Showing 1–36 of 36 results for author: Heller, R

Energy-resolved measurement of individual GeV muon tracks generated by electrons from a compact Laser-Plasma Accelerator

Authors: Davide Terzani, Luc Le Pottier, Stanimir Kisyov, Pranav Manoj, Ryan Heller, Maria Mironova, Alex Picksley, Joshua Stackhouse, Hai-En Tsai, Raymond Li, Timon Heim, Maurice Garcia-Sciveres, Carlo Benedetti, John Valentine, Kei Nakamura, Anthony J. Gonsalves, Jeroen van Tilborg, Carl B. Schroeder, Eric Esarey, Cameron G. R. Geddes

Abstract: Recently, the possibility of LPA-produced muon beams has gained significant interest within the accelerator application community. Directional, multi-GeV muons can be produced via Bethe-Heitler interactions when multi-GeV electrons hit solid targets. They are highly penetrating and, thanks to the compactness of the LPA, offer a path toward a deployable, active muon source. At the BELLA Center of t… ▽ More Recently, the possibility of LPA-produced muon beams has gained significant interest within the accelerator application community. Directional, multi-GeV muons can be produced via Bethe-Heitler interactions when multi-GeV electrons hit solid targets. They are highly penetrating and, thanks to the compactness of the LPA, offer a path toward a deployable, active muon source. At the BELLA Center of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, we previously unambiguously detected muons generated during the interaction of multi-GeV electron beams with a 4 meter-thick electron beam dump. A new campaign has now extended our diagnostic capabilities to single-muon trajectory reconstruction and energy measurements. The setup allowed us to individually reconstruct each muon trajectory, defined by us as a muon passing through three detectors used for the reconstruction. For a subset of events, we extracted the muon energy from the magnetic-field bending angle, demonstrating production of GeV-scale muons. This work provides a key demonstration of track-based active-source muography, which enables non-invasive 3D density mapping of concealed or inaccessible samples, and it will accelerate the development of active LPA-based muon sources where compactness, controlled directionality, low divergence, and deep penetration are required. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Influence Functional Approach to Non-Perturbative Exciton Binding Renormalization from Phonons

Authors: Rohit Rana, Eric R. Heller, Antonios M. Alvertis, Jeffrey B. Neaton, David T. Limmer

Abstract: We construct a many-body model Hamiltonian to capture how phonons renormalize exciton binding as a function of temperature. By using the GW approximation and density functional perturbation theory, we are able to parameterize this Hamiltonian completely from first principles. To capture static quasiparticle properties non-perturbatively, we evolve this Hamiltonian in imaginary time with path integ… ▽ More We construct a many-body model Hamiltonian to capture how phonons renormalize exciton binding as a function of temperature. By using the GW approximation and density functional perturbation theory, we are able to parameterize this Hamiltonian completely from first principles. To capture static quasiparticle properties non-perturbatively, we evolve this Hamiltonian in imaginary time with path integral Monte Carlo using an influence functional based approach. For a class of Wannier-Mott type excitons, our binding energies are in quantitative agreement with experiment. We find that in addition to long-range dipolar interactions from longitudinal optical modes, short-ranged deformation potentials from acoustic modes and transverse optical modes can significantly renormalize electron and hole polaron binding energies at elevated temperature. However, exciton binding energies are only appreciably renormalized by coupling to optical phonons. △ Less

Submitted 23 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Pattern stability in reaction-diffusion systems depends on path entropy

Authors: Eric R. Heller, David T. Limmer

Abstract: Reaction-diffusion systems driven far from thermodynamic equilibrium through the injection of energy can support multiple distinct spatial patterns that persist as long-lived dynamical phases. The stability of these metastable phases is not determined by thermodynamics, but by the transition paths connecting them. At finite particle numbers, intrinsic stochasticity induces rare transitions between… ▽ More Reaction-diffusion systems driven far from thermodynamic equilibrium through the injection of energy can support multiple distinct spatial patterns that persist as long-lived dynamical phases. The stability of these metastable phases is not determined by thermodynamics, but by the transition paths connecting them. At finite particle numbers, intrinsic stochasticity induces rare transitions between competing patterns, rendering continuum mean-field descriptions insufficient, while exact stochastic simulations become computationally prohibitive in spatially extended systems. Here, we develop a nonequilibrium instanton framework that enables efficient computation of transition rates between metastable patterns from a single optimal transition path and its fluctuations. Using this theoretical framework, we show that an effective entropy in path space can qualitatively alter stability at finite particle numbers by increasing the exit rates of metastable patterns. By studying models of varying complexity, this work establishes path entropy as a key organizing principle for nonequilibrium pattern formation. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures

Studying AC-LGAD strip sensors from laser and testbeam measurements

Authors: Danush Shekar, Shirsendu Nanda, Zhenyu Ye, Ryan Heller, Artur Apresyan

Abstract: This paper presents the setup assembled to characterize and measure the spatial and timing resolutions of AC-coupled Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (AC-LGADs), using a 1060 nm laser source to deposit initial charges with a defined calibration methodology. The results were compared to those obtained with a 120 GeV proton beam. Despite the differences in the charge deposition mechanism between the laser… ▽ More This paper presents the setup assembled to characterize and measure the spatial and timing resolutions of AC-coupled Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (AC-LGADs), using a 1060 nm laser source to deposit initial charges with a defined calibration methodology. The results were compared to those obtained with a 120 GeV proton beam. Despite the differences in the charge deposition mechanism between the laser and proton beam, the spatial and temporal resolutions were found to be compatible between the two sources after calibration. With 4D tracking detectors expected to play a vital role in upcoming collider experiments, we foresee this work as a way to evaluate the performance of semiconductor sensors that can augment testbeam measurements and accelerate R$\&$D efforts. Additionally, simulation studies using Silvaco TCAD and Weightfield2 were carried out to understand the various contributing factors to the total time resolution in AC-LGAD sensors, measured using the laser source. △ Less

Submitted 19 February, 2026; v1 submitted 17 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Journal ref: J. Inst. 21, P02006 (2026)

Structural and Optical Properties of Crystal Ion Sliced BaTiO$_3$ Thin Films

Authors: Hossein Esfandiar, Fatemeh Abtahi, Trevor G. Vrckovnik, G. Quyet Ngo, Rene Heller, Ulrich Kentsch, Fabian Ganss, Stefan Facsko, Uta Lucchesi, Stephan Winnerl, Falk Eilenberger, Dennis Arslan, Sebastian W. Schmitt

Abstract: Barium titanate (BaTiO$_3$) is a compelling material for integrated photonics due to its strong electro-optic and second-order nonlinear properties. Crystal Ion Slicing (CIS) presents a scalable and CMOS-compatible route for fabricating thin BaTiO$_3$ films; however, ion implantation during CIS introduces lattice damage that can degrade structural and optical performance. In this study, we demonst… ▽ More Barium titanate (BaTiO$_3$) is a compelling material for integrated photonics due to its strong electro-optic and second-order nonlinear properties. Crystal Ion Slicing (CIS) presents a scalable and CMOS-compatible route for fabricating thin BaTiO$_3$ films; however, ion implantation during CIS introduces lattice damage that can degrade structural and optical performance. In this study, we demonstrate that post-slicing thermal annealing effectively restores the structural integrity and optical quality of CIS-processed BaTiO$_3$ flakes. Raman spectroscopy confirms the recovery of crystallinity, while second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy reveals systematic reorientation of ferroelectric domains and restoration of the associated second-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor $X^{(2)}$. Notably, SHG signals persist even in regions with weak Raman signatures, indicating that long-range ferroelectric order can survive despite partial lattice disruption. Optical measurements show that the linear dispersion of annealed CIS flakes closely matches that of bulk BaTiO$_3$, validating their suitability for photonic integration. Together, these results qualify CIS - combined with thermal annealing - as a viable and scalable manufacturing strategy for high-quality BaTiO$_3$-on-insulator (BTOI) platforms, enabling advanced integrated photonic devices for modulation, frequency conversion, and quantum optics. △ Less

