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Experimental Proposal on Scalable Radio-Frequency Magnetometer with Trapped Ions
Authors:
Yuxiang Huang,
Wei Wu,
Qingyuan Mei,
Yiheng Lin
Abstract:
Quantum magnetometry represents a fundamental component of quantum metrology, where trapped-ion systems have achieved $\rm{pT}/\sqrt{\rm{Hz}}$ sensitivity in single-ion radio-frequency magnetic field measurements via dressed states based dynamical decoupling. Here we propose a scalable trapped-ion magnetometer utilizing the mixed dynamical decoupling method, combining dressed states with periodic…
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Quantum magnetometry represents a fundamental component of quantum metrology, where trapped-ion systems have achieved $\rm{pT}/\sqrt{\rm{Hz}}$ sensitivity in single-ion radio-frequency magnetic field measurements via dressed states based dynamical decoupling. Here we propose a scalable trapped-ion magnetometer utilizing the mixed dynamical decoupling method, combining dressed states with periodic sequences to suppress decoherence and spatial magnetic field inhomogeneity. With numerical simulations for a $10^4$ ion system with realistic experimental parameters, we demonstrate that a sensitivity of 13 $\rm{fT}/\sqrt{\rm{Hz}}$ for the radio-frequency field could be reached. Such a sensitivity could be obtained via robust resilience to magnetic field drift noise and inhomogeneity, where coherence time could be extended to the order of several minutes on average. This method enables scalable trapped-ion magnetometry, demonstrating its potential as a robust and practical solution for advancing quantum sensing applications.
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Submitted 25 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Realization of a functioning dual-type trapped-ion quantum network node
Authors:
Y. -Y. Huang,
L. Feng,
Y. -K. Wu,
Y. -L. Xu,
L. Zhang,
Z. -B. Cui,
C. -X. Huang,
C. Zhang,
S. -A. Guo,
Q. -X. Mei,
B. -X. Qi,
Y. Xu,
Y. -F. Pu,
Z. -C. Zhou,
L. -M. Duan
Abstract:
Trapped ions constitute a promising platform for implementation of a quantum network. Recently, a dual-type qubit scheme has been realized in a quantum network node where the communication qubits and the memory qubits are encoded in different energy levels of the same ion species, such that the generation of ion-photon entanglement on the communication qubits has negligible crosstalk error on the…
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Trapped ions constitute a promising platform for implementation of a quantum network. Recently, a dual-type qubit scheme has been realized in a quantum network node where the communication qubits and the memory qubits are encoded in different energy levels of the same ion species, such that the generation of ion-photon entanglement on the communication qubits has negligible crosstalk error on the preloaded quantum information in the memory qubits. However, to achieve the versatile applications of a quantum network, a crucial component of the dual-type node, namely the entangling gate between the communication and the memory qubits, is still missing. Here we report a dual-type quantum network node equipped with ion-photon entanglement generation, crosstalk-free quantum memory and entangling gates between the dual-type qubits simultaneously. We demonstrate its practical applications including the quantum state teleportation and the preparation of multipartite entangled state. Our work achieves the necessary components of a dual-type quantum network node and paves the way toward its applications in a large-scale quantum internet.
