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An Interactive, Automated 4D-STEM data acquisition and analysis routine for Scanning Electron Nanobeam Diffraction and Ptychography experiments
Authors:
Mohsen Danaie,
Max England,
Yiming Xu,
Ruomu Zhang,
Ed Darnbrough,
Josh Willem De Boer,
Frederick Allars,
Zaeem Najeeb,
Aakash Varambhia,
Jinseok Ryu,
Benjamin Bradnick,
Damien McGrouther,
Manfred E. Schuster,
Christopher S. Allen
Abstract:
Modern transmission electron microscopes are versatile instruments which have become indispensable tools for understanding structure and chemical composition at the nano- and atomic scale. In the physical sciences these instruments are still largely manually controlled, requiring significant operator expertise, limiting throughput, and precluding statistical analysis of large datasets. Recent tech…
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Modern transmission electron microscopes are versatile instruments which have become indispensable tools for understanding structure and chemical composition at the nano- and atomic scale. In the physical sciences these instruments are still largely manually controlled, requiring significant operator expertise, limiting throughput, and precluding statistical analysis of large datasets. Recent technical advances in both hardware and in control software now allow for the interaction with almost every functionality of the microscope through a programming interface. This enables better experimental design and data collection automation while also reducing operator collection bias and required expertise. In this study, we present an automated data collection routine with machine-driven decision-making to enable the collection of hundreds of 4D-STEM nanobeam diffraction and ptychography data from a large distribution of size-selectively deposited Pt nanoparticles. We present a semi-automated data analysis workflow to extract pertinent information from the large volumes of collected data. For the nanobeam diffraction data, reducing each dataset to its azimuthal variance profile and combining automated crystal orientation mapping with per-particle morphology descriptors reveals the orientation, shape and phase distributions across the ensemble, including a weak {110} texture. For the ptychographic data, an automated screening pipeline identifies on-zone-axis particles and enables atomic-resolution phase imaging and lattice-strain mapping of individual grains. Together these demonstrate how automation turns instrument throughput into statistically meaningful, atomic-scale microstructural information.
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Submitted 13 August, 2026;
originally announced August 2026.
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Output-Stage Design Optimization for High-Sensitivity SiSeRO CCDs and SiSeRO Active Pixel Sensors
Authors:
Tanmoy Chattopadhyay,
Sven Herrmann,
Kevan Donlon,
Ilya Prigozhin,
Peter Orel,
Steven W. Allen,
Marshall W. Bautz,
Michael Cooper,
Catherine E. Grant,
Beverly LaMarr,
Christopher Leitz,
Eric D. Miller,
R. Glenn Morris,
Abigail Y. Pan,
Tonya L. Peshel,
Artem Poliszczuk,
Gregory Prigozhin,
Haley R. Stueber,
Keith Warner
Abstract:
The Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO) technology is a new device class designed to support the needs of future X-ray and optical astronomical telescopes that will require fast, low-noise, megapixel spectro-imagers. Developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, in collaboration with Stanford University and MIT, the first generation SiSeRO-CCD (charge-coupled device) prototypes achieved a charge/cu…
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The Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO) technology is a new device class designed to support the needs of future X-ray and optical astronomical telescopes that will require fast, low-noise, megapixel spectro-imagers. Developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, in collaboration with Stanford University and MIT, the first generation SiSeRO-CCD (charge-coupled device) prototypes achieved a charge/current conversion gain of 700$-$800 pA per electron, an equivalent noise charge (ENC) of around 3.5 electrons root mean square (RMS), and a full width half maximum (FWHM) energy resolution of approximately 130 eV at 5.9 keV at a readout speed of 625 kpix/s. Utilizing Repetitive Non-Destructive Readout (RNDR), these same devices also demonstrated sub-electron noise performance (ENC$<$0.5 electrons RMS) at a readout speed of 10 kpix/s. We present the results of device simulations for next-generation SiSeRO CCD output stages that optimize the sensing transistor and its internal gate geometry to enhance noise and speed performance. Further, the goal is to develop a SiSeRO active pixel sensor (APS) that combines the proven X-ray performance of CCDs with the architectural advantages of an APS. Enabling this requires substantial design updates, for example, incorporating two SiSeRO amplifiers side by side on each pixel and shuffling the charge between them to support RNDR. We discuss our device simulation framework and design parameter optimization in the first-generation SiSeRO devices.
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Submitted 25 July, 2026;
originally announced July 2026.
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Development and testing of integrated readout electronics for next generation SiSeRO (Single electron Sensitive Read Out) devices
Authors:
Tanmoy Chattopadhyay,
Haley R. Stueber,
Abigail Y. Pan,
Sven Herrmann,
Peter Orel,
Kevan Donlon,
Steven W. Allen,
Marshall W. Bautz,
Michael Cooper,
Catherine E. Grant,
Beverly LaMarr,
Christopher Leitz,
Andrew Malonis,
Eric D. Miller,
R. Glenn Morris,
Gregory Prigozhin,
Ilya Prigozhin,
Artem Poliszczuk,
Keith Warner,
Daniel R. Wilkins
Abstract:
The first generation of Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO) amplifiers, employed as on-chip charge detectors for charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have demonstrated excellent noise and spectral performance: a responsivity of around 800 pA per electron, an equivalent noise charge (ENC) of 3.2 electrons root mean square (RMS), and a full width half maximum (FWHM) energy resolution of 130 eV at 5…
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The first generation of Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO) amplifiers, employed as on-chip charge detectors for charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have demonstrated excellent noise and spectral performance: a responsivity of around 800 pA per electron, an equivalent noise charge (ENC) of 3.2 electrons root mean square (RMS), and a full width half maximum (FWHM) energy resolution of 130 eV at 5.9 keV for a readout speed of 625 Kpixel/s. Repetitive Non Destructive Readout (RNDR) has also been demonstrated with these devices, achieving an improved ENC performance of 0.36 electrons RMS after 200 RNDR cycles. In order to mature this technology further, Stanford University, in collaboration with MIT Kavli Institute and MIT Lincoln Laboratory, are developing new SiSeRO detectors with improved geometries that should enable greater responsivity and improved noise performance. These include CCD devices employing arrays of SiSeRO amplifiers to optimize high speed, low noise RNDR readout and a proof-of-concept SiSeRO active pixel sensor (APS). To read out these devices, our team has developed a compact, 8-channel, fast, low noise, low power application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) denoted the Multi-Channel Readout Chip (MCRC) that includes an experimental drain current readout mode intended for SiSeRO devices. In this paper, we present results from the first tests of SiSeRO CCD devices operating with MCRC readout, and our designs for next generation SiSeRO devices.
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Submitted 19 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Regulation Compliant AI for Fusion: Real-Time Image Analysis-Based Control of Divertor Detachment in Tokamaks
Authors:
Nathaniel Chen,
Cheolsik Byun,
Azarakash Jalalvand,
Sangkyeun Kim,
Andrew Rothstein,
Filippo Scotti,
Steve Allen,
David Eldon,
Keith Erickson,
Egemen Kolemen
Abstract:
While artificial intelligence (AI) has been promising for fusion control, its inherent black-box nature will make compliant implementation in regulatory environments a challenge. This study implements and validates a real-time AI enabled linear and interpretable control system for successful divertor detachment control with the DIII-D lower divertor camera. Using D2 gas, we demonstrate feedback di…
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While artificial intelligence (AI) has been promising for fusion control, its inherent black-box nature will make compliant implementation in regulatory environments a challenge. This study implements and validates a real-time AI enabled linear and interpretable control system for successful divertor detachment control with the DIII-D lower divertor camera. Using D2 gas, we demonstrate feedback divertor detachment control with a mean absolute difference of 2% from the target for both detachment and reattachment. This automatic training and linear processing framework can be extended to any image based diagnostic for regulatory compliant controller necessary for future fusion reactors.
