Showing 1–43 of 43 results for author: Perna, G

Probing non-Gaussianity during reheating with SIGW in the LISA band

Authors: Gabriele Perna, Guillem Domènech

Abstract: We analyse the effects of a non-standard evolution of the Universe during the reheating epoch on the spectrum of scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) accounting for the presence of primordial non-Gaussianity. We show that given values of $w$ and $c_s^2$ leave characteristic features in the spectrum which can be detectable by third generation interferometers like LISA. In addition, we argue t… ▽ More We analyse the effects of a non-standard evolution of the Universe during the reheating epoch on the spectrum of scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) accounting for the presence of primordial non-Gaussianity. We show that given values of $w$ and $c_s^2$ leave characteristic features in the spectrum which can be detectable by third generation interferometers like LISA. In addition, we argue that the specific reheating dynamics can suppress or even enhance the spectrum, with crucial consequences for its detectability. We perform a Fisher forecast for different values of $w$ and different scans to assess the detectability of the signal when different values of the amplitude and central frequency are considered. △ Less

Submitted 9 April, 2026; originally announced April 2026.

Comments: 21 pages, 6 figures + Appendix

Narrowband searches for continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars in the first two parts of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, A. Adam, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith , et al. (1831 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Rotating non-axisymmetric neutron stars (NSs) are promising sources for continuous gravitational waves (CWs). Such CWs can, if detected, inform us about the internal structure and equation of state of NSs. Here, we present a narrowband search for CWs from known pulsars, for which an efficient and sensitive matched-filter search can be applied. Narrowband searches are designed to be robust to misma… ▽ More Rotating non-axisymmetric neutron stars (NSs) are promising sources for continuous gravitational waves (CWs). Such CWs can, if detected, inform us about the internal structure and equation of state of NSs. Here, we present a narrowband search for CWs from known pulsars, for which an efficient and sensitive matched-filter search can be applied. Narrowband searches are designed to be robust to mismatches between the electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational emissions, in contrast to fully targeted searches where the CW emission is assumed to be phase-locked to the EM one. In this work, we search for the CW counterparts emitted by 34 pulsars using data from the first and second parts of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run. This is the largest number of pulsars so far targeted for narrowband searches in the advanced detector era. We use the 5n-vector narrowband pipeline, which applies frequency-domain matched filtering. In previous searches, it covered a narrow range in the frequency -- frequency time derivative ($f$ -- $\dot{f}$) space. Here, we also explore a range in the second time derivative of the frequency $\ddot{f}$ around the value indicated by EM observations. Additionally, for the first time, we target sources in a binary system with this kind of search. We find no evidence for CWs and therefore set upper limits on the strain amplitude emitted by each pulsar, using simulated signals added in real data. For 20 analyses, we report an upper limit below the theoretical spin-down limit. The tightest constraint is for pulsar PSR J0534+2200 (the Crab pulsar), for which our strain upper limit on the CW amplitude is $\lesssim 2\%$ of its spin-down limit, corresponding to less than $0.04\%$ of the spin-down power being radiated in the CW channel. △ Less

Submitted 26 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 30 pages, 6 figures, submitted to ApJ

Report number: LIGO-P2500612

Searches for Continuous Gravitational Waves from Supernova Remnants in the first part of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Fourth Observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1742 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from directed searches for continuous gravitational waves from a sample of 15 nearby supernova remnants, likely hosting young neutron star candidates, using data from the first eight months of the fourth observing run (O4) of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. The analysis employs five pipelines: four semi-coherent methods -- the Band-Sampled-Data directed pipeline, Weave and t… ▽ More We present results from directed searches for continuous gravitational waves from a sample of 15 nearby supernova remnants, likely hosting young neutron star candidates, using data from the first eight months of the fourth observing run (O4) of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. The analysis employs five pipelines: four semi-coherent methods -- the Band-Sampled-Data directed pipeline, Weave and two Viterbi pipelines (single- and dual-harmonic) -- and PyStoch, a cross-correlation-based pipeline. These searches cover wide frequency bands and do not assume prior knowledge of the targets' ephemerides. No evidence of a signal is found from any of the 15 sources. We set 95\% confidence-level upper limits on the intrinsic strain amplitude, with the most stringent constraints reaching $\sim 4 \times 10^{-26}$ near 300 Hz for the nearby source G266.2$-$1.2 (Vela Jr.). We also derive limits on neutron star ellipticity and $r$-mode amplitudes for the same source, with the best constraints reaching $\lesssim 10^{-7}$ and $\lesssim 10^{-5}$, respectively, at frequencies above 400 Hz. These results represent the most sensitive wide-band directed searches for continuous gravitational waves from supernova remnants to date. △ Less

Submitted 2 April, 2026; v1 submitted 26 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Advanced Virgo Plus for O5 -- Design Report Overview

Authors: F. Acernese, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, S. Albanesi, W. Ali, C. Alléné, A. Allocca, W. Amar, A. Amato, F. Amicucci, C. Amra, M. Andia, T. Andrić, S. Ansoldi, S. Antier, E. Z. Appavuravther, M. Arca Sedda, F. Arciprete, F. Armato, N. Arnaud, L. Asprea, M. Assiduo , et al. (556 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This document presents an overview of the design, implementation, and expected performance of the Advanced Virgo Plus (AdV+) upgrades in view of the O5 observing run. Following the experience gained during the O4 commissioning and operations, the Virgo Collaboration has revised the upgrade strategy to address limitations associated with marginally stable recycling cavities. The O5 upgrade program… ▽ More This document presents an overview of the design, implementation, and expected performance of the Advanced Virgo Plus (AdV+) upgrades in view of the O5 observing run. Following the experience gained during the O4 commissioning and operations, the Virgo Collaboration has revised the upgrade strategy to address limitations associated with marginally stable recycling cavities. The O5 upgrade program combines elements from the original AdV+ Phase II project with new design solutions, including the implementation of stable recycling cavities, a major modification to the central interferometer layout, and a comprehensive renewal of critical subsystems. The planned upgrades are organized in two steps, targeting progressive improvements in operational stability, noise reduction, and detector sensitivity. Key developments include new vacuum infrastructures, suspensions, mirrors, optical configurations, quantum noise reduction systems, and high-power laser technologies. The resulting configuration is expected to significantly enhance the interferometer performance, enabling a substantial increase in astrophysical reach and scientific return during O5. △ Less

Submitted 31 March, 2026; v1 submitted 20 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

GWTC-4.0: Tests of General Relativity. III. Tests of the Remnants

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1757 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: This is the third paper of the set recording the results of the suite of tests of general relativity (GR) performed on the signals from the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0), where we focus on the remnants of the binary mergers. We examine for the first time 42 events from the first part of the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detectors, alongside events from the p… ▽ More This is the third paper of the set recording the results of the suite of tests of general relativity (GR) performed on the signals from the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0), where we focus on the remnants of the binary mergers. We examine for the first time 42 events from the first part of the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detectors, alongside events from the previous observation runs, restricting our analysis to the confident signals, which were measured in at least two detectors and that have false alarm rates $\le 10^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. This paper focuses on seven tests of the coalescence remnants. Three of these are tests of the ringdown and its consistency with the expected quasinormal mode spectrum of a Kerr black hole. Specifically, two tests analyze just the ringdown in the time domain, and the third test analyzes the entire signal in the frequency domain. Four tests allow for the existence of possible echoes arriving after the end of the ringdown, which are not expected in GR. We find overall consistency of the remnants with GR. When combining events by multiplying likelihoods (hierarchically), one analysis finds that the GR prediction lies at the boundary of the $98.6^{+1.4}_{-9.4}\%$ ($99.3^{+0.7}_{-4.5}\%$) credible region, an increase from $93.8^{+6.1}_{-20.0}\%$ ($94.9^{+4.4}_{-18.2}\%$) for GWTC-3.0. Here the ranges of values comes from bootstrapping to account for the finite number of events analyzed and suggest that some of the apparently significant deviation could be attributed to variance due to the finite catalog. Since the significance also decreases to 92.2% (96.2%) when including the more recent very loud event GW250114, there is no strong evidence for a GR deviation. We find no evidence for post-merger echoes in the events that were analyzed. (Abridged) △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog

