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Narrowband searches for continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars in the first two parts of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
A. Adam,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith
, et al. (1831 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Rotating non-axisymmetric neutron stars (NSs) are promising sources for continuous gravitational waves (CWs). Such CWs can, if detected, inform us about the internal structure and equation of state of NSs. Here, we present a narrowband search for CWs from known pulsars, for which an efficient and sensitive matched-filter search can be applied. Narrowband searches are designed to be robust to misma…
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Rotating non-axisymmetric neutron stars (NSs) are promising sources for continuous gravitational waves (CWs). Such CWs can, if detected, inform us about the internal structure and equation of state of NSs. Here, we present a narrowband search for CWs from known pulsars, for which an efficient and sensitive matched-filter search can be applied. Narrowband searches are designed to be robust to mismatches between the electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational emissions, in contrast to fully targeted searches where the CW emission is assumed to be phase-locked to the EM one. In this work, we search for the CW counterparts emitted by 34 pulsars using data from the first and second parts of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run. This is the largest number of pulsars so far targeted for narrowband searches in the advanced detector era. We use the 5n-vector narrowband pipeline, which applies frequency-domain matched filtering. In previous searches, it covered a narrow range in the frequency -- frequency time derivative ($f$ -- $\dot{f}$) space. Here, we also explore a range in the second time derivative of the frequency $\ddot{f}$ around the value indicated by EM observations. Additionally, for the first time, we target sources in a binary system with this kind of search. We find no evidence for CWs and therefore set upper limits on the strain amplitude emitted by each pulsar, using simulated signals added in real data. For 20 analyses, we report an upper limit below the theoretical spin-down limit. The tightest constraint is for pulsar PSR J0534+2200 (the Crab pulsar), for which our strain upper limit on the CW amplitude is $\lesssim 2\%$ of its spin-down limit, corresponding to less than $0.04\%$ of the spin-down power being radiated in the CW channel.
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Submitted 26 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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Searches for Continuous Gravitational Waves from Supernova Remnants in the first part of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Fourth Observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1742 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present results from directed searches for continuous gravitational waves from a sample of 15 nearby supernova remnants, likely hosting young neutron star candidates, using data from the first eight months of the fourth observing run (O4) of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. The analysis employs five pipelines: four semi-coherent methods -- the Band-Sampled-Data directed pipeline, Weave and t…
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We present results from directed searches for continuous gravitational waves from a sample of 15 nearby supernova remnants, likely hosting young neutron star candidates, using data from the first eight months of the fourth observing run (O4) of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. The analysis employs five pipelines: four semi-coherent methods -- the Band-Sampled-Data directed pipeline, Weave and two Viterbi pipelines (single- and dual-harmonic) -- and PyStoch, a cross-correlation-based pipeline. These searches cover wide frequency bands and do not assume prior knowledge of the targets' ephemerides. No evidence of a signal is found from any of the 15 sources. We set 95\% confidence-level upper limits on the intrinsic strain amplitude, with the most stringent constraints reaching $\sim 4 \times 10^{-26}$ near 300 Hz for the nearby source G266.2$-$1.2 (Vela Jr.). We also derive limits on neutron star ellipticity and $r$-mode amplitudes for the same source, with the best constraints reaching $\lesssim 10^{-7}$ and $\lesssim 10^{-5}$, respectively, at frequencies above 400 Hz. These results represent the most sensitive wide-band directed searches for continuous gravitational waves from supernova remnants to date.
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Submitted 2 April, 2026; v1 submitted 26 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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GWTC-4.0: Tests of General Relativity. III. Tests of the Remnants
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1757 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
This is the third paper of the set recording the results of the suite of tests of general relativity (GR) performed on the signals from the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0), where we focus on the remnants of the binary mergers. We examine for the first time 42 events from the first part of the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detectors, alongside events from the p…
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This is the third paper of the set recording the results of the suite of tests of general relativity (GR) performed on the signals from the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0), where we focus on the remnants of the binary mergers. We examine for the first time 42 events from the first part of the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detectors, alongside events from the previous observation runs, restricting our analysis to the confident signals, which were measured in at least two detectors and that have false alarm rates $\le 10^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. This paper focuses on seven tests of the coalescence remnants. Three of these are tests of the ringdown and its consistency with the expected quasinormal mode spectrum of a Kerr black hole. Specifically, two tests analyze just the ringdown in the time domain, and the third test analyzes the entire signal in the frequency domain. Four tests allow for the existence of possible echoes arriving after the end of the ringdown, which are not expected in GR. We find overall consistency of the remnants with GR. When combining events by multiplying likelihoods (hierarchically), one analysis finds that the GR prediction lies at the boundary of the $98.6^{+1.4}_{-9.4}\%$ ($99.3^{+0.7}_{-4.5}\%$) credible region, an increase from $93.8^{+6.1}_{-20.0}\%$ ($94.9^{+4.4}_{-18.2}\%$) for GWTC-3.0. Here the ranges of values comes from bootstrapping to account for the finite number of events analyzed and suggest that some of the apparently significant deviation could be attributed to variance due to the finite catalog. Since the significance also decreases to 92.2% (96.2%) when including the more recent very loud event GW250114, there is no strong evidence for a GR deviation. We find no evidence for post-merger echoes in the events that were analyzed. (Abridged)
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Submitted 19 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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GWTC-4.0: Tests of General Relativity. II. Parameterized Tests
