Frequency spectra of free standing, traction free sphere- and cube-shaped Si, C, and Ge nanoparticles are investigated using both local and non-local elasticity theories. Different particle sizes, internal material lengths, internal-material-length to particle-size ratios, and weighting factors, are considered. Results confirmed that non-local natural frequencies exhibit a non-linear dependence on particle size, indicating that the continuum frequency scale invariance is not valid at the nanoscale. As the 
ratio decreases, frequencies increase and approach the classical elasticity values. However, for the present non-local formulation, setting 
alone is not sufficient to recover the local elasticity frequencies, the non-local factor must also approach zero. Compared to local elasticity results, nonlocal frequencies are lower, with reductions of up to 44% observed for large non-local weighting factors. In addition, modal shapes and frequency degeneracy are identical for both approaches. Local elasticity formulations provide accurate estimates for the lowest frequencies when the characteristic particle dimension is at least 50 times larger than the internal material length. Finally, polynomial relations are proposed to estimate non-local frequencies from known local elasticity values.
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Nanotechnology encompasses the understanding of the fundamental physics, chemistry, biology and technology of nanometre-scale objects.
- The following article is Open accessNon-local free vibration spectra of nanostructures
Fernando Ramirez et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 305701
View article, Non-local free vibration spectra of nanostructuresPDF, Non-local free vibration spectra of nanostructures - RETRACTION: Doxorubicin-loaded methoxy-intercalated kaolinite as a repackaging of doxorubicin for an enhanced breast cancer treatment: in vitro and in vivo investigation (2025 Nanotechnology 36 025101)
Fatma Al-Zahraa Sayed et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 329701
View article, RETRACTION: Doxorubicin-loaded methoxy-intercalated kaolinite as a repackaging of doxorubicin for an enhanced breast cancer treatment: in vitro and in vivo investigation (2025 Nanotechnology 36 025101)PDF, RETRACTION: Doxorubicin-loaded methoxy-intercalated kaolinite as a repackaging of doxorubicin for an enhanced breast cancer treatment: in vitro and in vivo investigation (2025 Nanotechnology 36 025101) - The following article is Open accessFacet dependence for
as a potential Ammonia oxidation electrocatalyst studied by DFT
Henry Lim et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 315403
View article, Facet dependence for as a potential Ammonia oxidation electrocatalyst studied by DFTPDF, Facet dependence for as a potential Ammonia oxidation electrocatalyst studied by DFTThe transition toward a carbon-free energy system requires energy carriers that are both sustainable and practical to scale. Ammonia is a promising candidate due to its high energy density, established infrastructure, and compatibility with renewable electricity. A key challenge in direct ammonia fuel cells development is the lack of inexpensive, active, and poison-resistant anode catalysts capable of efficiently carrying out the ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR). Ceria (
) related materials have shown potential for AOR and adjacent reactions, however, a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of AOR on pristine ceria surfaces has not previously been established. This density functional theory study examines (111), (110), and (100) for AOR. (100) was found to be the most active surface with the least positive limiting potential of 1.16 V and a potential determining step (PDS) of for the Gerischer-Mauerer mechanism, whereas the Oswin-Salomon mechanism has a more positive limiting potential of 1.33 V due to the PDS being . In comparison, (111) and (110) possessed limiting potentials of 1.38 V and 1.33 V respectively, both with a PDS of for the Gerischer-Mauerer and Oswin-Salomon mechanisms. Among oxide materials, the activity of (100) is improved over NiO due to possessing a lower limiting potential for AOR. Introducing vacancies into may further improve its activity toward AOR. - The following article is Open accessFrom bench to chip: microfluidic integration for scalable DNA origami manufacturing and actuation
Aditya Shah et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 332001
View article, From bench to chip: microfluidic integration for scalable DNA origami manufacturing and actuationPDF, From bench to chip: microfluidic integration for scalable DNA origami manufacturing and actuationDNA origami is a nanofabrication technique where a long DNA scaffold is folded using locally complementary staple strands to create predesigned two- and three-dimensional structures with desired shapes, sizes, and surface functionalities. While many of these structures have been proposed for applications in biosensing, nanorobotics, and targeted therapeutic delivery, among others, translating this technology from the bench to clinical and industrial settings faces significant challenges, especially in reproducibility, process scalability, and control precision. Microfluidic platforms offer potential solutions to these limitations by providing accurate control, process automation, and easy integration of multiple workflow steps within lab-on-chip devices. This review examines the potential role of microfluidic technologies in DNA origami production, characterization and actuation, highlighting advantages and future directions.