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Submitted 30 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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hqQUBO: A Hybrid-querying Quantum Optimization Model Validated with 16-qubits on an Ion Trap Quantum Computer for Life Science Applications
Authors:
Rong Chen,
Quan-Xin Mei,
Wen-Ding Zhao,
Lin Yao,
Hao-Xiang Yang,
Shun-Yao Zhang,
Jiao Chen,
Hong-Lin Li
Abstract:
AlphaFold has achieved groundbreaking advancements in protein structure prediction, exerting profound influence across biology, medicine, and drug discovery. However, its reliance on multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is inherently time-consuming due to the NP-hard nature of constructing MSAs. Quantum computing emerges as a promising alternative, compared to classical computers, offering the potent…
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AlphaFold has achieved groundbreaking advancements in protein structure prediction, exerting profound influence across biology, medicine, and drug discovery. However, its reliance on multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is inherently time-consuming due to the NP-hard nature of constructing MSAs. Quantum computing emerges as a promising alternative, compared to classical computers, offering the potentials for exponential speedup and improved accuracy on such complex optimization challenges. This work bridges the gap between quantum computing and MSA task efficiently and successfully, where we compared classical and quantum computational scaling as the number of qubits increases, and assessed the role of quantum entanglement in model performance. Furthermore, we proposed an innovative hybrid query encoding approach hyQUBO to avoid redundancy, and thereby the quantum resources significantly reduced to a scaling of $\mathcal{O}(NL)$. Additionally, coupling of VQE and the quenched CVaR scheme was utilized to enhance the robustness and convergence. The integration of multiple strategies facilitates the robust deployment of the quantum algorithm from idealized simulators (on CPU and GPU) to real-world, noisy quantum devices (HYQ-A37). To the best of our knowledge, our work represented the largest-scale implementation of digital simulation using up to 16 qubits on a trapped-ion quantum computer for life science problem, which achieved state of the art performance in both simulation and experimental results. Our work paves the way towards large-scale simulations of life science tasks on real quantum processors.
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Submitted 2 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Beating the break-even point with autonomous quantum error correction
Authors:
Yi Li,
Qingyuan Mei,
Qing-Xuan Jie,
Weizhou Cai,
Yue Li,
Zhiyuan Liu,
Zi-Jie Chen,
Zihan Xie,
Xu Cheng,
Xingyu Zhao,
Zhenghao Luo,
Mengxiang Zhang,
Xu-Bo Zou,
Chang-Ling Zou,
Yiheng Lin,
Jiangfeng Du
Abstract:
Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for practical quantum computing, as it protects fragile quantum information from errors by encoding it in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Conventional QEC protocols typically require repeated syndrome measurements, real-time feedback, and the use of multiple physical qubits for encoding. Such implementations pose significant technical complexities, part…
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Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for practical quantum computing, as it protects fragile quantum information from errors by encoding it in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Conventional QEC protocols typically require repeated syndrome measurements, real-time feedback, and the use of multiple physical qubits for encoding. Such implementations pose significant technical complexities, particularly for trapped-ion systems, with high demands on precision and scalability. Here, we realize autonomous QEC with a logical qubit encoded in multiple internal spin states of a single trapped ion, surpassing the break-even point for qubit lifetime. Our approach leverages engineered spin-motion couplings to transfer error-induced entropy into motional modes, which are subsequently dissipated through sympathetic cooling with an ancilla ion, fully eliminating the need for measurement and feedback. By repetitively applying this autonomous QEC protocol under injected low-frequency noise, we extend the logical qubit lifetime to approximately 11.6 ms, substantially outperforming lifetime for both the physical qubit ($\simeq$0.9 ms) and the uncorrected logical qubit ($\simeq$0.8 ms), thereby beating the break-even point with autonomous protection of quantum information without measurement or post-selection. This work presents an efficient approach to fault-tolerant quantum computing that harnesses the intrinsic multi-level structure of trapped ions, providing a distinctive path toward scalable architectures and robust quantum memories with reduced overhead.
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Submitted 23 April, 2025;
originally announced April 2025.
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Observation of quantum superposition of topological defects in a trapped ion quantum simulator
Authors:
Zhijie Cheng,
Yukai Wu,
Shijiao Li,
Quanxin Mei,
Bowen Li,
Gangxi Wang,
Yue Jiang,
Binxiang Qi,
Zichao Zhou,
Panyu Hou,
Luming Duan
Abstract:
Topological defects are discontinuities of a system protected by global properties, with wide applications in mathematics and physics. While previous experimental studies mostly focused on their classical properties, it has been predicted that topological defects can exhibit quantum superposition. Despite the fundamental interest and potential applications in understanding symmetry-breaking dynami…
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Topological defects are discontinuities of a system protected by global properties, with wide applications in mathematics and physics. While previous experimental studies mostly focused on their classical properties, it has been predicted that topological defects can exhibit quantum superposition. Despite the fundamental interest and potential applications in understanding symmetry-breaking dynamics of quantum phase transitions, its experimental realization still remains a challenge. Here, we report the observation of quantum superposition of topological defects in a trapped-ion quantum simulator. By engineering long-range spin-spin interactions, we observe a spin kink splitting into a superposition of kinks at different positions, creating a ``Schrodinger kink'' that manifests non-locality and quantum interference. Furthermore, by preparing superposition states of neighboring kinks with different phases, we observe the propagation of the wave packet in different directions, thus unambiguously verifying the quantum coherence in the superposition states. Our work provides useful tools for non-equilibrium dynamics in quantum Kibble-Zurek physics.
