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Data quality control system and long-term performance monitor of the LHAASO-KM2A
Authors:
Zhen Cao,
F. Aharonian,
Axikegu,
Y. X. Bai,
Y. W. Bao,
D. Bastieri,
X. J. Bi,
Y. J. Bi,
W. Bian,
A. V. Bukevich,
Q. Cao,
W. Y. Cao,
Zhe Cao,
J. Chang,
J. F. Chang,
A. M. Chen,
E. S. Chen,
H. X. Chen,
Liang Chen,
Lin Chen,
Long Chen,
M. J. Chen,
M. L. Chen,
Q. H. Chen,
S. Chen
, et al. (263 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The KM2A is the largest sub-array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). It consists of 5216 electromagnetic particle detectors (EDs) and 1188 muon detectors (MDs). The data recorded by the EDs and MDs are used to reconstruct primary information of cosmic ray and gamma-ray showers. This information is used for physical analysis in gamma-ray astronomy and cosmic ray physics. To…
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The KM2A is the largest sub-array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). It consists of 5216 electromagnetic particle detectors (EDs) and 1188 muon detectors (MDs). The data recorded by the EDs and MDs are used to reconstruct primary information of cosmic ray and gamma-ray showers. This information is used for physical analysis in gamma-ray astronomy and cosmic ray physics. To ensure the reliability of the LHAASO-KM2A data, a three-level quality control system has been established. It is used to monitor the status of detector units, stability of reconstructed parameters and the performance of the array based on observations of the Crab Nebula and Moon shadow. This paper will introduce the control system and its application on the LHAASO-KM2A data collected from August 2021 to July 2023. During this period, the pointing and angular resolution of the array were stable. From the observations of the Moon shadow and Crab Nebula, the results achieved using the two methods are consistent with each other. According to the observation of the Crab Nebula at energies from 25 TeV to 100 TeV, the time averaged pointing errors are estimated to be $-0.003^{\circ} \pm 0.005^{\circ}$ and $0.001^{\circ} \pm 0.006^{\circ}$ in the R.A. and Dec directions, respectively.
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Submitted 13 June, 2024; v1 submitted 20 May, 2024;
originally announced May 2024.
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Construction and On-site Performance of the LHAASO WFCTA Camera
Authors:
F. Aharonian,
Q. An,
Axikegu,
L. X. Bai,
Y. X. Bai,
Y. W. Bao,
D. Bastieri,
X. J. Bi,
Y. J. Bi,
H. Cai,
J. T. Cai,
Z. Cao,
Z. Cao,
J. Chang,
J. F. Chang,
X. C. Chang,
B. M. Chen,
J. Chen,
L. Chen,
L. Chen,
L. Chen,
M. J. Chen,
M. L. Chen,
Q. H. Chen,
S. H. Chen
, et al. (234 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The focal plane camera is the core component of the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov/fluorescence Telescope Array (WFCTA) of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Because of the capability of working under moonlight without aging, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been proven to be not only an alternative but also an improvement to conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in this…
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The focal plane camera is the core component of the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov/fluorescence Telescope Array (WFCTA) of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Because of the capability of working under moonlight without aging, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been proven to be not only an alternative but also an improvement to conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in this application. Eighteen SiPM-based cameras with square light funnels have been built for WFCTA. The telescopes have collected more than 100 million cosmic ray events and preliminary results indicate that these cameras are capable of working under moonlight. The characteristics of the light funnels and SiPMs pose challenges (e.g. dynamic range, dark count rate, assembly techniques). In this paper, we present the design features, manufacturing techniques and performances of these cameras. Finally, the test facilities, the test methods and results of SiPMs in the cameras are reported here.
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Submitted 4 July, 2021; v1 submitted 29 December, 2020;
originally announced December 2020.