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Submitted 21 June, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Co-existing topological and Volkov-Pankratov plasmonic edge states in magnetized graphene
Authors:
Samyobrata Mukherjee,
Viktoriia Savchuk,
Jeffery W. Allen,
Monica S. Allen,
Gennady Shvets
Abstract:
Graphene placed in a perpendicular magnetic field supports optical modes known as magnetoplasmons which are transversally confined to the graphene layer. Unlike ordinary graphene plasmons, these magnetoplasmonic surface waves are characterized by a band gap corresponding to the cyclotron frequency. In addition, these magnetoplasmon bands are topological, characterized by a non-zero Chern number. T…
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Graphene placed in a perpendicular magnetic field supports optical modes known as magnetoplasmons which are transversally confined to the graphene layer. Unlike ordinary graphene plasmons, these magnetoplasmonic surface waves are characterized by a band gap corresponding to the cyclotron frequency. In addition, these magnetoplasmon bands are topological, characterized by a non-zero Chern number. This leads to the existence of topologically protected edge states at domain edges where the Chern number changes. Since the Chern number is dependent on the direction of the magnetic field, edge states exist at domain edges across which the magnetic field flips direction. Physically, the magnetic field can only flip direction at gradual domain edges with finite width creating topological heterojunctions. These topological heterojunctions support extra edge states known as Volkov-Pankratov edge states which can enter the band gap and support propagation in both directions. The number of Volkov-Pankratov states at a heterojunction varies as a function of the width of the gradual domain edge.
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Submitted 5 February, 2025;
originally announced February 2025.
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Multi-Phase Dataset for Ti and Ti-6Al-4V
Authors:
Connor S. Allen,
Albert P. Bartók
Abstract:
Titanium and its alloys are technologically important materials that display a rich phase behaviour. In order to enable large-scale, realistic modelling of Ti and its alloys on the atomistic scale, Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials (MLIPs) are crucial, but rely on databases of atomic configurations. We report databases of such configurations that represent the α, \b{eta}, ω and liquid phases…
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Titanium and its alloys are technologically important materials that display a rich phase behaviour. In order to enable large-scale, realistic modelling of Ti and its alloys on the atomistic scale, Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials (MLIPs) are crucial, but rely on databases of atomic configurations. We report databases of such configurations that represent the α, \b{eta}, ω and liquid phases of Ti and the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, where we provide total energy, force and stress values evaluated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the PBE exchange-correlation functional. We have also leveraged and extended a data reduction strategy, via non-diagonal supercells, for the vibrational properties of Ti and sampling of atomic species within bulk crystalline data for Ti-6Al-4V. These configurations may be used to fit MLIP models that can accurately model the phase behaviour of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V across a broad range of thermodynamic conditions. To validate models, we assembled a set of benchmark protocols, which can be used to rapidly develop and evaluate MLIP models. We demonstrated the utility of our databases and validation tools by fitting models based on the Gaussian Approximation Potential (GAP) and Atomic Cluster Expansion (ACE) frameworks.
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Submitted 10 January, 2025;
originally announced January 2025.
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Projections of standardised energy indices in future climate scenarios
Authors:
Edgar Dolores-Tesillos,
Noelia Otero,
Sam Allen
Abstract:
Renewable energy is becoming an increasingly important component of energy systems. However, renewable energy production is heavily dependent on the prevailing weather conditions, which are changing as a result of climate change. It is therefore necessary to build energy systems that are robust to energy shortages caused by weather-dependent changes to energy demand and renewable energy production…
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Renewable energy is becoming an increasingly important component of energy systems. However, renewable energy production is heavily dependent on the prevailing weather conditions, which are changing as a result of climate change. It is therefore necessary to build energy systems that are robust to energy shortages caused by weather-dependent changes to energy demand and renewable energy production. To design such systems, we must monitor how changes in the climate are expected to influence future energy production and demand; this is important for policymakers to decide when, where, and by how much renewable energy installed capacities should be increased, for example. In this paper, we study the behaviour of standardised energy indices in future European climate projections, and use this to monitor how characteristics of energy production droughts in Europe are expected to change in the future. We use these results to make suggestions regarding how the energy mix should be adapted in the future to decrease the risk of energy production droughts.
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Submitted 28 November, 2024; v1 submitted 21 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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Implementing New Technology in Educational Systems
Authors:
Scott Allen,
Lisa Bardach,
Jamie Jirout,
Allyson Mackey,
Dana McCoy,
Luca Maria Pesando,
René Kizilcec
Abstract:
Educators are more than workers within educational systems; they are stewards of educational systems. They must analyze student performance data, identify patterns that inform targeted interventions and personalized learning plans, continuously develop the curriculum, set ambitious learning goals and use up-to-date pedagogical theory to adapt instructional strategies, act as advocates for educatio…
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Educators are more than workers within educational systems; they are stewards of educational systems. They must analyze student performance data, identify patterns that inform targeted interventions and personalized learning plans, continuously develop the curriculum, set ambitious learning goals and use up-to-date pedagogical theory to adapt instructional strategies, act as advocates for educational policies that promote inclusivity and equity, and much more. Most educators deeply care about the learning and wellbeing of their students and colleagues. Given the chance, they will do whatever they can to make improvements to these ends. In this role as architects of change, educators deal with conflicting definitions of success, multiple stakeholders, complex causal relationships, ambiguous data, and intricate human factors. Amid all this, most educators and the educational systems around them are strained to the capacity of what their time, training, and budgets allow. The problem is not merely that they must perform demanding tasks, but more so that they must constantly implement improvements and interventions amid the complex challenges of the organizations in which they work. These challenges can be especially difficult in implementation of related education technology, which is continuously developing at sometimes rapid pace. Whether the context is an individual classroom, a school district, or a postsecondary institution, implementing beneficial human-technology partnerships requires attending to the needs and constraints of these classrooms, districts, institutions, and so forth as organizations and engaging in this work as a partnership with educators. This chapter lays out the principles and processes of developing successful educator-technology partnerships including key considerations for each step and an example protocol for engaging in this endeavor.
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Submitted 18 September, 2024;
originally announced September 2024.
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X-ray speed reading with the MCRC: prototype success and next generation upgrades
Authors:
Peter Orel,
Abigail Y. Pan,
Sven Herrmann,
Tanmoy Chattopadhyay,
Glenn Morris,
Haley Stueber,
Steven W. Allen,
Daniel Wilkins,
Gregory Prigozhin,
Beverly LaMarr,
Richard Foster,
Andrew Malonis,
Marshall W. Bautz,
Michael J. Cooper,
Kevan Donlon
Abstract:
The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS) is a NASA probe class mission concept designed to deliver arcsecond resolution with an effective area ten times that of Chandra (at launch). The AXIS focal plane features an MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MIT-LL) X-ray charge-coupled device (CCD) detector working in conjunction with an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), denoted the Multi-Channel Re…
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The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS) is a NASA probe class mission concept designed to deliver arcsecond resolution with an effective area ten times that of Chandra (at launch). The AXIS focal plane features an MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MIT-LL) X-ray charge-coupled device (CCD) detector working in conjunction with an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), denoted the Multi-Channel Readout Chip (MCRC). While this readout ASIC targets the AXIS mission, it is applicable to a range of potential X-ray missions with comparable readout requirements. Designed by the X-ray astronomy and Observational Cosmology (XOC) group at Stanford University, the MCRC ASIC prototype (MCRC-V1.0) uses a 350 nm technology node and provides 8 channels of high speed, low noise, low power consumption readout electronics. Each channel implements a current source to bias the detector output driver, a preamplifier to provide gain, and an output buffer to interface directly to an analog-to-digital (ADC) converter. The MCRC-V1 ASIC exhibits comparable performance to our best discrete electronics implementations, but with ten times less power consumption and a fraction of the footprint area. In a total ionizing dose (TID) test, the chip demonstrated a radiation hardness equal or greater to 25 krad, confirming the suitability of the process technology and layout techniques used in its design. The next iteration of the ASIC (MCRC-V2) will expand the channel count and extend the interfaces to external circuits, advancing its readiness as a readout-on-a-chip solution for next generation X-ray CCD-like detectors. This paper summarizes our most recent characterization efforts, including the TID radiation campaign and results from the first operation of the MCRC ASIC in combination with a representative MIT-LL CCD.