Report number: LIGO-P2500067

GWTC-4.0: Tests of General Relativity. II. Parameterized Tests

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1761 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: In this second of three papers on tests of general relativity (GR) applied to the compact binary coalescence signals in the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0), we present the results of the parameterized tests of GR and constraints on line-of-sight acceleration. We include events up to and including the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) of the LIGO Virgo KAGRA detect… ▽ More In this second of three papers on tests of general relativity (GR) applied to the compact binary coalescence signals in the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0), we present the results of the parameterized tests of GR and constraints on line-of-sight acceleration. We include events up to and including the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) of the LIGO Virgo KAGRA detectors. As in the other two papers in this series, we restrict our analysis to the 42 confident signals, measured by at least two detectors, that have false alarm rates $\le 10^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ from O4a, in addition to the 49 such events from previous observing runs. This paper focuses on the eight tests that constrain parameterized deviations from the expected GR (or unaccelerated) values. These include modifications of post-Newtonian (PN) parameters, spin-induced quadrupole moments different from those of a binary black hole, and possible dispersive or birefringent propagation effects. Overall, we find no evidence for physics beyond GR, for spin-induced quadrupole moments different from those of a Kerr black hole in GR, or for line of sight acceleration, with more than 90% of the events including the null result (no deviation) within their 90% credible intervals. We discuss possible systematics affecting the other events and tests, even though they are statistically not surprising, given noise. We improve the bounds on deviations from the GR PN coefficients by factors of 1.2-5.5 and provide illustrative translations to constraints on some modified theories. Also, we update the bound on the mass of the graviton, at 90% credibility, to $m_g \leq 1.92\times 10^{-23} \mathrm{eV}/c^2$. Thus, we see that GR holds, and many of the bounds on possible deviations derived from our events are the best to date. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog

Report number: LIGO-P2500066

GWTC-4.0: Tests of General Relativity. I. Overview and General Tests

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1759 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The worldwide LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network of gravitational-wave (GW) detectors continues to increase in sensitivity, thus increasing the quantity and quality of the detected GW signals from compact binary coalescences. These signals allow us to perform ever-more sensitive tests of general relativity (GR) in the dynamical and strong-field regime of gravity. This paper is the first of three, where we p… ▽ More The worldwide LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network of gravitational-wave (GW) detectors continues to increase in sensitivity, thus increasing the quantity and quality of the detected GW signals from compact binary coalescences. These signals allow us to perform ever-more sensitive tests of general relativity (GR) in the dynamical and strong-field regime of gravity. This paper is the first of three, where we present the results of a suite of tests of GR using the binary signals included in the fourth GW Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0), i.e., up to and including the first part of the fourth observing run of the detectors (O4a). We restrict our analysis to the 91 confident signals, henceforth called events, that were measured by at least two detectors, and have false alarm rates $\le 10^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. These include 42 events from O4a. This first paper presents an overview of the methods, selection of events and GR tests, and serves as a guidemap for all three papers. Here we focus on the four general tests of consistency, where we find no evidence for deviations from our models. Specifically, for all the events considered, we find consistency of the residuals with noise. The final mass and final spin as inferred from the low- and high-frequency parts of the waveform are consistent with each other. We also find no evidence for deviations from the GR predictions for the amplitudes of subdominant GW multipole moments, or for non-GR modes of polarization. We thus find that GR, without new physics beyond it, is still consistent with these GW events. The results of the two additional papers in this trio also find overall consistency with vacuum GR, with more than 90% of the events being consistent with GR at the 90% credible level. While one of the ringdown analyses finds the GR value in the tails for its combined results, this may be due in part to catalog variance. △ Less

Submitted 19 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog

Report number: LIGO-P2500065

All-sky Searches for Continuous Gravitational Waves from Isolated Neutron Stars in the Data from the First Part of the Fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, A. Adam, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith , et al. (1804 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from an all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves, using three different methods applied to the first eight months of LIGO data from the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration s observing run. We aim at signals potentially emitted by rotating, non-axisymmetric isolated neutron star in the Milky Way. The analysis spans a frequency range from 20 Hz to 2000 Hz and accommodat… ▽ More We present results from an all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves, using three different methods applied to the first eight months of LIGO data from the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration s observing run. We aim at signals potentially emitted by rotating, non-axisymmetric isolated neutron star in the Milky Way. The analysis spans a frequency range from 20 Hz to 2000 Hz and accommodates frequency derivative magnitudes up to $10^{-8}$ Hz/s. No statistically significant periodic gravitational wave signals were detected. We establish 95% confidence-level (CL) frequentist upper limits on the dimensionless strain amplitudes. The most stringent population-averaged strain upper limits reach 9.7 $\times$ $10^{-26}$ near 290 Hz, matching the best previous constraints from 250 to $\sim$1700 Hz while extending coverage to a much broader spin-down range. At higher frequencies, the new limits improve upon previous results by factors of approximately $\sim$1.6. These constraints are applied to three astrophysical scenarios: 1) the distribution of galactic neutron stars as a function of spin frequency and ellipticity; 2) the contribution of millisecond pulsars to the GeV excess near the galactic center; and 3) the possible dark matter fraction composed of nearby inspiraling primordial binary black holes with asteroid-scale masses. △ Less

Submitted 14 March, 2026; originally announced March 2026.

Comments: 45 pages, 17 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2500416

Primordial black holes: constraints, potential evidence and prospects

Authors: Bernard Carr, Antonio J. Iovino, Gabriele Perna, Ville Vaskonen, Hardi Veermäe

Abstract: Primordial black holes (PBHs) may have formed in the early Universe and may account for all or part of the dark matter. In this review, we summarize the current observational constraints on PBHs across the full mass range, highlight potential evidence for their existence, and outline the prospects for future searches, particularly with gravitational-wave observatories. We also discuss different PB… ▽ More Primordial black holes (PBHs) may have formed in the early Universe and may account for all or part of the dark matter. In this review, we summarize the current observational constraints on PBHs across the full mass range, highlight potential evidence for their existence, and outline the prospects for future searches, particularly with gravitational-wave observatories. We also discuss different PBH formation scenarios, identify the corresponding mass functions, and present the observational constraints in each case. △ Less

Submitted 1 April, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 34 pages, 9 figures, 430 references, matches the version published in La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento

Journal ref: Riv. Nuovo Cim. (2026)

Probing Cosmic Expansion and Early Universe with Einstein Telescope

Authors: Angelo Ricciardone, Mairi Sakellariadou, Archisman Ghosh, Alessandro Agapito, M. Celeste Artale, Michael Bacchi, Tessa Baker, Marco Baldi, Nicola Bartolo, Andrea Begnoni, Enis Belgacem, Marek Biesiada, Jose J. Blanco-Pillado, Tomasz Bulik, Marica Branchesi, Gianluca Calcagni, Giulia Capurri, Carmelita Carbone, Roberto Casadio, J. A. R. Cembranos, Andrea Cozzumbo, Ivan De Martino, Jose M. Diego, Emanuela Dimastrogiovanni, Guillem Domènech , et al. (30 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Over the next two decades, gravitational-wave (GW) observations are expected to evolve from a discovery-driven endeavour into a precision tool for astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. Current second-generation ground-based detectors have established the existence of compact-binary mergers and enabled GW multi-messenger astronomy, but they remain limited in sensitivity, redshift reach,… ▽ More Over the next two decades, gravitational-wave (GW) observations are expected to evolve from a discovery-driven endeavour into a precision tool for astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. Current second-generation ground-based detectors have established the existence of compact-binary mergers and enabled GW multi-messenger astronomy, but they remain limited in sensitivity, redshift reach, frequency coverage, and duty cycle. These limitations prevent them from addressing many fundamental open questions in cosmology. By the 2040s, wide-field electromagnetic surveys will have mapped the luminous Universe with unprecedented depth and accuracy. Nevertheless, key problems including the nature of dark matter, the physical origin of cosmic acceleration, the properties of gravity on cosmological scales, and the physical conditions of the earliest moments after the Big Bang will remain only partially constrained by electromagnetic observations alone. Progress on these fronts requires access to physical processes and epochs that do not emit light. Gravitational waves provide a unique and complementary observational channel: they propagate over cosmological distances largely unaffected by intervening matter, probe extreme astrophysical environments, and respond directly to the geometry of spacetime. In this context, next-generation GW observatories such as the Einstein Telescope (ET) will be transformative for European astronomy. Operating at sensitivities and frequencies beyond existing detectors, ET will observe binary black holes and neutron stars out to previously inaccessible redshifts, enable continuous high signal-to-noise monitoring of compact sources, and detect gravitational-wave backgrounds of astrophysical and cosmological origin. Together with space-based detectors, ET will play a central role in advancing our understanding of cosmic evolution and fundamental physics. △ Less

Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026.