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Detection of thermal neutrons with the PRISMA-YBJ array in Extensive Air Showers selected by the ARGO-YBJ experiment
Authors:
B. Bartoli,
P. Bernardini,
X. J. Bi,
Z. Cao,
S. Catalanotti,
S. Z. Chen,
T. L. Chen,
S. W. Cui,
B. Z. Dai,
A. D'Amone,
Danzengluobu,
I. De Mitri,
B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli,
T. Di Girolamo,
G. Di Sciascio,
C. F. Feng,
Zhaoyang Feng,
Zhenyong Feng,
Q. B. Gou,
Y. Q. Guo,
H. H. He,
Haibing Hu,
Hongbo Hu,
M. Iacovacci,
R. Iuppa
, et al. (57 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report on a measurement of thermal neutrons, generated by the hadronic component of extensive air showers (EAS), by means of a small array of EN-detectors developed for the PRISMA project (PRImary Spectrum Measurement Array), novel devices based on a compound alloy of ZnS(Ag) and $^{6}$LiF. This array has been operated within the ARGO-YBJ experiment at the high altitude Cosmic Ray Observatory i…
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We report on a measurement of thermal neutrons, generated by the hadronic component of extensive air showers (EAS), by means of a small array of EN-detectors developed for the PRISMA project (PRImary Spectrum Measurement Array), novel devices based on a compound alloy of ZnS(Ag) and $^{6}$LiF. This array has been operated within the ARGO-YBJ experiment at the high altitude Cosmic Ray Observatory in Yangbajing (Tibet, 4300 m a.s.l.). Due to the tight correlation between the air shower hadrons and thermal neutrons, this technique can be envisaged as a simple way to estimate the number of high energy hadrons in EAS. Coincident events generated by primary cosmic rays of energies greater than 100 TeV have been selected and analyzed. The EN-detectors have been used to record simultaneously thermal neutrons and the air shower electromagnetic component. The density distributions of both components and the total number of thermal neutrons have been measured. The correlation of these data with the measurements carried out by ARGO-YBJ confirms the excellent performance of the EN-detector.
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Submitted 17 May, 2016; v1 submitted 4 December, 2015;
originally announced December 2015.
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The analog Resistive Plate Chamber detector of the ARGO-YBJ experiment
Authors:
B. Bartoli,
P. Bernardini,
X. J. Bi,
Z. Cao,
S. Catalanotti,
S. Z. Chen,
T. L. Chen,
S. W. Cui,
B. Z. Dai,
A. D'Amone,
Danzengluobu,
I. De Mitri,
B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli,
T. Di Girolamo,
G. Di Sciascio,
C. F. Feng,
Zhaoyang Feng,
Zhenyong Feng,
Q. B. Gou,
Y. Q. Guo,
H. H. He,
Haibing Hu,
Hongbo Hu,
M. Iacovacci,
R. Iuppa
, et al. (46 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The ARGO-YBJ experiment has been in stable data taking from November 2007 till February 2013 at the YangBaJing Cosmic Ray Observatory (4300 m a.s.l.). The detector consists of a single layer of Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) ( about 6700 m^2}) operated in streamer mode. The signal pick-up is obtained by means of strips facing one side of the gas volume. The digital readout of the signals, while a…
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The ARGO-YBJ experiment has been in stable data taking from November 2007 till February 2013 at the YangBaJing Cosmic Ray Observatory (4300 m a.s.l.). The detector consists of a single layer of Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) ( about 6700 m^2}) operated in streamer mode. The signal pick-up is obtained by means of strips facing one side of the gas volume. The digital readout of the signals, while allows a high space-time resolution in the shower front reconstruction, limits the measurable energy to a few hundred TeV. In order to fully investigate the 1-10 PeV region, an analog readout has been implemented by instrumenting each RPC with two large size electrodes facing the other side of the gas volume. Since December 2009 the RPC charge readout has been in operation on the entire central carpet (about 5800 m^2). In this configuration the detector is able to measure the particle density at the core position where it ranges from tens to many thousands of particles per m^2. Thus ARGO-YBJ provides a highly detailed image of the charge component at the core of air showers. In this paper we describe the analog readout of RPCs in ARGO-YBJ and discuss both the performance of the system and the physical impact on the EAS measurements.
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Submitted 7 April, 2015;
originally announced April 2015.