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Submitted 23 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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The XOC X-ray Beamline: Probing Colder, Quieter, and Softer
Authors:
Haley R. Stueber,
Tanmoy Chattopadhyay,
Sven C. Herrmann,
Peter Orel,
Tsion Gebre,
Aanand Joshi,
Steven W. Allen,
Glenn Morris,
Artem Poliszczuk
Abstract:
Future strategic X-ray satellite telescopes, such as the probe-class Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS), will require excellent soft energy response in their imaging detectors to enable maximum discovery potential. In order to characterize Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Single Electron Sensitive Read Output (SiSeRO) detectors in the soft X-ray region, the X-ray Astronomy and Observational Co…
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Future strategic X-ray satellite telescopes, such as the probe-class Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS), will require excellent soft energy response in their imaging detectors to enable maximum discovery potential. In order to characterize Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Single Electron Sensitive Read Output (SiSeRO) detectors in the soft X-ray region, the X-ray Astronomy and Observational Cosmology (XOC) group at Stanford has developed, assembled, and commissioned a 2.5-meter-long X-ray beamline test system. The beamline is designed to efficiently produce monoenergetic X-ray fluorescence lines in the 0.3-10 keV energy range and achieve detector temperatures as low as 173 K. We present design and simulation details of the beamline, and discuss the vacuum, cooling, and X-ray fluorescence performance achieved. As a workhorse for future detector characterization at Stanford, the XOC beamline will support detector development for a broad range of X-ray astronomy instruments.
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Submitted 23 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Demonstrating sub-electron noise performance in Single electron Sensitive Readout (SiSeRO) devices
Authors:
Tanmoy Chattopadhyay,
Sven Herrmann,
Peter Orel,
Kevan Donlon,
Steven W. Allen,
Marshall W. Bautz,
Brianna Cantrall,
Michael Cooper,
Beverly LaMarr,
Chris Leitz,
Eric Miller,
R. Glenn Morris,
Abigail Y. Pan,
Gregory Prigozhin,
Ilya Prigozhin,
Haley R. Stueber,
Daniel R. Wilkins
Abstract:
Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO) is a novel on-chip charge detection technology that can, in principle, provide significantly greater responsivity and improved noise performance than traditional charge coupled device (CCD) readout circuitry. The SiSeRO, developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory, uses a p-MOSFET transistor with a depleted back-gate region under the transistor channel; as charg…
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Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO) is a novel on-chip charge detection technology that can, in principle, provide significantly greater responsivity and improved noise performance than traditional charge coupled device (CCD) readout circuitry. The SiSeRO, developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory, uses a p-MOSFET transistor with a depleted back-gate region under the transistor channel; as charge is transferred into the back gate region, the transistor current is modulated. With our first generation SiSeRO devices, we previously achieved a responsivity of around 800 pA per electron, an equivalent noise charge (ENC) of 4.5 electrons root mean square (RMS), and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) spectral resolution of 130 eV at 5.9 keV, at a readout speed of 625 Kpixel/s and for a detector temperature of 250 K. Importantly, since the charge signal remains unaffected by the SiSeRO readout process, we have also been able to implement Repetitive Non-Destructive Readout (RNDR), achieving an improved ENC performance. In this paper, we demonstrate sub-electron noise sensitivity with these devices, utilizing an enhanced test setup optimized for RNDR measurements, with excellent temperature control, improved readout circuitry, and advanced digital filtering techniques. We are currently fabricating new SiSeRO detectors with more sensitive and RNDR-optimized amplifier designs, which will help mature the SiSeRO technology in the future and eventually lead to the pathway to develop active pixel sensor (APS) arrays using sensitive SiSeRO amplifiers on each pixel. Active pixel devices with sub-electron sensitivity and fast readout present an exciting option for next generation, large area astronomical X-ray telescopes requiring fast, low-noise megapixel imagers.
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Submitted 23 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Instructing nontraditional physics labs: Toward responsiveness to student epistemic framing
Authors:
Meagan Sundstrom,
Rebeckah K. Fussell,
Anna McLean Phillips,
Mark Akubo,
Scott E. Allen,
David Hammer,
Rachel E. Scherr,
N. G. Holmes
Abstract:
Research on nontraditional laboratory (lab) activities in physics shows that students often expect to verify predetermined results, as takes place in traditional activities. This understanding of what is taking place, or epistemic framing, may impact their behaviors in the lab, either productively or unproductively. In this paper, we present an analysis of student epistemic framing in a nontraditi…
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Research on nontraditional laboratory (lab) activities in physics shows that students often expect to verify predetermined results, as takes place in traditional activities. This understanding of what is taking place, or epistemic framing, may impact their behaviors in the lab, either productively or unproductively. In this paper, we present an analysis of student epistemic framing in a nontraditional lab to understand how instructional context, specifically instructor behaviors, may shape student framing. We present video data from a lab section taught by an experienced teaching assistant (TA), with 19 students working in seven groups. We argue that student framing in this lab is evidenced by whether or not students articulate experimental predictions and by the extent to which they take up opportunities to construct knowledge (epistemic agency). We show that the TA's attempts to shift student frames generally succeed with respect to experimental predictions but are less successful with respect to epistemic agency. In part, we suggest, the success of the TA's attempts reflects whether and how they are responsive to students' current framing. This work offers evidence that instructors can shift students' frames in nontraditional labs, while also illuminating the complexities of both student framing and the role of the instructor in shifting that framing in this context.
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Submitted 28 April, 2023;
originally announced April 2023.
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Improved noise performance from the next-generation buried-channel p-Mosfet SiSeROs
Authors:
Tanmoy Chattopadhyay,
Sven Herrmann,
Matthew Kaplan,
Peter Orel,
Kevan Donlon,
Gregory Prigozhin,
R. Glenn Morris,
Michael Cooper,
Andrew Malonis,
Steven W. Allen,
Marshall W. Bautz,
Chris Leitz
Abstract:
The Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO) is a novel on-chip charge detector output stage for charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors. Developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, this technology uses a p-MOSFET transistor with a depleted internal gate beneath the transistor channel. The transistor source-drain current is modulated by the transfer of charge into the internal gate. At Stanford, we…
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The Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO) is a novel on-chip charge detector output stage for charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors. Developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, this technology uses a p-MOSFET transistor with a depleted internal gate beneath the transistor channel. The transistor source-drain current is modulated by the transfer of charge into the internal gate. At Stanford, we have developed a readout module based on the drain current of the on-chip transistor to characterize the device. In our earlier work, we characterized a number of first prototype SiSeROs with the MOSFET transistor channels at the surface layer. An equivalent noise charge (ENC) of around 15 electrons root mean square (RMS) was obtained. In this work, we examine the first buried-channel SiSeRO. We have achieved substantially improved noise performance of around 4.5 electrons root mean square (RMS) and a full width half maximum (FWHM) energy resolution of 132 eV at 5.9 keV, for a readout speed of 625 kpixel/s. We also discuss how digital filtering techniques can be used to further improve the SiSeRO noise performance. Additional measurements and device simulations will be essential to further mature the SiSeRO technology. This new device class presents an exciting new technology for the next-generation astronomical X-ray telescopes requiring fast, low-noise, radiation-hard megapixel imagers with moderate spectroscopic resolution.
