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Identifying noise transients in gravitational-wave data arising from nonlinear couplings
Authors:
Bernard Hall,
Sudhagar Suyamprakasam,
Nairwita Mazumder,
Anupreeta More,
Sukanta Bose
Abstract:
Noise in various interferometer systems can sometimes couple non-linearly to create excess noise in the gravitational wave (GW) strain data. Third-order statistics, such as bicoherence and biphase, can identify these couplings and help discriminate those occurrences from astrophysical GW signals. However, the conventional analysis can yield large bicoherence values even when no phase-coupling is p…
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Noise in various interferometer systems can sometimes couple non-linearly to create excess noise in the gravitational wave (GW) strain data. Third-order statistics, such as bicoherence and biphase, can identify these couplings and help discriminate those occurrences from astrophysical GW signals. However, the conventional analysis can yield large bicoherence values even when no phase-coupling is present, thereby, resulting in false identifications. Introducing artificial phase randomization in computing the bicoherence reduces such occurrences with negligible impact on its effectiveness for detecting true phase-coupled disturbances. We demonstrate this property with simulated disturbances in this work. Statistical hypothesis testing is used for distinguishing phase-coupled disturbances from non-phase coupled ones when employing the phase-randomized bicoherence. We also obtain an expression for the bicoherence value that minimizes the sum of the probabilities of false positives and false negatives. This can be chosen as a threshold for shortlisting bicoherence triggers for further scrutiny for the presence of non-linear coupling. Finally, the utility of the phase-randomized bicoherence analysis in GW time-series data is demonstrated for the following three scenarios: (1) Finding third-order statistical similarities within categories of noise transients, such as blips and koi fish. If these non-Gaussian noise transients, or glitches, have a common source, their bicoherence maps can have similarities arising from common bifrequencies related to that source. (2) Differentiating linear or non-linear phase-coupled glitches from compact binary coalescence signals through their bicoherence maps. This is explained with a simulated signal. (3) Identifying repeated bifrequencies in the second and third observation runs (i.e., O2 and O3) of LIGO and Virgo.
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Submitted 25 July, 2024; v1 submitted 30 January, 2024;
originally announced January 2024.
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Sensitivity projections for a dual-phase argon TPC optimized for light dark matter searches through the ionization channel
Authors:
P. Agnes,
I. Ahmad,
S. Albergo,
I. F. M. Albuquerque,
T. Alexander,
A. K. Alton,
P. Amaudruz,
M. Atzori Corona,
D. J. Auty,
M. Ave,
I. Ch. Avetisov,
R. I. Avetisov,
O. Azzolini,
H. O. Back,
Z. Balmforth,
V. Barbarian,
A. Barrado Olmedo,
P. Barrillon,
A. Basco,
G. Batignani,
E. Berzin,
A. Bondar,
W. M. Bonivento,
E. Borisova,
B. Bottino
, et al. (274 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Dark matter lighter than 10 GeV/c$^2$ encompasses a promising range of candidates. A conceptual design for a new detector, DarkSide-LowMass, is presented, based on the DarkSide-50 detector and progress toward DarkSide-20k, optimized for a low-threshold electron-counting measurement. Sensitivity to light dark matter is explored for various potential energy thresholds and background rates. These stu…
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Dark matter lighter than 10 GeV/c$^2$ encompasses a promising range of candidates. A conceptual design for a new detector, DarkSide-LowMass, is presented, based on the DarkSide-50 detector and progress toward DarkSide-20k, optimized for a low-threshold electron-counting measurement. Sensitivity to light dark matter is explored for various potential energy thresholds and background rates. These studies show that DarkSide-LowMass can achieve sensitivity to light dark matter down to the solar neutrino floor for GeV-scale masses and significant sensitivity down to 10 MeV/c$^2$ considering the Migdal effect or interactions with electrons. Requirements for optimizing the detector's sensitivity are explored, as are potential sensitivity gains from modeling and mitigating spurious electron backgrounds that may dominate the signal at the lowest energies.