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Properties and Performance of Two Wide Field of View Cherenkov/Fluorescence Telescope Array Prototypes
Authors:
S. S. Zhang,
Y. X. Bai,
Z. Cao,
S. Z. Chen,
M. J. Chen,
Y. Chen,
L. H. Chen,
K. Q. Ding,
H. H. He,
J. L. Liu,
X. X. Li,
J. Liu,
L. L. Ma,
X. H. Ma,
X. D. Sheng,
B. Zhou,
Y. Zhang,
J. Zhao,
M. Zha,
G. Xiao
Abstract:
A wide field of view Cherenkov/fluorescence telescope array is one of the main components of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory project. To serve as Cherenkov and fluorescence detectors, a flexible and mobile design is adopted for easy reconfiguring of the telescope array. Two prototype telescopes have been constructed and successfully run at the site of the ARGO-YBJ experiment in Tibe…
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A wide field of view Cherenkov/fluorescence telescope array is one of the main components of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory project. To serve as Cherenkov and fluorescence detectors, a flexible and mobile design is adopted for easy reconfiguring of the telescope array. Two prototype telescopes have been constructed and successfully run at the site of the ARGO-YBJ experiment in Tibet. The features and performance of the telescopes are presented.
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Submitted 6 December, 2011;
originally announced December 2011.
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Geometry and optics calibration of WFCTA prototype telescopes using star light
Authors:
L. L. Ma,
Y. X. Bai,
Z. Cao,
M. J. Chen,
L. H. Chen,
S. Z. Chen,
Y. Chen,
K. Q. Ding,
H. H. He,
J. Liu,
J. L. Liu,
X. X. Li,
X. H. Ma,
X. D. Sheng,
G. Xiao,
M. Zha,
S. S. Zhang,
Y. Zhang,
J. Zhao,
B. Zhou
Abstract:
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory project is proposed to study high energy gamma ray astronomy ( 40 GeV-1 PeV ) and cosmic ray physics ( 20 TeV-1 EeV ). The wide field of view Cherenkov telescope array, as a component of the LHAASO project, will be used to study energy spectrum and compositions of cosmic ray by measuring the total Cherenkov light generated by air showers and shower ma…
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The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory project is proposed to study high energy gamma ray astronomy ( 40 GeV-1 PeV ) and cosmic ray physics ( 20 TeV-1 EeV ). The wide field of view Cherenkov telescope array, as a component of the LHAASO project, will be used to study energy spectrum and compositions of cosmic ray by measuring the total Cherenkov light generated by air showers and shower maximum depth. Two prototype telescopes have been in operation since 2008. The pointing accuracy of each telescope is crucial to the direction reconstruction of the primary particles. On the other hand the primary energy reconstruction relies on the shape of the Cherenkov image on the camera and the unrecorded photons due to the imperfect connections between photomultiplier tubes. UV bright stars are used as point-like objects to calibrate the pointing and to study the optical properties of the camera, the spot size and the fractions of unrecorded photons in the insensitive areas of the camera.
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Submitted 18 August, 2010;
originally announced August 2010.
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Detector Time Offset and Off-line Calibration in EAS Experiments
Authors:
H. H. He,
P. Bernardini,
A. K. Calabrese Melcarne,
S. Z. Chen
Abstract:
In Extensive Air Shower (EAS) experiments, the primary direction is reconstructed by the space-time pattern of secondary particles. Thus the equalization of the transit time of signals coming from different parts of the detector is crucial in order to get the best angular resolution and pointing accuracy allowed by the detector. In this paper an off-line calibration method is proposed and studie…
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In Extensive Air Shower (EAS) experiments, the primary direction is reconstructed by the space-time pattern of secondary particles. Thus the equalization of the transit time of signals coming from different parts of the detector is crucial in order to get the best angular resolution and pointing accuracy allowed by the detector. In this paper an off-line calibration method is proposed and studied by means of proper simulations. It allows to calibrate the array repeatedly just using the collected data without disturbing the standard acquisition. The calibration method is based on the definition of a Characteristic Plane introduced to analyze the effects of the time systematic offsets, such as the quasi-sinusoidal modulation on azimuth angle distribution. This calibration procedure works also when a pre-modulation on the primary azimuthal distribution is present.
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Submitted 25 January, 2007;
originally announced January 2007.