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1761 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
In this second of three papers on tests of general relativity (GR) applied to the compact binary coalescence signals in the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0), we present the results of the parameterized tests of GR and constraints on line-of-sight acceleration. We include events up to and including the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) of the LIGO Virgo KAGRA detect…
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In this second of three papers on tests of general relativity (GR) applied to the compact binary coalescence signals in the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0), we present the results of the parameterized tests of GR and constraints on line-of-sight acceleration. We include events up to and including the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) of the LIGO Virgo KAGRA detectors. As in the other two papers in this series, we restrict our analysis to the 42 confident signals, measured by at least two detectors, that have false alarm rates $\le 10^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ from O4a, in addition to the 49 such events from previous observing runs. This paper focuses on the eight tests that constrain parameterized deviations from the expected GR (or unaccelerated) values. These include modifications of post-Newtonian (PN) parameters, spin-induced quadrupole moments different from those of a binary black hole, and possible dispersive or birefringent propagation effects. Overall, we find no evidence for physics beyond GR, for spin-induced quadrupole moments different from those of a Kerr black hole in GR, or for line of sight acceleration, with more than 90% of the events including the null result (no deviation) within their 90% credible intervals. We discuss possible systematics affecting the other events and tests, even though they are statistically not surprising, given noise. We improve the bounds on deviations from the GR PN coefficients by factors of 1.2-5.5 and provide illustrative translations to constraints on some modified theories. Also, we update the bound on the mass of the graviton, at 90% credibility, to $m_g \leq 1.92\times 10^{-23} \mathrm{eV}/c^2$. Thus, we see that GR holds, and many of the bounds on possible deviations derived from our events are the best to date.
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Submitted 19 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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GWTC-4.0: Tests of General Relativity. I. Overview and General Tests
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1759 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The worldwide LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network of gravitational-wave (GW) detectors continues to increase in sensitivity, thus increasing the quantity and quality of the detected GW signals from compact binary coalescences. These signals allow us to perform ever-more sensitive tests of general relativity (GR) in the dynamical and strong-field regime of gravity. This paper is the first of three, where we p…
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The worldwide LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network of gravitational-wave (GW) detectors continues to increase in sensitivity, thus increasing the quantity and quality of the detected GW signals from compact binary coalescences. These signals allow us to perform ever-more sensitive tests of general relativity (GR) in the dynamical and strong-field regime of gravity. This paper is the first of three, where we present the results of a suite of tests of GR using the binary signals included in the fourth GW Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0), i.e., up to and including the first part of the fourth observing run of the detectors (O4a). We restrict our analysis to the 91 confident signals, henceforth called events, that were measured by at least two detectors, and have false alarm rates $\le 10^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. These include 42 events from O4a. This first paper presents an overview of the methods, selection of events and GR tests, and serves as a guidemap for all three papers. Here we focus on the four general tests of consistency, where we find no evidence for deviations from our models. Specifically, for all the events considered, we find consistency of the residuals with noise. The final mass and final spin as inferred from the low- and high-frequency parts of the waveform are consistent with each other. We also find no evidence for deviations from the GR predictions for the amplitudes of subdominant GW multipole moments, or for non-GR modes of polarization. We thus find that GR, without new physics beyond it, is still consistent with these GW events. The results of the two additional papers in this trio also find overall consistency with vacuum GR, with more than 90% of the events being consistent with GR at the 90% credible level. While one of the ringdown analyses finds the GR value in the tails for its combined results, this may be due in part to catalog variance.
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Submitted 19 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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All-sky Searches for Continuous Gravitational Waves from Isolated Neutron Stars in the Data from the First Part of the Fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
A. Adam,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith
, et al. (1804 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present results from an all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves, using three different methods applied to the first eight months of LIGO data from the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration s observing run. We aim at signals potentially emitted by rotating, non-axisymmetric isolated neutron star in the Milky Way. The analysis spans a frequency range from 20 Hz to 2000 Hz and accommodat…
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We present results from an all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves, using three different methods applied to the first eight months of LIGO data from the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration s observing run. We aim at signals potentially emitted by rotating, non-axisymmetric isolated neutron star in the Milky Way. The analysis spans a frequency range from 20 Hz to 2000 Hz and accommodates frequency derivative magnitudes up to $10^{-8}$ Hz/s. No statistically significant periodic gravitational wave signals were detected. We establish 95% confidence-level (CL) frequentist upper limits on the dimensionless strain amplitudes. The most stringent population-averaged strain upper limits reach 9.7 $\times$ $10^{-26}$ near 290 Hz, matching the best previous constraints from 250 to $\sim$1700 Hz while extending coverage to a much broader spin-down range. At higher frequencies, the new limits improve upon previous results by factors of approximately $\sim$1.6. These constraints are applied to three astrophysical scenarios: 1) the distribution of galactic neutron stars as a function of spin frequency and ellipticity; 2) the contribution of millisecond pulsars to the GeV excess near the galactic center; and 3) the possible dark matter fraction composed of nearby inspiraling primordial binary black holes with asteroid-scale masses.
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Submitted 14 March, 2026;
originally announced March 2026.
