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Comparison of Two Detector Magnetic Systems for the Future Circular Hadron-Hadron Collider
Authors:
Vyacheslav Klyukhin,
Austin Ball,
Christophe Paul Berriaud,
Benoit Curé,
Alexey Dudarev,
Andrea Gaddi,
Hubert Gerwig,
Alain Hervé,
Matthias Mentink,
Werner Riegler,
Udo Wagner,
Herman Ten Kate
Abstract:
The conceptual design study of a Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider (FCC-hh) to be con-structed at CERN with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV requires superconducting magnetic systems with a central magnetic flux density of an order of 4 T for the experimental detectors. The developed concept of the FCC-hh detector involves the use of an iron-free magnetic system consisting of t…
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The conceptual design study of a Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider (FCC-hh) to be con-structed at CERN with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV requires superconducting magnetic systems with a central magnetic flux density of an order of 4 T for the experimental detectors. The developed concept of the FCC-hh detector involves the use of an iron-free magnetic system consisting of three superconducting solenoids. A superconducting magnet with a minimal steel yoke is proposed as an alternative to the baseline iron-free design. In this study, both magnetic system options for the FCC-hh detector are modeled with the same electrical parameters using Cobham$'$s program TOSCA. All the main characteristics of both designs are compared and discussed.
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Submitted 5 January, 2024;
originally announced January 2024.
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Comparison of the Baseline and the Minimal Steel Yoke Superconducting Magnets for the Future Circular Hadron-Hadron Collider
Authors:
V. I. Klyukhin,
A. Ball,
C. P. Berriaud,
E. Bielert,
B. Curé,
A. Dudarev,
A. Gaddi,
H. Gerwig,
A. Hervé,
M. Mentink,
H. Pais Da Silva,
U. Wagner,
H. H. J. Ten Kate
Abstract:
The conceptual design study of a hadron Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider (FCC-hh) with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV assumes using in the experimental detector the superconducting magnetic system with a central magnetic flux density of an order of 4 T. A superconducting magnet with a minimal steel yoke was proposed as an alternative to the baseline iron-free solenoids. In a…
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The conceptual design study of a hadron Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider (FCC-hh) with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV assumes using in the experimental detector the superconducting magnetic system with a central magnetic flux density of an order of 4 T. A superconducting magnet with a minimal steel yoke was proposed as an alternative to the baseline iron-free solenoids. In a present study, both designs are modeled with Cobham's program TOSCA and compared. All the main parameters are discussed.
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Submitted 18 January, 2022;
originally announced January 2022.
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Cold Powering
Authors:
A. Ballarino,
J. P. Burnet,
D. Ramos,
U. Wagner,
S. Weisz,
Y. Yang
Abstract:
Chapter 6 in High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) : Preliminary Design Report. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest scientific instruments ever built. Since opening up a new energy frontier for exploration in 2010, it has gathered a global user community of about 7,000 scientists working in fundamental particle physics and the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temper…
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Chapter 6 in High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) : Preliminary Design Report. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest scientific instruments ever built. Since opening up a new energy frontier for exploration in 2010, it has gathered a global user community of about 7,000 scientists working in fundamental particle physics and the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temperature and density. To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the LHC will need a major upgrade in the 2020s. This will increase its luminosity (rate of collisions) by a factor of five beyond the original design value and the integrated luminosity (total collisions created) by a factor ten. The LHC is already a highly complex and exquisitely optimised machine so this upgrade must be carefully conceived and will require about ten years to implement. The new configuration, known as High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), will rely on a number of key innovations that push accelerator technology beyond its present limits. Among these are cutting-edge 11-12 tesla superconducting magnets, compact superconducting cavities for beam rotation with ultra-precise phase control, new technology and physical processes for beam collimation and 300 metre-long high-power superconducting links with negligible energy dissipation. The present document describes the technologies and components that will be used to realise the project and is intended to serve as the basis for the detailed engineering design of HL-LHC.
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Submitted 26 May, 2017;
originally announced May 2017.
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Superconducting Magnet with the Reduced Barrel Yoke for the Hadron Future Circular Collider
Authors:
V. I. Klyukhin,
A. Ball,
C. Berriaud,
B. Curé,
A. Dudarev,
A. Gaddi,
H. Gerwig,
A. Hervé,
M. Mentink,
G. Rolando,
H. F. Pais Da Silva,
U. Wagner,
H. H. J. ten Kate
Abstract:
The conceptual design study of a hadron Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV in a new tunnel of 80-100 km circumference assumes the determination of the basic requirements for its detectors. A superconducting solenoid magnet of 12 m diameter inner bore with the central magnetic flux density of 6 T is proposed for a FCC-hh experimental setup. The co…
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The conceptual design study of a hadron Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV in a new tunnel of 80-100 km circumference assumes the determination of the basic requirements for its detectors. A superconducting solenoid magnet of 12 m diameter inner bore with the central magnetic flux density of 6 T is proposed for a FCC-hh experimental setup. The coil of 24.518 m long has seven 3.5 m long modules included into one cryostat. The steel yoke with a mass of 21 kt consists of two barrel layers of 0.5 m radial thickness, and 0.7 m thick nose disk, four 0.6 m thick end-cap disks, and three 0.8 m thick muon toroid disks each side. The outer diameter of the yoke is 17.7 m; the length without the forward muon toroids is 33 m. The air gaps between the end-cap disks provide the installation of the muon chambers up to the pseudorapidity of \pm 3.5. The conventional forward muon spectrometer provides the measuring of the muon momenta in the pseudorapidity region from \pm 2.7 to \pm 4.6. The magnet modeled with Cobham's program TOSCA. The total Ampere-turns in the superconducting solenoid coil are 127.25 MA-turns. The stored energy is 43.3 GJ. The axial force onto each end-cap is 480 MN. The stray field at the radius of 50 m off the coil axis is 14.1 mT and 5.4 mT at the radius of 100 m. All other parameters presented and discussed.