Submitted 7 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Low Activity Tritium Detection in CCDs Using Deep Learning Techniques

Authors: E. Rofors, R. Heller, R. J. Cooper, J. Estrada, G. Moroni, B. Nachman, K. Spears

Abstract: This study explores the use of charge-coupled devices (CCDs) for detecting low-energy beta particles from tritium decay - a critical signal for nuclear safety, nuclear nonproliferation, and environmental monitoring. We employ a dual approach utilizing both measured CCD data and detailed Geant4 simulations. Our analysis compares classical techniques with advanced deep learning methods, including co… ▽ More This study explores the use of charge-coupled devices (CCDs) for detecting low-energy beta particles from tritium decay - a critical signal for nuclear safety, nuclear nonproliferation, and environmental monitoring. We employ a dual approach utilizing both measured CCD data and detailed Geant4 simulations. Our analysis compares classical techniques with advanced deep learning methods, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), autoencoders trained exclusively on tritium data, and preliminary studies on boosted decision trees (BDTs). The CNN, trained on mixed signal/background datasets, demonstrates superior classification performance, while the autoencoder shows the potential of unsupervised, background-agnostic strategies when background characteristics are poorly defined. These results highlight the excellent sensitivity achievable thanks to the background rejection made possible by information-rich CCD data, paving the way for improved portable tritium monitoring. △ Less

Submitted 7 November, 2025; v1 submitted 1 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Instanton Theory for Nonadiabatic Tunneling through Near-Barrier Crossings

Authors: Ziyan Ye, Eric R. Heller, Dong H. Zhang, Jeremy O. Richardson, Wei Fang

Abstract: Many reactions in chemistry and biology involve multiple electronic states, rendering them nonadiabatic in nature. These reactions can be formally described using Fermi's golden rule (FGR) in the weak-coupling limit. Nonadiabatic instanton theory presents a semiclassical approximation to FGR, which is directly applicable to molecular systems. However, there are cases where the theory has not yet b… ▽ More Many reactions in chemistry and biology involve multiple electronic states, rendering them nonadiabatic in nature. These reactions can be formally described using Fermi's golden rule (FGR) in the weak-coupling limit. Nonadiabatic instanton theory presents a semiclassical approximation to FGR, which is directly applicable to molecular systems. However, there are cases where the theory has not yet been formulated. For instance, in many real-world reactions including spin-crossover or proton-coupled electron transfer, the crossing occurs near a barrier on a diabatic state. This scenario gives rise to competing nonadiabatic reaction pathways, some of which involve tunneling through a diabatic barrier while simultaneously switching electronic states. To date, no rate theory is available for describing tunneling via these unconventional pathways. Here we extend instanton theory to model this class of processes, which we term the ``non-convex'' regime. Benchmark tests on model systems show that the rates predicted by instanton theory are in excellent agreement with quantum-mechanical FGR calculations. Furthermore, the method offers new insights into multi-step tunneling reactions and the competition between sequential and concerted nonadiabatic tunneling pathways. △ Less

Submitted 20 October, 2025; v1 submitted 1 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 36 pages, 8 figures

Results for pixel and strip centimeter-scale AC-LGAD sensors with a 120 GeV proton beam

Authors: Irene Dutta, Christopher Madrid, Ryan Heller, Shirsendu Nanda, Danush Shekar, Claudio San Martín, Matías Barría, Artur Apresyan, Zhenyu Ye, William K. Brooks, Wei Chen, Gabriele D'Amen, Gabriele Giacomini, Alessandro Tricoli, Aram Hayrapetyan, Hakseong Lee, Ohannes Kamer Köseyan, Sergey Los, Koji Nakamura, Sayuka Kita, Tomoka Imamura, Cristían Peña, Si Xie

Abstract: We present the results of an extensive evaluation of strip and pixel AC-LGAD sensors tested with a 120 GeV proton beam, focusing on the influence of design parameters on the sensor temporal and spatial resolutions. Results show that reducing the thickness of pixel sensors significantly enhances their time resolution, with 20 $μ$m-thick sensors achieving around 20 ps. Uniform performance is attaina… ▽ More We present the results of an extensive evaluation of strip and pixel AC-LGAD sensors tested with a 120 GeV proton beam, focusing on the influence of design parameters on the sensor temporal and spatial resolutions. Results show that reducing the thickness of pixel sensors significantly enhances their time resolution, with 20 $μ$m-thick sensors achieving around 20 ps. Uniform performance is attainable with optimized sheet resistance, making these sensors ideal for future timing detectors. Conversely, 20 $μ$m-thick strip sensors exhibit higher jitter than similar pixel sensors, negatively impacting time resolution, despite reduced Landau fluctuations with respect to the 50 $μ$m-thick versions. Additionally, it is observed that a low resistivity in strip sensors limits signal size and time resolution, whereas higher resistivity improves performance. This study highlights the importance of tuning the n$^{+}$ sheet resistance and suggests that further improvements should target specific applications like the Electron-Ion Collider or other future collider experiments. In addition, the detailed performance of four AC-LGADs sensor designs is reported as examples of possible candidates for specific detector applications. These advancements position AC-LGADs as promising candidates for future 4D tracking systems, pending the development of specialized readout electronics. △ Less

Submitted 20 January, 2025; v1 submitted 13 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-24-0355

Journal ref: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (2025), 170224

Structural changes in Ge1-xSnx and Si1-x-yGeySnx thin films on SOI substrates treated by pulse laser annealing

Authors: Oliver Steuer, Daniel Schwarz, Michael Oehme, Florian Bärwolf, Yu Cheng, Fabian Ganss, René Hübner, René Heller, Shengqiang Zhou, Manfred Helm, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, Yordan M. Georgiev, Slawomir Prucnal

Abstract: Ge1-xSnx and Si1-x-yGeySnx alloys are promising materials for future opto- and nanoelectronics applications. These alloys enable effective band-gap engineering, broad adjustability of their lattice parameter, exhibit much higher carrier mobility than pure Si, and are compatible with the CMOS technology. Unfortunately, the equilibrium solid solubility of Sn in Si1-xGex is less than 1% and the pseud… ▽ More Ge1-xSnx and Si1-x-yGeySnx alloys are promising materials for future opto- and nanoelectronics applications. These alloys enable effective band-gap engineering, broad adjustability of their lattice parameter, exhibit much higher carrier mobility than pure Si, and are compatible with the CMOS technology. Unfortunately, the equilibrium solid solubility of Sn in Si1-xGex is less than 1% and the pseudomorphic growth of Si1-x-yGeySnx on Ge or Si can cause in-plane compressive strain in the grown layer, degrading the superior properties of these alloys. Therefore, post-growth strain engineering by ultrafast non-equilibrium thermal treatments like pulse laser annealing (PLA) is needed to improve the layer quality. In this article, Ge0.94Sn0.06 and Si0.14Ge0.8Sn0.06 thin films grown on silicon-on-insulator substrates by molecular beam epitaxy were post growth thermally treated by PLA. The material is analyzed before and after the thermal treatments by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and Hall effect measurements. It is shown that after annealing, the material is single-crystalline with improved crystallinity than the as-grown layer. This is reflected in a significantly increased XRD reflection intensity, well-ordered atomic pillars, and increased active carrier concentrations up to 4x1019 cm-3. △ Less