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Constraints on gravitational waves from the 2024 Vela pulsar glitch
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1752 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Among known neutron stars, the Vela pulsar is one of the best targets for gravitational-wave searches. It is also one of the most prolific in terms of glitches, sudden frequency changes in a pulsar's rotation. Such glitches could cause a variety of transient gravitational-wave signals. Here we search for signals associated with a Vela glitch on 29 April 2024 in data of the two LIGO detectors from…
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Among known neutron stars, the Vela pulsar is one of the best targets for gravitational-wave searches. It is also one of the most prolific in terms of glitches, sudden frequency changes in a pulsar's rotation. Such glitches could cause a variety of transient gravitational-wave signals. Here we search for signals associated with a Vela glitch on 29 April 2024 in data of the two LIGO detectors from the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run. We search both for seconds-scale burst-like emission, primarily from fundamental (f-)mode oscillations, and for longer quasi-monochromatic transients up to four months in duration, primarily from quasi-static quadrupolar deformations. We find no significant detection candidates, but for the first time we set direct observational upper limits on gravitational strain amplitude that are stricter than what can be indirectly inferred from the overall glitch energy scale. We discuss the short- and long-duration observational constraints in the context of specific emission models. These results demonstrate the potential of gravitational-wave probes of glitching pulsars as detector sensitivity continues to improve.
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Submitted 21 January, 2026; v1 submitted 19 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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GWTC-4.0: Searches for Gravitational-Wave Lensing Signatures
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1744 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Gravitational waves can be gravitationally lensed by massive objects along their path. Depending on the lens mass and the lens--source geometry, this can lead to the observation of a single distorted signal or multiple repeated events with the same frequency evolution. We present the results for gravitational-wave lensing searches on the data from the first part of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA ob…
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Gravitational waves can be gravitationally lensed by massive objects along their path. Depending on the lens mass and the lens--source geometry, this can lead to the observation of a single distorted signal or multiple repeated events with the same frequency evolution. We present the results for gravitational-wave lensing searches on the data from the first part of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run (O4a). We search for strongly lensed events in the newly acquired data by (1) searching for an overall phase shift present in an image formed at a saddle point of the lens potential, (2) looking for pairs of detected candidates with consistent frequency evolution, and (3) identifying sub-threshold counterpart candidates to the detected signals. Beyond strong lensing, we also look for lensing-induced distortions in all detected signals using an isolated point-mass model. We do not find evidence for strongly lensed gravitational-wave signals and use this result to constrain the rate of detectable strongly lensed events and the merger rate density of binary black holes at high redshift. In the search for single distorted lensed signals, we find one outlier: GW231123_135430, for which we report more detailed investigations. While this event is interesting, the associated waveform uncertainties make its interpretation complicated, and future observations of the populations of binary black holes and of gravitational lenses will help determine the probability that this event could be lensed.
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Submitted 4 February, 2026; v1 submitted 18 December, 2025;
originally announced December 2025.
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Search for planetary-mass ultra-compact binaries using data from the first part of the LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA fourth observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1743 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present a search for gravitational waves from inspiraling, planetary-mass ultra-compact binaries using data from the first part of the fourth observing run of LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA. Finding no evidence of such systems, we determine the maximum distance reach for such objects and their merger rate densities, independently of how they could have formed. Then, we identify classes of primordial bla…
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We present a search for gravitational waves from inspiraling, planetary-mass ultra-compact binaries using data from the first part of the fourth observing run of LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA. Finding no evidence of such systems, we determine the maximum distance reach for such objects and their merger rate densities, independently of how they could have formed. Then, we identify classes of primordial black-hole mass distributions for which these rate limits can be translated into relevant constraints on the mass distribution of primordial black holes, assuming that they compose all of dark matter, in the mass range $[10^{-6},10^{-3}]M_\odot$. Our constraints are consistent with existing microlensing results in the planetary-mass range, and provide a complementary probe to sub-solar mass objects.
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Submitted 5 December, 2025; v1 submitted 24 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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All-sky search for continuous gravitational-wave signals from unknown neutron stars in binary systems in the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1743 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the results of a blind all-sky search for continuous gravitational-wave signals from neutron stars in binary systems using data from the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) using LIGO detectors data. Rapidly rotating, non-axisymmetric neutron stars are expected to emit continuous gravitational waves, whose detection would significantly improve our understanding of the galactic…
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We present the results of a blind all-sky search for continuous gravitational-wave signals from neutron stars in binary systems using data from the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) using LIGO detectors data. Rapidly rotating, non-axisymmetric neutron stars are expected to emit continuous gravitational waves, whose detection would significantly improve our understanding of the galactic neutron star population and matter under extreme conditions, while also providing valuable tests of general relativity. Neutron stars in binary systems likely constitute a substantial fraction of the unobserved galactic population and, due to potential mass accretion, may emit stronger gravitational-wave signals than their isolated counterparts. This search targets signals from neutron stars with frequencies in the 100-350 Hz range, with orbital periods between 7 and 15 days and projected semi-major axes between 5 and 15 light-seconds. The analysis employs the GPU-accelerated fasttracks pipeline. No credible astrophysical signals were identified, and, in the absence of a detection, we report search sensitivity estimates on the population of neutron stars in binary systems in the Milky Way.
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Submitted 4 December, 2025; v1 submitted 20 November, 2025;
originally announced November 2025.
