Showing 1–50 of 89 results for author: Clark, M

Tensor-Network-Based Distributed Quantum Dynamics on Independent Quantum Computers

Authors: Anurag Dwivedi, Melissa C. Revelle, Daniel S. Lobser, Brian K. McFarland, Edward C. Tortorici, Christopher G. Yale, Susan M. Clark, Philip Richerme, Srinivasan S. Iyengar

Abstract: We present an approach based on tensor networks for distributed quantum computing simulation of chemical wavepacket dynamics in a continuous variable representation. The central idea is that the tensor-network representation of the multidimensional time-evolution operator naturally induces an elevated Hilbert space where the dynamics decomposes into a set of independent lower-dimensional propagati… ▽ More We present an approach based on tensor networks for distributed quantum computing simulation of chemical wavepacket dynamics in a continuous variable representation. The central idea is that the tensor-network representation of the multidimensional time-evolution operator naturally induces an elevated Hilbert space where the dynamics decomposes into a set of independent lower-dimensional propagations. This transformation converts an entangled quantum evolution into a set of parallel computational tasks that can be executed asynchronously across heterogeneous quantum and classical computing architectures. The resulting formalism establishes a direct connection between tensor-network decompositions, uniformly controlled quantum circuits, and asynchronous distributed quantum computing. The approach is developed with a goal towards hybrid quantum/classical implementation, and is appropriate for a general heterogeneous mixture of quantum hardware systems. The experimental realization of the asynchronously distributed quantum processes that arise from the tensor-network decomposition are carried out on the Sandia National Laboratories' trapped-ion quantum computer, where the circuits are compiled using native partial-entangling $XX(θ)$ gates, reducing the expected two-qubit gate infidelity by more than 30\% relative to conventional fully entangling decompositions. We demonstrate the methodology by quantum computing the vibrational spectra of a small protonated water cluster that shows critical quantum nuclear behavior. Such water cluster systems have been found to be challenging for experimental action spectroscopy and for theory, and here, for the first time, we provide results for vibrational spectroscopy that are in agreement with the respective classical results to within 4cm$^{-1}$, thus allowing for the potential for spectroscopic accuracy from quantum computations. △ Less

Submitted 9 June, 2026; originally announced June 2026.

Wide Area Surface Dosimetry with Conformal Scintillator Array for External Beam Radiotherapy

Authors: Roman Vasyltsiv, Allison L. Matous, Natasha Mulenga, Megan A. Clark, Brian W. Pogue, David J. Gladstone, Lesley A. Jarvis, Petr Bruza

Abstract: Background: In vivo dosimetry is essential for treatment verification in modern radiotherapy, but existing techniques are limited by spatiotemporal resolution and performance on non-uniform anatomy. Scintillation imaging dosimetry shows potential to address several of these limitations. Here, translation to conventional photon external beam radiotherapy was examined using a novel wide-area imaging… ▽ More Background: In vivo dosimetry is essential for treatment verification in modern radiotherapy, but existing techniques are limited by spatiotemporal resolution and performance on non-uniform anatomy. Scintillation imaging dosimetry shows potential to address several of these limitations. Here, translation to conventional photon external beam radiotherapy was examined using a novel wide-area imaging and sensing technique. Methods: A modular scintillator array was combined with a dual-camera stereovision system for 3D localization and a clinical Cherenkov imaging system for optical scintillation detection. Water equivalent thickness, dose linearity, repetition rate stability, and angular dependence were characterized. Field edge detection was evaluated against radiochromic film using gamma analysis. System reproducibility was tested with consecutive deliveries simulating contralateral breast monitoring during whole-breast tangential radiotherapy. Results: The array showed high dose linearity across the tested range, minimal beam perturbation, and consistent response within 5% across all available LINAC repetition rates. Dose-normalized scintillation varied within 5% over clinically relevant gantry angles, and camera angle corrections compensated for non-Lambertian emission. Field edge detection agreed closely with film, with a 99.98% gamma pass rate (3%/3 mm). Inter-delivery reproducibility of +/-1 cGy demonstrated robust system performance. Conclusion: The conformable scintillator array imaging system provides spatially resolved, dynamic surface dosimetry with minimal workflow impact. Its ability to generate continuous dose maps across complex anatomical surfaces, while maintaining angular correction, addresses key limitations of current in vivo dosimetry and shows strong potential for clinical integration where wide-area surface dosimetry is required. △ Less

Submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 19 pages, 7 figures

The Data Fusion Labeler (dFL): Challenges and Solutions to Data Harmonization, Labeling, and Provenance in Fusion Energy

Authors: Craig Michoski, Matthew Waller, Brian Sammuli, Zeyu Li, Tapan Ganatma Nakkina, Raffi Nazikian, Sterling Smith, David Orozco, Dongyang Kuang, Martin Foltin, Erik Olofsson, Mike Fredrickson, Jerry Louis-Jeune, David R. Hatch, Todd A. Oliver, Mitchell Clark, Steph-Yves Louis

Abstract: Fusion energy research increasingly depends on the ability to integrate heterogeneous, multimodal datasets from high-resolution diagnostics, control systems, and multiscale simulations. The sheer volume and complexity of these datasets demand the development of new tools capable of systematically harmonizing and extracting knowledge across diverse modalities. The Data Fusion Labeler (dFL) is intro… ▽ More Fusion energy research increasingly depends on the ability to integrate heterogeneous, multimodal datasets from high-resolution diagnostics, control systems, and multiscale simulations. The sheer volume and complexity of these datasets demand the development of new tools capable of systematically harmonizing and extracting knowledge across diverse modalities. The Data Fusion Labeler (dFL) is introduced as a unified workflow instrument that performs uncertainty-aware data harmonization, schema-compliant data fusion, and provenance-rich manual and automated labeling at scale. By embedding alignment, normalization, and labeling within a reproducible, operator-order-aware framework, dFL reduces time-to-analysis by greater than 50X (e.g., enabling >200 shots/hour to be consistently labeled rather than a handful per day), enhances label (and subsequently training) quality, and enables cross-device comparability. Case studies from DIII-D demonstrate its application to automated ELM detection and confinement regime classification, illustrating its potential as a core component of data-driven discovery, model validation, and real-time control in future burning plasma devices. △ Less

Submitted 12 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

ACM Class: I.2

Control of Neuronal Survival and Development Using Conductive Diamond

Authors: Samira Falahatdoost, Yair D. J. Prawer, Danli Peng, Andre Chambers, Hualin Zhan, Leon Pope, Alastair Stacey, Arman Ahnood, Hassan N. Al Hashem, Sorel E. De Leon, David J. Garrett, Kate Fox, Michael B. Clark, Michael R. Ibbotson, Steven Prawer, Wei Tong

Abstract: This study demonstrates the control of neuronal survival and development using nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD). We highlight the role of N-UNCD in regulating neuronal activity via near-infrared illumination, demonstrating the generation of stable photocurrents that enhance neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth and foster a more active, synchronized neuronal network. Whole tr… ▽ More This study demonstrates the control of neuronal survival and development using nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD). We highlight the role of N-UNCD in regulating neuronal activity via near-infrared illumination, demonstrating the generation of stable photocurrents that enhance neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth and foster a more active, synchronized neuronal network. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing reveals that diamond substrates improve cellular-substrate interaction by upregulating extracellular matrix and gap junction-related genes. Our findings underscore the potential of conductive diamond as a robust and biocompatible platform for noninvasive and effective neural tissue engineering. △ Less

Submitted 9 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Journal ref: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16, 4, 4361-4374

CycleGAN-Driven Transfer Learning for Electronics Response Emulation in High-Purity Germanium Detectors

Authors: Kevin Bhimani, Julieta Gruszko, Morgan Clark, John Wilkerson, Aobo Li

Abstract: High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors are a key technology for rare-event searches such as neutrinoless double-beta decay (\ensuremath{0νββ}) and dark matter experiments. Pulse shapes from these detectors vary with interaction topology and thus encode information critical for event classification. Pulse shape simulations (PSS) are essential for modeling analysis cuts that distinguish signal event… ▽ More High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors are a key technology for rare-event searches such as neutrinoless double-beta decay (\ensuremath{0νββ}) and dark matter experiments. Pulse shapes from these detectors vary with interaction topology and thus encode information critical for event classification. Pulse shape simulations (PSS) are essential for modeling analysis cuts that distinguish signal events from backgrounds and for generating reliable simulations of energy spectra. Traditional PSS methods rely on a series of first-principles corrections to replicate the effect of readout electronics, requiring challenging fits over large parameter spaces and often failing to accurately model the data. We present a neural network architecture, the Cyclic Positional U-Net (https://github.com/aobol/CPU-Net), that performs translations of simulated pulses so that they closely resemble measured detector signals. Using a Cycle Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN) framework, this {Response Emulation Network} (REN) learns a data-driven mapping between simulated and measured pulses with high fidelity, without requiring a predetermined response model. We use data from a High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector with an inverted-coaxial point contact (ICPC) geometry to show that \texttt{CPU-Net} effectively captures and reproduces critical pulse shape features, allowing more realistic simulations without detector-specific tuning. \texttt{CPU-Net} achieves up to a factor-of-four improvement in distribution-level agreement for pulse shape parameter reconstruction, while preserving the topology-dependent information required for pulse-shape discrimination. △ Less

Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Journal ref: Machine Learning: Science and Technology 7 (2026) 015009

Realization and Calibration of Continuously Parameterized Two-Qubit Gates on a Trapped-Ion Quantum Processor

Authors: Christopher G. Yale, Ashlyn D. Burch, Matthew N. H. Chow, Brandon P. Ruzic, Daniel S. Lobser, Brian K. McFarland, Melissa C. Revelle, Susan M. Clark

Abstract: Continuously parameterized two-qubit gates are a key feature of state-of-the-art trapped-ion quantum processors as they have favorable error scalings and show distinct improvements in circuit performance over more restricted maximally entangling gatesets. In this work, we provide a comprehensive and pedagogical discussion on how to practically implement these continuously parameterized Mølmer-Søre… ▽ More Continuously parameterized two-qubit gates are a key feature of state-of-the-art trapped-ion quantum processors as they have favorable error scalings and show distinct improvements in circuit performance over more restricted maximally entangling gatesets. In this work, we provide a comprehensive and pedagogical discussion on how to practically implement these continuously parameterized Mølmer-Sørensen gates on the Quantum Scientific Computing Open User Testbed (QSCOUT), a low-level trapped-ion processor. To generate the arbitrary entangling angles, $θ$, we simply scale the amplitude of light used to generate the entanglement. However, doing so requires careful consideration of amplifier saturation as well as the variable light shifts that result. As such, we describe a method to calibrate and cancel the dominant fourth-order effects, followed by a dynamic virtual phase advance during the gate to cancel any residual light shifts, and find a linear scaling between $θ$ and the residual light shift. Once, we have considered and calibrated these effects, we demonstrate performance improvement with decreasing $θ$. Finally, we describe nuances of hardware control to transform the XX-type interaction of the arbitrary-angle Mølmer-Sørensen gate into a phase-agnostic and crosstalk-mitigating ZZ interaction. △ Less

Submitted 8 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025.