Submitted 13 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Evaluation of transition rates from nonequilibrium instantons

Authors: Eric R. Heller, David T. Limmer

Abstract: Equilibrium rate theories play a crucial role in understanding rare, reactive events. However, they are inapplicable to a range of irreversible processes in systems driven far from thermodynamic equilibrium like active and biological matter. Here, we develop an efficient numerical method to compute the rate constant of rare nonequilibrium events in the weak-noise limit based on an instanton approx… ▽ More Equilibrium rate theories play a crucial role in understanding rare, reactive events. However, they are inapplicable to a range of irreversible processes in systems driven far from thermodynamic equilibrium like active and biological matter. Here, we develop an efficient numerical method to compute the rate constant of rare nonequilibrium events in the weak-noise limit based on an instanton approximation to the stochastic path integral and illustrate its wide range of application. We demonstrate excellent agreement of the instanton rates with numerically exact results for a particle under a non-conservative force. We also study phase transitions in an active field theory. We elucidate how activity alters the stability of the two phases and their rates of interconversion in a manner that can be well described by modifying classical nucleation theory, △ Less

Submitted 30 October, 2024; v1 submitted 27 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 16 pages, 12 figures

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Res. 6 (2024) 043110

Variations in climate habitability parameters and their effect on Earth's biosphere during the Phanerozoic Eon

Authors: Iva Vilović, Dirk Schulze-Makuch, René Heller

Abstract: Essential insights on the characterization and quality of a detectable biosphere are gained by analyzing the effects of its environmental parameters. We compiled environmental and biological properties of the Phanerozoic Eon from various published data sets and conducted a correlation analysis to assess variations in parameters relevant to the habitability of Earth's biosphere. We showed that envi… ▽ More Essential insights on the characterization and quality of a detectable biosphere are gained by analyzing the effects of its environmental parameters. We compiled environmental and biological properties of the Phanerozoic Eon from various published data sets and conducted a correlation analysis to assess variations in parameters relevant to the habitability of Earth's biosphere. We showed that environmental parameters such as oxygen, global average surface temperatures, runoff rates and carbon dioxide are interrelated and play a key role in the changes of biomass and biodiversity. We showed that there were several periods with a highly thriving biosphere, with one even surpassing present day biodiversity and biomass. Those periods were characterized by increased oxygen levels and global runoff rates, as well as moderate global average surface temperatures, as long as no large or rapid positive and/or negative temperature excursions occurred. High oxygen contents are diagnostic of biomass production by continental plant life. We find that exceptionally high oxygen levels can at least in one instance compensate for decreased relative humidities, providing an even more habitable environment compared to today. Beyond Earth, these results will help us to understand how environmental parameters affect biospheres on extrasolar planets and guide us in our search for extraterrestrial life. △ Less

Submitted 16 August, 2023; originally announced August 2023.

Journal ref: Sci Rep 13, 12663 (2023)

Design and performance of the Fermilab Constant Fraction Discriminator ASIC

Authors: Si Xie, Artur Apresyan, Ryan Heller, Christopher Madrid, Irene Dutta, Aram Hayrapetyan, Sergey Los, Cristian Pena, Tom Zimmerman

Abstract: We present the design and performance characterization results of the novel Fermilab Constant Fraction Discriminator ASIC (FCFD) developed to readout low gain avalanche detector (LGAD) signals by directly using a constant fraction discriminator (CFD) to measure signal arrival time. Silicon detectors with time resolutions less than 30 ps will play a critical role in future collider experiments, and… ▽ More We present the design and performance characterization results of the novel Fermilab Constant Fraction Discriminator ASIC (FCFD) developed to readout low gain avalanche detector (LGAD) signals by directly using a constant fraction discriminator (CFD) to measure signal arrival time. Silicon detectors with time resolutions less than 30 ps will play a critical role in future collider experiments, and LGADs have been demonstrated to provide the required time resolution and radiation tolerance for many such applications. The FCFD has a specially designed discriminator that is robust against amplitude variations of the signal from the LGAD that normally requires an additional correction step when using a traditional leading edge discriminator based measurement. The application of the CFD directly in the ASIC promises to be more reliable and reduces the complication of timing detectors during their operation. We will present a summary of the measured performance of the FCFD for input signals generated by internal charge injection, LGAD signals from an infrared laser, and LGAD signals from minimum-ionizing particles. The mean time response for a wide range of LGAD signal amplitudes has been measured to vary no more than 15 ps, orders of magnitude more stable than an uncorrected leading edge discriminator based measurement, and effectively removes the need for any additional time-walk correction. The measured contribution to the time resolution from the FCFD ASIC is also found to be 10 ps for signals with charge above 20 fC. △ Less

Submitted 12 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023.

Report number: FERMILAB-PUB-23-248-PPD

First survey of centimeter-scale AC-LGAD strip sensors with a 120 GeV proton beam

Authors: Christopher Madrid, Ryan Heller, Claudio San Martín, Shirsendu Nanda, Artur Apresyan, William K. Brooks, Wei Chen, Gabriele Giacomini, Ohannes Kamer Köseyan, Sergey Los, Cristián Peña, René Rios, Alessandro Tricoli, Si Xie, Zhenyu Ye

Abstract: We present the first beam test results with centimeter-scale AC-LGAD strip sensors, using the Fermilab Test Beam Facility and sensors manufactured by the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Sensors of this type are envisioned for applications that require large-area precision 4D tracking coverage with economical channel counts, including timing layers for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), and space-bas… ▽ More We present the first beam test results with centimeter-scale AC-LGAD strip sensors, using the Fermilab Test Beam Facility and sensors manufactured by the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Sensors of this type are envisioned for applications that require large-area precision 4D tracking coverage with economical channel counts, including timing layers for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), and space-based particle experiments. A survey of sensor designs is presented, with the aim of optimizing the electrode geometry for spatial resolution and timing performance. Several design considerations are discussed towards maintaining desirable signal characteristics with increasingly larger electrodes. The resolutions obtained with several prototypes are presented, reaching simultaneous 18 micron and 32 ps resolutions from strips of 1 cm length and 500 micron pitch. With only slight modifications, these sensors would be ideal candidates for a 4D timing layer at the EIC. △ Less

Submitted 20 April, 2023; v1 submitted 17 November, 2022; originally announced November 2022.

Solid State Detectors and Tracking for Snowmass

Authors: A. Affolder, A. Apresyan, S. Worm, M. Albrow, D. Ally, D. Ambrose, E. Anderssen, N. Apadula, P. Asenov, W. Armstrong, M. Artuso, A. Barbier, P. Barletta, L. Bauerdick, D. Berry, M. Bomben, M. Boscardin, J. Brau, W. Brooks, M. Breidenbach, J. Buckley, V. Cairo, R. Caputo, L. Carpenter, M. Centis-Vignali , et al. (110 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Tracking detectors are of vital importance for collider-based high energy physics (HEP) experiments. The primary purpose of tracking detectors is the precise reconstruction of charged particle trajectories and the reconstruction of secondary vertices. The performance requirements from the community posed by the future collider experiments require an evolution of tracking systems, necessitating the… ▽ More Tracking detectors are of vital importance for collider-based high energy physics (HEP) experiments. The primary purpose of tracking detectors is the precise reconstruction of charged particle trajectories and the reconstruction of secondary vertices. The performance requirements from the community posed by the future collider experiments require an evolution of tracking systems, necessitating the development of new techniques, materials and technologies in order to fully exploit their physics potential. In this article we summarize the discussions and conclusions of the 2022 Snowmass Instrumentation Frontier subgroup on Solid State and Tracking Detectors (Snowmass IF03). △ Less

Submitted 19 October, 2022; v1 submitted 8 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022.