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Direct multi-model dark-matter search with gravitational-wave interferometers using data from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1745 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Gravitational-wave detectors can probe the existence of dark matter with exquisite sensitivity. Here, we perform a search for three kinds of dark matter -- dilatons (spin-0), dark photons (spin-1) and tensor bosons (spin-2) -- using three independent methods on the first part of the most recent data from the fourth observing run of LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA. Each form of dark matter could have interacted…
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Gravitational-wave detectors can probe the existence of dark matter with exquisite sensitivity. Here, we perform a search for three kinds of dark matter -- dilatons (spin-0), dark photons (spin-1) and tensor bosons (spin-2) -- using three independent methods on the first part of the most recent data from the fourth observing run of LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA. Each form of dark matter could have interacted with different standard-model particles in the instruments, causing unique differential strains on the interferometers. While we do not find any evidence for a signal, we place the most stringent upper limits to-date on each of these models. For scalars with masses between $[4\times 10^{-14},1.5\times 10^{-13}]$ eV that couple to photons or electrons, our constraints improve upon those from the third observing run by one order of magnitude, with the tightest limit of $\sim 10^{-20}\,\text{GeV}^{-1}$ at a mass of $\sim2\times 10^{-13}\text{ eV}$. For vectors with masses between $[7\times 10^{-13},8.47\times 10^{-12}]$ eV that couple to baryons, our constraints supersede those from MICROSCOPE and Eöt-Wash by one to two orders of magnitude, reaching a minimum of $\sim 5\times 10^{-24}$ at a mass of $\sim 10^{-12}$ eV. For tensors with masses of $[4\times 10^{-14},8.47\times 10^{-12}]$ eV (the full mass range analyzed) that couple via a Yukawa interaction, our constraints surpass those from fifth-force experiments by four to five orders of magnitude, achieving a limit as low as $\sim 8\times 10^{-9}$ at $\sim2\times 10^{-13}$ eV. Our results show that gravitational-wave interferometers have become frontiers for new physics and laboratories for direct multi-model dark-matter detection.
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Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 30 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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GW241011 and GW241110: Exploring Binary Formation and Fundamental Physics with Asymmetric, High-Spin Black Hole Coalescence
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1761 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We report the observation of gravitational waves from two binary black hole coalescences during the fourth observing run of the LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA detector network, GW241011 and GW241110. The sources of these two signals are characterized by rapid and precisely measured primary spins, non-negligible spin--orbit misalignment, and unequal mass ratios between their constituent black holes. These prop…
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We report the observation of gravitational waves from two binary black hole coalescences during the fourth observing run of the LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA detector network, GW241011 and GW241110. The sources of these two signals are characterized by rapid and precisely measured primary spins, non-negligible spin--orbit misalignment, and unequal mass ratios between their constituent black holes. These properties are characteristic of binaries in which the more massive object was itself formed from a previous binary black hole merger, and suggest that the sources of GW241011 and GW241110 may have formed in dense stellar environments in which repeated mergers can take place. As the third loudest gravitational-wave event published to date, with a median network signal-to-noise ratio of $36.0$, GW241011 furthermore yields stringent constraints on the Kerr nature of black holes, the multipolar structure of gravitational-wave generation, and the existence of ultralight bosons within the mass range $10^{-13}$--$10^{-12}$ eV.
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Submitted 30 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Cosmological and High Energy Physics implications from gravitational-wave background searches in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's O1-O4a runs
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1747 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We search for gravitational-wave background signals produced by various early Universe processes in the Advanced LIGO O4a dataset, combined with the data from the earlier O1, O2, and O3 (LIGO-Virgo) runs. The absence of detectable signals enables powerful constraints on fundamental physics. We derive gravitational-wave background energy density upper limits from the O1-O4a data to constrain parame…
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We search for gravitational-wave background signals produced by various early Universe processes in the Advanced LIGO O4a dataset, combined with the data from the earlier O1, O2, and O3 (LIGO-Virgo) runs. The absence of detectable signals enables powerful constraints on fundamental physics. We derive gravitational-wave background energy density upper limits from the O1-O4a data to constrain parameters associated with various possible processes in the early Universe: first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, domain walls, stiff equation of state, axion inflation, second-order scalar perturbations, primordial black hole binaries, and parity violation. In our analyses, the presence of an astrophysical background produced by compact (black hole and neutron star) binary coalescences throughout the Universe is also considered. We address the implications for various cosmological and high energy physics models based on the obtained parameter constraints. We conclude that LIGO-Virgo data already yield significant constraints on numerous early Universe scenarios.