Comments: 17 pages, 16 figures

Journal ref: IEEE Trans. Quantum Eng. 6, 3102117 (2025)

Improving HISQ propagator solves using deflation

Authors: Leon Hostetler, M. A. Clark, Carleton DeTar, Steven Gottlieb, Evan Weinberg

Abstract: Typically, the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm employs mixed precision and even-odd preconditioning to compute propagators for highly improved staggered quarks (HISQ). This approach suffers from critical slowing down as the light quark mass is decreased to its physical value. Multigrid is one alternative to combat critical slowing down; however, it involves setup costs that are not always easy t… ▽ More Typically, the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm employs mixed precision and even-odd preconditioning to compute propagators for highly improved staggered quarks (HISQ). This approach suffers from critical slowing down as the light quark mass is decreased to its physical value. Multigrid is one alternative to combat critical slowing down; however, it involves setup costs that are not always easy to amortize. We consider deflation, which can also remove critical slowing down, but incurs its own setup cost to compute eigenvectors. Results using the MILC and QUDA software libraries to generate eigenvectors and to perform deflated solves on lattices up to $144^3 \times 288$ (with lattice spacing 0.04 fm) and with a range of quark masses from the physical strange down to the physical light quark values will be presented. We compare with CG and comment on deflation versus multigrid. △ Less

Submitted 31 January, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 10 pages, 3 Figures; Talk presented at the 41st International Symposium on Lattice Field theory (LATTICE2024), July 28th - August 3rd, 2024, Liverpool, UK

Journal ref: PoS(LATTICE2024)046

The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR experiment's construction, commissioning, and performance

Authors: N. Abgrall, E. Aguayo, I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone III, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, P. J. Barton, F. E. Bertrand, E. Blalock, B. Bos, M. Boswell, A. W. Bradley, V. Brudanin, T. H. Burritt, M. Busch, M. Buuck, D. Byram, A. S. Caldwell, T. S. Caldwell, Y. -D. Chan, C. D. Christofferson, P. -H. Chu, M. L. Clark, D. C. Combs, C. Cuesta , et al. (86 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Background: The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR , a modular array of isotopically enriched high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, was constructed to demonstrate backgrounds low enough to justify building a tonne-scale experiment to search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay ($ββ(0ν)$) of $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$. Purpose: This paper presents a description of the instrument, its commissioning, and operations.… ▽ More Background: The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR , a modular array of isotopically enriched high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, was constructed to demonstrate backgrounds low enough to justify building a tonne-scale experiment to search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay ($ββ(0ν)$) of $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$. Purpose: This paper presents a description of the instrument, its commissioning, and operations. It covers the electroforming, underground infrastructure, enrichment, detector fabrication, low-background and construction techniques, electronics, data acquisition, databases, and data processing of the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR. Method: The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR operated inside an ultra-low radioactivity passive shield at the 4850-foot~level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) from 2015-2021. Results and Conclusions: The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR achieved the best energy resolution and second-best background level of any $ββ(0ν)$ search. This enabled it to achieve an ultimate half-life limit on $ββ(0ν)$ in $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$ of $8.3\times 10^{25}$~yr (90\% C.L.) and perform a rich set of searches for other physics beyond the Standard Model. △ Less

Submitted 3 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 72 pages

Design and Characterization of a Novel Scintillator Array for In Vivo Monitoring During UHDR PBS Proton Therapy

Authors: Roman Vasyltsiv, Joseph Harms, Megan Clark, David J. Gladstone, Brian W. Pogue, Rongxiao Zhang, Petr Bruza

Abstract: Background: Ultra-high dose rate proton therapy shows promise in tissue sparing by enhancing therapeutic ratio through the FLASH effect. In radiotherapy, accurate in vivo dosimetry is crucial for quality assurance, but remains challenging for UHDR as existing systems lack spatial and temporal resolution to verify dose and dose rate in complex anatomical regions, especially for PBS proton therapy.… ▽ More Background: Ultra-high dose rate proton therapy shows promise in tissue sparing by enhancing therapeutic ratio through the FLASH effect. In radiotherapy, accurate in vivo dosimetry is crucial for quality assurance, but remains challenging for UHDR as existing systems lack spatial and temporal resolution to verify dose and dose rate in complex anatomical regions, especially for PBS proton therapy. Purpose: To develop and evaluate a novel 3D surface dosimetry method for UHDR PBS proton therapy using high-speed imaging of a scintillator array for real-time, high-resolution surface dose monitoring. The spatial, temporal, and dosimetric components are validated via imaging of a QA phantom and comparison against TPS predictions. Methods: A deformable multi-element scintillator array was designed with 7.5mm element pitch and 0.5mm inter-element gap. Scintillation linearity with dose was evaluated with variation in response to increasing imaging and irradiation angles. WED testing evaluated beam attenuation at two energy levels. Scintillation emission was imaged at 1kHz and mesh position was monitored via 2-camera stereovision. System setup was validated using a 3D QA phantom to assess spatial accuracy and guide setup correction. Stereovision properties of array elements guided angular correction and geometric transformation. Kernel-based residual spot fitting derived cumulative dose maps compared to TPS dose profile of 5x5cm UHDR PBS delivery using 3%/2mm gamma analysis. PBS and maximum dose rate maps were calculated. Results: Setup achieved average localization error of 0.62 mm, surpassing typical 1+ mm clinical threshold. Intensity correction based on angular information yielded cumulative spot dose uncertainty of ~1% (5.428mGy). Processed dose map compared to TPS via gamma analysis showed 99.9% passing rate at 3%/2mm. WED of the array measured 1.1mm, minimizing impact on dose distribution. △ Less

Submitted 10 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024.

Comments: 17 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Medical Physics

gSeaGen code by KM3NeT: an efficient tool to propagate muons simulated with CORSIKA

Authors: S. Aiello, A. Albert, A. R. Alhebsi, M. Alshamsi, S. Alves Garre, A. Ambrosone, F. Ameli, M. Andre, L. Aphecetche, M. Ardid, S. Ardid, H. Atmani, J. Aublin, F. Badaracco, L. Bailly-Salins, Z. Bardačová, B. Baret, A. Bariego-Quintana, Y. Becherini, M. Bendahman, F. Benfenati, M. Benhassi, M. Bennani, D. M. Benoit, E. Berbee , et al. (238 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The KM3NeT Collaboration has tackled a common challenge faced by the astroparticle physics community, namely adapting the experiment-specific simulation software to work with the CORSIKA air shower simulation output. The proposed solution is an extension of the open source code gSeaGen, which allows the transport of muons generated by CORSIKA to a detector of any size at an arbitrary depth. The gS… ▽ More The KM3NeT Collaboration has tackled a common challenge faced by the astroparticle physics community, namely adapting the experiment-specific simulation software to work with the CORSIKA air shower simulation output. The proposed solution is an extension of the open source code gSeaGen, which allows the transport of muons generated by CORSIKA to a detector of any size at an arbitrary depth. The gSeaGen code was not only extended in terms of functionality but also underwent a thorough redesign of the muon propagation routine, resulting in a more accurate and efficient simulation. This paper presents the capabilities of the new gSeaGen code as well as prospects for further developments. △ Less

Submitted 29 April, 2025; v1 submitted 31 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024.

Comments: 31 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Computer Physics Communications

Journal ref: Computer Physics Communications Volume 314, September 2025, 109660

An assay-based background projection for the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR using Monte Carlo Uncertainty Propagation

Authors: I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone III, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, K. H. Bhimani, E. Blalock, B. Bos, M. Busch, T. S. Caldwell, Y. -D. Chan, C. D. Christofferson, P. -H. Chu, M. L. Clark, C. Cuesta, J. A. Detwiler, Yu. Efremenko, H. Ejiri, S. R. Elliott, N. Fuad, G. K. Giovanetti, M. P. Green, J. Gruszko, I. S. Guinn, V. E. Guiseppe, C. R. Haufe , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The background index is an important quantity which is used in projecting and calculating the half-life sensitivity of neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0νββ$) experiments. A novel analysis framework is presented to calculate the background index using the specific activities, masses and simulated efficiencies of an experiment's components as distributions. This Bayesian framework includes a unifie… ▽ More The background index is an important quantity which is used in projecting and calculating the half-life sensitivity of neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0νββ$) experiments. A novel analysis framework is presented to calculate the background index using the specific activities, masses and simulated efficiencies of an experiment's components as distributions. This Bayesian framework includes a unified approach to combine specific activities from assay. Monte Carlo uncertainty propagation is used to build a background index distribution from the specific activity, mass and efficiency distributions. This analysis method is applied to the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, which deployed arrays of high-purity Ge detectors enriched in $^{76}$Ge to search for $0νββ$. The framework projects a mean background index of $\left[8.95 \pm 0.36\right] \times 10^{-4}$cts/(keV kg yr) from $^{232}$Th and $^{238}$U in the DEMONSTRATOR's components. △ Less

Submitted 13 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024.

Comments: 9 pages, 3 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 110, 055804 (2024)

Harnessing Complexity: Nonlinear Optical Phenomena in L-Shapes, Nanocrescents, and Split-Ring Resonators

Authors: Michael R. Clark, Syed A. Shah, Andrei Piryatinski, Maxim Sukharev

Abstract: We conduct systematic studies of the optical characteristics of plasmonic nanoparticles that exhibit C2v symmetry. We analyze three distinct geometric configurations: an L-type shape, a crescent, and a split-ring resonator. Optical properties are examined using the FDTD method. It is demonstrated that all three shapes exhibit two prominent plasmon bands associated with the two axes of symmetry. Th… ▽ More We conduct systematic studies of the optical characteristics of plasmonic nanoparticles that exhibit C2v symmetry. We analyze three distinct geometric configurations: an L-type shape, a crescent, and a split-ring resonator. Optical properties are examined using the FDTD method. It is demonstrated that all three shapes exhibit two prominent plasmon bands associated with the two axes of symmetry. This is in addition to a wide range of resonances observed at high frequencies corresponding to quadrupole modes and peaks due to sharp corners. Next, to facilitate nonlinear analysis, we employ a semiclassical hydrodynamic model where the electron pressure term is explicitly accounted for. Employing this model enables us to rigorously examine the second-order angular resolved nonlinear optical response of these nanoparticles in each of the three configurations. For CW pumping, we explore properties of the SHG. Polarization and angle-resolved SHG spectra are obtained, revealing strong dependence on the nanoparticle geometry and incident wave polarization. For pulsed excitations, we discuss the phenomenon of broadband THz generation induced by the DFG. It is shown that the THz emission spectra exhibit unique features attributed to the plasmonic resonances and symmetry of the nanoparticles. The polarization of the generated THz waves is also examined, revealing interesting patterns tied to the nanoparticle geometry. To gain deeper insight, we propose a simple analytical theory that agrees very well with the numerical experiments. An expression for the far-field THz intensity is derived in terms of the incident pulse parameters and the nonlinear response tensor of the nanoparticle. The results presented in this work offer new insights into the linear and nonlinear optical properties of nanoparticles with C2v symmetry. △ Less