Comments: for the Snowmass Instrumentation Frontier Solid State Detector and Tracking community

4-Dimensional Trackers

Authors: Doug Berry, Valentina Cairo, Angelo Dragone, Matteo Centis-Vignali, Gabriele Giacomini, Ryan Heller, Sergo Jindariani, Adriano Lai, Lucie Linssen, Ron Lipton, Chris Madrid, Bojan Markovic, Simone Mazza, Jennifer Ott, Ariel Schwartzman, Hannsjörg Weber, Zhenyu Ye

Abstract: 4-dimensional (4D) trackers with ultra fast timing (10-30 ps) and very fine spatial resolution (O(few $μ$m)) represent a new avenue in the development of silicon trackers, enabling new physics capabilities beyond the reach of the existing tracking detectors. This paper reviews the impact of integrating 4D tracking capabilities on several physics benchmarks both in potential upgrades of the HL-LHC… ▽ More 4-dimensional (4D) trackers with ultra fast timing (10-30 ps) and very fine spatial resolution (O(few $μ$m)) represent a new avenue in the development of silicon trackers, enabling new physics capabilities beyond the reach of the existing tracking detectors. This paper reviews the impact of integrating 4D tracking capabilities on several physics benchmarks both in potential upgrades of the HL-LHC experiments and in several detectors at future colliders, and summarizes the currently available sensor technologies as well as electronics, along with their limitations and directions for R$\&$D. △ Less

Submitted 25 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022.

Comments: 26 pages, contribution to Snowmass 2021

Characterization of BNL and HPK AC-LGAD sensors with a 120 GeV proton beam

Authors: Ryan Heller, Christopher Madrid, Artur Apresyan, William K. Brooks, Wei Chen, Gabriele D'Amen, Gabriele Giacomini, Ikumi Goya, Kazuhiko Hara, Sayuka Kita, Sergey Los, Adam Molnar, Koji Nakamura, Cristián Peña, Claudio San Martín, Alessandro Tricoli, Tatsuki Ueda, Si Xie

Abstract: We present measurements of AC-LGADs performed at the Fermilab's test beam facility using 120 GeV protons. We studied the performance of various strip and pad AC-LGAD sensors that were produced by BNL and HPK. The measurements are performed with our upgraded test beam setup that utilizes a high precision telescope tracker, and a simultaneous readout of up to 7 channels per sensor, which allows deta… ▽ More We present measurements of AC-LGADs performed at the Fermilab's test beam facility using 120 GeV protons. We studied the performance of various strip and pad AC-LGAD sensors that were produced by BNL and HPK. The measurements are performed with our upgraded test beam setup that utilizes a high precision telescope tracker, and a simultaneous readout of up to 7 channels per sensor, which allows detailed studies of signal sharing characteristics. These measurements allow us to assess the differences in designs between different manufacturers, and optimize them based on experimental performance. We then study several reconstruction algorithms to optimize position and time resolutions that utilize the signal sharing properties of each sensor. We present a world's first demonstration of silicon sensors in a test beam that simultaneously achieve better than 6-10 micron position and 30 ps time resolution. This represents a substantial improvement to the spatial resolution than would be obtained with binary readout of sensors with similar pitch. △ Less

Submitted 29 March, 2022; v1 submitted 19 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022.

Combined analysis of HPK 3.1 LGADs using a proton beam, beta source, and probe station towards establishing high volume quality control

Authors: Ryan Heller, Andrés Abreu, Artur Apresyan, Roberta Arcidiacono, Nicolò Cartiglia, Karri DiPetrillo, Marco Ferrero, Meraj Hussain, Margaret Lazarovitz, Hakseong Lee, Sergey Los, Chang-Seong Moon, Cristián Peña, Federico Siviero, Valentina Sola, Tanvi Wamorkar, Si Xie

Abstract: The upgrades of the CMS and ATLAS experiments for the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider will employ precision timing detectors based on Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs). We present a suite of results combining measurements from the Fermilab Test Beam Facility, a beta source telescope, and a probe station, allowing full characterization of the HPK type 3.1 production of LGAD pr… ▽ More The upgrades of the CMS and ATLAS experiments for the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider will employ precision timing detectors based on Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs). We present a suite of results combining measurements from the Fermilab Test Beam Facility, a beta source telescope, and a probe station, allowing full characterization of the HPK type 3.1 production of LGAD prototypes developed for these detectors. We demonstrate that the LGAD response to high energy test beam particles is accurately reproduced with a beta source. We further establish that probe station measurements of the gain implant accurately predict the particle response and operating parameters of each sensor, and conclude that the uniformity of the gain implant in this production is sufficient to produce full-sized sensors for the ATLAS and CMS timing detectors. △ Less

Submitted 16 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Comments: 20 page, 20 figures

Test beam characterization of sensor prototypes for the CMS Barrel MIP Timing Detector

Authors: R. Abbott, A. Abreu, F. Addesa, M. Alhusseini, T. Anderson, Y. Andreev, A. Apresyan, R. Arcidiacono, M. Arenton, E. Auffray, D. Bastos, L. A. T. Bauerdick, R. Bellan, M. Bellato, A. Benaglia, M. Benettoni, R. Bertoni, M. Besancon, S. Bharthuar, A. Bornheim, E. Brücken, J. N. Butler, C. Campagnari, M. Campana, R. Carlin , et al. (174 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The MIP Timing Detector will provide additional timing capabilities for detection of minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) at CMS during the High Luminosity LHC era, improving event reconstruction and pileup rejection. The central portion of the detector, the Barrel Timing Layer (BTL), will be instrumented with LYSO:Ce crystals and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) providing a time resolution of about… ▽ More The MIP Timing Detector will provide additional timing capabilities for detection of minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) at CMS during the High Luminosity LHC era, improving event reconstruction and pileup rejection. The central portion of the detector, the Barrel Timing Layer (BTL), will be instrumented with LYSO:Ce crystals and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) providing a time resolution of about 30 ps at the beginning of operation, and degrading to 50-60 ps at the end of the detector lifetime as a result of radiation damage. In this work, we present the results obtained using a 120 GeV proton beam at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility to measure the time resolution of unirradiated sensors. A proof-of-concept of the sensor layout proposed for the barrel region of the MTD, consisting of elongated crystal bars with dimensions of about 3 x 3 x 57 mm$^3$ and with double-ended SiPM readout, is demonstrated. This design provides a robust time measurement independent of the impact point of the MIP along the crystal bar. We tested LYSO:Ce bars of different thickness (2, 3, 4 mm) with a geometry close to the reference design and coupled to SiPMs manufactured by Hamamatsu and Fondazione Bruno Kessler. The various aspects influencing the timing performance such as the crystal thickness, properties of the SiPMs (e.g. photon detection efficiency), and impact angle of the MIP are studied. A time resolution of about 28 ps is measured for MIPs crossing a 3 mm thick crystal bar, corresponding to an MPV energy deposition of 2.6 MeV, and of 22 ps for the 4.2 MeV MPV energy deposition expected in the BTL, matching the detector performance target for unirradiated devices. △ Less

Submitted 16 July, 2021; v1 submitted 15 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Journal ref: Journal of Instrumentation, Volume 16, July 2021

Sensitivity to millicharged particles in future proton-proton collisions at the LHC