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Submitted 6 November, 2015;
originally announced November 2015.
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The Superconducting Toroid for the New International AXion Observatory (IAXO)
Authors:
I. Shilon,
A. Dudarev,
H. Silva,
U. Wagner,
H. H. J. ten Kate
Abstract:
IAXO, the new International AXion Observatory, will feature the most ambitious detector for solar axions to date. Axions are hypothetical particles which were postulated to solve one of the puzzles arising in the standard model of particle physics, namely the strong CP (Charge conjugation and Parity) problem. This detector aims at achieving a sensitivity to the coupling between axions and photons…
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IAXO, the new International AXion Observatory, will feature the most ambitious detector for solar axions to date. Axions are hypothetical particles which were postulated to solve one of the puzzles arising in the standard model of particle physics, namely the strong CP (Charge conjugation and Parity) problem. This detector aims at achieving a sensitivity to the coupling between axions and photons of one order of magnitude beyond the limits of the current detector, the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST). The IAXO detector relies on a high-magnetic field distributed over a very large volume to convert solar axions to detectable X-ray photons. Inspired by the ATLAS barrel and end-cap toroids, a large superconducting toroid is being designed. The toroid comprises eight, one meter wide and twenty one meters long racetrack coils. The assembled toroid is sized 5.2 m in diameter and 25 m in length and its mass is about 250 tons. The useful field in the bores is 2.5 T while the peak magnetic field in the windings is 5.4 T. At the operational current of 12 kA the stored energy is 500 MJ. The racetrack type of coils are wound with a reinforced Aluminum stabilized NbTi/Cu cable and are conduction cooled. The coils optimization is shortly described as well as new concepts for cryostat, cold mass, supporting structure and the sun tracking system. Materials selection and sizing, conductor, thermal loads, the cryogenics system and the electrical system are described. Lastly, quench simulations are reported to demonstrate the system's safe quench protection scheme.
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Submitted 9 September, 2013;
originally announced September 2013.
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New Superconducting Toroidal Magnet System for IAXO, the International AXion Observatory
Authors:
I. Shilon,
A. Dudarev,
H. Silva,
U. Wagner,
H. H. J. ten Kate
Abstract:
Axions are hypothetical particles that were postulated to solve one of the puzzles arising in the standard model of particle physics, namely the strong CP (Charge conjugation and Parity) problem. The new International AXion Observatory (IAXO) will incorporate the most promising solar axions detector to date, which is designed to enhance the sensitivity to the axion-photon coupling by one order of…
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Axions are hypothetical particles that were postulated to solve one of the puzzles arising in the standard model of particle physics, namely the strong CP (Charge conjugation and Parity) problem. The new International AXion Observatory (IAXO) will incorporate the most promising solar axions detector to date, which is designed to enhance the sensitivity to the axion-photon coupling by one order of magnitude beyond the limits of the current state-of-the-art detector, the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST). The IAXO detector relies on a high-magnetic field distributed over a very large volume to convert solar axions into X-ray photons. Inspired by the successful realization of the ATLAS barrel and end-cap toroids, a very large superconducting toroid is currently designed at CERN to provide the required magnetic field. This toroid will comprise eight, one meter wide and twenty one meter long, racetrack coils. The system is sized 5.2 m in diameter and 25 m in length. Its peak magnetic field is 5.4 T with a stored energy of 500 MJ. The magnetic field optimization process to arrive at maximum detector yield is described. In addition, materials selection and their structure and sizing has been determined by force and stress calculations. Thermal loads are estimated to size the necessary cryogenic power and the concept of a forced flow supercritical helium based cryogenic system is given. A quench simulation confirmed the quench protection scheme.
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Submitted 12 August, 2013;
originally announced August 2013.
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Commissioning of the cryogenics of the LHC long straight sections
Authors:
A. Perin,
J. Casas-Cubillos,
S. Claudet,
C. Darve,
G. Ferlin,
F. Millet,
C. Parente,
R. Rabehl,
M. Soubiran,
R. van Weelderen,
U. Wagner
Abstract:
The LHC is made of eight circular arcs interspaced with eight Long Straight Sections (LSS). Most powering interfaces to the LHC are located in these sections where the particle beams are focused and shaped for collision, cleaning and acceleration. The LSSs are constituted of several unique cryogenic devices and systems like electrical feed-boxes, standalone superconducting magnets, superconducting…
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The LHC is made of eight circular arcs interspaced with eight Long Straight Sections (LSS). Most powering interfaces to the LHC are located in these sections where the particle beams are focused and shaped for collision, cleaning and acceleration. The LSSs are constituted of several unique cryogenic devices and systems like electrical feed-boxes, standalone superconducting magnets, superconducting links, RF cavities and final focusing superconducting magnets. This paper presents the cryogenic commissioning and the main results obtained during the first operation of the LHC Long Straight Sections.
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Submitted 30 July, 2012;
originally announced July 2012.