Comments: 4 pages. White paper submitted to the ESO Expanding Horizons Call on behalf of ET OSB Div2 - Cosmology

Constraints on gravitational waves from the 2024 Vela pulsar glitch

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1752 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Among known neutron stars, the Vela pulsar is one of the best targets for gravitational-wave searches. It is also one of the most prolific in terms of glitches, sudden frequency changes in a pulsar's rotation. Such glitches could cause a variety of transient gravitational-wave signals. Here we search for signals associated with a Vela glitch on 29 April 2024 in data of the two LIGO detectors from… ▽ More Among known neutron stars, the Vela pulsar is one of the best targets for gravitational-wave searches. It is also one of the most prolific in terms of glitches, sudden frequency changes in a pulsar's rotation. Such glitches could cause a variety of transient gravitational-wave signals. Here we search for signals associated with a Vela glitch on 29 April 2024 in data of the two LIGO detectors from the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run. We search both for seconds-scale burst-like emission, primarily from fundamental (f-)mode oscillations, and for longer quasi-monochromatic transients up to four months in duration, primarily from quasi-static quadrupolar deformations. We find no significant detection candidates, but for the first time we set direct observational upper limits on gravitational strain amplitude that are stricter than what can be indirectly inferred from the overall glitch energy scale. We discuss the short- and long-duration observational constraints in the context of specific emission models. These results demonstrate the potential of gravitational-wave probes of glitching pulsars as detector sensitivity continues to improve. △ Less

Submitted 21 January, 2026; v1 submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: main paper: 16 pages and 7 figures; total with appendices: 40 pages and 14 figures. Submitted to ApJ. Data release at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17735648

Report number: LIGO-P2500086

GWTC-4.0: Searches for Gravitational-Wave Lensing Signatures

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1744 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Gravitational waves can be gravitationally lensed by massive objects along their path. Depending on the lens mass and the lens--source geometry, this can lead to the observation of a single distorted signal or multiple repeated events with the same frequency evolution. We present the results for gravitational-wave lensing searches on the data from the first part of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA ob… ▽ More Gravitational waves can be gravitationally lensed by massive objects along their path. Depending on the lens mass and the lens--source geometry, this can lead to the observation of a single distorted signal or multiple repeated events with the same frequency evolution. We present the results for gravitational-wave lensing searches on the data from the first part of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run (O4a). We search for strongly lensed events in the newly acquired data by (1) searching for an overall phase shift present in an image formed at a saddle point of the lens potential, (2) looking for pairs of detected candidates with consistent frequency evolution, and (3) identifying sub-threshold counterpart candidates to the detected signals. Beyond strong lensing, we also look for lensing-induced distortions in all detected signals using an isolated point-mass model. We do not find evidence for strongly lensed gravitational-wave signals and use this result to constrain the rate of detectable strongly lensed events and the merger rate density of binary black holes at high redshift. In the search for single distorted lensed signals, we find one outlier: GW231123_135430, for which we report more detailed investigations. While this event is interesting, the associated waveform uncertainties make its interpretation complicated, and future observations of the populations of binary black holes and of gravitational lenses will help determine the probability that this event could be lensed. △ Less

Submitted 4 February, 2026; v1 submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 36 pages (including refs), 15 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2500419

The impact of non-Gaussianity when searching for Primordial Black Holes with LISA

Authors: Antonio Junior Iovino, Gabriele Perna, Hardi Veermäe

Abstract: LISA can observe cosmological millihertz (mHz) gravitational wave (GW) backgrounds that may offer a decisive test for asteroid-mass primordial black hole (PBH) dark matter (DM). In standard scenarios, failing to detect a scalar-induced gravitational wave (SIGW) background would exclude the last viable window for PBH DM formed through critical collapse. We show that this conclusion becomes much wea… ▽ More LISA can observe cosmological millihertz (mHz) gravitational wave (GW) backgrounds that may offer a decisive test for asteroid-mass primordial black hole (PBH) dark matter (DM). In standard scenarios, failing to detect a scalar-induced gravitational wave (SIGW) background would exclude the last viable window for PBH DM formed through critical collapse. We show that this conclusion becomes much weaker in the presence of astrophysical foregrounds and strongly non-Gaussian primordial density perturbations, by studying how these phenomena affect the link between SIGWs and PBHs, and reevaluate LISA's sensitivity to asteroid-mass PBHs. In addition, we analyse the interplay between PBHs and SIGWs to gain further insights into the nature of primordial non-Gaussianity. We find that uncertainties in $f_{\rm NL}$ can induce substantial uncertainties in the PBH abundance, which ultimately limits LISA's capacity to fully probe the asteroid-mass PBH DM window. △ Less

Submitted 23 March, 2026; v1 submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025.

Comments: 30 pages + 8 Figures

Search for planetary-mass ultra-compact binaries using data from the first part of the LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA fourth observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1743 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present a search for gravitational waves from inspiraling, planetary-mass ultra-compact binaries using data from the first part of the fourth observing run of LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA. Finding no evidence of such systems, we determine the maximum distance reach for such objects and their merger rate densities, independently of how they could have formed. Then, we identify classes of primordial bla… ▽ More We present a search for gravitational waves from inspiraling, planetary-mass ultra-compact binaries using data from the first part of the fourth observing run of LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA. Finding no evidence of such systems, we determine the maximum distance reach for such objects and their merger rate densities, independently of how they could have formed. Then, we identify classes of primordial black-hole mass distributions for which these rate limits can be translated into relevant constraints on the mass distribution of primordial black holes, assuming that they compose all of dark matter, in the mass range $[10^{-6},10^{-3}]M_\odot$. Our constraints are consistent with existing microlensing results in the planetary-mass range, and provide a complementary probe to sub-solar mass objects. △ Less

Submitted 5 December, 2025; v1 submitted 24 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 6 pages (main) + 7 pages (appendix) + refs; 8 figures

Report number: P2500248

All-sky search for continuous gravitational-wave signals from unknown neutron stars in binary systems in the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1743 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the results of a blind all-sky search for continuous gravitational-wave signals from neutron stars in binary systems using data from the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) using LIGO detectors data. Rapidly rotating, non-axisymmetric neutron stars are expected to emit continuous gravitational waves, whose detection would significantly improve our understanding of the galactic… ▽ More We present the results of a blind all-sky search for continuous gravitational-wave signals from neutron stars in binary systems using data from the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) using LIGO detectors data. Rapidly rotating, non-axisymmetric neutron stars are expected to emit continuous gravitational waves, whose detection would significantly improve our understanding of the galactic neutron star population and matter under extreme conditions, while also providing valuable tests of general relativity. Neutron stars in binary systems likely constitute a substantial fraction of the unobserved galactic population and, due to potential mass accretion, may emit stronger gravitational-wave signals than their isolated counterparts. This search targets signals from neutron stars with frequencies in the 100-350 Hz range, with orbital periods between 7 and 15 days and projected semi-major axes between 5 and 15 light-seconds. The analysis employs the GPU-accelerated fasttracks pipeline. No credible astrophysical signals were identified, and, in the absence of a detection, we report search sensitivity estimates on the population of neutron stars in binary systems in the Milky Way. △ Less

Submitted 4 December, 2025; v1 submitted 20 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025.