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Submitted 20 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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Individually Addressed Entangling Gates in a Two-Dimensional Ion Crystal
Authors:
Y. -H. Hou,
Y. -J. Yi,
Y. -K. Wu,
Y. -Y. Chen,
L. Zhang,
Y. Wang,
Y. -L. Xu,
C. Zhang,
Q. -X. Mei,
H. -X. Yang,
J. -Y. Ma,
S. -A. Guo,
J. Ye,
B. -X. Qi,
Z. -C. Zhou,
P. -Y. Hou,
L. -M. Duan
Abstract:
Two-dimensional (2D) ion crystals have become a promising way to scale up qubit numbers for ion trap quantum information processing. However, to realize universal quantum computing in this system, individually addressed high-fidelity two-qubit entangling gates still remain challenging due to the inevitable micromotion of ions in a 2D crystal as well as the technical difficulty in 2D addressing. He…
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Two-dimensional (2D) ion crystals have become a promising way to scale up qubit numbers for ion trap quantum information processing. However, to realize universal quantum computing in this system, individually addressed high-fidelity two-qubit entangling gates still remain challenging due to the inevitable micromotion of ions in a 2D crystal as well as the technical difficulty in 2D addressing. Here we demonstrate two-qubit entangling gates between any ion pairs in a 2D crystal of four ions. We use symmetrically placed crossed acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) to drive Raman transitions and achieve an addressing crosstalk error below 0.1%. We design and demonstrate a gate sequence by alternatingly addressing two target ions, making it compatible with any single-ion addressing techniques without crosstalk from multiple addressing beams. We further examine the gate performance versus the micromotion amplitude of the ions and show that its effect can be compensated by a recalibration of the laser intensity without degrading the gate fidelity. Our work paves the way for ion trap quantum computing with hundreds to thousands of qubits on a 2D ion crystal.
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Submitted 20 June, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
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Experimental realization of a 218-ion multi-qubit quantum memory
Authors:
R. Yao,
W. -Q. Lian,
Y. -K. Wu,
G. -X. Wang,
B. -W. Li,
Q. -X. Mei,
B. -X. Qi,
L. Yao,
Z. -C. Zhou,
L. He,
L. -M. Duan
Abstract:
Storage lifetime and capacity are two important factors to characterize the performance of a quantum memory. Here we report the stable trapping of above 200 ions in a cryogenic setup, and demonstrate the combination of the multi-qubit capacity and long storage lifetime by measuring the coherence time of randomly chosen ions to be on the order of hundreds of milliseconds. We apply composite microwa…
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Storage lifetime and capacity are two important factors to characterize the performance of a quantum memory. Here we report the stable trapping of above 200 ions in a cryogenic setup, and demonstrate the combination of the multi-qubit capacity and long storage lifetime by measuring the coherence time of randomly chosen ions to be on the order of hundreds of milliseconds. We apply composite microwave pulses to manipulate qubit states globally for efficient characterization of different storage units simultaneously, and we compare the performance of the quantum memory with and without the sympathetic cooling laser, thus unambiguously show the necessity of sympathetic cooling for the long-time storage of multiple ionic qubits.