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Submitted 20 June, 2023; v1 submitted 2 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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Reweighting of molecular simulations with explicit-solvent SAXS restraints elucidates ion-dependent RNA ensembles
Authors:
Mattia Bernetti,
Kathleen B. Hall,
Giovanni Bussi
Abstract:
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments are increasingly used to probe RNA structure. A number of \emph{forward models} that relate measured SAXS intensities and structural features, and that are suitable to model either explicit-solvent effects or solute dynamics, have been proposed in the past years. Here we introduce an approach that integrates atomistic molecular dynamics simulations a…
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Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments are increasingly used to probe RNA structure. A number of \emph{forward models} that relate measured SAXS intensities and structural features, and that are suitable to model either explicit-solvent effects or solute dynamics, have been proposed in the past years. Here we introduce an approach that integrates atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and SAXS experiments to reconstruct RNA structural ensembles while simultaneously accounting for both RNA conformational dynamics and explicit-solvent effects. Our protocol exploits SAXS pure-solute forward models and enhanced sampling methods to sample an heterogenous ensemble of structures, with no information towards the experiments provided on-the-fly. The generated structural ensemble is then reweighted through the maximum entropy principle so as to match reference SAXS experimental data at multiple ionic conditions. Importantly, accurate explicit-solvent forward models are used at this reweighting stage. We apply this framework to the GTPase-associated center, a relevant RNA molecule involved in protein translation, in order to elucidate its ion-dependent conformational ensembles. We show that (a) both solvent and dynamics are crucial to reproduce experimental SAXS data and (b) the resulting dynamical ensembles contain an ion-dependent fraction of extended structures.
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Submitted 30 March, 2021; v1 submitted 8 March, 2021;
originally announced March 2021.
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Plasma observations during the Mars atmospheric "plume" event of March-April 2012
Authors:
D. J. Andrews,
S. Barabash,
N. J. T. Edberg,
D. A. Gurnett,
B. E. S. Hall,
M. Holmström,
M. Lester,
D. D. Morgan,
H. J. Opgenoorth,
R. Ramstad,
B. Sanchez-Cano,
M. Way,
O. Witasse
Abstract:
We present initial analysis and conclusions from plasma observations made during the reported "Mars plume event" of March - April 2012. During this period, multiple independent amateur observers detected a localized, high-altitude "plume" over the Martian dawn terminator [Sanchez-Lavega et al., Nature, 2015, doi:10.1038/nature14162], the cause of which remains to be explained. The estimated bright…
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We present initial analysis and conclusions from plasma observations made during the reported "Mars plume event" of March - April 2012. During this period, multiple independent amateur observers detected a localized, high-altitude "plume" over the Martian dawn terminator [Sanchez-Lavega et al., Nature, 2015, doi:10.1038/nature14162], the cause of which remains to be explained. The estimated brightness of the plume exceeds that expected for auroral emissions, and its projected altitude greatly exceeds that at which clouds are expected to form. We report on in-situ measurements of ionospheric plasma density and solar wind parameters throughout this interval made by Mars Express, obtained over the same surface region, but at the opposing terminator. Measurements in the ionosphere at the corresponding location frequently show a disturbed structure, though this is not atypical for such regions with intense crustal magnetic fields. We tentatively conclude that the formation and/or transport of this plume to the altitudes where it was observed could be due in part to the result of a large interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) encountering the Martian system. Interestingly, we note that the only similar plume detection in May 1997 may also have been associated with a large ICME impact at Mars.
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Submitted 18 March, 2016;
originally announced March 2016.
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Demonstrating Martian Gravity
Authors:
Patrik Pirkola,
Patrick B. Hall
Abstract:
The surface gravity on Mars is smaller than the surface gravity on Earth, resulting in longer falling times. This effect can be simulated on Earth by taking advantage of air resistance and buoyancy, which cause low density objects to fall slowly enough to approximate objects falling on the surface of Mars. We describe a computer simulation based on an experiment that approximates Martian gravity,…
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The surface gravity on Mars is smaller than the surface gravity on Earth, resulting in longer falling times. This effect can be simulated on Earth by taking advantage of air resistance and buoyancy, which cause low density objects to fall slowly enough to approximate objects falling on the surface of Mars. We describe a computer simulation based on an experiment that approximates Martian gravity, and verify our numerical results by performing the experiment.
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Submitted 18 February, 2016;
originally announced February 2016.
