Showing 1–7 of 7 results for author: Babu, R

Estimating the sensitivity of the IceCube Upgrade to probe the interior of the Earth using atmospheric neutrino oscillations

Authors: The IceCube Collaboration, R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, S. K. Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, S. Ali, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Arg{ü}elles, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, A. Balagopal V., S. W. Barwick, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, P. Behrens, J. Beise, C. Bellenghi , et al. (399 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The IceCube Upgrade is a densely instrumented central region of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, deployed during the 2025-26 polar season. It will reduce the detector's energy threshold and improve overall reconstruction capabilities for multi-GeV atmospheric neutrinos, which in turn enhance their sensitivity to Earth matter effects as they traverse through the deep Earth. In this study, we descr… ▽ More The IceCube Upgrade is a densely instrumented central region of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, deployed during the 2025-26 polar season. It will reduce the detector's energy threshold and improve overall reconstruction capabilities for multi-GeV atmospheric neutrinos, which in turn enhance their sensitivity to Earth matter effects as they traverse through the deep Earth. In this study, we describe the potential of the IceCube Upgrade to observe Earth matter effects on atmospheric neutrinos and estimate the detector's sensitivity to probe key features of the Preliminary Reference Earth Model by utilizing these observations. We highlight the IceCube Upgrade's capability to estimate the mass of the Earth and verify the non-homogeneous distribution of matter density within the Earth. We also estimate the IceCube Upgrade sensitivity to measure the correlated densities of the Earth layers while incorporating constraints from the mass and moment of inertia of the Earth. Neutrino-based results would be independent and complementary to the seismic and gravitational measurements. △ Less

Submitted 6 August, 2026; originally announced August 2026.

Comments: 20 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables, and 1 appendix

High-Energy Neutrino Tomography of the Earth's Interior with IceCube

Authors: The IceCube Collaboration, R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, S. Ali, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, A. Balagopal V., S. W. Barwick, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, P. Behrens, J. Beise, C. Bellenghi, S. Benkel , et al. (395 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Earth's interior reflects its geological evolution, from accretion to present-day dynamics. Its structure drives the geodynamo in the outer core, generating the magnetic field that shields the surface from charged cosmic radiation. The primary observables of the Earth's interior are its radial density distribution and derived quantities such as its mass and moment of inertia. These have tradit… ▽ More The Earth's interior reflects its geological evolution, from accretion to present-day dynamics. Its structure drives the geodynamo in the outer core, generating the magnetic field that shields the surface from charged cosmic radiation. The primary observables of the Earth's interior are its radial density distribution and derived quantities such as its mass and moment of inertia. These have traditionally been inferred from gravity and seismic wave propagation, which probe the macroscopic response of matter to gravitational and elastic forces. Here we instead constrain the Earth's density profile using high-energy neutrinos observed by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole. We analyze 10.7 years of predominantly muon-neutrino data spanning 500 GeV--100 TeV, including atmospheric neutrinos produced by cosmic-ray interactions in the Earth's atmosphere and the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux. Neutrino attenuation depends on both the traversed column density and neutrino energy. By measuring the zenith- and energy-dependent flux suppression, we infer the Earth's radial density profile by fitting a concentric uniform-density shell model that incorporates neutrino fluxes, interaction cross sections, detector response, and glacial-ice systematic uncertainties. From the resulting density posteriors, we derive the Earth's mass and polar moment of inertia as measured by neutrinos. These are the most precise weak-interaction measurements of these quantities to date and are consistent with the Preliminary Reference Earth Model and independent gravitational determinations. Our results demonstrate that neutrinos provide a novel probe of planetary interiors via a distinct physical interaction, complementing gravity and seismology. With improved detectors and precision, neutrinos will further contribute to a multifaceted understanding of the Earth's structure. △ Less

Submitted 7 July, 2026; v1 submitted 2 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

WavePID: Low-energy flavor identification using single-PMT time series in IceCube