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Submitted 27 April, 2023; v1 submitted 11 February, 2023;
originally announced February 2023.
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Measurement of atomic modulation direction using the azimuthal variation of first order Laue zone electron diffraction
Authors:
Aurys Silinga,
Christopher S. Allen,
Juri Barthel,
Colin Ophus,
Ian MacLaren
Abstract:
We show that diffraction intensity into the First Order Laue Zone (FOLZ) of a crystal can have a strong azimuthal dependence, where this FOLZ ring appears solely because of unidirectional atom position modulation. Such a modulation was already known to cause the appearance of elliptical columns in atom resolution images, but we show that measurement of the angle via 4-dimensional Scanning Transmis…
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We show that diffraction intensity into the First Order Laue Zone (FOLZ) of a crystal can have a strong azimuthal dependence, where this FOLZ ring appears solely because of unidirectional atom position modulation. Such a modulation was already known to cause the appearance of elliptical columns in atom resolution images, but we show that measurement of the angle via 4-dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (4DSTEM) is far more reliable and allows the measurement of the modulation direction with a precision of about 1° and an accuracy of about 3°. This method could be very powerful in characterising atomic structures in 3 dimensions by 4DSTEM, especially in cases where the structure deviates from that found in bulk crystals.
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Submitted 2 October, 2023; v1 submitted 14 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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X-ray speed reading: enabling fast, low noise readout for next-generation CCDs
Authors:
S. Herrmann,
P. Orel,
T. Chattopadhyay,
R. G. Morris,
G. Prigozhin,
K. Donlon,
R. Foster,
M. Bautz,
S. Allen,
C. Leitz
Abstract:
Current, state-of-the-art CCDs are close to being able to deliver all key performance figures for future strategic X-ray missions except for the required frame rates. Our Stanford group is seeking to close this technology gap through a multi-pronged approach of microelectronics, signal processing and novel detector devices, developed in collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology…
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Current, state-of-the-art CCDs are close to being able to deliver all key performance figures for future strategic X-ray missions except for the required frame rates. Our Stanford group is seeking to close this technology gap through a multi-pronged approach of microelectronics, signal processing and novel detector devices, developed in collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MIT-LL). Here we report results from our (integrated) readout electronics development, digital signal processing and novel SiSeRO (Single electron Sensitive Read Out) device characterization.
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Submitted 2 August, 2022;
originally announced August 2022.
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Single electron Sensitive Readout (SiSeRO) X-ray detectors: Technological progress and characterization
Authors:
Tanmoy Chattopadhyay,
Sven Herrmann,
Peter Orel,
R. G. Morris,
Daniel R. Wilkins,
Steven W. Allen,
Gregory Prigozhin,
Beverly LaMarr,
Andrew Malonis,
Richard Foster,
Marshall W. Bautz,
Kevan Donlon,
Michael Cooper,
Christopher Leitz
Abstract:
Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO) is a novel on-chip charge detector output stage for charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors. Developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, this technology uses a p-MOSFET transistor with a depleted internal gate beneath the transistor channel. The transistor source-drain current is modulated by the transfer of charge into the internal gate. At Stanford, we have…
▽ More
Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO) is a novel on-chip charge detector output stage for charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors. Developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, this technology uses a p-MOSFET transistor with a depleted internal gate beneath the transistor channel. The transistor source-drain current is modulated by the transfer of charge into the internal gate. At Stanford, we have developed a readout module based on the drain current of the on-chip transistor to characterize the device. Characterization was performed for a number of prototype sensors with different device architectures, e.g. location of the internal gate, MOSFET polysilicon gate structure, and location of the trough in the internal gate with respect to the source and drain of the MOSFET (the trough is introduced to confine the charge in the internal gate). Using a buried-channel SiSeRO, we have achieved a charge/current conversion gain of >700 pA per electron, an equivalent noise charge (ENC) of around 6 electrons root mean square (RMS), and a full width half maximum (FWHM) of approximately 140 eV at 5.9 keV at a readout speed of 625 Kpixel/s. In this paper, we discuss the SiSeRO working principle, the readout module developed at Stanford, and the characterization test results of the SiSeRO prototypes. We also discuss the potential to implement Repetitive Non-Destructive Readout (RNDR) with these devices and the preliminary results which can in principle yield sub-electron ENC performance. Additional measurements and detailed device simulations will be essential to mature the SiSeRO technology. However, this new device class presents an exciting technology for next generation astronomical X-ray telescopes requiring fast, low-noise, radiation hard megapixel imagers with moderate spectroscopic resolution.
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Submitted 1 August, 2022;
originally announced August 2022.
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Crowdsourcing Felt Reports using the MyShake smartphone app
Authors:
Qingkai Kong,
Richard M. Allen,
Steve Allen,
Theron Bair,
Akie Meja,
Sarina Patel,
Jennifer Strauss,
Stephen Thompson
Abstract:
MyShake is a free citizen science smartphone app that provides a range of features related to earthquakes. Features available globally include rapid post-earthquake notifications, live maps of earthquake damage as reported by MyShake users, safety tips and various educational features. The app also uses the accelerometer to detect earthquake shaking and to record and submit waveforms to a central…
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MyShake is a free citizen science smartphone app that provides a range of features related to earthquakes. Features available globally include rapid post-earthquake notifications, live maps of earthquake damage as reported by MyShake users, safety tips and various educational features. The app also uses the accelerometer to detect earthquake shaking and to record and submit waveforms to a central archive. In addition, MyShake delivers earthquake early warning alerts in California, Oregon and Washington. In this study we compare the felt shaking reports provided by MyShake users in California with the US Geological Survey's "Did You Feel It?" intensity reports. The MyShake app simply asks "What strength of shaking did you feel" and users report on a five-level scale. When the reports are averaged in spatial bins, we find strong correlations with the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale values reported by the USGS based on the much more complex DYFI surveys. The MyShake felt reports can therefore also be used to generate shaking intensity maps.
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Submitted 25 January, 2023; v1 submitted 26 April, 2022;
originally announced April 2022.