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Submitted 7 November, 2025; v1 submitted 30 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Directional Search for Persistent Gravitational Waves: Results from the First Part of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's Fourth Observing Run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1743 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The angular distribution of gravitational-wave power from persistent sources may exhibit anisotropies arising from the large-scale structure of the Universe. This motivates directional searches for astrophysical and cosmological gravitational-wave backgrounds, as well as continuous-wave emitters. We present results of such a search using data from the first observing run through the first portion…
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The angular distribution of gravitational-wave power from persistent sources may exhibit anisotropies arising from the large-scale structure of the Universe. This motivates directional searches for astrophysical and cosmological gravitational-wave backgrounds, as well as continuous-wave emitters. We present results of such a search using data from the first observing run through the first portion of the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaborations. We apply gravitational-wave radiometer techniques to generate skymaps and search for both narrowband and broadband persistent gravitational-wave sources. Additionally, we use spherical harmonic decomposition to probe spatially extended sources. No evidence of persistent gravitational-wave signals is found, and we set the most stringent constraints to date on such emissions. For narrowband point sources, our sensitivity estimate to effective strain amplitude lies in the range $(0.03 - 8.4) \times 10^{-24}$ across all sky and frequency range $(20 - 160)$ Hz. For targeted sources -- Scorpius X-1, SN 1987A, the Galactic Center, Terzan 5, and NGC 6397 -- we constrain the strain amplitude with best limits ranging from $\sim 1.1 \times 10^{-25}$ to $6.5 \times 10^{-24}$. For persistent broadband sources, we constrain the gravitational-wave flux $F_{α, \hat{n}}^{95\%, \mathrm{UL}}(25\, \mathrm{Hz}) < (0.008 - 5.5) \times 10^{-8}\, \mathrm{erg\, cm^{-2}\, s^{-1}\, Hz^{-1}}$, depending on the sky direction $\hat{n}$ and spectral index $α=0,\,2/3,\,3$. Finally, for extended sources, we place upper limits on the strain angular power spectrum $C_\ell^{1/2} < (0.63 - 17) \times 10^{-10} \,\mathrm{sr}^{-1}$.
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Submitted 20 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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GW250114: testing Hawking's area law and the Kerr nature of black holes
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1763 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses $m_1 = 33.6^{+1.2}_{-0.8}\,M_\odot$ and $m_2 = 32.2^{+0.8}_{-1.3}\,M_\odot$, and small spins $χ_{1,2} \leq 0.26$ (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity $e \leq 0.03$. Post-…
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The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses $m_1 = 33.6^{+1.2}_{-0.8}\,M_\odot$ and $m_2 = 32.2^{+0.8}_{-1.3}\,M_\odot$, and small spins $χ_{1,2} \leq 0.26$ (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity $e \leq 0.03$. Post-merger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar $(\ell = |m| = 2)$ mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes' frequencies to $\pm 30\%$ of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant's Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking's area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to 5 of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility.
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Submitted 9 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Directed searches for gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around merger remnant and galactic black holes during the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1747 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present the first directed searches for long-transient and continuous gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around known black holes (BHs). We use LIGO data from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. The searches target two distinct types of BHs and use two new semicoherent methods: hidden Markov model (HMM) tracking for the remnant BHs of the mergers GW…
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We present the first directed searches for long-transient and continuous gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around known black holes (BHs). We use LIGO data from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. The searches target two distinct types of BHs and use two new semicoherent methods: hidden Markov model (HMM) tracking for the remnant BHs of the mergers GW230814_230901 and GW231123_135430 (referred to as GW230814 and GW231123 in this study), and a dedicated method using the Band Sampled Data (BSD) framework for the galactic BH in the Cygnus X-1 binary system. Without finding evidence of a signal from vector bosons in the data, we estimate the mass range that can be constrained. For the HMM searches targeting the remnants from GW231123 and GW230814, we disfavor vector boson masses in the ranges $[0.94, 1.08]$ and $[2.75, 3.28] \times 10^{-13}$ eV, respectively, at 30% confidence, assuming a 1% false alarm probability. Although these searches are only marginally sensitive to signals from merger remnants at relatively large distances, future observations are expected to yield more stringent constraints with high confidence. For the BSD search targeting the BH in Cygnus X-1, we exclude vector boson masses in the range $[0.85, 1.59] \times 10^{-13}$ eV at 95% confidence, assuming an initial BH spin larger than 0.5.
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Submitted 14 September, 2025; v1 submitted 8 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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GWTC-4.0: Constraints on the Cosmic Expansion Rate and Modified Gravitational-wave Propagation
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1750 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We analyze data from 142 of the 218 gravitational-wave (GW) sources in the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration (LVK) Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) to estimate the Hubble constant $H_0$ jointly with the population properties of merging compact binaries. We measure the luminosity distance and redshifted masses of GW sources directly; in contrast, we infer GW source redshifts stat…
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We analyze data from 142 of the 218 gravitational-wave (GW) sources in the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration (LVK) Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) to estimate the Hubble constant $H_0$ jointly with the population properties of merging compact binaries. We measure the luminosity distance and redshifted masses of GW sources directly; in contrast, we infer GW source redshifts statistically through i) location of features in the compact object mass spectrum and merger rate evolution, and ii) identifying potential host galaxies in the GW localization volume. Probing the relationship between source luminosity distances and redshifts obtained in this way yields constraints on cosmological parameters. We also constrain parameterized deviations from general relativity which affect GW propagation, specifically those modifying the dependence of a GW signal on the source luminosity distance. Assuming our fiducial model for the source-frame mass distribution and using GW candidates detected up to the end of the fourth observing run (O4a), together with the GLADE+ all-sky galaxy catalog, we estimate $H_0 = 76.6^{+13.0}_{-9.5} (76.6^{+25.2}_{-14.0})$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$. This value is reported as a median with 68.3% (90%) symmetric credible interval, and includes combination with the $H_0$ measurement from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart. Using a parametrization of modified GW propagation in terms of the magnitude parameter $Ξ_0$, we estimate $Ξ_0 = 1.2^{+0.8}_{-0.4} (1.2^{+2.4}_{-0.5})$, where $Ξ_0 = 1$ recovers the behavior of general relativity.