Submitted 22 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

On-ground calibration of the X-ray, gamma-ray, and relativistic electron detector onboard TARANIS

Authors: Yuuki Wada, Philippe Laurent, Damien Pailot, Ion Cojocari, Eric Bréelle, Stéphane Colonges, Jean-Pierre Baronick, François Lebrun, Pierre-Louis Blelly, David Sarria, Kazuhiro Nakazawa, Miles Lindsey Clark

Abstract: We developed the X-ray, Gamma-ray and Relativistic Electron detector (XGRE) onboard the TARANIS satellite, to investigate high-energy phenomena associated with lightning discharges such as terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and terrestrial electron beams. XGRE consisted of three sensors. Each sensor has one layer of LaBr$_{3}$ crystals for X-ray/gamma-ray detections, and two layers of plastic scintilla… ▽ More We developed the X-ray, Gamma-ray and Relativistic Electron detector (XGRE) onboard the TARANIS satellite, to investigate high-energy phenomena associated with lightning discharges such as terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and terrestrial electron beams. XGRE consisted of three sensors. Each sensor has one layer of LaBr$_{3}$ crystals for X-ray/gamma-ray detections, and two layers of plastic scintillators for electron and charged-particle discrimination. Since 2018, the flight model of XGRE was developed, and validation and calibration tests, such as a thermal cycle test and a calibration test with the sensors onboard the satellite were performed before the launch of TARANIS on 17 November 2020. The energy range of the LaBr$_{3}$ crystals sensitive to X-rays and gamma rays was determined to be 0.04-11.6 MeV, 0.08-11.0 MeV, and 0.08-11.3 MeV for XGRE1, 2, and 3, respectively. The energy resolution at 0.662 MeV (full width at half maximum) was to be 20.5%, 25.9%, and 28.6%, respectively. Results from the calibration test were then used to validate a simulation model of XGRE and TARANIS. By performing Monte Carlo simulations with the verified model, we calculated effective areas of XGRE to X-rays, gamma rays, electrons, and detector responses to incident photons and electrons coming from various elevation and azimuth angles. △ Less

Submitted 8 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 25 pages, 20 figures, 1 table, published in Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems. Copyright 2024 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

Journal ref: Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 10(2), 026005 (7 May 2024)

Fault Localization in a Microfabricated Surface Ion Trap using Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Magnetometry

Authors: Pauli Kehayias, Matthew A. Delaney, Raymond A. Haltli, Susan M. Clark, Melissa C. Revelle, Andrew M. Mounce

Abstract: As quantum computing hardware becomes more complex with ongoing design innovations and growing capabilities, the quantum computing community needs increasingly powerful techniques for fabrication failure root-cause analysis. This is especially true for trapped-ion quantum computing. As trapped-ion quantum computing aims to scale to thousands of ions, the electrode numbers are growing to several hu… ▽ More As quantum computing hardware becomes more complex with ongoing design innovations and growing capabilities, the quantum computing community needs increasingly powerful techniques for fabrication failure root-cause analysis. This is especially true for trapped-ion quantum computing. As trapped-ion quantum computing aims to scale to thousands of ions, the electrode numbers are growing to several hundred with likely integrated-photonic components also adding to the electrical and fabrication complexity, making faults even harder to locate. In this work, we used a high-resolution quantum magnetic imaging technique, based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, to investigate short-circuit faults in an ion trap chip. We imaged currents from these short-circuit faults to ground and compared to intentionally-created faults, finding that the root-cause of the faults was failures in the on-chip trench capacitors. This work, where we exploited the performance advantages of a quantum magnetic sensing technique to troubleshoot a piece of quantum computing hardware, is a unique example of the evolving synergy between emerging quantum technologies to achieve capabilities that were previously inaccessible. △ Less

Submitted 16 December, 2024; v1 submitted 13 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 8 pages main text; 2 pages supplement

Journal ref: Appl. Phys. Lett. 125, 254001 (2024)

Mitigating the Effects of Au-Al Intermetallic Compounds Due to High-Temperature Processing of Surface Electrode Ion Traps

Authors: Raymond A. Haltli, Eric Ou, Christopher D. Nordquist, Susan M. Clark, Melissa C. Revelle

Abstract: Stringent physical requirements need to be met for the high performing surface-electrode ion traps used in quantum computing, sensing, and timekeeping. In particular, these traps must survive a high temperature environment for vacuum chamber preparation and support high voltage rf on closely spaced electrodes. Due to the use of gold wire bonds on aluminum pads, intermetallic growth can lead to wir… ▽ More Stringent physical requirements need to be met for the high performing surface-electrode ion traps used in quantum computing, sensing, and timekeeping. In particular, these traps must survive a high temperature environment for vacuum chamber preparation and support high voltage rf on closely spaced electrodes. Due to the use of gold wire bonds on aluminum pads, intermetallic growth can lead to wire bond failure via breakage or high resistance, limiting the lifetime of a trap assembly to a single multi-day bake at 200$^{\circ}$C. Using traditional thick metal stacks to prevent intermetallic growth, however, can result in trap failure due to rf breakdown events. Through high temperature experiments we conclude that an ideal metal stack for ion traps is Ti20nm/Pt100nm/Au250nm which allows for a bakeable time of roughly 86 days without compromising the trap voltage performance. This increase in the bakable lifetime of ion traps will remove the need to discard otherwise functional ion traps when vacuum hardware is upgraded, which will greatly benefit ion trap experiments. △ Less

Submitted 19 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024.

Comments: 9 Pages, 10 figures

Quantitative real-time measurements of dose and dose rate in UHDR proton pencil beams via scintillation imaging system

Authors: Megan Clark, Joseph Harms, Roman Vasyltsiv, Austin Sloop, Jakub Kozelka, Bill Simon, Rongxiao Zhang, David Gladstone, Petr Bruza

Abstract: Purpose: Ultra-fast scintillation imaging has been shown to provide a unique tool for spatio-temporal dosimetry of conventional cyclotron and synchrocyclotron pencil beam scanning (PBS) deliveries, indicating the potential use for characterization of ultra-UHDR PBS proton beams. The goal of this work is to introduce this novel concept and demonstrate its capabilities in recording complex dose rate… ▽ More Purpose: Ultra-fast scintillation imaging has been shown to provide a unique tool for spatio-temporal dosimetry of conventional cyclotron and synchrocyclotron pencil beam scanning (PBS) deliveries, indicating the potential use for characterization of ultra-UHDR PBS proton beams. The goal of this work is to introduce this novel concept and demonstrate its capabilities in recording complex dose rate maps at FLASH-capable proton beam currents, as compared to log-based dose rate calculation, internally developed UHDR beam simulation, and a fast point detector (EDGE diode). Methods: The light response of a scintillator sheet located at isocenter and irradiated by pencil beam scanning proton fields (40-210 nA, 250 MeV) was imaged by an ultra-fast iCMOS camera at 4.5-12 kHz sampling frequency. Image intensity was calibrated to dose with film and the recorded spatio-temporal data was compared to a PPC05 ion chamber, log-based reconstruction, and EDGE diode. Calculation of full-field mean and PBS dose rate maps were used to highlight the importance of high resolution, full-field information in UHDR studies. Results: Camera response was linear with dose (R2 = 0.997) and current (R2 = 0.98) in the range from 2-22 Gy and 40-210 nA, respectively, when compared to ion chamber readings. Planned and delivered spot positions agreed within 0.2+/-0.1 mm and total irradiation time agreed within 0.2+/-0.2 ms when compared with the log files, indicating the high concurrent spatial and temporal resolution. For all deliveries, the PBS dose rate measured at the diode location agreed between the imaging and the diode within 3+/-2% and with the simulation within 5+/-3%. Conclusion: The high linearity and various spatiotemporal metric reporting capabilities confirm the continued use of this camera system for UHDR beam characterization, especially for spatially resolved dose rate information. △ Less

Submitted 22 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Interplay of gain and loss in arrays of nonlinear plasmonic nanoparticles: toward parametric downconversion and amplification

Authors: Syed A. Shah, Michael R. Clark, Joseph Zyss, Maxim Sukharev, Andrei Piryatinski

Abstract: With the help of a theoretical model and finite-difference-time-domain simulations based on the hydrodynamic-Maxwell model, we examine the effect of difference frequency generation in an array of L-shaped metal nano-particles characterized by intrinsic plasmonic nonlinearity. The outcomes of the calculations reveal the spectral interplay of the gain and loss in the vicinity of the fundamental freq… ▽ More With the help of a theoretical model and finite-difference-time-domain simulations based on the hydrodynamic-Maxwell model, we examine the effect of difference frequency generation in an array of L-shaped metal nano-particles characterized by intrinsic plasmonic nonlinearity. The outcomes of the calculations reveal the spectral interplay of the gain and loss in the vicinity of the fundamental frequency of the localized surface-plasmon resonances. Subsequently, we identify different array depths and pumping regimes facilitating parametric amplification and parametric down-conversion. Our results suggest that the parametric amplification regime becomes feasible on a scale of hundreds of nanometers and parametric downconversion on the scale of tens of nanometers, opening up new exciting opportunities for developing building blocks of photonic metasurfaces. △ Less

Submitted 5 February, 2024; v1 submitted 11 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023.

Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures, journal article

The Power Board of the KM3NeT Digital Optical Module: design, upgrade, and production

Authors: S. Aiello, A. Albert, S. Alves Garre, Z. Aly, A. Ambrosone, F. Ameli, M. Andre, E. Androutsou, M. Anguita, L. Aphecetche, M. Ardid, S. Ardid, H. Atmani, J. Aublin, F. Badaracco, L. Bailly-Salins, Z. Bardacova, B. Baret, A. Bariego Quintana, S. Basegmez du Pree, Y. Becherini, M. Bendahman, F. Benfenati, M. Benhassi, D. M. Benoit , et al. (259 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The KM3NeT Collaboration is building an underwater neutrino observatory at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea consisting of two neutrino telescopes, both composed of a three-dimensional array of light detectors, known as digital optical modules. Each digital optical module contains a set of 31 three inch photomultiplier tubes distributed over the surface of a 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant gl… ▽ More The KM3NeT Collaboration is building an underwater neutrino observatory at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea consisting of two neutrino telescopes, both composed of a three-dimensional array of light detectors, known as digital optical modules. Each digital optical module contains a set of 31 three inch photomultiplier tubes distributed over the surface of a 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module includes also calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout and data acquisition. The power board was developed to supply power to all the elements of the digital optical module. The design of the power board began in 2013, and several prototypes were produced and tested. After an exhaustive validation process in various laboratories within the KM3NeT Collaboration, a mass production batch began, resulting in the construction of over 1200 power boards so far. These boards were integrated in the digital optical modules that have already been produced and deployed, 828 until October 2023. In 2017, an upgrade of the power board, to increase reliability and efficiency, was initiated. After the validation of a pre-production series, a production batch of 800 upgraded boards is currently underway. This paper describes the design, architecture, upgrade, validation, and production of the power board, including the reliability studies and tests conducted to ensure the safe operation at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea throughout the observatory's lifespan △ Less

Submitted 24 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023.