Comments: 24 pages, 18 figures, 6 tables

Report number: LIGO-P2500437

Direct multi-model dark-matter search with gravitational-wave interferometers using data from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1745 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Gravitational-wave detectors can probe the existence of dark matter with exquisite sensitivity. Here, we perform a search for three kinds of dark matter -- dilatons (spin-0), dark photons (spin-1) and tensor bosons (spin-2) -- using three independent methods on the first part of the most recent data from the fourth observing run of LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA. Each form of dark matter could have interacted… ▽ More Gravitational-wave detectors can probe the existence of dark matter with exquisite sensitivity. Here, we perform a search for three kinds of dark matter -- dilatons (spin-0), dark photons (spin-1) and tensor bosons (spin-2) -- using three independent methods on the first part of the most recent data from the fourth observing run of LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA. Each form of dark matter could have interacted with different standard-model particles in the instruments, causing unique differential strains on the interferometers. While we do not find any evidence for a signal, we place the most stringent upper limits to-date on each of these models. For scalars with masses between $[4\times 10^{-14},1.5\times 10^{-13}]$ eV that couple to photons or electrons, our constraints improve upon those from the third observing run by one order of magnitude, with the tightest limit of $\sim 10^{-20}\,\text{GeV}^{-1}$ at a mass of $\sim2\times 10^{-13}\text{ eV}$. For vectors with masses between $[7\times 10^{-13},8.47\times 10^{-12}]$ eV that couple to baryons, our constraints supersede those from MICROSCOPE and Eöt-Wash by one to two orders of magnitude, reaching a minimum of $\sim 5\times 10^{-24}$ at a mass of $\sim 10^{-12}$ eV. For tensors with masses of $[4\times 10^{-14},8.47\times 10^{-12}]$ eV (the full mass range analyzed) that couple via a Yukawa interaction, our constraints surpass those from fifth-force experiments by four to five orders of magnitude, achieving a limit as low as $\sim 8\times 10^{-9}$ at $\sim2\times 10^{-13}$ eV. Our results show that gravitational-wave interferometers have become frontiers for new physics and laboratories for direct multi-model dark-matter detection. △ Less

Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 30 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: 9 pages, 1 figure (+1 figure in appendix)

Report number: P2500252

GW241011 and GW241110: Exploring Binary Formation and Fundamental Physics with Asymmetric, High-Spin Black Hole Coalescence

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1761 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the observation of gravitational waves from two binary black hole coalescences during the fourth observing run of the LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA detector network, GW241011 and GW241110. The sources of these two signals are characterized by rapid and precisely measured primary spins, non-negligible spin--orbit misalignment, and unequal mass ratios between their constituent black holes. These prop… ▽ More We report the observation of gravitational waves from two binary black hole coalescences during the fourth observing run of the LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA detector network, GW241011 and GW241110. The sources of these two signals are characterized by rapid and precisely measured primary spins, non-negligible spin--orbit misalignment, and unequal mass ratios between their constituent black holes. These properties are characteristic of binaries in which the more massive object was itself formed from a previous binary black hole merger, and suggest that the sources of GW241011 and GW241110 may have formed in dense stellar environments in which repeated mergers can take place. As the third loudest gravitational-wave event published to date, with a median network signal-to-noise ratio of $36.0$, GW241011 furthermore yields stringent constraints on the Kerr nature of black holes, the multipolar structure of gravitational-wave generation, and the existence of ultralight bosons within the mass range $10^{-13}$--$10^{-12}$ eV. △ Less

Submitted 30 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Data available from Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/records/17343574) or the Gravitational-Wave Open Science Center (https://gwosc.org)

Report number: LIGO-P2500402

Journal ref: Astrophys. J. Letters, 993, L21 (2025)

Cosmological and High Energy Physics implications from gravitational-wave background searches in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's O1-O4a runs

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1747 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We search for gravitational-wave background signals produced by various early Universe processes in the Advanced LIGO O4a dataset, combined with the data from the earlier O1, O2, and O3 (LIGO-Virgo) runs. The absence of detectable signals enables powerful constraints on fundamental physics. We derive gravitational-wave background energy density upper limits from the O1-O4a data to constrain parame… ▽ More We search for gravitational-wave background signals produced by various early Universe processes in the Advanced LIGO O4a dataset, combined with the data from the earlier O1, O2, and O3 (LIGO-Virgo) runs. The absence of detectable signals enables powerful constraints on fundamental physics. We derive gravitational-wave background energy density upper limits from the O1-O4a data to constrain parameters associated with various possible processes in the early Universe: first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, domain walls, stiff equation of state, axion inflation, second-order scalar perturbations, primordial black hole binaries, and parity violation. In our analyses, the presence of an astrophysical background produced by compact (black hole and neutron star) binary coalescences throughout the Universe is also considered. We address the implications for various cosmological and high energy physics models based on the obtained parameter constraints. We conclude that LIGO-Virgo data already yield significant constraints on numerous early Universe scenarios. △ Less

Submitted 7 November, 2025; v1 submitted 30 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Main paper: 45 pages, 20 figures

Report number: LIGO-PP2500150

Directional Search for Persistent Gravitational Waves: Results from the First Part of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's Fourth Observing Run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1743 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The angular distribution of gravitational-wave power from persistent sources may exhibit anisotropies arising from the large-scale structure of the Universe. This motivates directional searches for astrophysical and cosmological gravitational-wave backgrounds, as well as continuous-wave emitters. We present results of such a search using data from the first observing run through the first portion… ▽ More The angular distribution of gravitational-wave power from persistent sources may exhibit anisotropies arising from the large-scale structure of the Universe. This motivates directional searches for astrophysical and cosmological gravitational-wave backgrounds, as well as continuous-wave emitters. We present results of such a search using data from the first observing run through the first portion of the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaborations. We apply gravitational-wave radiometer techniques to generate skymaps and search for both narrowband and broadband persistent gravitational-wave sources. Additionally, we use spherical harmonic decomposition to probe spatially extended sources. No evidence of persistent gravitational-wave signals is found, and we set the most stringent constraints to date on such emissions. For narrowband point sources, our sensitivity estimate to effective strain amplitude lies in the range $(0.03 - 8.4) \times 10^{-24}$ across all sky and frequency range $(20 - 160)$ Hz. For targeted sources -- Scorpius X-1, SN 1987A, the Galactic Center, Terzan 5, and NGC 6397 -- we constrain the strain amplitude with best limits ranging from $\sim 1.1 \times 10^{-25}$ to $6.5 \times 10^{-24}$. For persistent broadband sources, we constrain the gravitational-wave flux $F_{α, \hat{n}}^{95\%, \mathrm{UL}}(25\, \mathrm{Hz}) < (0.008 - 5.5) \times 10^{-8}\, \mathrm{erg\, cm^{-2}\, s^{-1}\, Hz^{-1}}$, depending on the sky direction $\hat{n}$ and spectral index $α=0,\,2/3,\,3$. Finally, for extended sources, we place upper limits on the strain angular power spectrum $C_\ell^{1/2} < (0.63 - 17) \times 10^{-10} \,\mathrm{sr}^{-1}$. △ Less

Submitted 20 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025.

Comments: Main paper: 11 pages and 4 figures; Total with appendices: 39 pages and 12 figures

Report number: LIGO-P250038

Understanding the Nature of Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves

Authors: A. J. Iovino, G. Perna, D. Perrone, D. Racco, A. Riotto

Abstract: We offer a physical interpretation of the origin of the scalar-induced gravitational wave background, showing that it is mainly produced around the peaks of the scalar perturbations. We also provide a compact expression to estimate the amount of scalar-induced gravitational waves generated by peaks. We offer a physical interpretation of the origin of the scalar-induced gravitational wave background, showing that it is mainly produced around the peaks of the scalar perturbations. We also provide a compact expression to estimate the amount of scalar-induced gravitational waves generated by peaks. △ Less

Submitted 29 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 9 pages, 1 figure

GW250114: testing Hawking's area law and the Kerr nature of black holes

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1763 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses $m_1 = 33.6^{+1.2}_{-0.8}\,M_\odot$ and $m_2 = 32.2^{+0.8}_{-1.3}\,M_\odot$, and small spins $χ_{1,2} \leq 0.26$ (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity $e \leq 0.03$. Post-… ▽ More The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses $m_1 = 33.6^{+1.2}_{-0.8}\,M_\odot$ and $m_2 = 32.2^{+0.8}_{-1.3}\,M_\odot$, and small spins $χ_{1,2} \leq 0.26$ (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity $e \leq 0.03$. Post-merger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar $(\ell = |m| = 2)$ mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes' frequencies to $\pm 30\%$ of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant's Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking's area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to 5 of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility. △ Less

Submitted 9 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures (plus supplement)