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Submitted 7 October, 2025; v1 submitted 4 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Upper Limits on the Isotropic Gravitational-Wave Background from the first part of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA's fourth Observing Run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1751 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present results from the search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background using Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data from O1 through O4a, the first part of the fourth observing run. This background is the accumulated signal from unresolved sources throughout cosmic history and encodes information about the merger history of compact binaries throughout the Universe, as well as exotic physi…
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We present results from the search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background using Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data from O1 through O4a, the first part of the fourth observing run. This background is the accumulated signal from unresolved sources throughout cosmic history and encodes information about the merger history of compact binaries throughout the Universe, as well as exotic physics and potentially primordial processes from the early cosmos. Our cross-correlation analysis reveals no statistically significant background signal, enabling us to constrain several theoretical scenarios. For compact binary coalescences which approximately follow a 2/3 power-law spectrum, we constrain the fractional energy density to $Ω_{\rm GW}(25{\rm Hz})\leq 2.0\times 10^{-9}$ (95% cred.), a factor of 1.7 improvement over previous results. Scale-invariant backgrounds are constrained to $Ω_{\rm GW}(25{\rm Hz})\leq 2.8\times 10^{-9}$, representing a 2.1x sensitivity gain. We also place new limits on gravity theories predicting non-standard polarization modes and confirm that terrestrial magnetic noise sources remain below detection threshold. Combining these spectral limits with population models for GWTC-4, the latest gravitational-wave event catalog, we find our constraints remain above predicted merger backgrounds but are approaching detectability. The joint analysis combining the background limits shown here with the GWTC-4 catalog enables improved inference of the binary black hole merger rate evolution across cosmic time. Employing GWTC-4 inference results and standard modeling choices, we estimate that the total background arising from compact binary coalescences is $Ω_{\rm CBC}(25{\rm Hz})={0.9^{+1.1}_{-0.5}\times 10^{-9}}$ at 90% confidence, where the largest contribution is due to binary black holes only, $Ω_{\rm BBH}(25{\rm Hz})=0.8^{+1.1}_{-0.5}\times 10^{-9}$.
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Submitted 28 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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GWTC-4.0: Updating the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog with Observations from the First Part of the Fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1748 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) adds new candidates detected by the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA observatories through the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a: 2023 May 24 15:00:00 to 2024 January 16 16:00:00 UTC) and a preceding engineering run. In this new data, we find 128 new compact binary coalescence candidates that are identified by at least one of our s…
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Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) adds new candidates detected by the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA observatories through the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a: 2023 May 24 15:00:00 to 2024 January 16 16:00:00 UTC) and a preceding engineering run. In this new data, we find 128 new compact binary coalescence candidates that are identified by at least one of our search algorithms with a probability of astrophysical origin $p_{\rm astro} \geq 0.5$ and that are not vetoed during event validation. We also provide detailed source property measurements for 86 of these that have a false alarm rate $< 1 \rm{yr}^{-1}$. Based on the inferred component masses, these new candidates are consistent with signals from binary black holes and neutron star-black hole binaries (GW230518_125908 and GW230529_181500). Median inferred component masses of binary black holes in the catalog now range from $5.79\,M_\odot$ (GW230627_015337) to $137\,M_\odot$ (GW231123_135430), while GW231123_135430 was probably produced by the most massive binary observed in the catalog. For the first time we have discovered binary black hole signals with network signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 30, GW230814_230901 and GW231226_01520, enabling high-fidelity studies of the waveforms and astrophysical properties of these systems. Combined with the 90 candidates included in GWTC-3.0, the catalog now contains 218 candidates with $p_{\rm astro} \geq 0.5$ and not otherwise vetoed, doubling the size of the catalog and further opening our view of the gravitational-wave Universe.
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Submitted 8 September, 2025; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Open Data from LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA through the First Part of the Fourth Observing Run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1746 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA form a network of gravitational-wave observatories. Data and analysis results from this network are made publicly available through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center. This paper describes open data from this network, including the addition of data from the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) and selected periods from the preceding engineering run, collected…
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LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA form a network of gravitational-wave observatories. Data and analysis results from this network are made publicly available through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center. This paper describes open data from this network, including the addition of data from the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) and selected periods from the preceding engineering run, collected from May 2023 to January 2024. The public data set includes calibrated strain time series for each instrument, data from additional channels used for noise subtraction and detector characterization, and analysis data products from version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog.