Authors: A. Ball, J. Brooke, C. Campagnari, M. Carrigan, M. Citron, A De Roeck, M. Ezzeldine, B. Francis, M. Gastal, M. Ghimire, J. Goldstein, F. Golf, A. Haas, R. Heller, C. S. Hill, L. Lavezzo, R. Loos, S. Lowette, B. Manley, B. Marsh, D. W. Miller, B. Odegard, R. Schmitz, F. Setti H. Shakeshaft, D. Stuart , et al. (3 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on the expected sensitivity of dedicated scintillator-based detectors at the LHC for elementary particles with charges much smaller than the electron charge. The dataset provided by a prototype scintillator-based detector is used to characterise the performance of the detector and provide an accurate background projection. Detector designs, including a novel slab detector configuration,… ▽ More We report on the expected sensitivity of dedicated scintillator-based detectors at the LHC for elementary particles with charges much smaller than the electron charge. The dataset provided by a prototype scintillator-based detector is used to characterise the performance of the detector and provide an accurate background projection. Detector designs, including a novel slab detector configuration, are considered for the data taking period of the LHC to start in 2022 (Run 3) and for the high luminosity LHC. With the Run 3 dataset, the existence of new particles with masses between 10 MeV and 45 GeV could be excluded at 95% confidence level for charges between 0.003e and 0.3e, depending on their mass. With the high luminosity LHC dataset, the expected limits would reach between 10 MeV and 80 GeV for charges between 0.0018e and 0.3e, depending on their mass △ Less

Submitted 13 August, 2021; v1 submitted 14 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) 032002

Low-cost precursor of an interstellar mission

Authors: René Heller, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Michael Hippke, Pierre Kervella

Abstract: The solar photon pressure provides a viable source of thrust for spacecraft in the solar system. Theoretically it could also enable interstellar missions, but an extremely small mass per cross section area is required to overcome the solar gravity. We identify aerographite, a synthetic carbon-based foam with a density of 0.18 kg/m^3 (15,000 times more lightweight than aluminum) as a versatile mate… ▽ More The solar photon pressure provides a viable source of thrust for spacecraft in the solar system. Theoretically it could also enable interstellar missions, but an extremely small mass per cross section area is required to overcome the solar gravity. We identify aerographite, a synthetic carbon-based foam with a density of 0.18 kg/m^3 (15,000 times more lightweight than aluminum) as a versatile material for highly efficient propulsion with sunlight. A hollow aerographite sphere with a shell thickness eps_shl = 1 mm could go interstellar upon submission to the solar radiation in interplanetary space. Upon launch at 1 AU from the Sun, an aerographite shell with eps_shl = 0.5 mm arrives at the orbit of Mars in 60 d and at Pluto's orbit in 4.3 yr. Release of an aerographite hollow sphere, whose shell is 1 micrometer thick, at 0.04 AU (the closest approach of the Parker Solar Probe) results in an escape speed of nearly 6900 km/s and 185 yr of travel to the distance of our nearest star, Proxima Centauri. The infrared signature of a meter-sized aerographite sail could be observed with JWST up to 2 AU from the Sun, beyond the orbit of Mars. An aerographite hollow sphere with eps_shl = 100 micrometer and a radius of 1 m (5 m) weighs 230 mg (5.7 g) and has a 2.2 g (55 g) mass margin for interstellar escape. The payload margin is ten times the mass of the spacecraft, whereas the payload on chemical interstellar rockets is typically a thousandth of the weight of the rocket. Simplistic communication would enable studies of the interplanetary medium and a search for the suspected Planet Nine, and would serve as a precursor mission to alpha Centauri. We estimate prototype developments costs of 1 million USD, a price of 1000 USD per sail, and a total of <10 million USD including launch for a piggyback concept with an interplanetary mission. △ Less

Submitted 24 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Comments: accepted in A&A, 13 pages, 9 Figures (6 col, 3 b/w), 1 Table

Journal ref: A&A 641, A45 (2020)

Resistive AC-Coupled Silicon Detectors: principles of operation and first results from a combined analysis of beam test and laser data

Authors: M. Tornago, R. Arcidiacono, N. Cartiglia, M. Costa, M. Ferrero, M. Mandurrino, F. Siviero, V. Sola, A. Staiano, A. Apresyan, K. Di Petrillo, R. Heller, S. Los, G. Borghi, M. Boscardin, G-F Dalla Betta, F. Ficorella, L. Pancheri, G. Paternoster, H. Sadrozinski, A. Seiden

Abstract: This paper presents the principles of operation of Resistive AC-Coupled Silicon Detectors (RSDs) and measurements of the temporal and spatial resolutions using a combined analysis of laser and beam test data. RSDs are a new type of n-in-p silicon sensor based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) technology, where the $n^+$ implant has been designed to be resistive, and the read-out is obtained v… ▽ More This paper presents the principles of operation of Resistive AC-Coupled Silicon Detectors (RSDs) and measurements of the temporal and spatial resolutions using a combined analysis of laser and beam test data. RSDs are a new type of n-in-p silicon sensor based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) technology, where the $n^+$ implant has been designed to be resistive, and the read-out is obtained via AC-coupling. The truly innovative feature of RSD is that the signal generated by an impinging particle is shared isotropically among multiple read-out pads without the need for floating electrodes or an external magnetic field. Careful tuning of the coupling oxide thickness and the $n^+$ doping profile is at the basis of the successful functioning of this device. Several RSD matrices with different pad width-pitch geometries have been extensively tested with a laser setup in the Laboratory for Innovative Silicon Sensors in Torino, while a smaller set of devices have been tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility with a 120 GeV/c proton beam. The measured spatial resolution ranges between $2.5\; μm$ for 70-100 pad-pitch geometry and $17\; μm$ with 200-500 matrices, a factor of 10 better than what is achievable in binary read-out ($bin\; size/ \sqrt{12}$). Beam test data show a temporal resolution of $\sim 40\; ps$ for 200-$μm$ pitch devices, in line with the best performances of LGAD sensors at the same gain. △ Less

Submitted 11 February, 2021; v1 submitted 18 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Comments: 34 pages, 33 figures

Measurements of an AC-LGAD strip sensor with a 120 GeV proton beam

Authors: Artur Apresyan, Wei Chen, Gabriele D'Amen, Karri Folan Di Petrillo, Gabriele Giacomini, Ryan Heller, Hakseong Lee, Sergey Los, Chang-Seong Moon, Alessandro Tricoli

Abstract: The development of detectors that provide high resolution in four dimensions has attracted wide-spread interest in the scientific community for several applications in high-energy physics, nuclear physics, medical imaging, mass spectroscopy as well as quantum information. In addition to high time resolution and thanks to the AC-coupling of the electrodes, LGAD silicon sensors can provide high reso… ▽ More The development of detectors that provide high resolution in four dimensions has attracted wide-spread interest in the scientific community for several applications in high-energy physics, nuclear physics, medical imaging, mass spectroscopy as well as quantum information. In addition to high time resolution and thanks to the AC-coupling of the electrodes, LGAD silicon sensors can provide high resolution in the measurement of spatial coordinates of an incident minimum ionizing particle. Such AC-coupled LGADs, also known as AC-LGADs, are therefore considered as candidates for future detectors to provide 4-dimensional measurements in a single sensing device with 100$\%$ fill factor. This article presents the first characterization of an AC-LGAD sensor with a proton beam of 120 GeV momentum at Fermilab. The sensor consists of strips with 80 $μ$m width, fabricated at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The signal properties, efficiency, spatial, and time resolution are presented. The experimental results show that the time resolution of such an AC-LGAD is compatible to standard LGADs with similar gain, and that AC-LGADs can be segmented with fine pitches as standard strip or pixel detectors. △ Less

Submitted 6 November, 2020; v1 submitted 2 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020.