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Calibration of the Advanced LIGO detectors for the discovery of the binary black-hole merger GW150914
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
B. P. Abbott,
R. Abbott,
T. D. Abbott,
M. R. Abernathy,
K. Ackley,
C. Adams,
P. Addesso,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. B. Adya,
C. Affeldt,
N. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
B. Allen,
P. A. Altin,
D. V. Amariutei,
S. B. Anderson,
W. G. Anderson,
K. Arai,
M. C. Araya,
C. C. Arceneaux,
J. S. Areeda,
K. G. Arun
, et al. (702 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In Advanced LIGO, detection and astrophysical source parameter estimation of the binary black hole merger GW150914 requires a calibrated estimate of the gravitational-wave strain sensed by the detectors. Producing an estimate from each detector's differential arm length control loop readout signals requires applying time domain filters, which are designed from a frequency domain model of the detec…
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In Advanced LIGO, detection and astrophysical source parameter estimation of the binary black hole merger GW150914 requires a calibrated estimate of the gravitational-wave strain sensed by the detectors. Producing an estimate from each detector's differential arm length control loop readout signals requires applying time domain filters, which are designed from a frequency domain model of the detector's gravitational-wave response. The gravitational-wave response model is determined by the detector's opto-mechanical response and the properties of its feedback control system. The measurements used to validate the model and characterize its uncertainty are derived primarily from a dedicated photon radiation pressure actuator, with cross-checks provided by optical and radio frequency references. We describe how the gravitational-wave readout signal is calibrated into equivalent gravitational-wave-induced strain and how the statistical uncertainties and systematic errors are assessed. Detector data collected over 38 calendar days, from September 12 to October 20, 2015, contain the event GW150914 and approximately 16 of coincident data used to estimate the event false alarm probability. The calibration uncertainty is less than 10% in magnitude and 10 degrees in phase across the relevant frequency band 20 Hz to 1 kHz.
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Submitted 28 February, 2017; v1 submitted 11 February, 2016;
originally announced February 2016.
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Focal mechanism estimation by classification
Authors:
Ben G. Lasscock,
Brendon J. Hall,
Michael E. Glinsky
Abstract:
A classification technique for identifying focal mechanism type and fault plane orientation based on the polarity of P-wave "first motion" data is derived. A support vector machine is used to classify the polarity data in the space of spherical harmonic functions. The classification is non-parametric in the sense that there is no requirement to make a priori assumptions source mechanism. A metric…
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A classification technique for identifying focal mechanism type and fault plane orientation based on the polarity of P-wave "first motion" data is derived. A support vector machine is used to classify the polarity data in the space of spherical harmonic functions. The classification is non-parametric in the sense that there is no requirement to make a priori assumptions source mechanism. A metric of similarity potentially able to distinguish shear versus tensile dislocation without requiring estimation of the fault plane orientation is a natural consequence of this procedure. Going further, correlation functions between template source mechanism is derived, gives an estimate of fault plane orientation assuming a particular source mechanism.
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Submitted 31 October, 2014;
originally announced October 2014.
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An extension to GUM methodology: degrees-of-freedom calculations for correlated multidimensional estimates
Authors:
R. Willink,
B. D. Hall
Abstract:
The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement advocates the use of an 'effective number of degrees of freedom' for the calculation of an interval of measurement uncertainty. However, it does not describe how this number is to be calculated when (i) the measurand is a vector quantity or (ii) when the errors in the estimates of the quantities defining the measurand (the 'input quantities…
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The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement advocates the use of an 'effective number of degrees of freedom' for the calculation of an interval of measurement uncertainty. However, it does not describe how this number is to be calculated when (i) the measurand is a vector quantity or (ii) when the errors in the estimates of the quantities defining the measurand (the 'input quantities') are not incurred independently. An appropriate analysis for a vector-valued measurand has been described (Metrologia 39 (2002) 361-9), and a method for a one-dimensional measurand with dependent errors has also been given (Metrologia 44 (2007) 340-9). This paper builds on those analyses to present a method for the situation where the problem is multidimensional and involves correlated errors. The result is an explicit general procedure that reduces to simpler procedures where appropriate. The example studied is from the field of radio-frequency metrology, where measured quantities are often complex-valued and can be regarded as vectors of two elements.
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Submitted 2 November, 2013;
originally announced November 2013.