- The following article is Open accessReview of Cu–Cu direct bonding technology in advanced packaging
Ze-Hao Zhao et al 2025 Nanotechnology 36 262001
View article, Review of Cu–Cu direct bonding technology in advanced packagingPDF, Review of Cu–Cu direct bonding technology in advanced packagingTraditional Sn-based solder interconnects face reliability challenges due to their poor performance at narrow spacing. Driven by the increasing demands for higher performance, greater reliability, and enhanced integration capabilities in modern electronics, Cu–Cu direct bonding has emerged, which offers significant advantages, including narrower spacing, superior electrical and thermal conductivity, and enhanced reliability. However, achieving low-temperature Cu–Cu bonding remains challenging due to copper’s high melting point and low self-diffusion rate. This study reviews the recent progress of Cu–Cu direct bonding technology on four parts including the enhancement on Cu microstructure, surface treatments, bonding processes and the assessment methods on performance and reliability. Promising Cu microstructures, such as nanotwinned Cu and nanocrystalline Cu were highlighted in facilitating low-temperature bonding. The performance of surface treatments on promoting bonding were also summarized, including chemical treatment, plasma activation and inert metal passivation. Further, some significant innovations on the bonding process and technology were indicated, and the evaluation methods for bonding quality were discussed. The current research progress provide significant guidance for the development of Cu–Cu bonding technology.
- The following article is Open accessPerovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyond—from design to devices
Yi-Teng Huang et al 2021 Nanotechnology 32 132004
View article, Perovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyond—from design to devicesPDF, Perovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyond—from design to devicesLead-halide perovskites have demonstrated astonishing increases in power conversion efficiency in photovoltaics over the last decade. The most efficient perovskite devices now outperform industry-standard multi-crystalline silicon solar cells, despite the fact that perovskites are typically grown at low temperature using simple solution-based methods. However, the toxicity of lead and its ready solubility in water are concerns for widespread implementation. These challenges, alongside the many successes of the perovskites, have motivated significant efforts across multiple disciplines to find lead-free and stable alternatives which could mimic the ability of the perovskites to achieve high performance with low temperature, facile fabrication methods. This Review discusses the computational and experimental approaches that have been taken to discover lead-free perovskite-inspired materials, and the recent successes and challenges in synthesizing these compounds. The atomistic origins of the extraordinary performance exhibited by lead-halide perovskites in photovoltaic devices is discussed, alongside the key challenges in engineering such high-performance in alternative, next-generation materials. Beyond photovoltaics, this Review discusses the impact perovskite-inspired materials have had in spurring efforts to apply new materials in other optoelectronic applications, namely light-emitting diodes, photocatalysts, radiation detectors, thin film transistors and memristors. Finally, the prospects and key challenges faced by the field in advancing the development of perovskite-inspired materials towards realization in commercial devices is discussed.
- The following article is Open accessRoadmap on quantum nanotechnologies
Arne Laucht et al 2021 Nanotechnology 32 162003
Quantum phenomena are typically observable at length and time scales smaller than those of our everyday experience, often involving individual particles or excitations. The past few decades have seen a revolution in the ability to structure matter at the nanoscale, and experiments at the single particle level have become commonplace. This has opened wide new avenues for exploring and harnessing quantum mechanical effects in condensed matter. These quantum phenomena, in turn, have the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate, compute and probe the nanoscale world. Here, we review developments in key areas of quantum research in light of the nanotechnologies that enable them, with a view to what the future holds. Materials and devices with nanoscale features are used for quantum metrology and sensing, as building blocks for quantum computing, and as sources and detectors for quantum communication. They enable explorations of quantum behaviour and unconventional states in nano- and opto-mechanical systems, low-dimensional systems, molecular devices, nano-plasmonics, quantum electrodynamics, scanning tunnelling microscopy, and more. This rapidly expanding intersection of nanotechnology and quantum science/technology is mutually beneficial to both fields, laying claim to some of the most exciting scientific leaps of the last decade, with more on the horizon.