Journal ref: JINST 15 P09038 (2020)

Search for millicharged particles in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV

Authors: A. Ball, G. Beauregard, J. Brooke, C. Campagnari, M. Carrigan, M. Citron, J. De La Haye, A. De Roeck, Y. Elskens, R. Escobar Franco, M. Ezeldine, B. Francis, M. Gastal, M. Ghimire, J. Goldstein, F. Golf, J. Guiang, A. Haas, R. Heller, C. S. Hill, L. Lavezzo, R. Loos, S. Lowette, G. Magill, B. Manley , et al. (13 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report on a search for elementary particles with charges much smaller than the electron charge using a data sample of proton-proton collisions provided by the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 37.5 fb$^{-1}$ at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. A prototype scintillator-based detector is deployed to conduct the first search at a hadron collider sen… ▽ More We report on a search for elementary particles with charges much smaller than the electron charge using a data sample of proton-proton collisions provided by the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 37.5 fb$^{-1}$ at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. A prototype scintillator-based detector is deployed to conduct the first search at a hadron collider sensitive to particles with charges ${\leq}0.1e$. The existence of new particles with masses between 20 and 4700 MeV is excluded at 95% confidence level for charges between $0.006e$ and $0.3e$, depending on their mass. New sensitivity is achieved for masses larger than $700$ MeV. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Report number: CERN-EP-2020-072

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. D 102, 032002 (2020)

Semiclassical instanton formulation of Marcus-Levich-Jortner theory

Authors: Eric R. Heller, Jeremy O. Richardson

Abstract: Marcus-Levich-Jortner (MLJ) theory is one of the most commonly used methods for including nuclear quantum effects into the calculation of electron-transfer rates and for interpreting experimental data. It divides the molecular problem into a subsystem treated quantum-mechanically by Fermi's golden rule and a solvent bath treated by classical Marcus theory. As an extension of this idea, we here pre… ▽ More Marcus-Levich-Jortner (MLJ) theory is one of the most commonly used methods for including nuclear quantum effects into the calculation of electron-transfer rates and for interpreting experimental data. It divides the molecular problem into a subsystem treated quantum-mechanically by Fermi's golden rule and a solvent bath treated by classical Marcus theory. As an extension of this idea, we here present a "reduced" semiclassical instanton theory, which is a multiscale method for simulating quantum tunnelling of the subsystem in molecular detail in the presence of a harmonic bath. We demonstrate that instanton theory is typically significantly more accurate than the cumulant expansion or the semiclassical Franck-Condon sum, which can give orders-of-magnitude errors and in general do not obey detailed balance. As opposed to MLJ theory, which is based on wavefunctions, instanton theory is based on path integrals and thus does not require solutions of the Schrödinger equation, nor even global knowledge of the ground- and excited-state potentials within the subsystem. It can thus be efficiently applied to complex, anharmonic multidimensional subsystems without making further approximations. In addition to predicting accurate rates, instanton theory gives a high level of insight into the reaction mechanism by locating the dominant tunnelling pathway as well as providing information on the reactant and product vibrational states involved in the reaction and the activation energy in the bath similarly to what would be found with MLJ theory. △ Less

Submitted 12 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020.

Comments: 21 pages, 4 figures

Journal ref: J. Chem. Phys. 152, 244117 (2020)

Habitability is a continuous property of nature

Authors: René Heller

Abstract: In their recent comment, Cockell et al. argue that the habitability of an environment is fundamentally a binary property; that is to say, an environment can either support the metabolic processes of a given organism or not. The habitability of different environments, they argue, may have different degrees that could be determined at least in theory by answering the question: 'is this environment h… ▽ More In their recent comment, Cockell et al. argue that the habitability of an environment is fundamentally a binary property; that is to say, an environment can either support the metabolic processes of a given organism or not. The habitability of different environments, they argue, may have different degrees that could be determined at least in theory by answering the question: 'is this environment habitable to a given organism?' 'More' or 'less' habitable environments could then be related by the number of yes or no answers given to what is fundamentally a series of binary questions and decisions. In my opinion, there are at least three implicit assumptions made for this line of reasoning that are implausible and that sabotage the conclusions. The first is in the genetic diversity of the organisms, which I argue is fundamentally continuous in nature and a binary construction of the sample is not meaningful. The second misconception is in the assumption that an ecosystem can be decomposed into subsets of independent samples. The third problem is in the definition of an environment. The question of the environment is a continuous one in both space and time and thus any concept constructed to be applicable to a sample of environments must be continuous as well. In summary, the question of whether habitability is a binary quantity or not brings us back to the question of whether our concepts of life and of the environments that life thrives in (or not) are binary or non-binary. I argue that the latter is the case, and hence any modern concept of habitability must be continuous too. △ Less

Submitted 14 April, 2020; originally announced April 2020.

Comments: 1 col. figure

Journal ref: Nature Astronomy, 2020, Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp. 294-295

CACTUS: A depleted monolithic active timing sensor using a CMOS radiation hard technology

Authors: Yavuz Degerli, Fabrice Guilloux, Claude Guyot, Jean-Pierre Meyer, Ahmimed Ouraou, Philippe Schwemling, Artur Apresyan, Ryan E. Heller, Mohd Meraj, Christian Pena, Si Xie, Tomasz Hemperek

Abstract: The planned luminosity increase at the Large Hadron Collider in the coming years has triggered interest in the use of the particles' time of arrival as additional information in specialized detectors to mitigate the impact of pile-up. The required time resolution is of the order of tens of picoseconds, with a spatial granularity of the order of 1 mm. A time measurement at this precision level will… ▽ More The planned luminosity increase at the Large Hadron Collider in the coming years has triggered interest in the use of the particles' time of arrival as additional information in specialized detectors to mitigate the impact of pile-up. The required time resolution is of the order of tens of picoseconds, with a spatial granularity of the order of 1 mm. A time measurement at this precision level will also be of interest beyond the LHC and beyond high energy particle physics. We present in this paper the first developments towards a radiation hard Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (DMAPS), with high-resolution time measurement capability. The technology chosen is a standard high voltage CMOS process, in conjunction with a high resistivity detector material, which has already proven to efficiently detect particles in tracking applications after several hundred of Mrad of irradiation. △ Less

Submitted 6 May, 2020; v1 submitted 9 March, 2020; originally announced March 2020.

Comments: 14 pages, 11 figures

Instanton formulation of Fermi's golden rule in the Marcus inverted regime

Authors: Eric R. Heller, Jeremy O. Richardson

Abstract: Fermi's golden rule defines the transition rate between weakly coupled states and can thus be used to describe a multitude of molecular processes including electron-transfer reactions and light-matter interaction. However, it can only be calculated if the wave functions of all internal states are known, which is typically not the case in molecular systems. Marcus theory provides a closed-form expr… ▽ More Fermi's golden rule defines the transition rate between weakly coupled states and can thus be used to describe a multitude of molecular processes including electron-transfer reactions and light-matter interaction. However, it can only be calculated if the wave functions of all internal states are known, which is typically not the case in molecular systems. Marcus theory provides a closed-form expression for the rate constant, which is a classical limit of the golden rule, and indicates the existence of a normal regime and an inverted regime. Semiclassical instanton theory presents a more accurate approximation to the golden-rule rate including nuclear quantum effects such as tunnelling, which has so far been applicable to complex anharmonic systems in the normal regime only. In this paper we extend the instanton method to the inverted regime and study the properties of the periodic orbit, which describes the tunnelling mechanism via two imaginary-time trajectories, one of which now travels in negative imaginary time. It is known that tunnelling is particularly prevalent in the inverted regime, even at room temperature, and thus this method is expected to be useful in studying a wide range of molecular transitions occurring in this regime. △ Less

Submitted 15 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019.