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Precision measurements of s-wave scattering lengths in a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate
Authors:
M. Egorov,
B. Opanchuk,
P. Drummond,
B. V. Hall,
P. Hannaford,
A. I. Sidorov
Abstract:
We use collective oscillations of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate (2CBEC) of \Rb atoms prepared in the internal states $\ket{1}\equiv\ket{F=1, m_F=-1}$ and $\ket{2}\equiv\ket{F=2, m_F=1}$ for the precision measurement of the interspecies scattering length $a_{12}$ with a relative uncertainty of $1.6\times 10^{-4}$. We show that in a cigar-shaped trap the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of…
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We use collective oscillations of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate (2CBEC) of \Rb atoms prepared in the internal states $\ket{1}\equiv\ket{F=1, m_F=-1}$ and $\ket{2}\equiv\ket{F=2, m_F=1}$ for the precision measurement of the interspecies scattering length $a_{12}$ with a relative uncertainty of $1.6\times 10^{-4}$. We show that in a cigar-shaped trap the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of a component with a small relative population can be conveniently described by a one-dimensional (1D) Schrödinger equation for an effective harmonic oscillator. The frequency of the collective oscillations is defined by the axial trap frequency and the ratio $a_{12}/a_{11}$, where $a_{11}$ is the intra-species scattering length of a highly populated component 1, and is largely decoupled from the scattering length $a_{22}$, the total atom number and loss terms. By fitting numerical simulations of the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations to the recorded temporal evolution of the axial width we obtain the value $a_{12}=98.006(16)\,a_0$, where $a_0$ is the Bohr radius. Our reported value is in a reasonable agreement with the theoretical prediction $a_{12}=98.13(10)\,a_0$ but deviates significantly from the previously measured value $a_{12}=97.66\,a_0$ \cite{Mertes07} which is commonly used in the characterisation of spin dynamics in degenerate \Rb atoms. Using Ramsey interferometry of the 2CBEC we measure the scattering length $a_{22}=95.44(7)\,a_0$ which also deviates from the previously reported value $a_{22}=95.0\,a_0$ \cite{Mertes07}. We characterise two-body losses for the component 2 and obtain the loss coefficients ${γ_{12}=1.51(18)\times10^{-14} \textrm{cm}^3/\textrm{s}}$ and ${γ_{22}=8.1(3)\times10^{-14} \textrm{cm}^3/\textrm{s}}$.
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Submitted 10 July, 2013; v1 submitted 7 April, 2012;
originally announced April 2012.
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Doppler-free two-photon resonances for atom detection and sum frequency stabilization
Authors:
A. M. Akulshin,
B. V. Hall,
V. Ivannikov,
A. A. Orel,
A. I. Sidorov
Abstract:
We investigate the excitation of the 5D_{5/2} level in Rb atoms using counter-propagating laser beams, which are nearly resonant to the one-photon 5S_{1/2} - 5P_{3/2} and 5P_{3/2} - 5D_{5/2} transitions, ensuring that a sum of the optical frequencies corresponds to the 5S_{1/2} - 5D_{5/2} transition. The excitation produced by two-photon and step-wise processes is detected via spontaneously emitte…
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We investigate the excitation of the 5D_{5/2} level in Rb atoms using counter-propagating laser beams, which are nearly resonant to the one-photon 5S_{1/2} - 5P_{3/2} and 5P_{3/2} - 5D_{5/2} transitions, ensuring that a sum of the optical frequencies corresponds to the 5S_{1/2} - 5D_{5/2} transition. The excitation produced by two-photon and step-wise processes is detected via spontaneously emitted fluorescence at 420 nm arising from the 6P_{3/2} - 5S_{1/2} transition. The dependences of blue fluorescence intensity on atomic density and laser detuning from the intermediate 5P_{3/2} level have been investigated. The sensitivity of the frequency detuned bi-chromatic scheme for atom detection has been estimated. A novel method for sum frequency stabilization of two free-running lasers has been suggested and implemented using two-photon Doppler-free fluorescence and polarization resonances.
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Submitted 6 June, 2011;
originally announced June 2011.