Report number: LIGO-P2500421

Directed searches for gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around merger remnant and galactic black holes during the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1747 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present the first directed searches for long-transient and continuous gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around known black holes (BHs). We use LIGO data from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. The searches target two distinct types of BHs and use two new semicoherent methods: hidden Markov model (HMM) tracking for the remnant BHs of the mergers GW… ▽ More We present the first directed searches for long-transient and continuous gravitational waves from ultralight vector boson clouds around known black holes (BHs). We use LIGO data from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. The searches target two distinct types of BHs and use two new semicoherent methods: hidden Markov model (HMM) tracking for the remnant BHs of the mergers GW230814_230901 and GW231123_135430 (referred to as GW230814 and GW231123 in this study), and a dedicated method using the Band Sampled Data (BSD) framework for the galactic BH in the Cygnus X-1 binary system. Without finding evidence of a signal from vector bosons in the data, we estimate the mass range that can be constrained. For the HMM searches targeting the remnants from GW231123 and GW230814, we disfavor vector boson masses in the ranges $[0.94, 1.08]$ and $[2.75, 3.28] \times 10^{-13}$ eV, respectively, at 30% confidence, assuming a 1% false alarm probability. Although these searches are only marginally sensitive to signals from merger remnants at relatively large distances, future observations are expected to yield more stringent constraints with high confidence. For the BSD search targeting the BH in Cygnus X-1, we exclude vector boson masses in the range $[0.85, 1.59] \times 10^{-13}$ eV at 95% confidence, assuming an initial BH spin larger than 0.5. △ Less

Submitted 14 September, 2025; v1 submitted 8 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: 33 pages, 4 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2500256

GWTC-4.0: Constraints on the Cosmic Expansion Rate and Modified Gravitational-wave Propagation

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1750 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We analyze data from 142 of the 218 gravitational-wave (GW) sources in the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration (LVK) Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) to estimate the Hubble constant $H_0$ jointly with the population properties of merging compact binaries. We measure the luminosity distance and redshifted masses of GW sources directly; in contrast, we infer GW source redshifts stat… ▽ More We analyze data from 142 of the 218 gravitational-wave (GW) sources in the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration (LVK) Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) to estimate the Hubble constant $H_0$ jointly with the population properties of merging compact binaries. We measure the luminosity distance and redshifted masses of GW sources directly; in contrast, we infer GW source redshifts statistically through i) location of features in the compact object mass spectrum and merger rate evolution, and ii) identifying potential host galaxies in the GW localization volume. Probing the relationship between source luminosity distances and redshifts obtained in this way yields constraints on cosmological parameters. We also constrain parameterized deviations from general relativity which affect GW propagation, specifically those modifying the dependence of a GW signal on the source luminosity distance. Assuming our fiducial model for the source-frame mass distribution and using GW candidates detected up to the end of the fourth observing run (O4a), together with the GLADE+ all-sky galaxy catalog, we estimate $H_0 = 76.6^{+13.0}_{-9.5} (76.6^{+25.2}_{-14.0})$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$. This value is reported as a median with 68.3% (90%) symmetric credible interval, and includes combination with the $H_0$ measurement from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart. Using a parametrization of modified GW propagation in terms of the magnitude parameter $Ξ_0$, we estimate $Ξ_0 = 1.2^{+0.8}_{-0.4} (1.2^{+2.4}_{-0.5})$, where $Ξ_0 = 1$ recovers the behavior of general relativity. △ Less

Submitted 7 October, 2025; v1 submitted 4 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog

Report number: LIGO-P2400152

Upper Limits on the Isotropic Gravitational-Wave Background from the first part of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA's fourth Observing Run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1751 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from the search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background using Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data from O1 through O4a, the first part of the fourth observing run. This background is the accumulated signal from unresolved sources throughout cosmic history and encodes information about the merger history of compact binaries throughout the Universe, as well as exotic physi… ▽ More We present results from the search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background using Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data from O1 through O4a, the first part of the fourth observing run. This background is the accumulated signal from unresolved sources throughout cosmic history and encodes information about the merger history of compact binaries throughout the Universe, as well as exotic physics and potentially primordial processes from the early cosmos. Our cross-correlation analysis reveals no statistically significant background signal, enabling us to constrain several theoretical scenarios. For compact binary coalescences which approximately follow a 2/3 power-law spectrum, we constrain the fractional energy density to $Ω_{\rm GW}(25{\rm Hz})\leq 2.0\times 10^{-9}$ (95% cred.), a factor of 1.7 improvement over previous results. Scale-invariant backgrounds are constrained to $Ω_{\rm GW}(25{\rm Hz})\leq 2.8\times 10^{-9}$, representing a 2.1x sensitivity gain. We also place new limits on gravity theories predicting non-standard polarization modes and confirm that terrestrial magnetic noise sources remain below detection threshold. Combining these spectral limits with population models for GWTC-4, the latest gravitational-wave event catalog, we find our constraints remain above predicted merger backgrounds but are approaching detectability. The joint analysis combining the background limits shown here with the GWTC-4 catalog enables improved inference of the binary black hole merger rate evolution across cosmic time. Employing GWTC-4 inference results and standard modeling choices, we estimate that the total background arising from compact binary coalescences is $Ω_{\rm CBC}(25{\rm Hz})={0.9^{+1.1}_{-0.5}\times 10^{-9}}$ at 90% confidence, where the largest contribution is due to binary black holes only, $Ω_{\rm BBH}(25{\rm Hz})=0.8^{+1.1}_{-0.5}\times 10^{-9}$. △ Less

Submitted 28 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 31 pages, 7 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2500349

GWTC-4.0: Population Properties of Merging Compact Binaries

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, S. Ahmadzadeh, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi , et al. (1783 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We detail the population properties of merging compact objects using 158 mergers from the cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog 4.0, which includes three types of binary mergers: binary neutron star, neutron star--black hole binary, and binary black hole mergers. We resolve multiple over- and under-densities in the black hole mass distribution: features persist at primary masses of… ▽ More We detail the population properties of merging compact objects using 158 mergers from the cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog 4.0, which includes three types of binary mergers: binary neutron star, neutron star--black hole binary, and binary black hole mergers. We resolve multiple over- and under-densities in the black hole mass distribution: features persist at primary masses of $10\,M_\odot$ and $35\,M_\odot$ with a possible third feature at $\sim 20\,M_\odot$. These are departures from an otherwise power-law-like continuum that steepens above $35\,M_\odot$. Binary black holes with primary masses near $10\,M_\odot$ are more likely to have less massive secondaries, with a mass ratio distribution peaking at $q = 0.74^{+0.13}_{-0.13}$, potentially a signature of stable mass transfer during binary evolution. Black hole spins are inferred to be non-extremal, with 90\% of black holes having $χ< 0.57$, and preferentially aligned with binary orbits, implying many merging binaries form in isolation. However, we find a significant fraction, 0.24-0.42, of binaries have negative effective inspiral spins, suggesting many could be formed dynamically in gas-free environments. We find evidence for correlation between effective inspiral spin and mass ratio, though it is unclear if this is driven by variation in the mode of the distribution or the width. (Abridged) △ Less

Submitted 17 September, 2025; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog

Report number: LIGO-P2400004

GWTC-4.0: Updating the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog with Observations from the First Part of the Fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1748 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) adds new candidates detected by the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA observatories through the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a: 2023 May 24 15:00:00 to 2024 January 16 16:00:00 UTC) and a preceding engineering run. In this new data, we find 128 new compact binary coalescence candidates that are identified by at least one of our s… ▽ More Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) adds new candidates detected by the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA observatories through the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a: 2023 May 24 15:00:00 to 2024 January 16 16:00:00 UTC) and a preceding engineering run. In this new data, we find 128 new compact binary coalescence candidates that are identified by at least one of our search algorithms with a probability of astrophysical origin $p_{\rm astro} \geq 0.5$ and that are not vetoed during event validation. We also provide detailed source property measurements for 86 of these that have a false alarm rate $< 1 \rm{yr}^{-1}$. Based on the inferred component masses, these new candidates are consistent with signals from binary black holes and neutron star-black hole binaries (GW230518_125908 and GW230529_181500). Median inferred component masses of binary black holes in the catalog now range from $5.79\,M_\odot$ (GW230627_015337) to $137\,M_\odot$ (GW231123_135430), while GW231123_135430 was probably produced by the most massive binary observed in the catalog. For the first time we have discovered binary black hole signals with network signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 30, GW230814_230901 and GW231226_01520, enabling high-fidelity studies of the waveforms and astrophysical properties of these systems. Combined with the 90 candidates included in GWTC-3.0, the catalog now contains 218 candidates with $p_{\rm astro} \geq 0.5$ and not otherwise vetoed, doubling the size of the catalog and further opening our view of the gravitational-wave Universe. △ Less