- The following article is Open accessSelf-assembly driven superstructures in nanotechnology: emergent phenomena, characterization and applications
Avik Das et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 232003
View article, Self-assembly driven superstructures in nanotechnology: emergent phenomena, characterization and applicationsPDF, Self-assembly driven superstructures in nanotechnology: emergent phenomena, characterization and applicationsOwing to their marvelous assembly processes, simple building blocks ranging from molecules to different nanostructures, can form complex, ordered, hierarchical functional structures through local interactions. Such bottom–up assembly processes can be either spontaneous or driven by some external stimuli, such as solvent evaporation, optical, electric and magnetic fields, temperature gradient, chemical reaction, mechanical stress, or fluid flow. Understanding the hierarchical organization and assembly pathways of self-assembled superstructures is essential for rationalizing their emergent physicochemical properties, functionalities, and diverse applications. In this review, we focus on the governing interactions, formation pathways, structural characterization and applications of this important class of materials in a wide range of domains and also touch upon the challenges associated with understanding of complex hierarchical structures, their properties, characterization of the transient assembly states and simultaneous characterization methods.
- The following article is Open accessRoadmap on emerging hardware and technology for machine learning
Karl Berggren et al 2021 Nanotechnology 32 012002
View article, Roadmap on emerging hardware and technology for machine learningPDF, Roadmap on emerging hardware and technology for machine learningRecent progress in artificial intelligence is largely attributed to the rapid development of machine learning, especially in the algorithm and neural network models. However, it is the performance of the hardware, in particular the energy efficiency of a computing system that sets the fundamental limit of the capability of machine learning. Data-centric computing requires a revolution in hardware systems, since traditional digital computers based on transistors and the von Neumann architecture were not purposely designed for neuromorphic computing. A hardware platform based on emerging devices and new architecture is the hope for future computing with dramatically improved throughput and energy efficiency. Building such a system, nevertheless, faces a number of challenges, ranging from materials selection, device optimization, circuit fabrication and system integration, to name a few. The aim of this Roadmap is to present a snapshot of emerging hardware technologies that are potentially beneficial for machine learning, providing the Nanotechnology readers with a perspective of challenges and opportunities in this burgeoning field.
- The following article is Open accessMinimizing residues and strain in 2D materials transferred from PDMS
Achint Jain et al 2018 Nanotechnology 29 265203
View article, Minimizing residues and strain in 2D materials transferred from PDMSPDF, Minimizing residues and strain in 2D materials transferred from PDMSIntegrating layered two-dimensional (2D) materials into 3D heterostructures offers opportunities for novel material functionalities and applications in electronics and photonics. In order to build the highest quality heterostructures, it is crucial to preserve the cleanliness and morphology of 2D material surfaces that come in contact with polymers such as PDMS during transfer. Here we report that substantial residues and up to ∼0.22% compressive strain can be present in monolayer MoS2 transferred using PDMS. We show that a UV-ozone pre-cleaning of the PDMS surface before exfoliation significantly reduces organic residues on transferred MoS2 flakes. An additional 200 ◦C vacuum anneal after transfer efficiently removes interfacial bubbles and wrinkles as well as accumulated strain, thereby restoring the surface morphology of transferred flakes to their native state. Our recipe is important for building clean heterostructures of 2D materials and increasing the reproducibility and reliability of devices based on them.
