Sensor operating point calibration and monitoring of the ALICE Inner Tracking System during LHC Run 3
Authors:
D. Agguiaro,
G. Aglieri Rinella,
L. Aglietta,
M. Agnello,
F. Agnese,
B. Alessandro,
G. Alfarone,
J. Alme,
E. Anderssen,
D. Andreou,
M. Angeletti,
N. Apadula,
P. Atkinson,
C. Azzan,
R. Baccomi,
A. Badalà,
A. Balbino,
P. Barberis,
F. Barile,
L. Barioglio,
R. Barthel,
F. Baruffaldi,
N. K. Behera,
I. Belikov,
A. Benato
, et al. (263 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The new Inner Tracking System (ITS2) of the ALICE experiment began operation in 2021 with the start of LHC Run 3. Compared to its predecessor, ITS2 offers substantial improvements in pointing resolution, tracking efficiency at low transverse momenta, and readout-rate capabilities. The detector employs silicon Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) featuring a pixel size of 26.88$\times$29.24 $μ$m…
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The new Inner Tracking System (ITS2) of the ALICE experiment began operation in 2021 with the start of LHC Run 3. Compared to its predecessor, ITS2 offers substantial improvements in pointing resolution, tracking efficiency at low transverse momenta, and readout-rate capabilities. The detector employs silicon Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) featuring a pixel size of 26.88$\times$29.24 $μ$m$^2$ and an intrinsic spatial resolution of approximately 5 $μ$m. With a remarkably low material budget of 0.36% of radiation length ($X_{0}$) per layer in the three innermost layers and a total sensitive area of about 10 m$^2$, the ITS2 constitutes the largest-scale application of MAPS technology in a high-energy physics experiment and the first of its kind operated at the LHC. For stable data taking, it is crucial to calibrate different parameters of the detector, such as in-pixel charge thresholds and the masking of noisy pixels. The calibration of 24120 monolithic sensors, comprising a total of 12.6$\times$10$^{9}$ pixels, represents a major operational challenge. This paper presents the methods developed for the calibration of the ITS2 and outlines the strategies for monitoring and dynamically adjusting the detector's key performance parameters over time.
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Submitted 13 July, 2026; v1 submitted 31 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
The CMS Barrel Timing Layer: test beam confirmation of module timing performance
Authors:
F. Addesa,
P. Akrap,
A. Albert,
B. Allmond,
T. Anderson,
J. Babbar,
D. Baranyai,
P. Barria,
C. Basile,
A. Benaglia,
A. Benato,
M. Benettoni,
M. Besancon,
N. Bez,
S. Bhattacharya,
R. Bianco,
D. Blend,
A. Boletti,
A. Bornheim,
R. Bugalho,
A. Bulla,
B. Cardwell,
R. Carlin,
M. Casarsa,
F. Cetorelli
, et al. (105 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
First of its kind, the barrel section of the MIP Timing Detector is a large area timing detector based on LYSO:Ce crystals and SiPMs which are required to operate in an unprecedentedly harsh radiation environment (up to an integrated fluence of $2\times10^{14}$ 1 MeV $n_{eq}/cm^2$). It is designed as a key element of the upgrade of the existing CMS detector to provide a time resolution for minimum…
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First of its kind, the barrel section of the MIP Timing Detector is a large area timing detector based on LYSO:Ce crystals and SiPMs which are required to operate in an unprecedentedly harsh radiation environment (up to an integrated fluence of $2\times10^{14}$ 1 MeV $n_{eq}/cm^2$). It is designed as a key element of the upgrade of the existing CMS detector to provide a time resolution for minimum ionizing particles in the range between 30-60 ps throughout the entire operation at the High Luminosity LHC. A thorough optimization of its components has led to the final detector module layout which exploits 25 $\rm μm$ cell size SiPMs and 3.75 mm thick crystals. This design achieved the target performance in a series of test beam campaigns. In this paper we present test beam results which demonstrate the desired performance of detector modules in terms of radiation tolerance, time resolution and response uniformity.
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Submitted 15 April, 2025;
originally announced April 2025.