Submitted 8 September, 2025; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog

Report number: LIGO-P2400386

GWTC-4.0: Methods for Identifying and Characterizing Gravitational-wave Transients

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, S. Ahmadzadeh, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, S. Akcay, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi , et al. (1787 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of candidate gravitational-wave transient signals identified and characterized by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. Producing the contents of the GWTC from detector data requires complex analysis methods. These comprise techniques to model the signal; identify the transients in the data; evaluate the quality of the data and mitigate… ▽ More The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of candidate gravitational-wave transient signals identified and characterized by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. Producing the contents of the GWTC from detector data requires complex analysis methods. These comprise techniques to model the signal; identify the transients in the data; evaluate the quality of the data and mitigate possible instrumental issues; infer the parameters of each transient; compare the data with the waveform models for compact binary coalescences; and handle the large amount of results associated with all these different analyses. In this paper, we describe the methods employed to produce the catalog's fourth release, GWTC-4.0, focusing on the analysis of the first part of the fourth observing run of Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA. △ Less

Submitted 19 February, 2026; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog. Version accepted for publication

Report number: LIGO-P2400300

GWTC-4.0: An Introduction to Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, S. Ahmadzadeh, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, S. Akcay, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi , et al. (1786 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of short-duration (transient) gravitational wave signals identified by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration in gravitational-wave data produced by the eponymous detectors. The catalog provides information about the identified candidates, such as the arrival time and amplitude of the signal and properties of the signal's source as inferr… ▽ More The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of short-duration (transient) gravitational wave signals identified by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration in gravitational-wave data produced by the eponymous detectors. The catalog provides information about the identified candidates, such as the arrival time and amplitude of the signal and properties of the signal's source as inferred from the observational data. GWTC is the data release of this dataset and version 4.0 extends the catalog to include observations made during the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run up until 2024 January 31. This paper marks an introduction to a collection of articles related to this version of the catalog, GWTC-4.0. The collection of articles accompanying the catalog provides documentation of the methods used to analyze the data, summaries of the catalog of events, observational measurements drawn from the population, and detailed discussions of selected candidates △ Less

Submitted 23 September, 2025; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: As part of the Astrophysical Journal Letters Focus Issue on the Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog. Update following peer review

Report number: LIGO-P2400293

Open Data from LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA through the First Part of the Fourth Observing Run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1746 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA form a network of gravitational-wave observatories. Data and analysis results from this network are made publicly available through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center. This paper describes open data from this network, including the addition of data from the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) and selected periods from the preceding engineering run, collected… ▽ More LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA form a network of gravitational-wave observatories. Data and analysis results from this network are made publicly available through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center. This paper describes open data from this network, including the addition of data from the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) and selected periods from the preceding engineering run, collected from May 2023 to January 2024. The public data set includes calibrated strain time series for each instrument, data from additional channels used for noise subtraction and detector characterization, and analysis data products from version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. △ Less

Submitted 4 November, 2025; v1 submitted 25 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025.

Comments: 26 pages. The version updates Table 3, updates the author list, removes one figure, and updates some text for clarity and grammar

Report number: LIGO-P2500167

All-sky search for long-duration gravitational-wave transients in the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1750 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present an all-sky search for long-duration gravitational waves (GWs) from the first part of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA fourth observing run (O4), called O4a and comprising data taken between 24 May 2023 and 16 January 2024. The GW signals targeted by this search are the so-called "long-duration" (> 1 s) transients expected from a variety of astrophysical processes, including non-axisymmetric deforma… ▽ More We present an all-sky search for long-duration gravitational waves (GWs) from the first part of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA fourth observing run (O4), called O4a and comprising data taken between 24 May 2023 and 16 January 2024. The GW signals targeted by this search are the so-called "long-duration" (> 1 s) transients expected from a variety of astrophysical processes, including non-axisymmetric deformations in magnetars or eccentric binary coalescences. We make minimal assumptions on the emitted GW waveforms in terms of morphologies and durations. Overall, our search targets signals with durations ~1-1000 s and frequency content in the range 16-2048 Hz. In the absence of significant detections, we report the sensitivity limits of our search in terms of root-sum-square signal amplitude (hrss) of reference waveforms. These limits improve upon the results from the third LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run (O3) by about 30% on average. Moreover, this analysis demonstrates substantial progress in our ability to search for long-duration GW signals owing to enhancements in pipeline detection efficiencies. As detector sensitivities continue to advance and observational runs grow longer, unmodeled long-duration searches will increasingly be able to explore a range of compelling astrophysical scenarios involving neutron stars and black holes. △ Less

Submitted 23 July, 2025; v1 submitted 16 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Report number: LIGO-P2500090-v6

Quantum production of gravitational waves after inflation

Authors: Alina Mierna, Gabriele Perna, Sabino Matarrese, Nicola Bartolo, Angelo Ricciardone

Abstract: A variety of mechanisms in the early Universe lead to the generation of gravitational waves (GWs). We introduce here a novel source of GWs generated by vacuum fluctuations after inflation. Given that gravitons are minimally coupled particles, their quantum creation takes place during inflation, but is absent in an unperturbed Universe during the radiation-dominated epoch, since they behave as conf… ▽ More A variety of mechanisms in the early Universe lead to the generation of gravitational waves (GWs). We introduce here a novel source of GWs generated by vacuum fluctuations after inflation. Given that gravitons are minimally coupled particles, their quantum creation takes place during inflation, but is absent in an unperturbed Universe during the radiation-dominated epoch, since they behave as conformally coupled particles. However, the presence of inhomogeneities breaks the conformal flatness of the metric, allowing scalar metric perturbations to induce the quantum production of gravitons. We compute the resulting GW spectrum from this mechanism for different models of the primordial scalar power spectrum. We find that this GW signal peaks around the GHz frequency range, distinguishing it from other astrophysical and cosmological backgrounds and underscoring the need for detectors sensitive to these high frequencies. △ Less

Submitted 8 April, 2026; v1 submitted 11 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 8 pages + 1 figure

GW231123: a Binary Black Hole Merger with Total Mass 190-265 $M_{\odot}$

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I. -L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu , et al. (1749 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: On 2023 November 23 the two LIGO observatories both detected GW231123, a gravitational-wave signal consistent with the merger of two black holes with masses $137^{+23}_{-18}\, M_\odot$ and $101^{+22}_{-50}\, M_\odot$ (90\% credible intervals), at luminosity distance 0.7-4.1 Gpc and redshift of $0.40^{+0.27}_{-0.25}$, and a network signal-to-noise ratio of $\sim$20.7. Both black holes exhibit high… ▽ More On 2023 November 23 the two LIGO observatories both detected GW231123, a gravitational-wave signal consistent with the merger of two black holes with masses $137^{+23}_{-18}\, M_\odot$ and $101^{+22}_{-50}\, M_\odot$ (90\% credible intervals), at luminosity distance 0.7-4.1 Gpc and redshift of $0.40^{+0.27}_{-0.25}$, and a network signal-to-noise ratio of $\sim$20.7. Both black holes exhibit high spins, $0.9^{+0.10}_{-0.19}$ and $0.80^{+0.20}_{-0.52}$ respectively. A massive black hole remnant is supported by an independent ringdown analysis. Some properties of GW231123 are subject to large systematic uncertainties, as indicated by differences in inferred parameters between signal models. The primary black hole lies within or above the theorized mass gap where black holes between 60-130 $M_\odot$ should be rare due to pair instability mechanisms, while the secondary spans the gap. The observation of GW231123 therefore suggests the formation of black holes from channels beyond standard stellar collapse, and that intermediate-mass black holes of mass $\sim$200 $M_\odot$ form through gravitational-wave driven mergers. △ Less

Submitted 10 November, 2025; v1 submitted 10 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025.