- The following article is Open accessDesigning low-loss cavities across the band-gap of photonic crystal slabs
Nadhia Monim et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 345201
View article, Designing low-loss cavities across the band-gap of photonic crystal slabsPDF, Designing low-loss cavities across the band-gap of photonic crystal slabsPhotonic crystal cavities (PCCs) are defects in host photonic crystals (PCs) which create bound states in the PC band gap. These bound states are resonant states of the electromagnetic field with a complex resonance frequency and can have very small mode volumes. PCCs are attractive for a variety of applications, from cavity quantum electrodynamics to biosensing. A PC slab geometry is advantageous compared to three-dimensional crystals due to its superior manufacturability, and the accessibility of the surface allows sensing and coupling. However, the emission into the half spaces above and below the slab limits the bound state lifetime. Controlling this emission is thus crucial for applications, most of which are benefiting from a long lifetime. A range of methods to find defect geometries suppressing the emission to increase the lifetime have been demonstrated in the past. However, they do not cater for a designed resonant frequency covering a wide addressable range, as needed for multiplexed devices. Here, we demonstrate a design method controlling both resonance frequency and emission, by minimising a cost function including both losses and target frequency. We show applications on PCCs in GaAs PC slabs immersed in water, relevant for biosensing. The reduced refractive index contrast in these structures compared to previously studied PCCs embedded in vacuum renders the emission suppression more challenging. We optimise the quality factor of a standard L3 cavity from 1000 to
, with an addressable resonance frequency range covering about 10% relative bandwidth, spanning more than half of the band gap. For a H1 cavity starting from a quality factor of 127, optimisation achieves quality factors of over 12% relative bandwidth. - Research progress on the preparation and polarization properties of one-dimensional lead halide perovskite nanowires
Yihan Qian et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 332002
View article, Research progress on the preparation and polarization properties of one-dimensional lead halide perovskite nanowiresPDF, Research progress on the preparation and polarization properties of one-dimensional lead halide perovskite nanowiresOne-dimensional lead halide perovskite nanowires (1D LHP NWs) synergize the excellent optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskites with strong structural anisotropy, thus holding significant application potential in polarized optoelectronics. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on the preparation technologies and polarization properties of 1D LHP NWs. We first comprehensively overview and compare mainstream synthesis strategies—including hot-injection, room-temperature, solvothermal, ultrasonic, template-assisted, and vapor-phase growth methods—analyzing how key factors like ligand selection regulate morphology and crystal quality. Crucially, we delve into the structure-performance correlations, elucidating how crystal anisotropy and quantum confinement govern linear and circular polarization mechanisms, while also highlighting recent advancements in environmentally friendly lead-free alternatives. We further quantify their cutting-edge applications in polarized light emission and polarization detection, noting specific breakthroughs such as a high degree of linear polarization up to 0.84 and ultra-high detector responsivities up to 22.14 A W−1. Finally, the review identifies existing critical challenges and outlines three thematic future directions: resolving synthesis reproducibility and long-term stability, exploring atomic-scale chiral polarization mechanisms, and accelerating industrialization through multi-field integration and pilot-scale manufacturing.
- Electrochemically derived monolayer graphene with CVD-comparable optoelectrical properties and high capacitive performance
Isha Atrey and Anupam Shukla 2026 Nanotechnology 37 335401
View article, Electrochemically derived monolayer graphene with CVD-comparable optoelectrical properties and high capacitive performancePDF, Electrochemically derived monolayer graphene with CVD-comparable optoelectrical properties and high capacitive performanceHarnessing the exceptional properties of monolayer graphene (MG) requires scalable, cost-effective synthesis free from multi-layer graphene. While liquid-phase methods are inexpensive, they often produce oxidized, layer-polydisperse graphene with small flakes. Here, we present a liquid-phase method that synthesizes layer-monodisperse MG via engineered electrochemical exfoliation. Using a 98% H2SO4 electrolyte, graphite was intercalated to stage I graphite bisulfate (GB) and subsequently exfoliated, followed by tuned ultrasonic agitation in NMP, achieving a high MG yield of ∼93.3%. This process results in large MG flakes (∼136 µm2) with low defect density (ID/IG<0.1) and oxygen content of 2.8%. The MG also exhibits outstanding optoelectrical properties, including ∼96.86% transparency and high conductivity (∼2.45 × 106 S m−1), comparable to CVD-synthesized graphene. Additionally, MG films demonstrate superior supercapacitive energy storage with a specific capacitance of ∼1363 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, surpassing thicker graphene and reduced graphene oxide films.
