity, we categorize the numerous studies appeared during the last decade by diffusion field (i.e., heat, particles, and plasmas) and discuss them from three different perspectives: the theoretical perspective, to detail how the transformation principle is applied to each diffusion field; the application perspective, to introduce various intriguing metamaterial-based devices, such as cloaks and radiative coolers; and the physics perspective, to connect with concepts of recent concern, such as non-Hermitian topology, nonreciprocal transport, and spatiotemporal modulation. We also discuss the possibility of controlling diffusion processes beyond metamaterials. Finally, we point out several future directions for diffusion metamaterial research, including the integration with artificial intelligence and topology concepts.
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Submitted 15 February, 2024; v1 submitted 9 September, 2023;
originally announced September 2023.
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Design of the ECCE Detector for the Electron Ion Collider
Authors:
J. K. Adkins,
Y. Akiba,
A. Albataineh,
M. Amaryan,
I. C. Arsene,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
J. Bae,
X. Bai,
M. D. Baker,
M. Bashkanov,
R. Bellwied,
F. Benmokhtar,
V. Berdnikov,
J. C. Bernauer,
F. Bock,
W. Boeglin,
M. Borysova,
E. Brash,
P. Brindza,
W. J. Briscoe,
M. Brooks,
S. Bueltmann,
M. H. S. Bukhari,
A. Bylinkin,
R. Capobianco
, et al. (259 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The EIC Comprehensive Chromodynamics Experiment (ECCE) detector has been designed to address the full scope of the proposed Electron Ion Collider (EIC) physics program as presented by the National Academy of Science and provide a deeper understanding of the quark-gluon structure of matter. To accomplish this, the ECCE detector offers nearly acceptance and energy coverage along with excellent track…
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The EIC Comprehensive Chromodynamics Experiment (ECCE) detector has been designed to address the full scope of the proposed Electron Ion Collider (EIC) physics program as presented by the National Academy of Science and provide a deeper understanding of the quark-gluon structure of matter. To accomplish this, the ECCE detector offers nearly acceptance and energy coverage along with excellent tracking and particle identification. The ECCE detector was designed to be built within the budget envelope set out by the EIC project while simultaneously managing cost and schedule risks. This detector concept has been selected to be the basis for the EIC project detector.
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Submitted 20 July, 2024; v1 submitted 6 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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Open Heavy Flavor Studies for the ECCE Detector at the Electron Ion Collider
Authors:
X. Li,
J. K. Adkins,
Y. Akiba,
A. Albataineh,
M. Amaryan,
I. C. Arsene,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
J. Bae,
X. Bai,
M. D. Baker,
M. Bashkanov,
R. Bellwied,
F. Benmokhtar,
V. Berdnikov,
J. C. Bernauer,
F. Bock,
W. Boeglin,
M. Borysova,
E. Brash,
P. Brindza,
W. J. Briscoe,
M. Brooks,
S. Bueltmann,
M. H. S. Bukhari,
A. Bylinkin
, et al. (262 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ECCE detector has been recommended as the selected reference detector for the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). A series of simulation studies have been carried out to validate the physics feasibility of the ECCE detector. In this paper, detailed studies of heavy flavor hadron and jet reconstruction and physics projections with the ECCE detector performance and different magnet options will…
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The ECCE detector has been recommended as the selected reference detector for the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). A series of simulation studies have been carried out to validate the physics feasibility of the ECCE detector. In this paper, detailed studies of heavy flavor hadron and jet reconstruction and physics projections with the ECCE detector performance and different magnet options will be presented. The ECCE detector has enabled precise EIC heavy flavor hadron and jet measurements with a broad kinematic coverage. These proposed heavy flavor measurements will help systematically study the hadronization process in vacuum and nuclear medium especially in the underexplored kinematic region.
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Submitted 23 July, 2022; v1 submitted 21 July, 2022;
originally announced July 2022.