Journal ref: J. Chem. Phys. 152, 034106, 2020

Thermal stability of Te-hyperdoped Si: Atomic-scale correlation of the structural, electrical and optical properties

Authors: Mao Wang, R. Hubner, Chi Xu Yufang Xie, Y. Berencen, R. Heller, L. Rebohle, M. Helm, S. Prucnal, Shengqiang Zhou

Abstract: Si hyperdoped with chalcogens (S, Se, Te) is well-known to possess unique properties such as an insulator-to-metal transition and a room-temperature sub-bandgap absorption. These properties are expected to be sensitive to a post-synthesis thermal annealing, since hyperdoped Si is a thermodynamically metastable material. Thermal stability of the as-fabricated hyperdoped Si is of great importance fo… ▽ More Si hyperdoped with chalcogens (S, Se, Te) is well-known to possess unique properties such as an insulator-to-metal transition and a room-temperature sub-bandgap absorption. These properties are expected to be sensitive to a post-synthesis thermal annealing, since hyperdoped Si is a thermodynamically metastable material. Thermal stability of the as-fabricated hyperdoped Si is of great importance for the device fabrication process involving temperature-dependent steps like ohmic contact formation. Here, we report on the thermal stability of the as-fabricated Te-hyperdoped Si subjected to isochronal furnace anneals from 250 °C to 1200 °C. We demonstrate that Te-hyperdoped Si exhibits thermal stability up to 400 °C with a duration of 10 minutes that even helps to further improve the crystalline quality, the electrical activation of Te dopants and the room-temperature sub-band gap absorption. At higher temperatures, however, Te atoms are found to move out from the substitutional sites with a migration energy of EM = 2.1+/-0.1 eV forming inactive clusters and precipitates that impair the structural, electrical and optical properties. These results provide further insight into the underlying physical state transformation of Te dopants in a metastable compositional regime caused by post-synthesis thermal annealing as well as pave the way for the fabrication of advanced hyperdoped Si-based devices. △ Less

Submitted 4 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019.

Journal ref: Phys. Rev. Materials 3, 044606 (2019)

Exploring exomoon atmospheres with an idealized general circulation model

Authors: Jacob Haqq-Misra, René Heller

Abstract: Recent studies have shown that large exomoons can form in the accretion disks around super-Jovian extrasolar planets. These planets are abundant at about 1 AU from Sun-like stars, which makes their putative moons interesting for studies of habitability. Technological advances could soon make an exomoon discovery with Kepler or the upcoming CHEOPS and PLATO space missions possible. Exomoon climates… ▽ More Recent studies have shown that large exomoons can form in the accretion disks around super-Jovian extrasolar planets. These planets are abundant at about 1 AU from Sun-like stars, which makes their putative moons interesting for studies of habitability. Technological advances could soon make an exomoon discovery with Kepler or the upcoming CHEOPS and PLATO space missions possible. Exomoon climates might be substantially different from exoplanet climates because the day-night cycles on moons are determined by the moon's synchronous rotation with its host planet. Moreover, planetary illumination at the top of the moon's atmosphere and tidal heating at the moon's surface can be substantial, which can affect the redistribution of energy on exomoons. Using an idealized general circulation model with simplified hydrologic, radiative, and convective processes, we calculate surface temperature, wind speed, mean meridional circulation, and energy transport on a 2.5 Mars-mass moon orbiting a 10-Jupiter-mass at 1 AU from a Sun-like star. The strong thermal irradiation from a young giant planet causes the satellite's polar regions to warm, which remains consistent with the dynamically-driven polar amplification seen in Earth models that lack ice-albedo feedback. Thermal irradiation from young, luminous giant planets onto water-rich exomoons can be strong enough to induce water loss on a planet, which could lead to a runaway greenhouse. Moons that are in synchronous rotation with their host planet and do not experience a runaway greenhouse could experience substantial polar melting induced by the polar amplification of planetary illumination and geothermal heating from tidal effects. △ Less

Submitted 18 June, 2018; originally announced June 2018.

Comments: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Decryption of Messages from Extraterrestrial Intelligence Using the Power of Social Media - The SETI Decrypt Challenge

Authors: René Heller

Abstract: With the advent of modern astronomy, humans might now have acquired the technological and intellectual requirements to communicate with other intelligent beings beyond the solar system, if they exist. Radio signals have been identified as a means for interstellar communication about 60 years ago. And the Square Kilometer Array will be capable of detecting extrasolar radio sources analogous to terr… ▽ More With the advent of modern astronomy, humans might now have acquired the technological and intellectual requirements to communicate with other intelligent beings beyond the solar system, if they exist. Radio signals have been identified as a means for interstellar communication about 60 years ago. And the Square Kilometer Array will be capable of detecting extrasolar radio sources analogous to terrestrial high-power radars out to several tens of light years. The ultimate question is: will we be able to understand the message, or, vice versa, if we submit a message to extraterrestrial intelligence first, how can we make sure that they understand us? Here I report on the largest blind experiment of a pretend radio message received on Earth from beyond the solar system. I posted a sequence of about two million binary digits ("0" and "1") to the social media that encoded a configuration frame, two slides with mathematical content, and four images along with spatial and temporal information about their contents. Six questions were asked that would need to be answered to document the successful decryption of the message. Within a month after the posting, over 300 replies were received in total, including comments and requests for hints, 66 of which contained the correct solutions. About half of the solutions were derived fully independently, the other half profited from public online discussions and spoilers. This experiment demonstrates the power of the world wide web to help interpreting possible future messages from extraterrestrial intelligence and to test decryptability of our own deliberate interstellar messages. △ Less

Submitted 26 January, 2018; v1 submitted 2 June, 2017; originally announced June 2017.

Comments: accepted by the International Journal of Astrobiology (Cambridge University Press), 11 pages, 3 figures (2 col, 1 b/w), 1 table, Fig. 2 (top) updated, original SETI Decrypt Challenge call at https://twitter.com/DrReneHeller/status/724935476327624704, python code available at http://bit.ly/2rs9jw9

Relativistic Generalization of the Incentive Trap of Interstellar Travel with Application to Breakthrough Starshot

Authors: René Heller

Abstract: As new concepts of sending interstellar spacecraft to the nearest stars are now being investigated by various research teams, crucial questions about the timing of such a vast financial and labor investment arise. If humanity could build high-speed interstellar lightsails and reach the alpha Centauri system 20 yr after launch, would it be better to wait a few years, then take advantage of further… ▽ More As new concepts of sending interstellar spacecraft to the nearest stars are now being investigated by various research teams, crucial questions about the timing of such a vast financial and labor investment arise. If humanity could build high-speed interstellar lightsails and reach the alpha Centauri system 20 yr after launch, would it be better to wait a few years, then take advantage of further technology improvements to increase the speed, and arrive earlier despite waiting? The risk of being overtaken by a future, faster probe has been described earlier as the incentive trap. Based on 211 yr of historical data, we find that the speed growth of human-made vehicles, from steam-driven locomotives to Voyager 1, is much faster than previously believed, about 4.72 % annually or a doubling every 15 yr. We derive the mathematical framework to calculate the minimum of the wait time (t) plus travel time (tau(t)) and extend two exponential growth law models into the relativistic regime. We show that the minimum of t+tau(t) disappears for nearby targets. There is no use of waiting for speed improvements once we can reach an object within about 20 yr of travel, irrespective of the actual speed. In terms of speed, the t+tau(t) minimum for a travel to alpha Centauri will occur once 19.6 % the speed of light (c) become available, in agreement with the 20 % c proposed by the Breakthrough Starshot Initiative. If interstellar travel at 20 % c can be obtained within 45 yr from today and if the kinetic energy could be increased at a rate consistent with the historical record, then humans can reach the ten most nearby stars within 100 yr from today. △ Less

Submitted 17 July, 2017; v1 submitted 1 May, 2017; originally announced May 2017.