- AFM-modified graphene field-effect transistor for sensitive detection of cardiac troponin I
Xinyan Xu et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 335301
View article, AFM-modified graphene field-effect transistor for sensitive detection of cardiac troponin IPDF, AFM-modified graphene field-effect transistor for sensitive detection of cardiac troponin IGraphene field-effect transistor (G-FET) biosensors require precise surface functionalization to achieve high sensitivity and stability. However, existing methods lack spatial control capabilities and may cause extensive damage to graphene’s electrical properties. In this study, we introduce an atomic force microscopy-based precision functionalization technique, enabling site-specific modification of graphene via redox reactions at a biased probe tip. This approach allows stable, localized immobilization of cTnI-specific aptamers, minimizing graphene damage and yielding high-performance G-FET biosensors. The resulting sensor detects cardiac troponin I at concentrations as low as 0.01 pg ml, exhibiting linear resistance response and strong selectivity in concentration gradient assays. This technology provides a scalable solution for constructing multiplexed biosensing within a single sensor.
- Ultraviolet-responsive IGZO synaptic transistors for photoelectric synergistic modulation and applications
Yuqing Cui et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 335202
View article, Ultraviolet-responsive IGZO synaptic transistors for photoelectric synergistic modulation and applicationsPDF, Ultraviolet-responsive IGZO synaptic transistors for photoelectric synergistic modulation and applicationsBiological visual systems perceive information by processing light signals through the regulation of synaptic weights in the nervous system. Consequently, optoelectronic synaptic devices that directly respond to light stimuli and mimic synaptic plasticity hold immense potential for constructing highly efficient neuromorphic computing systems. This paper reports an optoelectronic synaptic transistor utilizing amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide to serve as the active channel layer of the device. Owing to its wide bandgap, the transistor shows a strong positive photoresponse under ultraviolet light, leading to substantial photocurrent enhancement. Simultaneously, applying electrical pulses suppressed the current response of the device, achieving negative modulation of synaptic weights, which successfully simulates the dynamic balance mechanism between excitatory and inhibitory effects in biological synapses. Based on this phenomenon, this work defines optoelectronic co-modulation as an operation mode that achieves bidirectional dynamic regulation of channel conductance via ultraviolet light-induced carrier excitation and electrical pulse-induced charge trapping. Leveraging the photoelectric synergistic properties of the device, we successfully simulated key biological synaptic functions including postsynaptic current, paired-pulse depression, and the transition from short-term plasticity to long-term plasticity. Based on this, we achieved fundamental ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ logic gate functions. Furthermore, when the device was applied to handwritten digit recognition tasks, the neural network achieved an accuracy of 90%.
- Research progress on the preparation and polarization properties of one-dimensional lead halide perovskite nanowires
Yihan Qian et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 332002
View article, Research progress on the preparation and polarization properties of one-dimensional lead halide perovskite nanowiresPDF, Research progress on the preparation and polarization properties of one-dimensional lead halide perovskite nanowiresOne-dimensional lead halide perovskite nanowires (1D LHP NWs) synergize the excellent optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskites with strong structural anisotropy, thus holding significant application potential in polarized optoelectronics. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on the preparation technologies and polarization properties of 1D LHP NWs. We first comprehensively overview and compare mainstream synthesis strategies—including hot-injection, room-temperature, solvothermal, ultrasonic, template-assisted, and vapor-phase growth methods—analyzing how key factors like ligand selection regulate morphology and crystal quality. Crucially, we delve into the structure-performance correlations, elucidating how crystal anisotropy and quantum confinement govern linear and circular polarization mechanisms, while also highlighting recent advancements in environmentally friendly lead-free alternatives. We further quantify their cutting-edge applications in polarized light emission and polarization detection, noting specific breakthroughs such as a high degree of linear polarization up to 0.84 and ultra-high detector responsivities up to 22.14 A W−1. Finally, the review identifies existing critical challenges and outlines three thematic future directions: resolving synthesis reproducibility and long-term stability, exploring atomic-scale chiral polarization mechanisms, and accelerating industrialization through multi-field integration and pilot-scale manufacturing.