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Submitted 4 November, 2025; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Decadal upgrade strategy for KAGRA toward post-O5 gravitational-wave astronomy
Authors:
KAGRA Collaboration,
T. Akutsu,
M. Ando,
M. Aoumi,
A. Araya,
Y. Aso,
L. Baiotti,
R. Bajpai,
K. Cannon,
A. H. -Y. Chen,
D. Chen,
H. Chen,
A. Chiba,
C. Chou,
M. Eisenmann,
K. Endo,
T. Fujimori,
S. Garg,
D. Haba,
S. Haino,
R. Harada,
H. Hayakawa,
K. Hayama,
S. Fujii,
Y. Himemoto
, et al. (129 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The KAGRA Collaboration has investigated a ten-year upgrade strategy for the KAGRA gravitational wave detector, considering a total of 14 upgrade options that vary in mirror mass, quantum noise reduction techniques, and the quality of cryogenic suspensions. We evaluated the scientific potential of these configurations with a focus on key targets such as parameter estimation of compact binary coale…
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The KAGRA Collaboration has investigated a ten-year upgrade strategy for the KAGRA gravitational wave detector, considering a total of 14 upgrade options that vary in mirror mass, quantum noise reduction techniques, and the quality of cryogenic suspensions. We evaluated the scientific potential of these configurations with a focus on key targets such as parameter estimation of compact binary coalescences, binary neutron star post-merger signals, and continuous gravitational waves. Rather than aiming to improve all science cases uniformly, we prioritized those most sensitive to the detector configuration. Technical feasibility was assessed based on required hardware developments, associated R\&D efforts, cost, and risk. Our study finds that a high-frequency upgrade plan that enhances sensitivity over a broad frequency range above ~200 Hz offers the best balance between scientific return and technical feasibility. Such an upgrade would enable sky localization of binary neutron star mergers at 100 Mpc to better than 0.5 deg$^2$ in a LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network, and improve the measurement precision of tidal deformability parameter by approximately 10% at median, compared to a network without KAGRA.
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Submitted 5 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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All-sky search for long-duration gravitational-wave transients in the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing run
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1750 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present an all-sky search for long-duration gravitational waves (GWs) from the first part of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA fourth observing run (O4), called O4a and comprising data taken between 24 May 2023 and 16 January 2024. The GW signals targeted by this search are the so-called "long-duration" (> 1 s) transients expected from a variety of astrophysical processes, including non-axisymmetric deforma…
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We present an all-sky search for long-duration gravitational waves (GWs) from the first part of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA fourth observing run (O4), called O4a and comprising data taken between 24 May 2023 and 16 January 2024. The GW signals targeted by this search are the so-called "long-duration" (> 1 s) transients expected from a variety of astrophysical processes, including non-axisymmetric deformations in magnetars or eccentric binary coalescences. We make minimal assumptions on the emitted GW waveforms in terms of morphologies and durations. Overall, our search targets signals with durations ~1-1000 s and frequency content in the range 16-2048 Hz. In the absence of significant detections, we report the sensitivity limits of our search in terms of root-sum-square signal amplitude (hrss) of reference waveforms. These limits improve upon the results from the third LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run (O3) by about 30% on average. Moreover, this analysis demonstrates substantial progress in our ability to search for long-duration GW signals owing to enhancements in pipeline detection efficiencies. As detector sensitivities continue to advance and observational runs grow longer, unmodeled long-duration searches will increasingly be able to explore a range of compelling astrophysical scenarios involving neutron stars and black holes.
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Submitted 23 July, 2025; v1 submitted 16 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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GW231123: a Binary Black Hole Merger with Total Mass 190-265 $M_{\odot}$
Authors:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration,
the Virgo Collaboration,
the KAGRA Collaboration,
A. G. Abac,
I. Abouelfettouh,
F. Acernese,
K. Ackley,
C. Adamcewicz,
S. Adhicary,
D. Adhikari,
N. Adhikari,
R. X. Adhikari,
V. K. Adkins,
S. Afroz,
A. Agapito,
D. Agarwal,
M. Agathos,
N. Aggarwal,
S. Aggarwal,
O. D. Aguiar,
I. -L. Ahrend,
L. Aiello,
A. Ain,
P. Ajith,
T. Akutsu
, et al. (1749 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
On 2023 November 23 the two LIGO observatories both detected GW231123, a gravitational-wave signal consistent with the merger of two black holes with masses $137^{+23}_{-18}\, M_\odot$ and $101^{+22}_{-50}\, M_\odot$ (90\% credible intervals), at luminosity distance 0.7-4.1 Gpc and redshift of $0.40^{+0.27}_{-0.25}$, and a network signal-to-noise ratio of $\sim$20.7. Both black holes exhibit high…
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On 2023 November 23 the two LIGO observatories both detected GW231123, a gravitational-wave signal consistent with the merger of two black holes with masses $137^{+23}_{-18}\, M_\odot$ and $101^{+22}_{-50}\, M_\odot$ (90\% credible intervals), at luminosity distance 0.7-4.1 Gpc and redshift of $0.40^{+0.27}_{-0.25}$, and a network signal-to-noise ratio of $\sim$20.7. Both black holes exhibit high spins, $0.9^{+0.10}_{-0.19}$ and $0.80^{+0.20}_{-0.52}$ respectively. A massive black hole remnant is supported by an independent ringdown analysis. Some properties of GW231123 are subject to large systematic uncertainties, as indicated by differences in inferred parameters between signal models. The primary black hole lies within or above the theorized mass gap where black holes between 60-130 $M_\odot$ should be rare due to pair instability mechanisms, while the secondary spans the gap. The observation of GW231123 therefore suggests the formation of black holes from channels beyond standard stellar collapse, and that intermediate-mass black holes of mass $\sim$200 $M_\odot$ form through gravitational-wave driven mergers.