Authors: The IceCube Collaboration, R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, S. Ali, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, A. Balagopal V., S. W. Barwick, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, P. Behrens, J. Beise, C. Bellenghi, S. Benkel , et al. (395 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a cubic-kilometer detector at the South Pole, identifies neutrino flavor through event morphology. Sparse photon detection makes this classification particularly challenging in the 5--100~GeV regime, the energy range relevant for oscillation measurements and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. We introduce WavePID, a template-based log-likelihood-ratio… ▽ More The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a cubic-kilometer detector at the South Pole, identifies neutrino flavor through event morphology. Sparse photon detection makes this classification particularly challenging in the 5--100~GeV regime, the energy range relevant for oscillation measurements and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. We introduce WavePID, a template-based log-likelihood-ratio classifier that exploits nanosecond-scale timing on individual detector modules through three observables: the distance to the reconstructed vertex, the early-charge fraction, and the module-to-module time difference. Evaluated on a cascade-enriched sample selected by a state-of-the-art graph neural network, WavePID improves both cascade purity and classification performance over the neural network alone. This demonstrates that per-module pulse timing carries flavor-identification information complementary to morphology-based classifiers, opening a new physics-motivated observable for low-energy neutrino reconstruction. Geant4 simulations associate this signal with differences in Cherenkov emission geometry between muon tracks and electromagnetic showers. These results motivate exploiting nanosecond-scale pulse timing in future low-energy classifiers and in detector designs with improved per-module timing in next-generation neutrino telescopes. △ Less

Submitted 20 August, 2026; v1 submitted 2 July, 2026; originally announced July 2026.

Comments: 14 pages with 7 figures; plus 3 pages supplemental material, submitted to Journal of Instrumentation

Observation of Compressional Acoustic Wave Responses in Cell Culture Media Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Authors: Hansa Kannan, Ram Prakash Babu, Trisha Ghosh, Arpita Mohapatra, Mainak Dutta, Adarsh Ganesan

Abstract: Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors are widely used to study biological and soft-matter interfaces due to their exceptional sensitivity to mass loading and interfacial mechanical properties. While classical QCM theory assumes predominantly shear-wave coupling into a semi-infinite Newtonian liquid, finite liquid thickness and acoustic reflections give rise to pronounced compressional (longitu… ▽ More Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors are widely used to study biological and soft-matter interfaces due to their exceptional sensitivity to mass loading and interfacial mechanical properties. While classical QCM theory assumes predominantly shear-wave coupling into a semi-infinite Newtonian liquid, finite liquid thickness and acoustic reflections give rise to pronounced compressional (longitudinal) wave effects that strongly modulate both resonance frequency and motional resistance. Such compressional acoustic-wave responses should be properly accounted for when sensing in the liquid phase, for instance when working with cell suspensions. In this work, we systematically investigate compressional-wave responses in cell culture media including DMEM and RPMI-1640 across varying droplet volumes using a 5 MHz AT-cut QCM. Time-resolved measurements are analyzed using four parameters: the time period of compressional acoustic waves (Tca), the time associated with a phase shift between resonance frequency and resistance oscillations (Tp), the peak-to-peak shifts in frequency (Δfpp) and resistance (ΔRpp). DMEM and RPMI-1640 both exhibit strong volume-dependent periodic oscillations. At lower volumes, they exhibit low-frequency oscillations with a time period of approximately 40 minutes. However, as volume increases, the oscillations gradually evolve into high-frequency oscillations with a time period Tca of approximately 5 minutes. The peak-to-peak shifts (Δfpp) and (ΔRpp) are approximately 100-150 Hz and 40-60 Ω, respectively. The resonance frequency and resistance oscillations also exhibit a phase shift Tp of approximately 10 minutes. These results highlight that compressional-wave artifacts occur even in simple cell culture media, necessitating their explicit consideration when interpreting QCM data in the presence of cells. △ Less

Submitted 19 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures

The LED calibration systems for the mDOM and D-Egg sensor modules of the IceCube Upgrade