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Submitted 30 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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Probing critical behavior of long-range transverse-field Ising model through quantum Kibble-Zurek mechanism
Authors:
B. -W. Li,
Y. -K. Wu,
Q. -X. Mei,
R. Yao,
W. -Q. Lian,
M. -L. Cai,
Y. Wang,
B. -X. Qi,
L. Yao,
L. He,
Z. -C. Zhou,
L. -M. Duan
Abstract:
The trapped ion quantum simulator has demonstrated qualitative properties of different physical models for up to tens of ions. In particular, a linear ion chain naturally hosts long-range Ising interactions under the laser driving, which has been used for various phenomena such as quantum phase transition, localization, thermalization and information propagation. For near-term practical usage, a c…
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The trapped ion quantum simulator has demonstrated qualitative properties of different physical models for up to tens of ions. In particular, a linear ion chain naturally hosts long-range Ising interactions under the laser driving, which has been used for various phenomena such as quantum phase transition, localization, thermalization and information propagation. For near-term practical usage, a central task is to find more quantitative applications of the noisy quantum simulators that are robust to small errors in the parameters. Here we report the quantum simulation of a long-range transverse-field Ising model using up to 61 ions and probe the critical behavior of its quantum phase transition through the Kibble-Zurek mechanism. By calibrating and verifying the coupling coefficients, we realize the same model for increasing ion numbers, so as to extract a critical exponent free of the finite size effect. For ferromagnetic interaction, our experimental result agrees well with the previous numerical predictions. As for the anti-ferromagnetic case, signals are too weak to fit a critical exponent due to the frustration in the interaction, but still consistent with the theory.
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Submitted 30 December, 2022; v1 submitted 5 August, 2022;
originally announced August 2022.
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Observation of Non-Markovian Spin Dynamics in a Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard Model using a Trapped-Ion Quantum Simulator
Authors:
B. -W. Li,
Q. -X. Mei,
Y. -K. Wu,
M. -L. Cai,
Y. Wang,
L. Yao,
Z. -C. Zhou,
L. -M. Duan
Abstract:
Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard (JCH) model is a fundamental many-body model for light-matter interaction. As a leading platform for quantum simulation, the trapped ion system has realized the JCH model for two to three ions. Here we report the quantum simulation of the JCH model using up to 32 ions. We verify the simulation results even for large ion numbers by engineering low excitations and thus low ef…
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Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard (JCH) model is a fundamental many-body model for light-matter interaction. As a leading platform for quantum simulation, the trapped ion system has realized the JCH model for two to three ions. Here we report the quantum simulation of the JCH model using up to 32 ions. We verify the simulation results even for large ion numbers by engineering low excitations and thus low effective dimensions; then we extend to 32 excitations for an effective dimension of $2^{77}$, which is difficult for classical computers. By regarding the phonon modes as baths, we explore Markovian or non-Markovian spin dynamics in different parameter regimes of the JCH model, similar to quantum emitters in a structured photonic environment. We further examine the dependence of the non-Markovian dynamics on the effective Hilbert space dimension. Our work demonstrates the trapped ion system as a powerful quantum simulator for many-body physics and open quantum systems.
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Submitted 31 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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Observation of Supersymmetry and its Spontaneous Breaking in a Trapped Ion Quantum Simulator
Authors:
M. -L. Cai,
Y. -K. Wu,
Q. -X. Mei,
W. -D. Zhao,
Y. Jiang,
L. Yao,
L. He,
Z. -C. Zhou,
L. -M. Duan
Abstract:
Supersymmetry (SUSY) helps solve the hierarchy problem in high-energy physics and provides a natural groundwork for unifying gravity with other fundamental interactions. While being one of the most promising frameworks for theories beyond the Standard Model, its direct experimental evidence in nature still remains to be discovered. Here we report experimental realization of a supersymmetric quantu…
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Supersymmetry (SUSY) helps solve the hierarchy problem in high-energy physics and provides a natural groundwork for unifying gravity with other fundamental interactions. While being one of the most promising frameworks for theories beyond the Standard Model, its direct experimental evidence in nature still remains to be discovered. Here we report experimental realization of a supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY QM) model, a reduction of the SUSY quantum field theory for studying its fundamental properties, using a trapped ion quantum simulator. We demonstrate the energy degeneracy caused by SUSY in this model and the spontaneous SUSY breaking. By a partial quantum state tomography of the spin-phonon coupled system, we explicitly measure the supercharge of the degenerate ground states, which are superpositions of the bosonic and the fermionic states. Our work demonstrates the trapped-ion quantum simulator as an economic yet powerful platform to study versatile physics in a single well-controlled system.