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Exclusive J/$ψ$ Detection and Physics with ECCE
Authors:
X. Li,
J. K. Adkins,
Y. Akiba,
A. Albataineh,
M. Amaryan,
I. C. Arsene,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
J. Bae,
X. Bai,
M. D. Baker,
M. Bashkanov,
R. Bellwied,
F. Benmokhtar,
V. Berdnikov,
J. C. Bernauer,
F. Bock,
W. Boeglin,
M. Borysova,
E. Brash,
P. Brindza,
W. J. Briscoe,
M. Brooks,
S. Bueltmann,
M. H. S. Bukhari,
A. Bylinkin
, et al. (262 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Exclusive heavy quarkonium photoproduction is one of the most popular processes in EIC, which has a large cross section and a simple final state. Due to the gluonic nature of the exchange Pomeron, this process can be related to the gluon distributions in the nucleus. The momentum transfer dependence of this process is sensitive to the interaction sites, which provides a powerful tool to probe the…
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Exclusive heavy quarkonium photoproduction is one of the most popular processes in EIC, which has a large cross section and a simple final state. Due to the gluonic nature of the exchange Pomeron, this process can be related to the gluon distributions in the nucleus. The momentum transfer dependence of this process is sensitive to the interaction sites, which provides a powerful tool to probe the spatial distribution of gluons in the nucleus. Recently the problem of the origin of hadron mass has received lots of attention in determining the anomaly contribution $M_{a}$. The trace anomaly is sensitive to the gluon condensate, and exclusive production of quarkonia such as J/$ψ$ and $Υ$ can serve as a sensitive probe to constrain it. In this paper, we present the performance of the ECCE detector for exclusive J/$ψ$ detection and the capability of this process to investigate the above physics opportunities with ECCE.
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Submitted 21 July, 2022;
originally announced July 2022.
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Design and Simulated Performance of Calorimetry Systems for the ECCE Detector at the Electron Ion Collider
Authors:
F. Bock,
N. Schmidt,
P. K. Wang,
N. Santiesteban,
T. Horn,
J. Huang,
J. Lajoie,
C. Munoz Camacho,
J. K. Adkins,
Y. Akiba,
A. Albataineh,
M. Amaryan,
I. C. Arsene,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
J. Bae,
X. Bai,
M. D. Baker,
M. Bashkanov,
R. Bellwied,
F. Benmokhtar,
V. Berdnikov,
J. C. Bernauer,
W. Boeglin,
M. Borysova,
E. Brash
, et al. (263 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We describe the design and performance the calorimeter systems used in the ECCE detector design to achieve the overall performance specifications cost-effectively with careful consideration of appropriate technical and schedule risks. The calorimeter systems consist of three electromagnetic calorimeters, covering the combined pseudorapdity range from -3.7 to 3.8 and two hadronic calorimeters. Key…
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We describe the design and performance the calorimeter systems used in the ECCE detector design to achieve the overall performance specifications cost-effectively with careful consideration of appropriate technical and schedule risks. The calorimeter systems consist of three electromagnetic calorimeters, covering the combined pseudorapdity range from -3.7 to 3.8 and two hadronic calorimeters. Key calorimeter performances which include energy and position resolutions, reconstruction efficiency, and particle identification will be presented.
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Submitted 19 July, 2022;
originally announced July 2022.
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AI-assisted Optimization of the ECCE Tracking System at the Electron Ion Collider
Authors:
C. Fanelli,
Z. Papandreou,
K. Suresh,
J. K. Adkins,
Y. Akiba,
A. Albataineh,
M. Amaryan,
I. C. Arsene,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
J. Bae,
X. Bai,
M. D. Baker,
M. Bashkanov,
R. Bellwied,
F. Benmokhtar,
V. Berdnikov,
J. C. Bernauer,
F. Bock,
W. Boeglin,
M. Borysova,
E. Brash,
P. Brindza,
W. J. Briscoe,
M. Brooks,
S. Bueltmann
, et al. (258 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a cutting-edge accelerator facility that will study the nature of the "glue" that binds the building blocks of the visible matter in the universe. The proposed experiment will be realized at Brookhaven National Laboratory in approximately 10 years from now, with detector design and R&D currently ongoing. Notably, EIC is one of the first large-scale facilities to…
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The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a cutting-edge accelerator facility that will study the nature of the "glue" that binds the building blocks of the visible matter in the universe. The proposed experiment will be realized at Brookhaven National Laboratory in approximately 10 years from now, with detector design and R&D currently ongoing. Notably, EIC is one of the first large-scale facilities to leverage Artificial Intelligence (AI) already starting from the design and R&D phases. The EIC Comprehensive Chromodynamics Experiment (ECCE) is a consortium that proposed a detector design based on a 1.5T solenoid. The EIC detector proposal review concluded that the ECCE design will serve as the reference design for an EIC detector. Herein we describe a comprehensive optimization of the ECCE tracker using AI. The work required a complex parametrization of the simulated detector system. Our approach dealt with an optimization problem in a multidimensional design space driven by multiple objectives that encode the detector performance, while satisfying several mechanical constraints. We describe our strategy and show results obtained for the ECCE tracking system. The AI-assisted design is agnostic to the simulation framework and can be extended to other sub-detectors or to a system of sub-detectors to further optimize the performance of the EIC detector.