Open Hardware Solutions in Quantum Technology

Authors: Nathan Shammah, Anurag Saha Roy, Carmen G. Almudever, Sébastien Bourdeauducq, Anastasiia Butko, Gustavo Cancelo, Susan M. Clark, Johannes Heinsoo, Loïc Henriet, Gang Huang, Christophe Jurczak, Janne Kotilahti, Alessandro Landra, Ryan LaRose, Andrea Mari, Kasra Nowrouzi, Caspar Ockeloen-Korppi, Guen Prawiroatmodjo, Irfan Siddiqi, William J. Zeng

Abstract: Quantum technologies such as communications, computing, and sensing offer vast opportunities for advanced research and development. While an open-source ethos currently exists within some quantum technologies, especially in quantum computer programming, we argue that there are additional advantages in developing open quantum hardware (OQH). Open quantum hardware encompasses open-source software fo… ▽ More Quantum technologies such as communications, computing, and sensing offer vast opportunities for advanced research and development. While an open-source ethos currently exists within some quantum technologies, especially in quantum computer programming, we argue that there are additional advantages in developing open quantum hardware (OQH). Open quantum hardware encompasses open-source software for the control of quantum devices in labs, blueprints and open-source toolkits for chip design and other hardware components, as well as openly-accessible testbeds and facilities that allow cloud-access to a wider scientific community. We provide an overview of current projects in the OQH ecosystem, identify gaps, and make recommendations on how to close them today. More open quantum hardware would accelerate technology transfer to and growth of the quantum industry and increase accessibility in science. △ Less

Submitted 1 March, 2024; v1 submitted 29 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023.

Comments: 22 pages, 5 figures

Journal ref: APL Quantum 1, 011501 (2024)

Majorana Demonstrator Data Release for AI/ML Applications

Authors: I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone III, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, K. H. Bhimani, E. Blalock, B. Bos, M. Busch, M. Buuck, T. S. Caldwell, Y. -D. Chan, C. D. Christofferson, P. -H. Chu, M. L. Clark, C. Cuesta, J. A. Detwiler, Yu. Efremenko, H. Ejiri, S. R. Elliott, N. Fuad, G. K. Giovanetti, M. P. Green, J. Gruszko, I. S. Guinn, V. E. Guiseppe , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The enclosed data release consists of a subset of the calibration data from the Majorana Demonstrator experiment. Each Majorana event is accompanied by raw Germanium detector waveforms, pulse shape discrimination cuts, and calibrated final energies, all shared in an HDF5 file format along with relevant metadata. This release is specifically designed to support the training and testing of Artificia… ▽ More The enclosed data release consists of a subset of the calibration data from the Majorana Demonstrator experiment. Each Majorana event is accompanied by raw Germanium detector waveforms, pulse shape discrimination cuts, and calibrated final energies, all shared in an HDF5 file format along with relevant metadata. This release is specifically designed to support the training and testing of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms upon our data. This document is structured as follows. Section I provides an overview of the dataset's content and format; Section II outlines the location of this dataset and the method for accessing it; Section III presents the NPML Machine Learning Challenge associated with this dataset; Section IV contains a disclaimer from the Majorana collaboration regarding the use of this dataset; Appendix A contains technical details of this data release. Please direct questions about the material provided within this release to liaobo77@ucsd.edu (A. Li). △ Less

Submitted 14 September, 2023; v1 submitted 21 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Comments: DataPlanet Access: https://dataplanet.ucsd.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=perma:83.ucsddata/UQWQAV

Energy Calibration of Germanium Detectors for the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR

Authors: I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone III, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, K. H. Bhimani, E. Blalock, B. Bos, M. Busch, M. Buuck, T. S. Caldwell, Y-D. Chan, C. D. Christofferson, P. -H. Chu, M. L. Clark, C. Cuesta, J. A. Detwiler, Yu. Efremenko, H. Ejiri, S. R. Elliott, G. K. Giovanetti, M. P. Green, J. Gruszko, I. S. Guinn, V. E. Guiseppe, C. R. Haufe , et al. (31 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR was a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0νββ$) in the $^{76}$Ge isotope. It was staged at the 4850-foot level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD. The experiment consisted of 58 germanium detectors housed in a low background shield and was calibrated once per week by deploying a $^{228}$Th line source for 1 to 2 hours. The energy scal… ▽ More The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR was a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0νββ$) in the $^{76}$Ge isotope. It was staged at the 4850-foot level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD. The experiment consisted of 58 germanium detectors housed in a low background shield and was calibrated once per week by deploying a $^{228}$Th line source for 1 to 2 hours. The energy scale calibration determination for the detector array was automated using custom analysis tools. We describe the offline procedure for calibration of the Demonstrator germanium detectors, including the simultaneous fitting of multiple spectral peaks, estimation of energy scale uncertainties, and the automation of the calibration procedure. △ Less

Submitted 3 August, 2023; v1 submitted 14 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Journal ref: JINST 18, P09023 (2023)

JaqalPaw: A Guide to Defining Pulses and Waveforms for Jaqal

Authors: Daniel Lobser, Joshua Goldberg, Andrew J. Landahl, Peter Maunz, Benjamin C. A. Morrison, Kenneth Rudinger, Antonio Russo, Brandon Ruzic, Daniel Stick, Jay Van Der Wall, Susan M. Clark

Abstract: One of the many challenges of developing an open user testbed such as QSCOUT is providing an interface that maintains simplicity without compromising expressibility or control. This interface comprises two distinct elements: a quantum assembly language designed for specifying quantum circuits at the gate level, and a low-level counterpart used for describing gates in terms of waveforms that realiz… ▽ More One of the many challenges of developing an open user testbed such as QSCOUT is providing an interface that maintains simplicity without compromising expressibility or control. This interface comprises two distinct elements: a quantum assembly language designed for specifying quantum circuits at the gate level, and a low-level counterpart used for describing gates in terms of waveforms that realize specific quantum operations. Jaqal, or "Just another quantum assembly language," is the language used in QSCOUT for gate-level descriptions of quantum circuits. JaqalPaw, or "Jaqal pulses and waveforms," is its pulse-level counterpart. This document concerns the latter, and presents a description of the tools needed for precisely defining the underlying waveforms associated with a gate primitive. △ Less

Submitted 3 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023.

Comments: Originally published April 2021 at qscout.sandia.gov

Searching for Heavy Dark Matter near the Planck Mass with XENON1T

Authors: E. Aprile, K. Abe, S. Ahmed Maouloud, L. Althueser, B. Andrieu, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare, V. C. Antochi, D. Antón Martin, F. Arneodo, L. Baudis, A. L. Baxter, M. Bazyk, L. Bellagamba, R. Biondi, A. Bismark, E. J. Brookes, A. Brown, S. Bruenner, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, T. K. Bui, C. Cai, J. M. R. Cardoso, D. Cichon , et al. (142 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Multiple viable theoretical models predict heavy dark matter particles with a mass close to the Planck mass, a range relatively unexplored by current experimental measurements. We use 219.4 days of data collected with the XENON1T experiment to conduct a blind search for signals from Multiply-Interacting Massive Particles (MIMPs). Their unique track signature allows a targeted analysis with only 0.… ▽ More Multiple viable theoretical models predict heavy dark matter particles with a mass close to the Planck mass, a range relatively unexplored by current experimental measurements. We use 219.4 days of data collected with the XENON1T experiment to conduct a blind search for signals from Multiply-Interacting Massive Particles (MIMPs). Their unique track signature allows a targeted analysis with only 0.05 expected background events from muons. Following unblinding, we observe no signal candidate events. This work places strong constraints on spin-independent interactions of dark matter particles with a mass between 1$\times$10$^{12}\,$GeV/c$^2$ and 2$\times$10$^{17}\,$GeV/c$^2$. In addition, we present the first exclusion limits on spin-dependent MIMP-neutron and MIMP-proton cross-sections for dark matter particles with masses close to the Planck scale. △ Less

Submitted 21 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023.

Comments: 7 pages, 6 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 261002 (2023)

Differentiable modeling to unify machine learning and physical models and advance Geosciences

Authors: Chaopeng Shen, Alison P. Appling, Pierre Gentine, Toshiyuki Bandai, Hoshin Gupta, Alexandre Tartakovsky, Marco Baity-Jesi, Fabrizio Fenicia, Daniel Kifer, Li Li, Xiaofeng Liu, Wei Ren, Yi Zheng, Ciaran J. Harman, Martyn Clark, Matthew Farthing, Dapeng Feng, Praveen Kumar, Doaa Aboelyazeed, Farshid Rahmani, Hylke E. Beck, Tadd Bindas, Dipankar Dwivedi, Kuai Fang, Marvin Höge , et al. (5 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Process-Based Modeling (PBM) and Machine Learning (ML) are often perceived as distinct paradigms in the geosciences. Here we present differentiable geoscientific modeling as a powerful pathway toward dissolving the perceived barrier between them and ushering in a paradigm shift. For decades, PBM offered benefits in interpretability and physical consistency but struggled to efficiently leverage lar… ▽ More Process-Based Modeling (PBM) and Machine Learning (ML) are often perceived as distinct paradigms in the geosciences. Here we present differentiable geoscientific modeling as a powerful pathway toward dissolving the perceived barrier between them and ushering in a paradigm shift. For decades, PBM offered benefits in interpretability and physical consistency but struggled to efficiently leverage large datasets. ML methods, especially deep networks, presented strong predictive skills yet lacked the ability to answer specific scientific questions. While various methods have been proposed for ML-physics integration, an important underlying theme -- differentiable modeling -- is not sufficiently recognized. Here we outline the concepts, applicability, and significance of differentiable geoscientific modeling (DG). "Differentiable" refers to accurately and efficiently calculating gradients with respect to model variables, critically enabling the learning of high-dimensional unknown relationships. DG refers to a range of methods connecting varying amounts of prior knowledge to neural networks and training them together, capturing a different scope than physics-guided machine learning and emphasizing first principles. Preliminary evidence suggests DG offers better interpretability and causality than ML, improved generalizability and extrapolation capability, and strong potential for knowledge discovery, while approaching the performance of purely data-driven ML. DG models require less training data while scaling favorably in performance and efficiency with increasing amounts of data. With DG, geoscientists may be better able to frame and investigate questions, test hypotheses, and discover unrecognized linkages. △ Less

Submitted 26 December, 2023; v1 submitted 10 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023.