Authors: R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, S. K. Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, S. Ali, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, R. Babu, X. Bai, J. Baines-Holmes, A. Balagopal V., S. W. Barwick, S. Bash, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, P. Behrens , et al. (410 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, instrumenting about 1 km$^3$ of deep, glacial ice at the geographic South Pole, is due to be enhanced with the IceCube Upgrade. The IceCube Upgrade, to be deployed during the 2025/26 Antarctic summer season, will consist of seven new strings of photosensors, densely embedded near the bottom center of the existing array. Aside from a world-leading sensitivity to ne… ▽ More The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, instrumenting about 1 km$^3$ of deep, glacial ice at the geographic South Pole, is due to be enhanced with the IceCube Upgrade. The IceCube Upgrade, to be deployed during the 2025/26 Antarctic summer season, will consist of seven new strings of photosensors, densely embedded near the bottom center of the existing array. Aside from a world-leading sensitivity to neutrino oscillations, a primary goal is the improvement of the calibration of the optical properties of the instrumented ice. These will be applied to the entire archive of IceCube data, improving the angular and energy resolution of the detected neutrino events. For this purpose, the Upgrade strings include a host of new calibration devices. Aside from dedicated calibration modules, several thousand LED flashers have been incorporated into the photosensor modules. We describe the design, production, and testing of these LED flashers before their integration into the sensor modules as well as the use of the LED flashers during lab testing of assembled sensor modules. △ Less

Submitted 5 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Gamma/Hadron Separation with the HAWC Observatory

Authors: R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. D. Álvarez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, C. Brisbois, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, O. Chaparro-Amaro, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, R. Diaz Hernandez, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J. C. Díaz-Vélez , et al. (68 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory observes atmospheric showers produced by incident gamma rays and cosmic rays with energy from 300 GeV to more than 100 TeV. A crucial phase in analyzing gamma-ray sources using ground-based gamma-ray detectors like HAWC is to identify the showers produced by gamma rays or hadrons. The HAWC observatory records roughly 25,000 events per… ▽ More The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory observes atmospheric showers produced by incident gamma rays and cosmic rays with energy from 300 GeV to more than 100 TeV. A crucial phase in analyzing gamma-ray sources using ground-based gamma-ray detectors like HAWC is to identify the showers produced by gamma rays or hadrons. The HAWC observatory records roughly 25,000 events per second, with hadrons representing the vast majority ($>99.9\%$) of these events. The standard gamma/hadron separation technique in HAWC uses a simple rectangular cut involving only two parameters. This work describes the implementation of more sophisticated gamma/hadron separation techniques, via machine learning methods (boosted decision trees and neural networks), and summarizes the resulting improvements in gamma/hadron separation obtained in HAWC. △ Less

Submitted 24 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022.

Comments: 35 pages, 9 figures, published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

An India-specific Compartmental Model for Covid-19: Projections and Intervention Strategies by Incorporating Geographical, Infrastructural and Response Heterogeneity

Authors: Sanit Gupta, Sahil Shah, Sumit Chaturvedi, Pranav Thakkar, Parvinder Solanki, Soham Dibyachintan, Sandeepan Roy, M. B. Sushma, Adwait Godbole, Noufal Jaseem, Pradumn Kumar, Sucheta Ravikanti, Aritra Das, Giridhara R. Babu, Tarun Bhatnagar, Avijit Maji, Mithun K. Mitra, Sai Vinjanampathy

Abstract: We present a compartmental meta-population model for the spread of Covid-19 in India. Our model simulates populations at a district or state level using an epidemiological model that is appropriate to Covid-19. Different districts are connected by a transportation matrix developed using available census data. We introduce uncertainties in the testing rates into the model that takes into account th… ▽ More We present a compartmental meta-population model for the spread of Covid-19 in India. Our model simulates populations at a district or state level using an epidemiological model that is appropriate to Covid-19. Different districts are connected by a transportation matrix developed using available census data. We introduce uncertainties in the testing rates into the model that takes into account the disparate responses of the different states to the epidemic and also factors in the state of the public healthcare system. Our model allows us to generate qualitative projections of Covid-19 spread in India, and further allows us to investigate the effects of different proposed interventions. By building in heterogeneity at geographical and infrastructural levels and in local responses, our model aims to capture some of the complexity of epidemiological modeling appropriate to a diverse country such as India. △ Less

Submitted 28 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020.

Comments: code and updates available at https://github.com/vinjanampathy/Heterogenous_COVID19_India_Model