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First results on SiSeRO (Single electron Sensitive Read Out) devices -- a new X-ray detector for scientific instrumentation
Authors:
Tanmoy Chattopadhyay,
Sven Herrmann,
Barry Burke,
Kevan Donlon,
Gregory Prigozhin,
R. Glenn Morris,
Peter Orel,
Michael Cooper,
Andrew Malonis,
Dan Wilkins,
Vyshnavi Suntharalingam,
Steven W. Allen,
Marshall Bautz,
Chris Leitz
Abstract:
We present an evaluation of a novel on-chip charge detector, called the Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO), for charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor applications. It uses a p-MOSFET transistor at the output stage with a depleted internal gate beneath the p-MOSFET. Charge transferred to the internal gate modulates the source-drain current of the transistor. We have developed a drain cu…
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We present an evaluation of a novel on-chip charge detector, called the Single electron Sensitive Read Out (SiSeRO), for charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor applications. It uses a p-MOSFET transistor at the output stage with a depleted internal gate beneath the p-MOSFET. Charge transferred to the internal gate modulates the source-drain current of the transistor. We have developed a drain current readout module to characterize the detector. The prototype sensor achieves a charge/current conversion gain of 700 pA per electron, an equivalent noise charge (ENC) of 15 electrons (e-) root mean square (RMS), and a full width half maximum (FWHM) of 230 eV at 5.9 keV. In this paper, we discuss the SiSeRO working principle, the readout module developed at Stanford, and the first characterization test results of the SiSeRO prototypes. While at present only a proof-of-concept experiment, in the near future we plan to use next generation sensors with improved noise performance and an enhanced readout module. In particular, we are developing a readout module enabling Repetitive Non-Destructive Readout (RNDR) of the charge, which can in principle yield sub-electron ENC performance. With these developments, we eventually plan to build a matrix of SiSeRO amplifiers to develop an active pixel sensor with an on-chip ASIC-based readout system. Such a system, with fast readout speeds and sub-electron noise, could be effectively utilized in scientific applications requiring fast and low-noise spectro-imagers.
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Submitted 9 December, 2021;
originally announced December 2021.
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Tiny-box: A tool for the versatile development and characterization of low noise fast X-ray imaging detectors
Authors:
Tanmoy Chattopadhyay,
Sven Herrmann,
Steven Allen,
Jack Hirschman,
Glenn Morris,
Marshall Bautz,
Andrew Malonis,
Richard Foster,
Gregory Prigozhin,
Dave Craig,
Barry Burke
Abstract:
X-ray Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) have been the workhorse for soft X-ray astronomical instruments for the past quarter century. They provide broad energy response, extremely low electronic read noise, and good energy resolution in soft X-rays. These properties, along with the large arrays and small pixel sizes available with modern-day CCDs, make them a potential candidate for next generation as…
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X-ray Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) have been the workhorse for soft X-ray astronomical instruments for the past quarter century. They provide broad energy response, extremely low electronic read noise, and good energy resolution in soft X-rays. These properties, along with the large arrays and small pixel sizes available with modern-day CCDs, make them a potential candidate for next generation astronomical X-ray missions equipped with large collecting areas, high angular resolutions and wide fields of view, enabling observation of the faint, diffuse and high redshift X-ray universe. However, such high collecting area (about 30 times Chandra) requires these detectors to have an order of magnitude faster readout than current CCDs to avoid saturation and pile up effects. In this context, Stanford University and MIT have initiated the development of fast readout X-ray cameras. As a tool for this development, we have designed a fast readout, low noise electronics board (intended to work at a 5 Megapixel per second data rate) coupled with an STA Archon controller to readout a 512 x 512 CCD (from MIT Lincoln Laboratory). This versatile setup allows us to study a number of parameters and operation conditions including the option for digital shaping. In this paper, we describe the characterization test stand, the concept and development of the readout electronics, and simulation results. We also report the first measurements of read noise, energy resolution and other parameters from this set up. While this is very much a prototype, we plan to use larger, multi-node CCD devices in the future with dedicated ASIC readout systems to enable faster, parallel readout of the CCDs.
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Submitted 13 December, 2020;
originally announced December 2020.
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Quantifying the Performance of a Hybrid Pixel Detector with GaAs:Cr Sensor for Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors:
Kirsty A. Paton,
Matthew C. Veale,
Xiaoke Mu,
Christopher S. Allen,
Dzmitry Maneuski,
Christian Kübel,
Val O'Shea,
Angus I. Kirkland,
Damien McGrouther
Abstract:
Hybrid pixel detectors (HPDs) have been shown to be highly effective for diffraction-based and time-resolved studies in transmission electron microscopy, but their performance is limited by the fact that high-energy electrons scatter over long distances in their thick Si sensors. An advantage of HPDs compared to monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) is that their sensor does not need to be fabric…
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Hybrid pixel detectors (HPDs) have been shown to be highly effective for diffraction-based and time-resolved studies in transmission electron microscopy, but their performance is limited by the fact that high-energy electrons scatter over long distances in their thick Si sensors. An advantage of HPDs compared to monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) is that their sensor does not need to be fabricated from Si. We have compared the performance of the Medipix3 HPD with a Si sensor and with a GaAs:Cr sensor using primary electrons in the energy range of 60 - 300keV. We describe the measurement and calculation of the detectors' modulation transfer function (MTF) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE), which show that the performance of the GaAs:Cr device is markedly superior to that of the Si device for high-energy electrons.
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Submitted 30 September, 2020;
originally announced September 2020.
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Advances in neutral tungsten ultraviolet spectroscopy for the potential benefit to gross erosion diagnosis
Authors:
C. A. Johnson,
D. A. Ennis,
S. D. Loch,
G. J. Hartwell,
D. A. Maurer,
S. L. Allen,
B. S. Victor,
C. M. Samuell,
T. Abrams,
E. A. Unterberg,
R. T. Smyth
Abstract:
A spectral survey of tungsten emission in the ultraviolet region has been completed in the DIII-D tokamak and the CTH torsatron to assess the potential benefit of UV emission for the diagnosis of gross W erosion. A total of 29 W I spectral lines are observed from the two experiments using survey spectrometers between 200-400 nm with level identifications provided based on a structure calculation f…
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A spectral survey of tungsten emission in the ultraviolet region has been completed in the DIII-D tokamak and the CTH torsatron to assess the potential benefit of UV emission for the diagnosis of gross W erosion. A total of 29 W I spectral lines are observed from the two experiments using survey spectrometers between 200-400 nm with level identifications provided based on a structure calculation for many of the excited states that produce strong emission lines. Of the 29 observed lines, 20 have not previously been reported in fusion relevant plasmas, including an intense line at 265.65 nm which could be important for benchmarking the frequently exploited line at 400.88 nm. Nearly all of the observed spectral lines decay down to one of the six lowest energy levels for neutral W, which are likely to be long-lived metastable states. The impact of metastable level populations on the W I emission spectrum and any erosion measurement utilizing a spectroscopic technique is potentially significant. Nevertheless, the high density of W I emission in the UV region allows for the possibly of determining the relative metastable fractions and plasma parameters local to the erosion region. Additionally, the lines observed in this work could be used to perform multiple independent gross erosion measurements, leading to more accurate diagnosis of gross tungsten erosion.
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Submitted 16 December, 2019;
originally announced December 2019.
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Role of Poloidal $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ Drift in Divertor Heat Transport in DIII-D
Authors:
A. E. Järvinen,
S. L. Allen,
A. W. Leonard,
A. G. McLean,
A. L. Moser,
T. D. Rognlien,
C. M. Samuell
Abstract:
Simulations for DIII-D high confinement mode plasmas with the multifluid code UEDGE show a strong role of poloidal $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ drifts on divertor heat transport, challenging the paradigm of conduction limited scrape-off layer (SOL) transport. While simulations with reduced drift magnitude are well aligned with the assumption that electron heat conduction dominates the SOL heat tra…
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Simulations for DIII-D high confinement mode plasmas with the multifluid code UEDGE show a strong role of poloidal $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ drifts on divertor heat transport, challenging the paradigm of conduction limited scrape-off layer (SOL) transport. While simulations with reduced drift magnitude are well aligned with the assumption that electron heat conduction dominates the SOL heat transport, simulations with drifts predict that the poloidal convective $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ heat transport dominates over electron heat conduction in both attached and detached conditions. Since poloidal $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ flow propagates across magnetic field lines, poloidal transport with shallow magnetic pitch angles can reach values that are of the same order as would be provided by sonic flows parallel to the field lines. These flows can lead to strongly convection dominated divertor heat transport, increasing the poloidal volume of radiative power front, consistent with previous measurements at DIII-D. Due to these convective flows, the Lengyel integral approach, assuming zero convective fraction, is expected to provide a pessimistic estimate for radiative capability of impurities in the divertor. For the DIII-D simulations shown here, the Lengyel integral approach underestimates the radiated power by a factor of 6, indicating that for reliable DIII-D divertor power exhaust predictions, full 2D calculations, including drifts, would be necessary.