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Submitted 30 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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Quantum Simulation of the Two-Dimensional Weyl Equation in a Magnetic Field
Authors:
Y. Jiang,
M. -L. Cai,
Y. -K. Wu,
Q. -X. Mei,
W. -D. Zhao,
X. -Y. Chang,
L. Yao,
L. He,
Z. -C. Zhou,
L. -M. Duan
Abstract:
Quantum simulation of 1D relativistic quantum mechanics has been achieved in well-controlled systems like trapped ions, but properties like spin dynamics and response to external magnetic fields that appear only in higher dimensions remain unexplored. Here we simulate the dynamics of a 2D Weyl particle. We show the linear dispersion relation of the free particle and the discrete Landau levels in a…
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Quantum simulation of 1D relativistic quantum mechanics has been achieved in well-controlled systems like trapped ions, but properties like spin dynamics and response to external magnetic fields that appear only in higher dimensions remain unexplored. Here we simulate the dynamics of a 2D Weyl particle. We show the linear dispersion relation of the free particle and the discrete Landau levels in a magnetic field, and we explicitly measure the spatial and spin dynamics from which the conservation of helicity and properties of antiparticles can be verified. Our work extends the application of an ion trap quantum simulator in particle physics with the additional spatial and spin degrees of freedom.
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Submitted 27 May, 2022;
originally announced May 2022.
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Probing a dissipative phase transition with a trapped ion through reservoir engineering
Authors:
M. -L. Cai,
Z. -D. Liu,
Y. Jiang,
Y. -K. Wu,
Q. -X. Mei,
W. -D. Zhao,
L. He,
X. Zhang,
Z. -C. Zhou,
L. -M. Duan
Abstract:
Dissipation is often considered as a detrimental effect in quantum systems for unitary quantum operations. However, it has been shown that suitable dissipation can be useful resources both in quantum information and quantum simulation. Here, we propose and experimentally simulate a dissipative phase transition (DPT) model using a single trapped ion with an engineered reservoir. We show that the io…
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Dissipation is often considered as a detrimental effect in quantum systems for unitary quantum operations. However, it has been shown that suitable dissipation can be useful resources both in quantum information and quantum simulation. Here, we propose and experimentally simulate a dissipative phase transition (DPT) model using a single trapped ion with an engineered reservoir. We show that the ion's spatial oscillation mode reaches a steady state after the alternating application of unitary evolution under a quantum Rabi model Hamiltonian and sideband cooling of the oscillator. The average phonon number of the oscillation mode is used as the order parameter to provide evidence for the DPT. Our work highlights the suitability of trapped ions for simulating open quantum systems and shall facilitate further investigations of DPT with various dissipation terms.
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Submitted 8 February, 2022;
originally announced February 2022.
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Experimental Realization of the Rabi-Hubbard Model with Trapped Ions
Authors:
Quanxin Mei,
Bowen Li,
Yukai Wu,
Minglei Cai,
Ye Wang,
Lin Yao,
Zichao Zhou,
Luming Duan
Abstract:
Quantum simulation provides important tools in studying strongly correlated many-body systems with controllable parameters. As a hybrid of two fundamental models in quantum optics and in condensed matter physics, the Rabi-Hubbard model demonstrates rich physics through the competition between local spin-boson interactions and long-range boson hopping. Here we report an experimental realization of…
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Quantum simulation provides important tools in studying strongly correlated many-body systems with controllable parameters. As a hybrid of two fundamental models in quantum optics and in condensed matter physics, the Rabi-Hubbard model demonstrates rich physics through the competition between local spin-boson interactions and long-range boson hopping. Here we report an experimental realization of the Rabi-Hubbard model using up to $16$ trapped ions and present a controlled study of its equilibrium properties and quantum dynamics. We observe the ground-state quantum phase transition by slowly quenching the coupling strength, and measure the quantum dynamical evolution in various parameter regimes. With the magnetization and the spin-spin correlation as probes, we verify the prediction of the model Hamiltonian by comparing theoretical results in small system sizes with experimental observations. For larger-size systems of $16$ ions and $16$ phonon modes, the effective Hilbert space dimension exceeds $2^{57}$, whose dynamics is intractable for classical supercomputers.
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Submitted 29 April, 2022; v1 submitted 7 October, 2021;
originally announced October 2021.