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Submitted 19 May, 2022; v1 submitted 18 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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Scientific Computing Plan for the ECCE Detector at the Electron Ion Collider
Authors:
J. C. Bernauer,
C. T. Dean,
C. Fanelli,
J. Huang,
K. Kauder,
D. Lawrence,
J. D. Osborn,
C. Paus,
J. K. Adkins,
Y. Akiba,
A. Albataineh,
M. Amaryan,
I. C. Arsene,
C. Ayerbe Gayoso,
J. Bae,
X. Bai,
M. D. Baker,
M. Bashkanov,
R. Bellwied,
F. Benmokhtar,
V. Berdnikov,
F. Bock,
W. Boeglin,
M. Borysova,
E. Brash
, et al. (256 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is the next generation of precision QCD facility to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory in conjunction with Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory. There are a significant number of software and computing challenges that need to be overcome at the EIC. During the EIC detector proposal development period, the ECCE consortium began identifying and addressing thes…
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The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is the next generation of precision QCD facility to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory in conjunction with Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory. There are a significant number of software and computing challenges that need to be overcome at the EIC. During the EIC detector proposal development period, the ECCE consortium began identifying and addressing these challenges in the process of producing a complete detector proposal based upon detailed detector and physics simulations. In this document, the software and computing efforts to produce this proposal are discussed; furthermore, the computing and software model and resources required for the future of ECCE are described.
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Submitted 17 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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Phase Diagram of Cold Polarized Fermi Gas in Two Dimensions
Authors:
Lianyi He,
Pengfei Zhuang
Abstract:
The superfluid phase diagrams of a two-dimensional cold polarized Fermi gas in the BCS-BEC crossover are systematically and analytically investigated. In the BCS-Leggett mean field theory, the transition from unpolarized superfluid phase to normal phase is always of first order. For a homogeneous system, the two critical Zeeman fields and the critical population imbalance are analytically determ…
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The superfluid phase diagrams of a two-dimensional cold polarized Fermi gas in the BCS-BEC crossover are systematically and analytically investigated. In the BCS-Leggett mean field theory, the transition from unpolarized superfluid phase to normal phase is always of first order. For a homogeneous system, the two critical Zeeman fields and the critical population imbalance are analytically determined in the whole coupling parameter region, and the superfluid-normal mixed phase is shown to be the ground state between the two critical fields. The density profile in the presence of a harmonic trap calculated in the local density approximation exhibits a shell structure, a superfluid core at the center and a normal shell outside. For weak interaction, the normal shell contains a partially polarized cloud with constant density difference surrounded by a fully polarized state. For strong interaction, the normal shell is totally in fully polarized state with a density profile depending only on the global population imbalance. The di-fermion bound states can survive in the whole highly imbalanced normal phase.
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Submitted 6 September, 2008; v1 submitted 21 January, 2008;
originally announced January 2008.
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Finite Temperature Phase Diagram of a Two-Component Fermi Gas with Density Imbalance
Authors:
Lianyi He,
Meng Jin,
Pengfei Zhuang
Abstract:
We investigated possible superfluid phases at finite temperature in a two-component Fermi gas with density imbalance. In the frame of a general four-fermion interaction theory, we solved in the BCS region the gap equations for the pairing gap and pairing momentum under the restriction of fixed number densities, and analyzed the stability of different phases by calculating the superfluid density…
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We investigated possible superfluid phases at finite temperature in a two-component Fermi gas with density imbalance. In the frame of a general four-fermion interaction theory, we solved in the BCS region the gap equations for the pairing gap and pairing momentum under the restriction of fixed number densities, and analyzed the stability of different phases by calculating the superfluid density and number susceptibilities. The homogeneous superfluid is stable only at high temperature and low number asymmetry, the inhomogeneous LOFF survives at low temperature and high number asymmetry, and in between them there exists another possible inhomogeneous phase, that of phase separation. The critical temperatures and the orders of the phase transitions among the superfluid phases and normal phase are calculated analytically and numerically. The phase diagram we obtained in the temperature and number asymmetry plane is quite different from the one in temperature and chemical potential difference plane for a system with fixed chemical potentials.
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Submitted 23 December, 2006; v1 submitted 13 June, 2006;
originally announced June 2006.