Comments: 27 pages, 10 figures

Report number: DCC: P2500026-v8

Journal ref: ApJL 993 L25 (2025)

The Science of the Einstein Telescope

Authors: Adrian Abac, Raul Abramo, Simone Albanesi, Angelica Albertini, Alessandro Agapito, Michalis Agathos, Conrado Albertus, Nils Andersson, Tomas Andrade, Igor Andreoni, Federico Angeloni, Marco Antonelli, John Antoniadis, Fabio Antonini, Manuel Arca Sedda, M. Celeste Artale, Stefano Ascenzi, Pierre Auclair, Matteo Bachetti, Charles Badger, Biswajit Banerjee, David Barba-Gonzalez, Daniel Barta, Nicola Bartolo, Andreas Bauswein , et al. (463 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Einstein Telescope (ET) is the European project for a gravitational-wave (GW) observatory of third-generation. In this paper we present a comprehensive discussion of its science objectives, providing state-of-the-art predictions for the capabilities of ET in both geometries currently under consideration, a single-site triangular configuration or two L-shaped detectors. We discuss the impact that E… ▽ More Einstein Telescope (ET) is the European project for a gravitational-wave (GW) observatory of third-generation. In this paper we present a comprehensive discussion of its science objectives, providing state-of-the-art predictions for the capabilities of ET in both geometries currently under consideration, a single-site triangular configuration or two L-shaped detectors. We discuss the impact that ET will have on domains as broad and diverse as fundamental physics, cosmology, early Universe, astrophysics of compact objects, physics of matter in extreme conditions, and dynamics of stellar collapse. We discuss how the study of extreme astrophysical events will be enhanced by multi-messenger observations. We highlight the ET synergies with ground-based and space-borne GW observatories, including multi-band investigations of the same sources, improved parameter estimation, and complementary information on astrophysical or cosmological mechanisms obtained combining observations from different frequency bands. We present advancements in waveform modeling dedicated to third-generation observatories, along with open tools developed within the ET Collaboration for assessing the scientific potentials of different detector configurations. We finally discuss the data analysis challenges posed by third-generation observatories, which will enable access to large populations of sources and provide unprecedented precision. △ Less

Submitted 29 August, 2025; v1 submitted 15 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025.

Comments: 899 pages, 205 figures, v2: minor improvements, the version to appear in JCAP

Report number: ET-0036E-25

The Irrelevance of Primordial Black Hole Clustering in the LVK mass range

Authors: F. Crescimbeni, V. Desjacques, G. Franciolini, A. Ianniccari, A. J. Iovino, G. Perna, D. Perrone, A. Riotto, H. Veermäe

Abstract: We show that in realistic models where primordial black holes are formed due to the collapse of sizeable inflationary perturbations, their initial spatial clustering beyond Poisson distribution does not play any role in the binary mergers, including sub-solar primordial black holes, responsible for the gravitational waves detectable by LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA. This is a consequence of the existing FIRAS… ▽ More We show that in realistic models where primordial black holes are formed due to the collapse of sizeable inflationary perturbations, their initial spatial clustering beyond Poisson distribution does not play any role in the binary mergers, including sub-solar primordial black holes, responsible for the gravitational waves detectable by LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA. This is a consequence of the existing FIRAS CMB distortion constraints on the relevant scales. This conclusion might not hold for lighter masses potentially accessible by future gravitational wave observations. △ Less

Submitted 2 May, 2025; v1 submitted 3 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025.

Comments: 14 pages, 1 appendix, 4 figures. v2: JCAP version

Journal ref: JCAP05(2025)001

Reconstructing Primordial Curvature Perturbations via Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves with LISA

Authors: Jonas El Gammal, Aya Ghaleb, Gabriele Franciolini, Theodoros Papanikolaou, Marco Peloso, Gabriele Perna, Mauro Pieroni, Angelo Ricciardone, Robert Rosati, Gianmassimo Tasinato, Matteo Braglia, Jacopo Fumagalli, Jun'ya Kume, Enrico Morgante, Germano Nardini, Davide Racco, Sébastien Renaux-Petel, Hardi Veermäe, Denis Werth, Ivonne Zavala

Abstract: Many early universe scenarios predict an enhancement of scalar perturbations at scales currently unconstrained by cosmological probes. These perturbations source gravitational waves (GWs) at second order in perturbation theory, leading to a scalar-induced gravitational wave (SIGW) background. The LISA detector, sensitive to mHz GWs, will be able to constrain curvature perturbations in a new window… ▽ More Many early universe scenarios predict an enhancement of scalar perturbations at scales currently unconstrained by cosmological probes. These perturbations source gravitational waves (GWs) at second order in perturbation theory, leading to a scalar-induced gravitational wave (SIGW) background. The LISA detector, sensitive to mHz GWs, will be able to constrain curvature perturbations in a new window corresponding to scales $k \in [10^{10}, 10^{14}] \,{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, difficult to probe otherwise. In this work, we forecast the capabilities of LISA to constrain the source of SIGWs using different approaches: i) agnostic, where the spectrum of curvature perturbations is binned in frequency space; ii) template-based, modeling the curvature power spectrum based on motivated classes of models; iii) ab initio, starting from first-principles model of inflation featuring an ultra-slow roll phase. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. We also discuss the impact on the SIGW spectrum of non-standard thermal histories affecting the kernels of SIGW emission and non-Gaussianity in the statistics of the curvature perturbations. Finally, we propose simple tests to assess whether the signal is compatible with the SIGW hypothesis. The pipeline used is built into the SIGWAY code. △ Less

Submitted 21 May, 2025; v1 submitted 20 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025.

Comments: 96 pages, 31 figures. v2: matching published version

How Well Do We Know the Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves?

Authors: A. J. Iovino, S. Matarrese, G. Perna, A. Ricciardone, A. Riotto

Abstract: Gravitational waves sourced by amplified scalar perturbations are a common prediction across a wide range of cosmological models. These scalar curvature fluctuations are inherently nonlinear and typically non-Gaussian. We argue that the effects of non-Gaussianity may not always be adequately captured by an expansion around a Gaussian field, expressed through nonlinear parameters such as… ▽ More Gravitational waves sourced by amplified scalar perturbations are a common prediction across a wide range of cosmological models. These scalar curvature fluctuations are inherently nonlinear and typically non-Gaussian. We argue that the effects of non-Gaussianity may not always be adequately captured by an expansion around a Gaussian field, expressed through nonlinear parameters such as $f_{\rm{NL}}$. As a consequence, the resulting amplitude of the stochastic gravitational wave background may differ significantly from predictions based on the standard quadratic source model routinely used in the literature. △ Less

Submitted 9 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024.

Comments: 4 pages, 2 Figures + Supplementary Material

Deciphering the Instability of the Black Hole Ringdown Quasinormal Spectrum

Authors: A. Ianniccari, A. J. Iovino, A. Kehagias, P. Pani, G. Perna, D. Perrone, A. Riotto

Abstract: The spectrum of the quasinormal modes of the gravitational waves emitted during the ringdown phase following the merger of two black holes is of primary importance in gravitational astronomy. However, the spectrum is extremely sensitive to small disturbances of the system, thus potentially jeopardizing the predictions of the gravitational wave observables. We offer an analytical and intuitive expl… ▽ More The spectrum of the quasinormal modes of the gravitational waves emitted during the ringdown phase following the merger of two black holes is of primary importance in gravitational astronomy. However, the spectrum is extremely sensitive to small disturbances of the system, thus potentially jeopardizing the predictions of the gravitational wave observables. We offer an analytical and intuitive explanation of such an instability and its properties based on the transfer matrix approach of quantum mechanics. We also give a simple interpretation of the fact that the prompt ringdown response in the time domain and the black hole greybody factor receive parametrically small corrections, thus being robust observables. △ Less

Submitted 29 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures, supplementary material available

Swift-BAT GUANO follow-up of gravitational-wave triggers in the third LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run

Authors: Gayathri Raman, Samuele Ronchini, James Delaunay, Aaron Tohuvavohu, Jamie A. Kennea, Tyler Parsotan, Elena Ambrosi, Maria Grazia Bernardini, Sergio Campana, Giancarlo Cusumano, Antonino D'Ai, Paolo D'Avanzo, Valerio D'Elia, Massimiliano De Pasquale, Simone Dichiara, Phil Evans, Dieter Hartmann, Paul Kuin, Andrea Melandri, Paul O'Brien, Julian P. Osborne, Kim Page, David M. Palmer, Boris Sbarufatti, Gianpiero Tagliaferri , et al. (1797 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received in low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wav… ▽ More We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received in low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum--likelihood NITRATES pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15-350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10$^{-3}$ Hz, we compute the GW--BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers. △ Less

Submitted 27 March, 2025; v1 submitted 13 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024.