Journal ref: Nat Rev Earth Environ 4, 552-567 (2023)

Living Cells as a Biological Analog of Optical Tweezers -- a Non-Invasive Microrheology Approach

Authors: William Hardiman, Matt Clark, Claire Friel, Alan Huett, Fernando Pérez-Cota, Kerry Setchfield, Manlio Tassieri, Amanda J Wright

Abstract: Microrheology, the study of fluids on micron length-scales, promises to reveal insights into cellular biology, including mechanical biomarkers of disease and the interplay between biomechanics and cellular function. Here a minimally-invasive passive microrheology technique is applied to individual living cells by chemically binding a bead to the surface of a cell, and observing the mean squared di… ▽ More Microrheology, the study of fluids on micron length-scales, promises to reveal insights into cellular biology, including mechanical biomarkers of disease and the interplay between biomechanics and cellular function. Here a minimally-invasive passive microrheology technique is applied to individual living cells by chemically binding a bead to the surface of a cell, and observing the mean squared displacement of the bead at timescales ranging from milliseconds to 100s of seconds. Measurements are repeated over the course of hours, and presented alongside novel analysis to quantify changes in the cells' low-frequency elastic modulus and the cell's dynamics over the time window from around 0.01s to 10s. An analogy to optical trapping allows verification of the invariant viscosity of HeLa S3 cells under control conditions and after cytoskeletal disruption. Stiffening of the cell is observed during cytoskeletal rearrangement in the control case, and cell softening when the actin cytoskeleton is disrupted by Latrunculin B. These data correlate with conventional understanding that integrin binding and recruitment triggers cytoskeletal rearrangement. This is, to our knowledge, the first time that cell stiffening has been measured during focal adhesion maturation, and the longest time over which such stiffening has been quantified by any means. △ Less

Submitted 25 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures

An approximate likelihood for nuclear recoil searches with XENON1T data

Authors: E. Aprile, K. Abe, F. Agostini, S. Ahmed Maouloud, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, B. Andrieu, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare, V. C. Antochi, D. Antón Martin, F. Arneodo, L. Baudis, A. L. Baxter, L. Bellagamba, R. Biondi, A. Bismark, A. Brown, S. Bruenner, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, C. Capelli, J. M. R. Cardoso, D. Cichon, B. Cimmino , et al. (129 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The XENON collaboration has published stringent limits on specific dark matter -nucleon recoil spectra from dark matter recoiling on the liquid xenon detector target. In this paper, we present an approximate likelihood for the XENON1T 1 tonne-year nuclear recoil search applicable to any nuclear recoil spectrum. Alongside this paper, we publish data and code to compute upper limits using the method… ▽ More The XENON collaboration has published stringent limits on specific dark matter -nucleon recoil spectra from dark matter recoiling on the liquid xenon detector target. In this paper, we present an approximate likelihood for the XENON1T 1 tonne-year nuclear recoil search applicable to any nuclear recoil spectrum. Alongside this paper, we publish data and code to compute upper limits using the method we present. The approximate likelihood is constructed in bins of reconstructed energy, profiled along the signal expectation in each bin. This approach can be used to compute an approximate likelihood and therefore most statistical results for any nuclear recoil spectrum. Computing approximate results with this method is approximately three orders of magnitude faster than the likelihood used in the original publications of XENON1T, where limits were set for specific families of recoil spectra. Using this same method, we include toy Monte Carlo simulation-derived binwise likelihoods for the upcoming XENONnT experiment that can similarly be used to assess the sensitivity to arbitrary nuclear recoil signatures in its eventual 20 tonne-year exposure. △ Less

Submitted 13 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022.

Comments: Accepted by European Physical Journal C

Charge Trapping and Energy Performance of the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR

Authors: I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone III, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, K. H. Bhimani, E. Blalock, B. Bos, M. Busch, M. Buuck, T. S. Caldwell, Y-D. Chan, C. D. Christofferson, P. -H. Chu, M. L. Clark, C. Cuesta, J. A. Detwiler, Yu. Efremenko, H. Ejiri, S. R. Elliott, G. K. Giovanetti, M. P. Green, J. Gruszko, I. S. Guinn, V. E. Guiseppe, C. R. Haufe , et al. (33 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: P-type point contact (PPC) high-purity germanium detectors are an important technology in astroparticle and nuclear physics due to their superb energy resolution, low noise, and pulse shape discrimination capabilities. Analysis of data from the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, a neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment deploying PPC detectors enriched in $^{76}$Ge, has led to several novel improvements in… ▽ More P-type point contact (PPC) high-purity germanium detectors are an important technology in astroparticle and nuclear physics due to their superb energy resolution, low noise, and pulse shape discrimination capabilities. Analysis of data from the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, a neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment deploying PPC detectors enriched in $^{76}$Ge, has led to several novel improvements in the analysis of PPC signals. In this work we discuss charge trapping in PPC detectors and its effect on energy resolution. Small dislocations or impurities in the crystal lattice result in trapping of charge carriers from an ionization event of interest, attenuating the signal and degrading the measured energy. We present a modified digital pole-zero correction to the signal energy estimation that counters the effects of charge trapping and improves the energy resolution of the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR by approximately 30% to around 2.4 keV FWHM at 2039 keV, the $^{76}$Ge $Q$-value. An alternative approach achieving similar resolution enhancement is also presented. △ Less

Submitted 26 April, 2023; v1 submitted 1 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022.

Comments: 12 pages, 13 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C 107, 045503 (2023)

Interpretable Boosted Decision Tree Analysis for the Majorana Demonstrator

Authors: I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone III, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, K. H. Bhimani, E. Blalock, B. Bos, M. Busch, M. Buuck, T. S. Caldwell, Y -D. Chan, C. D. Christofferson, P. -H. Chu, M. L. Clark, C. Cuesta, J. A. Detwiler, Yu. Efremenko, S. R. Elliott, G. K. Giovanetti, M. P. Green, J. Gruszko, I. S. Guinn, V. E. Guiseppe, C. R. Haufe, R. Henning , et al. (30 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Majorana Demonstrator is a leading experiment searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay with high purity germanium detectors (HPGe). Machine learning provides a new way to maximize the amount of information provided by these detectors, but the data-driven nature makes it less interpretable compared to traditional analysis. An interpretability study reveals the machine's decision-making logi… ▽ More The Majorana Demonstrator is a leading experiment searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay with high purity germanium detectors (HPGe). Machine learning provides a new way to maximize the amount of information provided by these detectors, but the data-driven nature makes it less interpretable compared to traditional analysis. An interpretability study reveals the machine's decision-making logic, allowing us to learn from the machine to feedback to the traditional analysis. In this work, we have presented the first machine learning analysis of the data from the Majorana Demonstrator; this is also the first interpretable machine learning analysis of any germanium detector experiment. Two gradient boosted decision tree models are trained to learn from the data, and a game-theory-based model interpretability study is conducted to understand the origin of the classification power. By learning from data, this analysis recognizes the correlations among reconstruction parameters to further enhance the background rejection performance. By learning from the machine, this analysis reveals the importance of new background categories to reciprocally benefit the standard Majorana analysis. This model is highly compatible with next-generation germanium detector experiments like LEGEND since it can be simultaneously trained on a large number of detectors. △ Less

Submitted 21 August, 2024; v1 submitted 21 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 13 pages, 9 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. C, Vol. 107, Iss. 1, January 2023

Final Result of the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR's Search for Neutrinoless Double-$β$ Decay in $^{76}$Ge

Authors: I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone III, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, P. J. Barton, K. H. Bhimani, E. Blalock, B. Bos, M. Busch, M. Buuck, T. S. Caldwell, Y-D. Chan, C. D. Christofferson, P. -H. Chu, M. L. Clark, C. Cuesta, J. A. Detwiler, Yu. Efremenko, H. Ejiri, S. R. Elliott, G. K. Giovanetti, M. P. Green, J. Gruszko, I. S. Guinn, V. E. Guiseppe , et al. (35 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR searched for neutrinoless double-$β$ decay ($0νββ$) of $^{76}$Ge using modular arrays of high-purity Ge detectors operated in vacuum cryostats in a low-background shield. The arrays operated with up to 40.4 kg of detectors (27.2 kg enriched to $\sim$88\% in $^{76}$Ge). From these measurements, the DEMONSTRATOR has accumulated 64.5 kg yr of enriched active exposure. With a… ▽ More The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR searched for neutrinoless double-$β$ decay ($0νββ$) of $^{76}$Ge using modular arrays of high-purity Ge detectors operated in vacuum cryostats in a low-background shield. The arrays operated with up to 40.4 kg of detectors (27.2 kg enriched to $\sim$88\% in $^{76}$Ge). From these measurements, the DEMONSTRATOR has accumulated 64.5 kg yr of enriched active exposure. With a world-leading energy resolution of 2.52 keV FWHM at the 2039 keV $Q_{ββ}$ (0.12\%), we set a half-life limit of $0νββ$ in $^{76}$Ge at $T_{1/2}>8.3\times10^{25}$ yr (90\% C.L.). This provides a range of upper limits on $m_{ββ}$ of $(113-269)$ meV (90\% C.L.), depending on the choice of nuclear matrix elements. △ Less

Submitted 10 February, 2023; v1 submitted 15 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022.

Comments: 8 pages, 2 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 062501 (2022)

Experimental study of 13C(α,n)16O reactions in the Majorana Demonstrator calibration data

Authors: MAJORANA Collaboration, I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone III, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, K. H. Bhimani, E. Blalock, B. Bos, M. Busch, M. Buuck, T. S. Caldwell, Y-D. Chan, C. D. Christofferson, P. -H. Chu, M. L. Clark, C. Cuesta, J. A. Detwiler, Yu. Efremenko, H. Ejiri, S. R. Elliott, G. K. Giovanetti, M. P. Green, J. Gruszko, I. S. Guinn, V. E. Guiseppe , et al. (33 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Neutron captures and delayed decays of reaction products are common sources of backgrounds in ultra-rare event searches. In this work, we studied $^{13}$C($α,n)^{16}$O reactions induced by $α$-particles emitted within the calibration sources of the \textsc{Majorana Demonstrator}. These sources are thorium-based calibration standards enclosed in carbon-rich materials. The reaction rate was estimate… ▽ More Neutron captures and delayed decays of reaction products are common sources of backgrounds in ultra-rare event searches. In this work, we studied $^{13}$C($α,n)^{16}$O reactions induced by $α$-particles emitted within the calibration sources of the \textsc{Majorana Demonstrator}. These sources are thorium-based calibration standards enclosed in carbon-rich materials. The reaction rate was estimated by using the 6129-keV $γ$-rays emitted from the excited $^{16}$O states that are populated when the incoming $α$-particles exceed the reaction Q-value. Thanks to the excellent energy performance of the \textsc{Demonstrator}'s germanium detectors, these characteristic photons can be clearly observed in the calibration data. Facilitated by \textsc{Geant4} simulations, a comparison between the observed 6129-keV photon rates and predictions by a TALYS-based software was performed. The measurements and predictions were found to be consistent, albeit with large statistical uncertainties. This agreement provides support for background projections from ($α,n$)-reactions in future double-beta decay search efforts. △ Less