Comments: 10 pages, 5 col. figures, 1 table

Journal ref: MNRAS, Vol. 470, pp. 3664-3671 (2017)

An open-source platform to study uniaxial stress effects on nanoscale devices

Authors: G. Signorello, M. Schraff, P. Zellekens, U. Drechsler, M. Buerge, H. R. Steinauer, R. Heller, M. Tschudy, H. Riel

Abstract: We present an automatic measurement platform that enables the characterization of nanodevices by electrical transport and optical spectroscopy as a function of uniaxial stress. We provide insights into and detailed descriptions of the mechanical device, the substrate design and fabrication, and the instrument control software, which is provided under open-source license. The capability of the plat… ▽ More We present an automatic measurement platform that enables the characterization of nanodevices by electrical transport and optical spectroscopy as a function of uniaxial stress. We provide insights into and detailed descriptions of the mechanical device, the substrate design and fabrication, and the instrument control software, which is provided under open-source license. The capability of the platform is demonstrated by characterizing the piezo-resistance of an InAs nanowire device using a combination of electrical transport and Raman spectroscopy. The advantages of this measurement platform are highlighted by comparison with state-of-the-art piezo-resistance measurements in InAs nanowires. We envision that the systematic application of this methodology will provide new insights into the physics of nanoscale devices and novel materials for electronics, and thus contribute to the assessment of the potential of strain as a technology booster for nanoscale electronics. △ Less

Submitted 5 April, 2017; originally announced April 2017.

Comments: 6 figures, 19 pages; Submitted to Review of Scientific Instruments

High precision half-life measurement of $^{147}$Sm $α$ decay from thin-film sources

Authors: Heinrich Wilsenach, Kai Zuber, Detlev Degering, René Heller, Volker Neu

Abstract: An investigation of the α-decay of $^{147}$Sm was performed using an ultra low-background Twin Frisch-Grid Ionisation Chamber (TF-GIC). Four natural samarium samples were produced using pulsed laser deposition in ultra high vacuum. The abundance of the $^{147}$Sm isotope was mea- sured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A combined half-life value for 147Sm of… ▽ More An investigation of the α-decay of $^{147}$Sm was performed using an ultra low-background Twin Frisch-Grid Ionisation Chamber (TF-GIC). Four natural samarium samples were produced using pulsed laser deposition in ultra high vacuum. The abundance of the $^{147}$Sm isotope was mea- sured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A combined half-life value for 147Sm of $1.079(26)\times{}10^{11}$ years was measured. A search for the α-decay into the first excited state of $^{143}$Nd has been performed using $γ$-spectroscopy, resulting in a lower half-life limit of $T_{1/2} > 3.1 \times{}10^{18}$ years (at 90% C.L.). △ Less

Submitted 21 March, 2017; originally announced March 2017.

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Instrumentation and Online Systems

Authors: IceCube Collaboration, M. G. Aartsen, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, D. Altmann, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, I. Ansseau, G. Anton, M. Archinger, C. Argüelles, R. Auer, J. Auffenberg, S. Axani, J. Baccus, X. Bai, S. Barnet, S. W. Barwick, V. Baum, R. Bay, K. Beattie, J. J. Beatty , et al. (328 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer-scale high-energy neutrino detector built into the ice at the South Pole. Construction of IceCube, the largest neutrino detector built to date, was completed in 2011 and enabled the discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We describe here the design, production, and calibration of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM), the cable sy… ▽ More The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer-scale high-energy neutrino detector built into the ice at the South Pole. Construction of IceCube, the largest neutrino detector built to date, was completed in 2011 and enabled the discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We describe here the design, production, and calibration of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM), the cable systems, computing hardware, and our methodology for drilling and deployment. We also describe the online triggering and data filtering systems that select candidate neutrino and cosmic ray events for analysis. Due to a rigorous pre-deployment protocol, 98.4% of the DOMs in the deep ice are operating and collecting data. IceCube routinely achieves a detector uptime of 99% by emphasizing software stability and monitoring. Detector operations have been stable since construction was completed, and the detector is expected to operate at least until the end of the next decade. △ Less

Submitted 6 February, 2024; v1 submitted 15 December, 2016; originally announced December 2016.

Comments: 82 pages, 50 figures; fix minor error in eq. 3.9 (time calibration cable delay)

Journal ref: JINST 12 P03012 (2017)

Nanometer scale elemental analysis in the helium ion microscope using time of flight spectrometry

Authors: Nico Klingner, René Heller, Gregor Hlawacek, Johannes von Borany, John Notte, Jason Huang, Stefan Facsko

Abstract: Time of flight backscattering spectrometry (ToF-BS) was successfully implemented in a helium ion microscope (HIM). Its integration introduces the ability to perform laterally resolved elemental analysis as well as elemental depth profiling on the nm scale. A lateral resolution of $\leq$ 54 nm and a time resolution of $Δt \leq$ 17 ns $(Δt/t \leq 5.4\%)$ are achieved. By using the energy of the back… ▽ More Time of flight backscattering spectrometry (ToF-BS) was successfully implemented in a helium ion microscope (HIM). Its integration introduces the ability to perform laterally resolved elemental analysis as well as elemental depth profiling on the nm scale. A lateral resolution of $\leq$ 54 nm and a time resolution of $Δt \leq$ 17 ns $(Δt/t \leq 5.4\%)$ are achieved. By using the energy of the backscattered particles for contrast generation, we introduce a new imaging method to the HIM allowing direct elemental mapping as well as local spectrometry. In addition laterally resolved time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) can be performed with the same setup. Time of flight is implemented by pulsing the primary ion beam. This is achieved in a cost effective and minimal invasive way that does not influence the high resolution capabilities of the microscope when operating in standard secondary electron (SE) imaging mode. This technique can thus be easily adapted to existing devices. The particular implementation of ToF-BS and ToF-SIMS techniques are described, results are presented and advantages, difficulties and limitations of this new techniques are discussed. △ Less

Submitted 30 November, 2015; v1 submitted 15 October, 2015; originally announced October 2015.

The design and performance of the ZEUS Micro Vertex detector

Authors: A. Polini, I. Brock, S. Goers, A. Kappes, U. F. Katz, E. Hilger, J. Rautenberg, A. Weber, A. Mastroberardino, E. Tassi, V. Adler, L. A. T. Bauerdick, I. Bloch, T. Haas, U. Klein, U. Koetz, G. Kramberger, E. Lobodzinska, R. Mankel, J. Ng, D. Notz, M. C. Petrucci, B. Surrow, G. Watt, C. Youngman , et al. (57 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In order to extend the tracking acceptance, to improve the primary and secondary vertex reconstruction and thus enhancing the tagging capabilities for short lived particles, the ZEUS experiment at the HERA Collider at DESY installed a silicon strip vertex detector. The barrel part of the detector is a 63 cm long cylinder with silicon sensors arranged around an elliptical beampipe. The forward pa… ▽ More In order to extend the tracking acceptance, to improve the primary and secondary vertex reconstruction and thus enhancing the tagging capabilities for short lived particles, the ZEUS experiment at the HERA Collider at DESY installed a silicon strip vertex detector. The barrel part of the detector is a 63 cm long cylinder with silicon sensors arranged around an elliptical beampipe. The forward part consists of four circular shaped disks. In total just over 200k channels are read out using $2.9 {\rm m^2}$ of silicon. In this report a detailed overview of the design and construction of the detector is given and the performance of the completed system is reviewed. △ Less

Submitted 21 August, 2007; originally announced August 2007.

Report number: DESY-07-131

Journal ref: Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A581:656-686,2007