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Scanning magnetoresistance microscopy of atom chips
Authors:
M. Volk,
S. Whitlock,
B. V. Hall,
A. I. Sidorov
Abstract:
Surface based geometries of microfabricated wires or patterned magnetic films can be used to magnetically trap and manipulate ultracold neutral atoms or Bose-Einstein condensates. We investigate the magnetic properties of such atom chips using a scanning magnetoresistive (MR) microscope with high spatial resolution and high field sensitivity. We show that MR sensors are ideally suited to observe…
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Surface based geometries of microfabricated wires or patterned magnetic films can be used to magnetically trap and manipulate ultracold neutral atoms or Bose-Einstein condensates. We investigate the magnetic properties of such atom chips using a scanning magnetoresistive (MR) microscope with high spatial resolution and high field sensitivity. We show that MR sensors are ideally suited to observe small variations of the magnetic field caused by imperfections in the wires or magnetic materials which ultimately lead to fragmentation of ultracold atom clouds. Measurements are also provided for the magnetic field produced by a thin current-carrying wire with small geometric modulations along the edge. Comparisons of our measurements with a full numeric calculation of the current flow in the wire and the subsequent magnetic field show excellent agreement. Our results highlight the use of scanning MR microscopy as a convenient and powerful technique for precisely characterizing the magnetic fields produced near the surface of atom chips.
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Submitted 24 April, 2007;
originally announced April 2007.
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Effect of Magnetization Inhomogeneity on Magnetic Microtraps for Atoms
Authors:
S. Whitlock,
B. V. Hall,
T. Roach,
R. Anderson,
P. Hannaford,
A. I. Sidorov
Abstract:
We report on the origin of fragmentation of ultracold atoms observed on a permanent magnetic film atom chip. A novel technique is used to characterize small spatial variations of the magnetic field near the film surface using radio frequency spectroscopy of the trapped atoms. Direct observations indicate the fragmentation is due to a corrugation of the magnetic potential caused by long range inh…
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We report on the origin of fragmentation of ultracold atoms observed on a permanent magnetic film atom chip. A novel technique is used to characterize small spatial variations of the magnetic field near the film surface using radio frequency spectroscopy of the trapped atoms. Direct observations indicate the fragmentation is due to a corrugation of the magnetic potential caused by long range inhomogeneity in the film magnetization. A model which takes into account two-dimensional variations of the film magnetization is consistent with the observations.
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Submitted 24 November, 2006; v1 submitted 2 May, 2006;
originally announced May 2006.
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Bose-Einstein Condensation on a Permanent-Magnet Atom Chip
Authors:
C. D. J. Sinclair,
E. A. Curtis,
I. Llorente Garcia,
J. A. Retter,
B. V. Hall,
S. Eriksson,
B. E. Sauer,
E. A. Hinds
Abstract:
We have produced a Bose-Einstein condensate on a permanent-magnet atom chip based on periodically magnetized videotape. We observe the expansion and dynamics of the condensate in one of the microscopic waveguides close to the surface. The lifetime for atoms to remain trapped near this dielectric material is significantly longer than above a metal surface of the same thickness. These results illu…
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We have produced a Bose-Einstein condensate on a permanent-magnet atom chip based on periodically magnetized videotape. We observe the expansion and dynamics of the condensate in one of the microscopic waveguides close to the surface. The lifetime for atoms to remain trapped near this dielectric material is significantly longer than above a metal surface of the same thickness. These results illustrate the suitability of microscopic permanent-magnet structures for quantum-coherent preparation and manipulation of cold atoms.
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Submitted 13 October, 2005; v1 submitted 25 March, 2005;
originally announced March 2005.
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Cold atoms in videotape micro-traps
Authors:
C. D. J. Sinclair,
J. A. Retter,
E. A. Curtis,
B. V. Hall,
I. Llorente Garcia,
S. Eriksson,
B. E. Sauer,
E. A. Hinds
Abstract:
We describe an array of microscopic atom traps formed by a pattern of magnetisation on a piece of videotape. We describe the way in which cold atoms are loaded into one of these micro-traps and how the trapped atom cloud is used to explore the properties of the trap. Evaporative cooling in the micro-trap down to a temperature of 1 microkelvin allows us to probe the smoothness of the trapping pot…
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We describe an array of microscopic atom traps formed by a pattern of magnetisation on a piece of videotape. We describe the way in which cold atoms are loaded into one of these micro-traps and how the trapped atom cloud is used to explore the properties of the trap. Evaporative cooling in the micro-trap down to a temperature of 1 microkelvin allows us to probe the smoothness of the trapping potential and reveals some inhomogeneity produced by the magnetic film. We discuss future prospects for atom chips based on microscopic permanent-magnet structures.
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Submitted 15 February, 2005;
originally announced February 2005.