Submitted 11 July, 2022; v1 submitted 27 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: Published version

Journal ref: Physical Review C 105, 064610 (2022)

A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics

Authors: J. Aalbers, K. Abe, V. Aerne, F. Agostini, S. Ahmed Maouloud, D. S. Akerib, D. Yu. Akimov, J. Akshat, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, S. K. Alsum, L. Althueser, C. S. Amarasinghe, F. D. Amaro, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, B. Andrieu, N. Angelides, E. Angelino, J. Angevaare, V. C. Antochi, D. Antón Martin, B. Antunovic, E. Aprile, H. M. Araújo , et al. (572 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neut… ▽ More The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector. △ Less

Submitted 4 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 77 pages, 40 figures, 1262 references

Report number: INT-PUB-22-003

Journal ref: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 50 (2023) 013001

Application and modeling of an online distillation method to reduce krypton and argon in XENON1T

Authors: E. Aprile, K. Abe, F. Agostini, S. Ahmed Maouloud, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare, V. C. Antochi, D. Antón Martin, F. Arneodo, L. Baudis, A. L. Baxter, L. Bellagamba, A. Bernard, R. Biondi, A. Bismark, A. Brown, S. Bruenner, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, C. Capelli, J. M. R. Cardoso, D. Cichon, B. Cimmino , et al. (129 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: A novel online distillation technique was developed for the XENON1T dark matter experiment to reduce intrinsic background components more volatile than xenon, such as krypton or argon, while the detector was operating. The method is based on a continuous purification of the gaseous volume of the detector system using the XENON1T cryogenic distillation column. A krypton-in-xenon concentration of… ▽ More A novel online distillation technique was developed for the XENON1T dark matter experiment to reduce intrinsic background components more volatile than xenon, such as krypton or argon, while the detector was operating. The method is based on a continuous purification of the gaseous volume of the detector system using the XENON1T cryogenic distillation column. A krypton-in-xenon concentration of $(360 \pm 60)$ ppq was achieved. It is the lowest concentration measured in the fiducial volume of an operating dark matter detector to date. A model was developed and fit to the data to describe the krypton evolution in the liquid and gas volumes of the detector system for several operation modes over the time span of 550 days, including the commissioning and science runs of XENON1T. The online distillation was also successfully applied to remove Ar-37 after its injection for a low energy calibration in XENON1T. This makes the usage of Ar-37 as a regular calibration source possible in the future. The online distillation can be applied to next-generation experiments to remove krypton prior to, or during, any science run. The model developed here allows further optimization of the distillation strategy for future large scale detectors. △ Less

Submitted 14 June, 2022; v1 submitted 22 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Journal ref: Prog Theor Exp Phys (2022)

Emission of Single and Few Electrons in XENON1T and Limits on Light Dark Matter

Authors: E. Aprile, K. Abe, F. Agostini, S. Ahmed Maouloud, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare, V. C. Antochi, D. Antón Martin, F. Arneodo, L. Baudis, A. L. Baxter, L. Bellagamba, A. Bernard, R. Biondi, A. Bismark, A. Brown, S. Bruenner, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, C. Capelli, J. M. R. Cardoso, D. Cichon, B. Cimmino , et al. (130 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Delayed single- and few-electron emissions plague dual-phase time projection chambers, limiting their potential to search for light-mass dark matter. This paper examines the origins of these events in the XENON1T experiment. Characterization of the intensity of delayed electron backgrounds shows that the resulting emissions are correlated, in time and position, with high-energy events and can effe… ▽ More Delayed single- and few-electron emissions plague dual-phase time projection chambers, limiting their potential to search for light-mass dark matter. This paper examines the origins of these events in the XENON1T experiment. Characterization of the intensity of delayed electron backgrounds shows that the resulting emissions are correlated, in time and position, with high-energy events and can effectively be vetoed. In this work we extend previous S2-only analyses down to a single electron. From this analysis, after removing the correlated backgrounds, we observe rates < 30 events/(electron*kg*day) in the region of interest spanning 1 to 5 electrons. We derive 90% confidence upper limits for dark matter-electron scattering, first direct limits on the electric dipole, magnetic dipole, and anapole interactions, and bosonic dark matter models, where we exclude new parameter space for dark photons and solar dark photons. △ Less

Submitted 2 September, 2024; v1 submitted 22 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 20 pages, 17 figures, Updated to correct published Solar Dark Photon limit

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 106, 022001 (2022)

Investigation of the cryogenic scintillation of pure and doped sodium-iodine

Authors: M. Clark, F. Froborg, P. C. F. Di Stefano, F. Calaprice

Abstract: We have studied the scintillation of pure and doped sodium iodide crystals handled in low humidity conditions under external $α$ and $γ$ excitation from room temperature down to 4K. The light yield of pure sodium iodide was seen to increase at low temperatures by a factor 30 compared to room temperature, up to a maximum of 40 photons/keV under $γ$ excitation at 60K, stabilizing to 30 photons/keV a… ▽ More We have studied the scintillation of pure and doped sodium iodide crystals handled in low humidity conditions under external $α$ and $γ$ excitation from room temperature down to 4K. The light yield of pure sodium iodide was seen to increase at low temperatures by a factor 30 compared to room temperature, up to a maximum of 40 photons/keV under $γ$ excitation at 60K, stabilizing to 30 photons/keV at lower temperatures. Thallium doped sodium iodide fluctuates by 20% around the room temperature value, stabilizing at 40 photons/keV at low temperature. $α/ γ$ quenching factor stabilizes at roughly 0.7 for both materials beneath 50K. Time constants of both materials slow greatly at low temperature, reaching tens of microseconds. Cryogenic applications of these materials are complexified by their mechanical fragility and hygroscopicity. △ Less

Submitted 22 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 16 pages, 8 figures

In situ detection of RF breakdown on microfabricated surface ion traps

Authors: Joshua M. Wilson, Julia N. Tilles, Raymond A. Haltli, Eric Ou, Matthew G. Blain, Susan M. Clark, Melissa C. Revelle

Abstract: Microfabricated surface ion traps are a principle component of many ion-based quantum information science platforms. The operational parameters of these devices are pushed to the edge of their physical capabilities as the experiments strive for increasing performance. When the applied radio-frequency (RF) voltage is increased too much, the devices can experience damaging electric discharge events… ▽ More Microfabricated surface ion traps are a principle component of many ion-based quantum information science platforms. The operational parameters of these devices are pushed to the edge of their physical capabilities as the experiments strive for increasing performance. When the applied radio-frequency (RF) voltage is increased too much, the devices can experience damaging electric discharge events known as RF breakdown. We introduce two novel techniques for in situ detection of RF breakdown, which we implemented while characterizing the breakdown threshold of surface ion traps produced at Sandia National Laboratories. In these traps, breakdown did not always occur immediately after increasing the RF voltage, but often minutes or even hours later. This result is surprising in the context of the suggested mechanisms for RF breakdown in vacuum. Additionally, the extent of visible damage caused by breakdown events increased with applied voltage. To minimize the probability for damage when RF power is first applied to a device, our results strongly suggest that the voltage should be ramped up over the course of several hours and monitored forbreakdown. △ Less

Submitted 17 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Proposed Lunar Measurements of $r$-Process Radioisotopes to Distinguish Origin of Deep-sea 244Pu

Authors: Xilu Wang, Adam M. Clark, John Ellis, Adrienne F. Ertel, Brian D. Fields, Brian J. Fry, Zhenghai Liu, Jesse A. Miller, Rebecca Surman

Abstract: 244Pu has recently been discovered in deep-sea deposits spanning the past 10 Myr, a period that includes two 60Fe pulses from nearby supernovae. 244Pu is among the heaviest $r$-process products, and we consider whether it was created in the supernovae, which is disfavored by nucleosynthesis simulations, or in an earlier kilonova event that seeded 244Pu in the nearby interstellar medium that was su… ▽ More 244Pu has recently been discovered in deep-sea deposits spanning the past 10 Myr, a period that includes two 60Fe pulses from nearby supernovae. 244Pu is among the heaviest $r$-process products, and we consider whether it was created in the supernovae, which is disfavored by nucleosynthesis simulations, or in an earlier kilonova event that seeded 244Pu in the nearby interstellar medium that was subsequently swept up by the supernova debris. We discuss how these possibilities can be probed by measuring 244Pu and other $r$-process radioisotopes such as 129I and 182Hf, both in lunar regolith samples returned to Earth by missions such as Chang'e and Artemis, and in deep-sea deposits. △ Less

Submitted 29 March, 2023; v1 submitted 17 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

Comments: 19 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, v3 matches version to appear in ApJ

Report number: KCL-PH-TH/2021-91, CERN-TH-2021-208, N3AS-21-017

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal, 2023, Volume 948, Issue 2, id.113, 13 pp

Material radiopurity control in the XENONnT experiment

Authors: E. Aprile, K. Abe, F. Agostini, S. Ahmed Maouloud, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, E. Angelino, J. R. Angevaare, V. C. Antochi, D. Antón Martin, F. Arneodo, L. Baudis, A. L. Baxter, L. Bellagamba, R. Biondi, A. Bismark, A. Brown, S. Bruenner, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, C. Capelli, J. M. R. Cardoso, D. Cichon, B. Cimmino, M. Clark , et al. (128 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The selection of low-radioactive construction materials is of the utmost importance for rare-event searches and thus critical to the XENONnT experiment. Results of an extensive radioassay program are reported, in which material samples have been screened with gamma-ray spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and $^{222}$Rn emanation measurements. Furthermore, the cleanliness procedures applied to remove… ▽ More The selection of low-radioactive construction materials is of the utmost importance for rare-event searches and thus critical to the XENONnT experiment. Results of an extensive radioassay program are reported, in which material samples have been screened with gamma-ray spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and $^{222}$Rn emanation measurements. Furthermore, the cleanliness procedures applied to remove or mitigate surface contamination of detector materials are described. Screening results, used as inputs for a XENONnT Monte Carlo simulation, predict a reduction of materials background ($\sim$17%) with respect to its predecessor XENON1T. Through radon emanation measurements, the expected $^{222}$Rn activity concentration in XENONnT is determined to be 4.2$\,(^{+0.5}_{-0.7})\,μ$Bq/kg, a factor three lower with respect to XENON1T. This radon concentration will be further suppressed by means of the novel radon distillation system. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2023; v1 submitted 10 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021.