- The following article is Open accessFrom bench to chip: microfluidic integration for scalable DNA origami manufacturing and actuation
Aditya Shah et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 332001
View article, From bench to chip: microfluidic integration for scalable DNA origami manufacturing and actuationPDF, From bench to chip: microfluidic integration for scalable DNA origami manufacturing and actuationDNA origami is a nanofabrication technique where a long DNA scaffold is folded using locally complementary staple strands to create predesigned two- and three-dimensional structures with desired shapes, sizes, and surface functionalities. While many of these structures have been proposed for applications in biosensing, nanorobotics, and targeted therapeutic delivery, among others, translating this technology from the bench to clinical and industrial settings faces significant challenges, especially in reproducibility, process scalability, and control precision. Microfluidic platforms offer potential solutions to these limitations by providing accurate control, process automation, and easy integration of multiple workflow steps within lab-on-chip devices. This review examines the potential role of microfluidic technologies in DNA origami production, characterization and actuation, highlighting advantages and future directions.
- Tailored nanomaterials from urban lignocellulosic waste for soil and wastewater remediation: advancing towards sustainable environment
Xun Yuan et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 312001
View article, Tailored nanomaterials from urban lignocellulosic waste for soil and wastewater remediation: advancing towards sustainable environmentPDF, Tailored nanomaterials from urban lignocellulosic waste for soil and wastewater remediation: advancing towards sustainable environmentThe escalating generation of urban lignocellulosic waste poses significant environmental and resource management challenges, necessitating sustainable valorization strategies. This article critically examines the conversion of urban lignocellulosic biomass into molecularly tailored nanomaterials (NMs) for targeted soil and wastewater remediation. A particular emphasis is placed on the biochar-based NMs and nanocomposites, synthesis methodologies, molecular engineering approaches, and the intrinsic physicochemical properties governing their remediation performance. The key factors influencing material characteristics, including pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, residence time, and feedstock composition, are systematically analyzed. Tailored NMs produced at elevated pyrolysis temperatures exhibit enhanced microporosity, increased specific surface area, and greater hydrophobicity, favoring the adsorption of non-polar organic contaminants. Conversely, low-temperature derived NMs, enriched with oxygenated functional groups, demonstrate superior affinity towards polar organic and inorganic pollutants via surface complexation, electrostatic attraction, and precipitation mechanisms. The review further addresses critical challenges such as feedstock variability, process scalability, environmental risks, and regulatory considerations associated with field-scale applications. Future research directions emphasize the precision design of NMs for contaminant-specific remediation, process optimization for large-scale deployment, and comprehensive environmental impact assessments. Overall, this study highlights the transformative potential of urban biomass-derived NMs in advancing sustainable environmental remediation technologies and contributing to circular economy frameworks.
- Atomic force microscopy for quantitative nanomechanical characterization of immune cells: techniques and applications in allergic responses
Jiani Li et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 292001
View article, Atomic force microscopy for quantitative nanomechanical characterization of immune cells: techniques and applications in allergic responsesPDF, Atomic force microscopy for quantitative nanomechanical characterization of immune cells: techniques and applications in allergic responsesAllergic reactions involve complex changes in immune cell morphology, membrane structure, and mechanical properties. Characterizing these changes at the nanoscale is important for understanding cell activation and intercellular interactions during allergic responses. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become a useful tool for this purpose because it can provide high-resolution surface imaging and quantitative mechanical measurements under near-physiological conditions. This review summarizes recent applications of AFM in the study of immune effector cells involved in allergic reactions, with emphasis on mast cells, macrophages, T cells, and B cells. We discuss how AFM has been used to examine membrane nanotopography, adhesion, stiffness, and cell–cell interaction forces, and how these measurements contribute to the analysis of immune-cell activation. In addition, the integration of AFM with complementary techniques is briefly outlined to show its value in multimodal characterization. This review suggests that AFM is not only useful for imaging allergy-related cells, but also for quantitative investigation of their nano mechanical behavior.