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Submitted 19 September, 2019;
originally announced September 2019.
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Suppressed effective viscosity in the bulk intergalactic plasma
Authors:
I. Zhuravleva,
E. Churazov,
A. A. Schekochihin,
S. W. Allen,
A. Vikhlinin,
N. Werner
Abstract:
Transport properties, such as viscosity and thermal conduction, of the hot intergalactic plasma in clusters of galaxies, are largely unknown. While for laboratory plasmas these characteristics are derived from the gas density and temperature, such recipes can be fundamentally different for the intergalactic plasma due to a low rate of particle collisions and a weak magnetic field. In numerical sim…
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Transport properties, such as viscosity and thermal conduction, of the hot intergalactic plasma in clusters of galaxies, are largely unknown. While for laboratory plasmas these characteristics are derived from the gas density and temperature, such recipes can be fundamentally different for the intergalactic plasma due to a low rate of particle collisions and a weak magnetic field. In numerical simulations, one often cuts through these unknowns by modeling these plasmas as hydrodynamic fluids, even though local, non-hydrodynamic features observed in clusters contradict this assumption. Using deep Chandra observations of the Coma Cluster, we probe gas fluctuations in intergalactic medium down to spatial scales where the transport processes should prominently manifest themselves - at least if hydrodynamic models with pure Coulomb collision rates were indeed adequate. We find that they do not, implying that the effective isotropic viscosity is orders of magnitude smaller than naively expected. This indicates an enhanced collision rate in the plasma due to particle scattering off microfluctuations caused by plasma instabilities, or that the transport processes are anisotropic with respect to local magnetic field. For that reason, numerical models with high Reynolds number appear more consistent with observations. Our results also demonstrate that observations of turbulence in clusters are becoming a branch of astrophysics that can sharpen theoretical views on such plasmas.
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Submitted 14 June, 2019;
originally announced June 2019.
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The impact of locally-enhanced vertical diffusivity on the cross-shelf transport of tracers induced by a submarine canyon
Authors:
Karina Ramos-Musalem,
Susan E. Allen
Abstract:
The exchanges of water, nutrients and oxygen between the coastal and open ocean are key components of on-shelf nutrient budgets and biogeochemical cycles. On a regional scale, submarine canyons enhance physical processes such as shelf-slope mass exchange and mixing. There is good understanding of the flow around upwelling submarine canyons; however, the flux of biologically relevant tracers is les…
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The exchanges of water, nutrients and oxygen between the coastal and open ocean are key components of on-shelf nutrient budgets and biogeochemical cycles. On a regional scale, submarine canyons enhance physical processes such as shelf-slope mass exchange and mixing. There is good understanding of the flow around upwelling submarine canyons; however, the flux of biologically relevant tracers is less understood. This work investigates the impact of submarine canyons on the cross-shelf exchange of tracers and water, taking into account the impact of locally-enhanced mixing within the canyon, and develops a scaling estimate for canyon-induced upwelling of tracers, proportional to local concentration, vertical diffusivity, and previously scaled upwelling flux. For that purpose, we performed numerical experiments simulating an upwelling event near an idealized canyon, adding a passive tracer with an initially linear profile. We varied the geographic distribution of vertical eddy diffusivity and its magnitude, the initial stratification, Coriolis parameter, and the strength of the incoming flow. We find that a canyon, of width 5% of the length of the shelf, upwells between 25 to 89% more tracer mass onto the shelf than coastal upwelling. Locally-enhanced vertical diffusivity has a positive effect on the tracer that is advected by the upwelling flow and can increase canyon-upwelled tracer flux by up to 27%.
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Submitted 8 February, 2019; v1 submitted 22 August, 2018;
originally announced August 2018.
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Gravity Spy: Integrating Advanced LIGO Detector Characterization, Machine Learning, and Citizen Science
Authors:
Michael Zevin,
Scott Coughlin,
Sara Bahaadini,
Emre Besler,
Neda Rohani,
Sarah Allen,
Miriam Cabero,
Kevin Crowston,
Aggelos K Katsaggelos,
Shane L Larson,
Tae Kyoung Lee,
Chris Lintott,
Tyson B Littenberg,
Andrew Lundgren,
Carsten Oesterlund,
Joshua R Smith,
Laura Trouille,
Vicky Kalogera
Abstract:
(abridged for arXiv) With the first direct detection of gravitational waves, the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) has initiated a new field of astronomy by providing an alternate means of sensing the universe. The extreme sensitivity required to make such detections is achieved through exquisite isolation of all sensitive components of LIGO from non-gravitational…
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(abridged for arXiv) With the first direct detection of gravitational waves, the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) has initiated a new field of astronomy by providing an alternate means of sensing the universe. The extreme sensitivity required to make such detections is achieved through exquisite isolation of all sensitive components of LIGO from non-gravitational-wave disturbances. Nonetheless, LIGO is still susceptible to a variety of instrumental and environmental sources of noise that contaminate the data. Of particular concern are noise features known as glitches, which are transient and non-Gaussian in their nature, and occur at a high enough rate so that accidental coincidence between the two LIGO detectors is non-negligible. In this paper we describe an innovative project that combines crowdsourcing with machine learning to aid in the challenging task of categorizing all of the glitches recorded by the LIGO detectors. Through the Zooniverse platform, we engage and recruit volunteers from the public to categorize images of glitches into pre-identified morphological classes and to discover new classes that appear as the detectors evolve. In addition, machine learning algorithms are used to categorize images after being trained on human-classified examples of the morphological classes. Leveraging the strengths of both classification methods, we create a combined method with the aim of improving the efficiency and accuracy of each individual classifier. The resulting classification and characterization should help LIGO scientists to identify causes of glitches and subsequently eliminate them from the data or the detector entirely, thereby improving the rate and accuracy of gravitational-wave observations. We demonstrate these methods using a small subset of data from LIGO's first observing run.
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Submitted 28 February, 2017; v1 submitted 14 November, 2016;
originally announced November 2016.