The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR Readout Electronics System

Authors: N. Abgrall, M. Amman, I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone III, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, P. J. Barton, F. E. Bertrand, K. H. Bhimani, B. Bos, A. W. Bradley, T. H. Burritt, M. Busch, M. Buuck, T. S. Caldwell, Y-D. Chan, C. D. Christofferson, P. -H. Chu, M. L. Clark, R. J. Cooper, C. Cuesta, J. A. Detwiler, A. Drobizhev, D. W. Edwins, Yu. Efremenko , et al. (54 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR comprises two arrays of high-purity germanium detectors constructed to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 76-Ge and other physics beyond the Standard Model. Its readout electronics were designed to have low electronic noise, and radioactive backgrounds were minimized by using low-mass components and low-radioactivity materials near the detectors. This paper prov… ▽ More The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR comprises two arrays of high-purity germanium detectors constructed to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 76-Ge and other physics beyond the Standard Model. Its readout electronics were designed to have low electronic noise, and radioactive backgrounds were minimized by using low-mass components and low-radioactivity materials near the detectors. This paper provides a description of all components of the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR readout electronics, spanning the front-end electronics and internal cabling, back-end electronics, digitizer, and power supplies, along with the grounding scheme. The spectroscopic performance achieved with these readout electronics is also demonstrated. △ Less

Submitted 23 February, 2022; v1 submitted 17 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Comments: For submission to JINST, 17 figures. v2: revised version

Nanobeacon: A time calibration device for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope

Authors: S. Aiello, A. Albert, M. Alshamsi, S. Alves Garre, Z. Aly, A. Ambrosone, F. Ameli, M. Andre, G. Androulakis, M. Anghinolfi, M. Anguita, M. Ardid, S. Ardid, J. Aublin, C. Bagatelas, B. Baret, S. Basegmez du Pree, M. Bendahman, F. Benfenati, E. Berbee, A. M. van den Berg, V. Bertine, S. Biagi, M. Boettcher, M. Bou Cabo , et al. (216 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters with atmospheric ne… ▽ More The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters with atmospheric neutrinos. Both extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos are detected through the Cherenkov light induced in seawater by charged particles produced in neutrino interactions in the surrounding medium. A relative time synchronization between photomultipliers of the order of 1 ns is needed to guarantee the required angular resolution of the detector. Due to the large detector volumes to be instrumented by KM3NeT, a cost reduction of the different systems is a priority. To this end, the inexpensive Nanobeacon has been designed and developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to be used for detector time-calibration studies. At present, more than 600 Nanobeacons have been already produced. The characterization of the optical pulse and the wavelength emission profile of the devices are critical for the time calibration. In this paper, the main features of the Nanobeacon design, production and operation, together with the main properties of the light pulse generated are described. △ Less

Submitted 30 October, 2021; originally announced November 2021.

Signatures of muonic activation in the Majorana Demonstrator

Authors: I. J. Arnquist, F. T. Avignone III, A. S. Barabash, C. J. Barton, F. E. Bertrand, E. Blalock, B. Bos, M. Busch, M. Buuck, T. S. Caldwell, Y-D. Chan, C. D. Christofferson, P. -H. Chu, M. L. Clark, C. Cuesta, J. A. Detwiler, T. R. Edwards, Yu. Efremenko, H. Ejiri, S. R. Elliott, G. K. Giovanetti, M. P. Green, J. Gruszko, I. S. Guinn, V. E. Guiseppe , et al. (33 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Experiments searching for very rare processes such as neutrinoless double-beta decay require a detailed understanding of all sources of background. Signals from radioactive impurities present in construction and detector materials can be suppressed using a number of well-understood techniques. Background from in-situ cosmogenic interactions can be reduced by siting an experiment deep underground.… ▽ More Experiments searching for very rare processes such as neutrinoless double-beta decay require a detailed understanding of all sources of background. Signals from radioactive impurities present in construction and detector materials can be suppressed using a number of well-understood techniques. Background from in-situ cosmogenic interactions can be reduced by siting an experiment deep underground. However, the next generation of such experiments have unprecedented sensitivity goals of 10$^{28}$ years half-life with background rates of 10$^{-5}$cts/(keV kg yr) in the region of interest. To achieve these goals, the remaining cosmogenic background must be well understood. In the work presented here, Majorana Demonstrator data is used to search for decay signatures of meta-stable germanium isotopes. Contributions to the region of interest in energy and time are estimated using simulations, and compared to Demonstrator data. Correlated time-delayed signals are used to identify decay signatures of isotopes produced in the germanium detectors. A good agreement between expected and measured rate is found and different simulation frameworks are used to estimate the uncertainties of the predictions. The simulation campaign is then extended to characterize the background for the LEGEND experiment, a proposed tonne-scale effort searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $^{76}$Ge. △ Less

Submitted 27 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021.

Comments: 14 pages, 12 figures

The Calibration Units of KM3NeT

Authors: R. Le Breton, M. Billault, C. Boutonnet, C. Champion, S. Colonges, A. Cosquer, A. Creusot, S. Henry, A. Ilioni, P. Keller, P. Lagier, R. Lahmann, P. Lamare, J. Lesrel, M. Lindsey Clark, J. Royon, G. Riccobene, D. Samtleben, V. Van Elewyck

Abstract: KM3NeT is a deep-sea infrastructure composed of two neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea: ARCA, near Sicily in Italy, designed for neutrino astronomy, and ORCA, near Toulon in France, designed for neutrino oscillation physics. To achieve the best performance, the exact location of the optical modules, affected by sea current, must be known at any time and the timing resoluti… ▽ More KM3NeT is a deep-sea infrastructure composed of two neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea: ARCA, near Sicily in Italy, designed for neutrino astronomy, and ORCA, near Toulon in France, designed for neutrino oscillation physics. To achieve the best performance, the exact location of the optical modules, affected by sea current, must be known at any time and the timing resolution between optical modules must reach the nanosecond. Moreover, the properties of the environment in which the telescopes are deployed must be continuously monitored because they affect the timing and positioning calibration. KM3NeT is going to deploy several dedicated Calibration Units to meet these calibration goals. Because of the difference in size between ARCA and ORCA, the design of the Calibration Unit is not the same for the two sites. This proceeding describes all the devices, features and purposes of the Calibration Units with a focus on the ORCA Calibration Unit. △ Less

Submitted 11 August, 2021; v1 submitted 28 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: VLVnT 2021

LEGEND-1000 Preconceptual Design Report

Authors: LEGEND Collaboration, N. Abgrall, I. Abt, M. Agostini, A. Alexander, C. Andreoiu, G. R. Araujo, F. T. Avignone III, W. Bae, A. Bakalyarov, M. Balata, M. Bantel, I. Barabanov, A. S. Barabash, P. S. Barbeau, C. J. Barton, P. J. Barton, L. Baudis, C. Bauer, E. Bernieri, L. Bezrukov, K. H. Bhimani, V. Biancacci, E. Blalock, A. Bolozdynya , et al. (239 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We propose the construction of LEGEND-1000, the ton-scale Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless $ββ$ Decay. This international experiment is designed to answer one of the highest priority questions in fundamental physics. It consists of 1000 kg of Ge detectors enriched to more than 90% in the $^{76}$Ge isotope operated in a liquid argon active shield at a deep underground laboratory… ▽ More We propose the construction of LEGEND-1000, the ton-scale Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless $ββ$ Decay. This international experiment is designed to answer one of the highest priority questions in fundamental physics. It consists of 1000 kg of Ge detectors enriched to more than 90% in the $^{76}$Ge isotope operated in a liquid argon active shield at a deep underground laboratory. By combining the lowest background levels with the best energy resolution in the field, LEGEND-1000 will perform a quasi-background-free search and can make an unambiguous discovery of neutrinoless double-beta decay with just a handful of counts at the decay $Q$ value. The experiment is designed to probe this decay with a 99.7%-CL discovery sensitivity in the $^{76}$Ge half-life of $1.3\times10^{28}$ years, corresponding to an effective Majorana mass upper limit in the range of 9-21 meV, to cover the inverted-ordering neutrino mass scale with 10 yr of live time. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

MuSIC@Indiana: an effective tool for accurate measurement of fusion with low-intensity radioactive beams

Authors: J. E. Johnstone, Rohit Kumar, S. Hudan, Varinderjit Singh, R. T. deSouza, J. Allen, D. W. Bardayan, D. Blankstein, C. Boomershine, S. Carmichael, A. M. Clark, S. Coil, S. L. Henderson, P. D. O'Malley

Abstract: The design, construction, and characterization of the Multi-Sampling Ionization Chamber, MuSIC@Indiana, are described. This detector provides efficient and accurate measurement of the fusion cross-section at near-barrier energies. The response of the detector to low-intensity beams of $^{17,18}$O, $^{19}$F, $^{23}$Na, $^{24,26}$Mg, $^{27}$Al, and $^{28}$Si at E$_{lab}$ = 50-60 MeV was examined. Mu… ▽ More The design, construction, and characterization of the Multi-Sampling Ionization Chamber, MuSIC@Indiana, are described. This detector provides efficient and accurate measurement of the fusion cross-section at near-barrier energies. The response of the detector to low-intensity beams of $^{17,18}$O, $^{19}$F, $^{23}$Na, $^{24,26}$Mg, $^{27}$Al, and $^{28}$Si at E$_{lab}$ = 50-60 MeV was examined. MuSIC@Indiana was commissioned by measuring the $^{18}$O+$^{12}$C fusion excitation function for 11 $<$ E$_{cm}$ $<$ 20 MeV using CH$_{4}$ gas. A simple, effective analysis cleanly distinguishes proton capture and two-body scattering events from fusion on carbon. With MuSIC@Indiana, measurement of 15 points on the excitation function for a single incident beam energy is achieved. The resulting excitation function is shown to be in good agreement with literature data △ Less

Submitted 12 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021.

Comments: 8 pages, 9 figures

Laboratory verification of electron-scale reconnection regions modulated by a three-dimensional instability

Authors: S. Greess, J. Egedal, A. Stanier, W. Daughton, J. Olson, A. Lê, R. Myers, A. Millet-Ayala, M. Clark, J. Wallace, D. Endrizzi, C. Forest

Abstract: During magnetic reconnection in collisionless space plasma, the electron fluid decouples from the magnetic field within narrow current layers, and theoretical models for this process can be distinguished in terms of their predicted current layer widths. From theory, the off-diagonal stress in the electron pressure tensor is related to thermal non-circular orbit motion of electrons around the magne… ▽ More During magnetic reconnection in collisionless space plasma, the electron fluid decouples from the magnetic field within narrow current layers, and theoretical models for this process can be distinguished in terms of their predicted current layer widths. From theory, the off-diagonal stress in the electron pressure tensor is related to thermal non-circular orbit motion of electrons around the magnetic field lines. This stress becomes significant when the width of the reconnecting current layer approaches the small characteristic length scale of the electron motion. To aid in situ spacecraft and numerical investigations of reconnection, the structure of the electron diffusion region is here investigated using the Terrestrial Reconnection EXperiment (TREX). In agreement with the closely matched kinetic simulations, laboratory observations reveal the presence of electron-scale current layer widths. Although the layers are modulated by a current-driven instability, 3D simulations demonstrate that it is the off-diagonal stress that is responsible for breaking the frozen-in condition of the electron fluid. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021.