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Submitted 10 November, 2025; v1 submitted 10 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Identification of Noise-Associated Glitches in KAGRA O3GK with Hveto
Authors:
T. Akutsu,
M. Ando,
M. Aoumi,
A. Araya,
Y. Aso,
L. Baiotti,
R. Bajpai,
K. Cannon,
A. H. -Y. Chen,
D. Chen,
H. Chen,
A. Chiba,
C. Chou,
M. Eisenmann,
K. Endo,
T. Fujimori,
S. Garg,
D. Haba,
S. Haino,
R. Harada,
H. Hayakawa,
K. Hayama,
S. Fujii,
Y. Himemoto,
N. Hirata
, et al. (127 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Transient noise ("glitches") in gravitational wave detectors can mimic or obscure true signals, significantly reducing detection sensitivity. Identifying and excluding glitch-contaminated data segments is therefore crucial for enhancing the performance of gravitational-wave searches. We perform a noise analysis of the KAGRA data obtained during the O3GK observation. Our analysis is performed with…
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Transient noise ("glitches") in gravitational wave detectors can mimic or obscure true signals, significantly reducing detection sensitivity. Identifying and excluding glitch-contaminated data segments is therefore crucial for enhancing the performance of gravitational-wave searches. We perform a noise analysis of the KAGRA data obtained during the O3GK observation. Our analysis is performed with hierarchical veto (Hveto) which identifies noises based on the statistical time correlation between the main channel and the auxiliary channels. A total of 2,531 noises were vetoed by 28 auxiliary channels with the configuration (i.e., signal-to-noise threshold set to 8) that we chose for Hveto. We identify vetoed events as glitches on the spectrogram via visual examination after plotting them with Q-transformation. By referring to the Gravity Spy project, we categorize 2,354 glitches into six types: blip, helix, scratchy, and scattered light, which correspond to those listed in Gravity Spy, and dot and line, which are not found in the Gravity Spy classification and are thus named based on their spectrogram morphology in KAGRA data. The remaining 177 glitches are determined not to belong to any of these six types. We show how the KAGRA glitch types are related to each subsystem of KAGRA. To investigate the possible correlation between the main channel and the round winner - an auxiliary channel statistically associated with the main channel for vetoing purposes - we visually examine the similarity or difference in the glitch pattern on the spectrogram. We compare the qualitative correlation found through visual examination with coherence, which is known to provide quantitative measurement for the correlation between the main channel and each auxiliary channel. Our comprehensive noise analysis will help improve the data quality of KAGRA by applying it to future KAGRA observation data.
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Submitted 26 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Constraints on black-hole charges with the 2017 EHT observations of M87*
Authors:
Prashant Kocherlakota,
Luciano Rezzolla,
Heino Falcke,
Christian M. Fromm,
Michael Kramer,
Yosuke Mizuno,
Antonios Nathanail,
Hector Olivares,
Ziri Younsi,
Kazunori Akiyama,
Antxon Alberdi,
Walter Alef,
Juan Carlos Algaba,
Richard Anantua,
Keiichi Asada,
Rebecca Azulay,
Anne-Kathrin Baczko,
David Ball,
Mislav Balokovic,
John Barrett,
Bradford A. Benson,
Dan Bintley,
Lindy Blackburn,
Raymond Blundell,
Wilfred Boland
, et al. (212 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Our understanding of strong gravity near supermassive compact objects has recently improved thanks to the measurements made by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). We use here the M87* shadow size to infer constraints on the physical charges of a large variety of nonrotating or rotating black holes. For example, we show that the quality of the measurements is already sufficient to rule out that M87*…
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Our understanding of strong gravity near supermassive compact objects has recently improved thanks to the measurements made by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). We use here the M87* shadow size to infer constraints on the physical charges of a large variety of nonrotating or rotating black holes. For example, we show that the quality of the measurements is already sufficient to rule out that M87* is a highly charged dilaton black hole. Similarly, when considering black holes with two physical and independent charges, we are able to exclude considerable regions of the space of parameters for the doubly-charged dilaton and the Sen black holes.
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Submitted 19 May, 2021;
originally announced May 2021.
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Cosmology of Lorentz fiber-bundle induced scalar-tensor theories
Authors:
Satoshi Ikeda,
Emmanuel N. Saridakis,
Panayiotis C. Stavrinos,
Alkiviadis Triantafyllopoulos
Abstract:
We investigate the cosmological applications of scalar-tensor theories that arise effectively from the Lorentz fiber bundle of a Finsler-like geometry. We first show that the involved nonlinear connection induces a new scalar degree of freedom and eventually a scalar-tensor theory. Using both a holonomic and a nonholonomic basis, we show the appearance of an effective dark-energy sector, which add…
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We investigate the cosmological applications of scalar-tensor theories that arise effectively from the Lorentz fiber bundle of a Finsler-like geometry. We first show that the involved nonlinear connection induces a new scalar degree of freedom and eventually a scalar-tensor theory. Using both a holonomic and a nonholonomic basis, we show the appearance of an effective dark-energy sector, which additionally acquires an explicit interaction with the matter sector, arising purely from the internal structure of the theory. Applying the theory at late times we find that we can obtain the thermal history of the Universe, namely the sequence of matter and dark-energy epochs, and moreover the effective dark-energy equation-of-state parameter can be quintessencelike, phantomlike, or experience the phantom-divide crossing during cosmological evolution. Furthermore, applying the scenario at early times, we see that one can acquire an exponential de Sitter solution as well as obtain an inflationary realization with the desired scale-factor evolution. These features arise purely from the intrinsic geometrical structure of Finsler-like geometry and reveal the capabilities of the construction.
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Submitted 19 December, 2019; v1 submitted 25 July, 2019;
originally announced July 2019.