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Coherent phenomena in terahertz 2D plasmonic structures: strong coupling, plasmonic crystals, and induced transparency by coupling of localized modes
Authors:
Gregory C. Dyer,
Gregory R. Aizin,
S. James Allen,
Albert D. Grine,
Don Bethke,
John L. Reno,
Eric A. Shaner
Abstract:
The device applications of plasmonic systems such as graphene and two dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) in III-V heterostructures include terahertz detectors, mixers, oscillators and modulators. These two dimensional (2D) plasmonic systems are not only well-suited for device integration, but also enable the broad tunability of underdamped plasma excitations via an applied electric field. We prese…
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The device applications of plasmonic systems such as graphene and two dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) in III-V heterostructures include terahertz detectors, mixers, oscillators and modulators. These two dimensional (2D) plasmonic systems are not only well-suited for device integration, but also enable the broad tunability of underdamped plasma excitations via an applied electric field. We present demonstrations of the coherent coupling of multiple voltage tuned GaAs/AlGaAs 2D plasmonic resonators under terahertz irradiation. By utilizing a plasmonic homodyne mixing mechanism to downconvert the near field of plasma waves to a DC signal, we directly detect the spectrum of coupled plasmonic micro-resonator structures at cryogenic temperatures. The 2DEG in the studied devices can be interpreted as a plasmonic waveguide where multiple gate terminals control the 2DEG kinetic inductance. When the gate tuning of the 2DEG is spatially periodic, a one-dimensional finite plasmonic crystal forms. This results in a subwavelength structure, much like a metamaterial element, that nonetheless Bragg scatters plasma waves from a repeated crystal unit cell. A 50% in situ tuning of the plasmonic crystal band edges is observed. By introducing gate-controlled defects or simply terminating the lattice, localized states arise in the plasmonic crystal. Inherent asymmetries at the finite crystal boundaries produce an induced transparency-like phenomenon due to the coupling of defect modes and crystal surface states known as Tamm states. The demonstrated active control of coupled plasmonic resonators opens previously unexplored avenues for sensitive direct and heterodyne THz detection, planar metamaterials, and slow-light devices.
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Submitted 10 May, 2016;
originally announced May 2016.
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Interferometric Measurement of Far Infrared Plasmons via Resonant Homodyne Mixing
Authors:
Gregory C. Dyer,
Gregory R. Aizin,
S. James Allen,
Albert D. Grine,
Don Bethke,
John L. Reno,
Eric A. Shaner
Abstract:
We present an electrically tunable terahertz two dimensional plasmonic interferometer with an integrated detection element that down converts the terahertz fields to a DC signal. The integrated detector utilizes a resonant plasmonic homodyne mixing mechanism that measures the component of the plasma waves in-phase with an excitation field functioning as the local oscillator. Plasmonic interferomet…
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We present an electrically tunable terahertz two dimensional plasmonic interferometer with an integrated detection element that down converts the terahertz fields to a DC signal. The integrated detector utilizes a resonant plasmonic homodyne mixing mechanism that measures the component of the plasma waves in-phase with an excitation field functioning as the local oscillator. Plasmonic interferometers with two independently tuned paths are studied. These devices demonstrate a means for developing a spectrometer-on-a-chip where the tuning of electrical length plays a role analogous to that of physical path length in macroscopic Fourier transform interferometers.
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Submitted 10 May, 2016;
originally announced May 2016.
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Induced transparency by coupling of Tamm and defect states in tunable terahertz plasmonic crystals
Authors:
Gregory C. Dyer,
Gregory R. Aizin,
S. James Allen,
Albert D. Grine,
Don Bethke,
John L. Reno,
Eric A. Shaner
Abstract:
Photonic crystals and metamaterials have emerged as two classes of tailorable materials that enable precise control of light. Plasmonic crystals, which can be thought of as photonic crystals fabricated from plasmonic materials, Bragg scatter incident electromagnetic waves from a repeated unit cell. However, plasmonic crystals, like metamaterials, are composed of subwavelength unit cells. Here, we…
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Photonic crystals and metamaterials have emerged as two classes of tailorable materials that enable precise control of light. Plasmonic crystals, which can be thought of as photonic crystals fabricated from plasmonic materials, Bragg scatter incident electromagnetic waves from a repeated unit cell. However, plasmonic crystals, like metamaterials, are composed of subwavelength unit cells. Here, we study terahertz plasmonic crystals of several periods in a two dimensional electron gas. This plasmonic medium is both extremely subwavelength ($\approx λ/100$) and reconfigurable through the application of voltages to metal electrodes. Weakly localized crystal surface states known as Tamm states are observed. By introducing an independently controlled plasmonic defect that interacts with the Tamm states, we demonstrate a frequency agile electromagnetically induced transparency phenomenon. The observed 50% ${\it in-situ}$ tuning of the plasmonic crystal band edges should be realizable in materials such as graphene to actively control the plasmonic crystal dispersion in the infrared.
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Submitted 10 May, 2016;
originally announced May 2016.
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Inducing an Incipient Terahertz Finite Plasmonic Crystal in Coupled Two Dimensional Plasmonic Cavities
Authors:
Gregory C. Dyer,
Gregory R. Aizin,
Sascha Preu,
N. Q. Vinh,
S. James Allen,
John L. Reno,
Eric A. Shaner
Abstract:
We measured a change in the current transport of an antenna-coupled, multi-gate, GaAs/AlGaAs field-effect transistor when terahertz electromagnetic waves irradiated the transistor and attribute the change to bolometric heating of the electrons in the two-dimensional electron channel. The observed terahertz absorption spectrum indicates coherence between plasmons excited under adjacent biased devic…
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We measured a change in the current transport of an antenna-coupled, multi-gate, GaAs/AlGaAs field-effect transistor when terahertz electromagnetic waves irradiated the transistor and attribute the change to bolometric heating of the electrons in the two-dimensional electron channel. The observed terahertz absorption spectrum indicates coherence between plasmons excited under adjacent biased device gates. The experimental results agree quantitatively with a theoretical model we developed that is based on a generalized plasmonic transmission line formalism and describes an evolution of the plasmonic spectrum with increasing electron density modulation from homogeneous to the crystal limit. These results demonstrate an electronically induced and dynamically tunable plasmonic band structure.
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Submitted 10 May, 2016;
originally announced May 2016.
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STIRAP in sodium vapor with picosecond laser pulses
Authors:
Jim L. Hicks,
Chakree Tanjaroon,
Susan D. Allen,
Matt Tilley,
Steven Hoke,
J. Bruce Johnson
Abstract:
Experimental measurements and calculations of STIRAP transfer efficiencies were made on a sodium gas starting from the $3^2{\rm S}_{1/2}$ electronic ground state, passing through the $3^2{\rm P}_{1/2}$ and/or the $3^2{\rm P}_{3/2}$ to the $5^2{\rm S}_{1/2}$ state. The lasers used in the experiments had a pulse width of several picoseconds and were close to the Fourier transform limit. Although the…
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Experimental measurements and calculations of STIRAP transfer efficiencies were made on a sodium gas starting from the $3^2{\rm S}_{1/2}$ electronic ground state, passing through the $3^2{\rm P}_{1/2}$ and/or the $3^2{\rm P}_{3/2}$ to the $5^2{\rm S}_{1/2}$ state. The lasers used in the experiments had a pulse width of several picoseconds and were close to the Fourier transform limit. Although the linewidth of the laser was much smaller than the spin orbit splitting between the $3^2{\rm P}_{1/2}$ and $3^2{\rm P}_{3/2}$ states, Experiments and calculations reveal that both 3p states play a role in the transfer efficiency when the lasers are tuned to resonance through the $3^2{\rm P}_{1/2}$ state, revealing evidence for quantum interference between the competing pathways.
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Submitted 1 August, 2017; v1 submitted 14 October, 2015;
originally announced October 2015.