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Superfluidity in a Three-flavor Fermi Gas with SU(3) Symmetry
Authors:
Lianyi He,
Meng Jin,
Pengfei Zhuang
Abstract:
We investigate the superfluidity and the associated Nambu-Goldstone modes in a three-flavor atomic Fermi gas with SU(3) global symmetry. The s-wave pairing occurs in flavor anti-triplet channel due to the Pauli principle, and the superfluid state contains both gapped and gapless fermionic excitations. Corresponding to the spontaneous breaking of the SU(3) symmetry to a SU(2) symmetry with five b…
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We investigate the superfluidity and the associated Nambu-Goldstone modes in a three-flavor atomic Fermi gas with SU(3) global symmetry. The s-wave pairing occurs in flavor anti-triplet channel due to the Pauli principle, and the superfluid state contains both gapped and gapless fermionic excitations. Corresponding to the spontaneous breaking of the SU(3) symmetry to a SU(2) symmetry with five broken generators, there are only three Nambu-Goldstone modes, one is with linear dispersion law and two are with quadratic dispersion law. The other two expected Nambu-Goldstone modes become massive with a mass gap of the order of the fermion energy gap in a wide coupling range. The abnormal number of Nambu-Goldstone modes, the quadratic dispersion law and the mass gap have significant effect on the low temperature thermodynamics of the matter.
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Submitted 9 September, 2006; v1 submitted 25 April, 2006;
originally announced April 2006.
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Fermion Cooper Pairing with Unequal Masses: Standard Field Theory Approach
Authors:
Lianyi He,
Meng Jin,
Pengfei Zhuang
Abstract:
The fermion Cooper pairing with unequal masses is investigated in a standard field theory approach. We derived the superfluid density and Meissner mass squared of the U(1) gauge field in a general two species model and found that the often used proportional relation between the two quantities is broken down when the fermion masses are unequal. In weak coupling region, the superfluid density is a…
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The fermion Cooper pairing with unequal masses is investigated in a standard field theory approach. We derived the superfluid density and Meissner mass squared of the U(1) gauge field in a general two species model and found that the often used proportional relation between the two quantities is broken down when the fermion masses are unequal. In weak coupling region, the superfluid density is always negative but the Meissner mass squared becomes mostly positive when the mass ratio between the pairing fermions is large enough. We established a proper momentum configuration of the LOFF pairing with unequal masses and showed that the LOFF state is energetically favored due to the negative superfluid density. The single plane wave LOFF state is physically equivalent to an anisotropic state with a spontaneously generated superflow. The extension to finite range interaction is briefly discussed.
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Submitted 12 September, 2006; v1 submitted 5 April, 2006;
originally announced April 2006.
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Sound Velocity and Meissner Effect in Light-heavy Fermion Pairing Systems
Authors:
Lianyi He,
Meng Jin,
Pengfei Zhuang
Abstract:
In the frame of a four fermion interaction theory, we investigated the collective excitation in light-heavy fermion pairing systems. When the two species of fermions posses different masses and chemical potentials but keep the same Fermi surface, we found that the sound velocity in superfluids and the Meissner mass or inverse penetration depth in superconductors have the same mass ratio dependen…
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In the frame of a four fermion interaction theory, we investigated the collective excitation in light-heavy fermion pairing systems. When the two species of fermions posses different masses and chemical potentials but keep the same Fermi surface, we found that the sound velocity in superfluids and the Meissner mass or inverse penetration depth in superconductors have the same mass ratio dependence as the ratio of the transition temperature to the zero temperature gap.
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Submitted 11 June, 2006; v1 submitted 25 March, 2006;
originally announced March 2006.
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LOFF Pairing vs. Breached Pairing in Asymmetric Fermion Superfluids
Authors:
Lianyi He,
Meng Jin,
Pengfei Zhuang
Abstract:
A general analysis for the competition between breached pairing (BP) and LOFF pairing mechanisms in asymmetric fermion superfluids is presented in the frame of a four fermion interaction model. Two physical conditions which can induce mismatched Fermi surfaces are considered: (1) fixed chemical potential asymmetry $δμ$ and (2) fixed fermion number asymmetry $α$. In case (1), the BP state is rule…
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A general analysis for the competition between breached pairing (BP) and LOFF pairing mechanisms in asymmetric fermion superfluids is presented in the frame of a four fermion interaction model. Two physical conditions which can induce mismatched Fermi surfaces are considered: (1) fixed chemical potential asymmetry $δμ$ and (2) fixed fermion number asymmetry $α$. In case (1), the BP state is ruled out because of Sarma instability and LOFF state is thermodynamically stable in a narrow window of $δμ$. In case (2), while the Sarma instability can be avoided and both the BP and LOFF states can survive provided $α$ is less than the corresponding critical value, the BP state suffers magnetic instability and the LOFF state is always thermodynamically stable. While the LOFF window in case (2) is much larger than the one in the conventional case (1), for small $α$ the longitudinal superfluid density of the LOFF state is negative and it suffers also magnetic instability.
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Submitted 30 June, 2006; v1 submitted 8 January, 2006;
originally announced January 2006.