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Observation of a quantum phase transition in the quantum Rabi model with a single trapped ion
Authors:
M. -L. Cai,
Z. -D. Liu,
W. -D. Zhao,
Y. -K. Wu,
Q. -X. Mei,
Y. Jiang,
L. He,
X. Zhang,
Z. -C. Zhou,
L. -M. Duan
Abstract:
Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) are usually associated with many-body systems with large degrees of freedom approaching the thermodynamic limit. In such systems, the many-body ground state shows abrupt changes at zero temperature when the control parameter of the Hamiltonian is scanned across a quantum critical point. Recently it has been realized that a QPT can also occur in a simple system comp…
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Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) are usually associated with many-body systems with large degrees of freedom approaching the thermodynamic limit. In such systems, the many-body ground state shows abrupt changes at zero temperature when the control parameter of the Hamiltonian is scanned across a quantum critical point. Recently it has been realized that a QPT can also occur in a simple system composed of only a two-level atom and a single-mode bosonic field, described by the quantum Rabi model (QRM). Here we report the first experimental demonstration of a QPT in the QRM using a single trapped ion. We measure the average spin-up state population of the ion and the average phonon number in its spatial oscillation mode as two order parameters and observe the clear evidences of the phase transition via slow quench of the coupling between the ion and its spatial motion. An experimental probe of the phase transitions in a fundamental quantum optics model without imposing the thermodynamic limit opens up a new window for the controlled study of QPTs and quantum critical phenomena.
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Submitted 10 February, 2021;
originally announced February 2021.
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All entangled pure quantum states violate the bilocality inequality
Authors:
Nicolas Gisin,
Quanxin Mei,
Armin Tavakoli,
Marc-Olivier Renou,
Nicolas Brunner
Abstract:
The nature of quantum correlations in networks featuring independent sources of entanglement remains poorly understood. Here, focusing on the simplest network of entanglement swapping, we start a systematic characterization of the set of quantum states leading to violation of the so-called "bilocality" inequality. First, we show that all possible pairs of entangled pure states can violate the ineq…
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The nature of quantum correlations in networks featuring independent sources of entanglement remains poorly understood. Here, focusing on the simplest network of entanglement swapping, we start a systematic characterization of the set of quantum states leading to violation of the so-called "bilocality" inequality. First, we show that all possible pairs of entangled pure states can violate the inequality. Next, we derive a general criterion for violation for arbitrary pairs of mixed two-qubit states. Notably, this reveals a strong connection between the CHSH Bell inequality and the bilocality inequality, namely that any entangled state violating CHSH also violates the bilocality inequality. We conclude with a list of open questions.
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Submitted 1 February, 2017;
originally announced February 2017.
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Reliable and robust entanglement witness
Authors:
Xiao Yuan,
Quanxin Mei,
Shan Zhou,
Xiongfeng Ma
Abstract:
Entanglement, a critical resource for quantum information processing, needs to be witnessed in many practical scenarios. Theoretically, witnessing entanglement is by measuring a special Hermitian observable, called entanglement witness (EW), which has non-negative expected outcomes for all separable states but can have negative expectations for certain entangled states. In practice, an EW implemen…
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Entanglement, a critical resource for quantum information processing, needs to be witnessed in many practical scenarios. Theoretically, witnessing entanglement is by measuring a special Hermitian observable, called entanglement witness (EW), which has non-negative expected outcomes for all separable states but can have negative expectations for certain entangled states. In practice, an EW implementation may suffer from two problems. The first one is \emph{reliability}. Due to unreliable realization devices, a separable state could be falsely identified as an entangled one. The second problem relates to \emph{robustness}. A witness may not to optimal for a target state and fail to identify its entanglement. To overcome the reliability problem, we employ a recently proposed measurement-device-independent entanglement witness, in which the correctness of the conclusion is independent of the implemented measurement devices. In order to overcome the robustness problem, we optimize the EW to draw a better conclusion given certain experimental data. With the proposed EW scheme, where only data postprocessing needs to be modified comparing to the original measurement-device-independent scheme, one can efficiently take advantage of the measurement results to maximally draw reliable conclusions.
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Submitted 8 December, 2015;
originally announced December 2015.