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High-precision gigahertz-to-terahertz spectroscopy of aqueous salt solutions as a probe of the femtosecond-to-picosecond dynamics of liquid water
Authors:
N. Q. Vinh,
Mark S. Sherwin,
S. James Allen,
D. K. George,
A. J. Rahmani,
Kevin. W. Plaxco
Abstract:
Because it is sensitive to fluctuations occurring over femtoseconds to picoseconds, gigahertz-to-terahertz dielectric relaxation spectroscopy can provide a valuable window into water's most rapid intermolecular motions. In response, we have built a vector network analyzer dielectric spectrometer capable of measuring absorbance and index of refraction in this frequency regime with unprecedented pre…
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Because it is sensitive to fluctuations occurring over femtoseconds to picoseconds, gigahertz-to-terahertz dielectric relaxation spectroscopy can provide a valuable window into water's most rapid intermolecular motions. In response, we have built a vector network analyzer dielectric spectrometer capable of measuring absorbance and index of refraction in this frequency regime with unprecedented precision. Using this to determine the complex dielectric response of water and aqueous salt solutions from 5.9 GHz to 1.12 THz (which we provide in the SI), we have obtained strong new constraints on theories of water's collective dynamics. For example, while the salt-dependencies we observe for water's two slower relaxations (8 and 1 ps) are easily reconciled with suggestions that they arise due to rotations of fully and partially hydrogen bonded molecules, respectively, the salt-dependence of the fastest relaxation (180 fs) appears difficult to reconcile with its prior assignment to liberations of single hydrogen bonds.
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Submitted 26 May, 2015;
originally announced May 2015.
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Future Supply of Medical Radioisotopes for the UK Report 2014
Authors:
Brian Neilly,
Sarah Allen,
Jim Ballinger,
John Buscombe,
Rob Clarke,
Beverley Ellis,
Glenn Flux,
Louise Fraser,
Adrian Hall,
Hywel Owen,
Audrey Paterson,
Alan Perkins,
Andrew Scarsbrook
Abstract:
The UK has no research nuclear reactors and relies on the importation of 99Mo and other medical radioisotopes (e.g. Iodine-131) from overseas (excluding PET radioisotopes). The UK is therefore vulnerable not only to global shortages, but to problems with shipping and importation of the products. In this context Professor Erika Denton UK national Clinical Director for Diagnostics requested that the…
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The UK has no research nuclear reactors and relies on the importation of 99Mo and other medical radioisotopes (e.g. Iodine-131) from overseas (excluding PET radioisotopes). The UK is therefore vulnerable not only to global shortages, but to problems with shipping and importation of the products. In this context Professor Erika Denton UK national Clinical Director for Diagnostics requested that the British Nuclear Medicine Society lead a working group with stakeholders including representatives from the Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) to prepare a report. The group had a first meeting on 10 April 2013 followed by a working group meeting with presentations on 9th September 2013 where the scope of the work required to produce a report was agreed.
The objectives of the report are: to describe the status of the use of medical radioisotopes in the UK; to anticipate the potential impact of shortages for the UK; to assess potential alternative avenues of medical radioisotope production for the UK market; and to explore ways of mitigating the impact of medical radioisotopes on patient care pathways. The report incorporates details of a visit to the Cyclotron Facilities at Edmonton, Alberta and at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC in Canada by members of the report team.
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Submitted 13 January, 2015;
originally announced January 2015.
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The effect of gravity on the stability of an evaporating dichloromethane liquid film
Authors:
Aneet Narendranath,
James C. Hermanson,
Robert W. Kolkka,
Allan A. Struthers,
Jeffrey S. Allen
Abstract:
Zero gravity evaporation of a Dicholoromethane (DCM) liquid film is explored. The resulting film dynamics are presented and a criterion for stable films is described based on the long wave theory. It is concluded that films subject to long wave instabilities shows the appearance of the mode of maximum growth rate at rupture, irrespective of the initial condition or domain size conditions. Films st…
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Zero gravity evaporation of a Dicholoromethane (DCM) liquid film is explored. The resulting film dynamics are presented and a criterion for stable films is described based on the long wave theory. It is concluded that films subject to long wave instabilities shows the appearance of the mode of maximum growth rate at rupture, irrespective of the initial condition or domain size conditions. Films stable in Earth's gravity are destabilized in zero gravity.
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Submitted 11 June, 2013;
originally announced June 2013.
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Time in the 10,000-Year Clock
Authors:
Danny Hillis,
Rob Seaman,
Steve Allen,
Jon Giorgini
Abstract:
The Long Now Foundation is building a mechanical clock that is designed to keep time for the next 10,000 years. The clock maintains its long-term accuracy by synchronizing to the Sun. The 10,000-Year Clock keeps track of five different types of time: Pendulum Time, Uncorrected Solar Time, Corrected Solar Time, Displayed Solar Time and Orrery Time. Pendulum Time is generated from the mechanical pen…
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The Long Now Foundation is building a mechanical clock that is designed to keep time for the next 10,000 years. The clock maintains its long-term accuracy by synchronizing to the Sun. The 10,000-Year Clock keeps track of five different types of time: Pendulum Time, Uncorrected Solar Time, Corrected Solar Time, Displayed Solar Time and Orrery Time. Pendulum Time is generated from the mechanical pendulum and adjusted according to the equation of time to produce Uncorrected Solar Time, which is in turn mechanically corrected by the Sun to create Corrected Solar Time. Displayed Solar Time advances each time the clock is wound, at which point it catches up with Corrected Solar Time. The clock uses Displayed Solar Time to compute various time indicators to be displayed, including the positions of the Sun, and Gregorian calendar date. Orrery Time is a better approximation of Dynamical Time, used to compute positions of the Moon, planets and stars and the phase of the Moon. This paper describes how the clock reckons time over the 10,000-year design lifetime, in particular how it reconciles the approximate Dynamical Time generated by its mechanical pendulum with the unpredictable rotation of the Earth.
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Submitted 13 December, 2011;
originally announced December 2011.
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The Colloquium on Decoupling Civil Timekeeping from Earth Rotation
Authors:
John H. Seago,
Robert L. Seaman,
Steven L. Allen
Abstract:
On October 5 and October 6, 2011, the Colloquium on the Decoupling Civil Timekeeping from Earth Rotation was hosted in Exton, Pennsylvania by Analytical Graphics, Inc. (AGI). This paper highlights various technical perspectives offered through these proceedings, including expressions of concern and various recommendations offered by colloquium participants.
On October 5 and October 6, 2011, the Colloquium on the Decoupling Civil Timekeeping from Earth Rotation was hosted in Exton, Pennsylvania by Analytical Graphics, Inc. (AGI). This paper highlights various technical perspectives offered through these proceedings, including expressions of concern and various recommendations offered by colloquium participants.
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Submitted 29 November, 2011;
originally announced November 2011.
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The Future of Time: UTC and the Leap Second
Authors:
David Finkleman,
Steve Allen,
John Seago,
Rob Seaman,
P. Kenneth Seidelmann
Abstract:
Before atomic timekeeping, clocks were set to the skies. But starting in 1972, radio signals began broadcasting atomic seconds and leap seconds have occasionally been added to that stream of atomic seconds to keep the signals synchronized with the actual rotation of Earth. Such adjustments were considered necessary because Earth's rotation is less regular than atomic timekeeping. In January 2012,…
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Before atomic timekeeping, clocks were set to the skies. But starting in 1972, radio signals began broadcasting atomic seconds and leap seconds have occasionally been added to that stream of atomic seconds to keep the signals synchronized with the actual rotation of Earth. Such adjustments were considered necessary because Earth's rotation is less regular than atomic timekeeping. In January 2012, a United Nations-affiliated organization could permanently break this link by redefining Coordinated Universal Time. To understand the importance of this potential change, it's important to understand the history of human timekeeping.
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Submitted 16 June, 2011;
originally announced June 2011.
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Hydraulic Jump in a Nonwetting Film Deposited inside of a Capillary
Authors:
Alexandru Herescu,
Jeffrey S. Allen
Abstract:
Fluid dynamics video
Fluid dynamics video
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Submitted 15 October, 2010;
originally announced October 2010.