Comments: Update to version accepted for publication in ApJ. 50 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables

Journal ref: ApJ, Volume 980, 2025, 207

Curbing PBHs with PTAs

Authors: A. J. Iovino, G. Perna, A. Riotto, H. Veermäe

Abstract: Sizeable primordial curvature perturbations needed to seed a population of primordial black holes (PBHs) will be accompanied by a scalar-induced gravitational wave signal that can be detectable by pulsar timing arrays (PTA). We derive conservative bounds on the amplitude of the scalar power spectrum at the PTA frequencies and estimate the implied constraints on the PBH abundance. We show that only… ▽ More Sizeable primordial curvature perturbations needed to seed a population of primordial black holes (PBHs) will be accompanied by a scalar-induced gravitational wave signal that can be detectable by pulsar timing arrays (PTA). We derive conservative bounds on the amplitude of the scalar power spectrum at the PTA frequencies and estimate the implied constraints on the PBH abundance. We show that only a small fraction of dark matter can consist of stellar mass PBHs when the abundance is calculated using threshold statistics. The strength and the shape of the constraint depend on the shape of the power spectrum and the nature of the non-Gaussianities. We find that constraints on the PBH abundance arise in the mass range $0.1-10^3\, M_{\odot}$, with the sub-solar mass range being constrained only for narrow curvature power spectra. These constraints are softened when positive non-Gaussianity is introduced and can be eliminated when $f_{\rm NL} \gtrsim 5$. On the other hand, if the PBH abundance is computed via the theory of peaks, the PTA constraints on PBHs are significantly relaxed, signalling once more the theoretical uncertainties in assessing the PBH abundance. We further discuss how strong positive non-Gaussianites can allow for heavy PBHs to potentially seed supermassive BHs. △ Less

Submitted 16 October, 2024; v1 submitted 28 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024.

Comments: 16 pages and 7 figures. V2 matches JCAP published version

Journal ref: JCAP 2024 (2024) 10, 050

Investigating the impact of galaxies' compact binary hosting probability for gravitational-wave cosmology

Authors: Gabriele Perna, Simone Mastrogiovanni, Angelo Ricciardone

Abstract: With the advent of future-generation interferometers a huge number of Gravitational Wave (GW) signals is expected to be measured without an electromagnetic counterpart. Although these signals do not allow a simultaneous measurement of the redshift and the luminosity distance, it is still possible to infer cosmological parameters. In this paper, we focus on the systematic biases that could arise fr… ▽ More With the advent of future-generation interferometers a huge number of Gravitational Wave (GW) signals is expected to be measured without an electromagnetic counterpart. Although these signals do not allow a simultaneous measurement of the redshift and the luminosity distance, it is still possible to infer cosmological parameters. In this paper, we focus on the systematic biases that could arise from mismodeling the GW host probability when inferring the Hubble constant ($H_0$) with GW dark sirens jointly with galaxy catalogues. We discuss the case in which the GW host probability is a function of galaxies' luminosity and redshift as it has been predicted by state-of-the-art compact binary coalescences (CBCs) synthetic catalogues. We show that, in the limiting case in which the analysis is done with a complete galaxy catalog covering a footprint of $\sim 10~\rm {deg}^2$, mismatching the host probability in terms of galaxy's luminosity will introduce a bias on $H_0$. In this case, the magnitude of the bias will depend on the distribution of the Large-Scale Structure over the line-of-sight. Instead, in the limit of a complete wide-field of view galaxy catalog and GW events localized at O$({\rm Gpc})$ distance, mismatching the redshift dependence of the GW hosting probability is more likely to introduce a systematic bias. △ Less

Submitted 13 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024.

Comments: 10 pages + Appendix, 9 Figures

Journal ref: A&A 698, A128 (2025)

Observation of Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a $2.5\text{-}4.5~M_\odot$ Compact Object and a Neutron Star

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, R. Abbott, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, O. D. Aguiar, I. Aguilar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, S. Akçay, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi, R. A. Alfaidi, A. Al-Jodah , et al. (1771 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: We report the observation of a coalescing compact binary with component masses $2.5\text{-}4.5~M_\odot$ and $1.2\text{-}2.0~M_\odot$ (all measurements quoted at the 90% credible level). The gravitational-wave signal GW230529_181500 was observed during the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detector network on 2023 May 29 by the LIGO Livingston Observatory. The primary component of the so… ▽ More We report the observation of a coalescing compact binary with component masses $2.5\text{-}4.5~M_\odot$ and $1.2\text{-}2.0~M_\odot$ (all measurements quoted at the 90% credible level). The gravitational-wave signal GW230529_181500 was observed during the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detector network on 2023 May 29 by the LIGO Livingston Observatory. The primary component of the source has a mass less than $5~M_\odot$ at 99% credibility. We cannot definitively determine from gravitational-wave data alone whether either component of the source is a neutron star or a black hole. However, given existing estimates of the maximum neutron star mass, we find the most probable interpretation of the source to be the coalescence of a neutron star with a black hole that has a mass between the most massive neutron stars and the least massive black holes observed in the Galaxy. We provisionally estimate a merger rate density of $55^{+127}_{-47}~\text{Gpc}^{-3}\,\text{yr}^{-1}$ for compact binary coalescences with properties similar to the source of GW230529_181500; assuming that the source is a neutron star-black hole merger, GW230529_181500-like sources constitute about 60% of the total merger rate inferred for neutron star-black hole coalescences. The discovery of this system implies an increase in the expected rate of neutron star-black hole mergers with electromagnetic counterparts and provides further evidence for compact objects existing within the purported lower mass gap. △ Less

Submitted 26 July, 2024; v1 submitted 5 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024.

Comments: 45 pages (10 pages author list, 13 pages main text, 1 page acknowledgements, 13 pages appendices, 8 pages bibliography), 17 figures, 16 tables. Update to match version published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Data products available from https://zenodo.org/records/10845779

Report number: LIGO-P2300352

Journal ref: ApJL 970, L34 (2024)

Fully non-Gaussian Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves

Authors: Gabriele Perna, Chiara Testini, Angelo Ricciardone, Sabino Matarrese

Abstract: Scalar-induced Gravitational Waves (SIGWs) represent a particular class of primordial signals which are sourced at second-order in perturbation theory whenever a scalar fluctuation of the metric is present. They form a guaranteed Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB) that, depending on the amplification of primordial scalar fluctuations, can be detected by GW detectors. The amplitude and… ▽ More Scalar-induced Gravitational Waves (SIGWs) represent a particular class of primordial signals which are sourced at second-order in perturbation theory whenever a scalar fluctuation of the metric is present. They form a guaranteed Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB) that, depending on the amplification of primordial scalar fluctuations, can be detected by GW detectors. The amplitude and the frequency shape of the scalar-induced SGWB can be influenced by the statistical properties of the scalar density perturbations. In this work we study the intuitive physics behind SIGWs and we analyze the imprints of local non-Gaussianity of the primordial curvature perturbation on the GW spectrum. We consider all the relevant non-Gaussian contributions up to fifth-order in the scalar seeds without any hierarchy, and we derive the related GW energy density $Ω_{\rm GW}(f)$. We perform a Fisher matrix analysis to understand to which accuracy non-Gaussianity can be constrained with the LISA detector, which will be sensitive in the milli-Hertz frequency band. We find that LISA, neglecting the impact of astrophysical foregrounds, will be able to measure the amplitude, the width and the peak of the spectrum with an accuracy up to $\mathcal{O}(10^{-4})$, while non-Gaussianity can be measured up to $\mathcal{O}(10^{-3})$. Finally, we discuss the implications of our non-Gaussianity expansion on the fraction of Primordial Black Holes. △ Less

Submitted 11 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 39 pages, 23 figures + Appendices

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Authors: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration, A. G. Abac, R. Abbott, H. Abe, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, N. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, O. D. Aguiar, I. Aguilar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, S. Albanesi , et al. (1778 additional authors not shown)

Abstract: Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we prese… ▽ More Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the $U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM. △ Less

Submitted 5 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024.

Comments: 20 pages, 5 figures

Report number: LIGO-P2300250