Comments: Reviewed and accepted to the Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. Accepted on 10 June 2021; in preprint at time of arxiv submission (13 June 2021)

r-Process Radioisotopes from Near-Earth Supernovae and Kilonovae

Authors: Xilu Wang, Adam M. Clark, John Ellis, Adrienne F. Ertel, Brian D. Fields, Zhenghai Liu, Jesse A. Miller, Rebecca Surman

Abstract: The astrophysical sites where r-process elements are synthesized remain mysterious: it is clear that neutron star mergers (kilonovae (KNe)) contribute, and some classes of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) are also likely sources of at least the lighter r-process species. The discovery of 60Fe on the Earth and Moon implies that one or more astrophysical explosions have occurred near the Earth within… ▽ More The astrophysical sites where r-process elements are synthesized remain mysterious: it is clear that neutron star mergers (kilonovae (KNe)) contribute, and some classes of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) are also likely sources of at least the lighter r-process species. The discovery of 60Fe on the Earth and Moon implies that one or more astrophysical explosions have occurred near the Earth within the last few million years, probably SNe. Intriguingly, 244Pu has now been detected, mostly overlapping with 60Fe pulse. However, the 244Pu flux may extend to before 12 Myr ago, pointing to a different origin. Motivated by these observations and difficulties for r-process nucleosynthesis in SN models, we propose that ejecta from a KN enriched the giant molecular cloud that gave rise to the Local Bubble, where the Sun resides. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements of 244Pu and searches for other live isotopes could probe the origins of the r-process and the history of the solar neighborhood, including triggers for mass extinctions, e.g., that at the end of the Devonian epoch, motivating the calculations of the abundances of live r-process radioisotopes produced in SNe and KNe that we present here. Given the presence of 244Pu, other r-process species such as 93Zr, 107Pd, 129I, 135Cs, 182Hf, 236U, 237Np and 247Cm should be present. Their abundances and well-resolved time histories could distinguish between the SN and KN scenarios, and we discuss prospects for their detection in deep-ocean deposits and the lunar regolith. We show that AMS 129I measurements in Fe-Mn crusts already constrain a possible nearby KN scenario. △ Less

Submitted 24 December, 2021; v1 submitted 11 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021.

Comments: 45 pages, 14 figures, 11 tables, v2 matches version to appear in ApJ

Report number: KCL-PH-TH/2021-03, CERN-TH-2021-014, N3AS-21-007

Journal ref: The Astrophysical Journal, 2021, Volume 923, Number 2

Multiscale Thermodynamics: Energy, Entropy, and Symmetry from Atoms to Bulk Behavior

Authors: Ralph V. Chamberlin, Michael R. Clark, Vladimiro Mujica, George H. Wolf

Abstract: Here we investigate how local properties of particles in a thermal bath influence the thermodynamics of the bath. We utilize nanothermodynamics, based on two postulates: that small systems can be treated self-consistently by coupling to an ensemble of similarly small systems, and that a large ensemble of small systems forms its own thermodynamic bath. We adapt these ideas to study how a large syst… ▽ More Here we investigate how local properties of particles in a thermal bath influence the thermodynamics of the bath. We utilize nanothermodynamics, based on two postulates: that small systems can be treated self-consistently by coupling to an ensemble of similarly small systems, and that a large ensemble of small systems forms its own thermodynamic bath. We adapt these ideas to study how a large system may subdivide into an ensemble of smaller subsystems, causing internal heterogeneity across multiple size scales. For the semi-classical ideal gas, maximum entropy favors subdividing a large system of atoms into regions of variable size. The mechanism of region formation could come from quantum exchange that makes atoms in each region indistinguishable, while decoherence between regions allows atoms in separate regions to be distinguishable by location. Combining regions reduces the total entropy, as expected when distinguishable particles become indistinguishable, and as required by theorems for sub-additive entropy. Combining large volumes of small regions gives the entropy of mixing for a semi-classical ideal gas, resolving Gibbs paradox without invoking quantum symmetry for distant atoms. Other models we study are based on Ising-like spins in 1-D. We find similarity in the properties of a two-state model in the nanocanonical ensemble and a three-state model in the canonical ensemble. Thus, emergent phenomena may alter the thermal behavior of microscopic models, and the correct ensemble is necessary for fully-accurate predictions. We add a nonlinear correction to Boltzmann's factor in simulations of the Ising-like spins to imitate the dynamics of spin exchange on intermediate lengths, yielding the statistics of indistinguishable states. These simulations exhibit 1/f-like noise at low frequencies (f), and white noise at higher f, similar to the thermal fluctuations found in many materials. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: 23 pages, 7 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2007.13031

Report number: 12040721

Journal ref: Symmetry 13, 721 (2021)

Laminar and Turbulent Plasmoid Ejection in a Laboratory Parker Spiral Current Sheet

Authors: Ethan E. Peterson, Douglass A. Endrizzi, Michael Clark, Jan Egedal, Kenneth Flanagan, Nuno F. Loureiro, Jason Milhone, Joseph Olson, Carl R. Sovinec, John Wallace, Cary B. Forest

Abstract: Quasi-periodic plasmoid formation at the tip of magnetic streamer structures is observed to occur in experiments on the Big Red Ball as well as in simulations of these experiments performed with the extended-MHD code, NIMROD. This plasmoid formation is found to occur on a characteristic timescale dependent on pressure gradients and magnetic curvature in both experiment and simulation. Single mode,… ▽ More Quasi-periodic plasmoid formation at the tip of magnetic streamer structures is observed to occur in experiments on the Big Red Ball as well as in simulations of these experiments performed with the extended-MHD code, NIMROD. This plasmoid formation is found to occur on a characteristic timescale dependent on pressure gradients and magnetic curvature in both experiment and simulation. Single mode, or laminar, plasmoids exist when the pressure gradient is modest, but give way to turbulent plasmoid ejection when the system drive is higher, producing plasmoids of many sizes. However, a critical pressure gradient is also observed, below which plasmoids are never formed. A simple heuristic model of this plasmoid formation process is presented and suggested to be a consequence of a dynamic loss of equilibrium in the high-$β$ region of the helmet streamer. This model is capable of explaining the periodicity of plasmoids observed in the experiment and simulations and produces plasmoid periods of 90 minutes when applied to 2D models of solar streamers with a height of $3R_\odot$. This is consistent with the location and frequency at which periodic plasma blobs have been observed to form by LASCO and SECCHI instruments. △ Less

Submitted 22 June, 2021; v1 submitted 13 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: 17 pages, 10 figures, 1 movie

Regulation of the Normalized Rate of Driven Magnetic Reconnection through Shocked Flux Pileup

Authors: J. Olson, J. Egedal, M. Clark, D. A. Endrizzi, S. Greess, A. Millet-Ayala, R. Myers, E. E. Peterson, J. Wallace, C. B. Forest

Abstract: Magnetic reconnection is explored on the Terrestrial Reconnection Experiment (TREX) for asymmetric inflow conditions and in a configuration where the absolute rate of reconnection is set by an external drive. Magnetic pileup enhances the upstream magnetic field of the high density inflow, leading to an increased upstream Alfven speed and helping to lower the normalized reconnection rate to values… ▽ More Magnetic reconnection is explored on the Terrestrial Reconnection Experiment (TREX) for asymmetric inflow conditions and in a configuration where the absolute rate of reconnection is set by an external drive. Magnetic pileup enhances the upstream magnetic field of the high density inflow, leading to an increased upstream Alfven speed and helping to lower the normalized reconnection rate to values expected from theoretical consideration. In addition, a shock interface between the far upstream supersonic plasma inflow and the region of magnetic flux pileup is observed, important to the overall force balance of the system, hereby demonstrating the role of shock formation for configurations including a supersonically driven inflow. Despite the specialised geometry where a strong reconnection drive is applied from only one side of the reconnection layer, previous numerical and theoretical results remain robust and are shown to accurately predict the normalized rate of reconnection for the range of system sizes considered. This experimental rate of reconnection is dependent on system size, reaching values as high as 0.8 at the smallest normalized system size applied. △ Less

Submitted 23 April, 2021; v1 submitted 5 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: under consideration for review with the Journal of Plasma Physics on 04/23/2021 (initially submitted 11/06/2020)

Correlated Single- and Few-Electron Backgrounds Milliseconds after Interactions in Dual-Phase Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chambers

Authors: Abigail Kopec, Amanda L. Baxter, Michael Clark, Rafael F. Lang, Shengchao Li, Juehang Qin, Riya Singh

Abstract: We characterize single- and few-electron backgrounds that are observed in dual-phase liquid xenon time projection chambers at timescales greatly exceeding a maximum drift time after an interaction. These instrumental backgrounds limit a detector's sensitivity to dark matter and cosmogenic neutrinos. Using the ~150g liquid xenon detector at Purdue University, we investigate how these backgrounds, p… ▽ More We characterize single- and few-electron backgrounds that are observed in dual-phase liquid xenon time projection chambers at timescales greatly exceeding a maximum drift time after an interaction. These instrumental backgrounds limit a detector's sensitivity to dark matter and cosmogenic neutrinos. Using the ~150g liquid xenon detector at Purdue University, we investigate how these backgrounds, produced after 122keV $^{57}$Co Compton interactions, behave under different detector conditions. We find that the rates of single- and few-electron signals follow power-laws with time after the interaction. We observe linearly increasing rates with increased extraction field, and increased rates in the single-electron background with increased drift field. Normalizing the rates to the primary interaction's measured ionization signal, the rates increase linearly with the depth of the interaction. We test the hypothesis that infrared photons (1550nm) would stimulate and accelerate electron emission via photodetachment from impurities, but find that even 1 Watt of infrared light fails to reduce these backgrounds. We thus provide a characterization that can inform background models for low-energy rare event searches. △ Less

Submitted 12 July, 2021; v1 submitted 8 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021.

Comments: 16 pages, 7 figures, 1 table

Journal ref: JINST 16 P07014 (2021)

Adaptive Network Modeling of Social Distancing Interventions

Authors: Carl Corcoran, John Michael Clark

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has proved to be one of the most disruptive public health emergencies in recent memory. Among non-pharmaceutical interventions, social distancing and lockdown measures are some of the most common tools employed by governments around the world to combat the disease. While mathematical models of COVID-19 are ubiquitous, few have leveraged network theory in a general way to expl… ▽ More The COVID-19 pandemic has proved to be one of the most disruptive public health emergencies in recent memory. Among non-pharmaceutical interventions, social distancing and lockdown measures are some of the most common tools employed by governments around the world to combat the disease. While mathematical models of COVID-19 are ubiquitous, few have leveraged network theory in a general way to explain the mechanics of social distancing. In this paper, we build on existing network models for heterogeneous, clustered networks with random link activation/deletion dynamics to put forth realistic mechanisms of social distancing using piecewise constant activation/deletion rates. We find our models are capable of rich qualitative behavior, and offer meaningful insight with relatively few intervention parameters. In particular, we find that the severity of social distancing interventions and when they begin have more impact than how long it takes for the interventions to take full effect. △ Less

Submitted 13 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021.