- A review of design principles and fabrication techniques in superconducting and trapped ion quantum devices
Aashay Pandharpatte et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 282001
View article, A review of design principles and fabrication techniques in superconducting and trapped ion quantum devicesPDF, A review of design principles and fabrication techniques in superconducting and trapped ion quantum devicesQuantum computing is rapidly evolving from theoretical frameworks to functional hardware, with physical qubits now being realized across multiple experimental platforms. Precision nanofabrication has enabled the development of low-loss, high-coherence quantum devices. Among the various approaches, superconducting circuits and trapped-ion systems have emerged as the most advanced and experimentally successful platforms for realizing controllable and scalable qubits. This review presents an overview of nanoscale fabrication techniques employed in these two architectures. We first outline the operating principles that define qubit behavior, followed by a discussion of representative device designs and fabrication workflows. In superconducting circuits, we examine processes such as thin-film deposition, lithographic patterning, and Josephson-junction fabrication that determine key parameters including qubit frequency, anharmonicity, and coherence. For trapped-ion systems, we describe the transition from bulk electrode assemblies to microfabricated surface traps produced using photolithography, metal deposition, and dielectric layering, where electrode geometry and surface treatment directly influence ion confinement and motional heating. We further discuss fabrication-related challenges, including dielectric loss, surface contamination, and material defects that limit coherence and reproducibility, along with emerging mitigation strategies such as advanced cleaning, low-loss materials, and improved surface engineering. By drawing parallels between these two leading platforms, this review highlights that continued progress in nanofabrication remains central to realizing scalable, high-fidelity quantum processors.
- The following article is Open accessStrain-Tolerant Heteroepitaxial LiCoO₂/Pt on Mica for Interfacial Engineering for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Catalysis
Le et al
View accepted manuscript, Strain-Tolerant Heteroepitaxial LiCoO₂/Pt on Mica for Interfacial Engineering for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution CatalysisPDF, Strain-Tolerant Heteroepitaxial LiCoO₂/Pt on Mica for Interfacial Engineering for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution CatalysisIn this work, we demonstrate a novel heteroepitaxial lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂)/Pt architecture on flexible mica substrates that simultaneously achieves exceptional catalytic activity, durability, and mechanical flexibility. Through precise control of LiCoO₂ thickness (optimized at 190 nm), we fabricate an electrode exhibiting outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance: a low overpotential of 308 mV at 10 mA cm⁻², a Tafel slope of 45 mV dec⁻¹, and remarkable stability with 97% activity retention after 30 hours in alkaline media. Especially, in-situ Raman spectroscopy investigations provide unprecedented insight into the dynamic structural evolution at the electrode-electrolyte interface, suggesting the formation of interfacial Co–O–Pt-like bonding environments. The flexible heterostructure maintains its exceptional performance even after 1,000 severe bending cycles at 5 mm radius (33% strain), demonstrating negligible degradation in linear sweep voltammetry measurements. This exceptional mechanical durability stems from the unique heteroepitaxial growth that prevents delamination under strain. Beyond presenting a high-performance flexible OER electrode, this work establishes several important design principles: (i) the critical role of lattice-matched substrates in strain-tolerant electrocatalysts, (ii) the importance of controlled epitaxial growth for interface engineering, and (iii) the value of in-situ spectroscopic techniques for understanding reaction mechanisms. These findings open new avenues for developing advanced flexible energy materials through heteroepitaxial design strategies.
- The following article is Open accessOptimizing electrical contacts on individual p-i-n GaAs nanowires by site-specific focused ion beam processing
Zeng et al
View accepted manuscript, Optimizing electrical contacts on individual p-i-n GaAs nanowires by site-specific focused ion beam processingPDF, Optimizing electrical contacts on individual p-i-n GaAs nanowires by site-specific focused ion beam processingGaAs nanowires with built-in p-n junctions possess unique properties, making them suitable as basic components in a range of device applications, such as solar cells and photodetectors. Establishing reliable nanoscale electrical contacts on individual nanowires is crucial for characterizing and optimizing nanowire-device performances, but it is challenging due to the nanoscale material dimensions. Here, we show the optimization of electrical contacts on individual GaAs nanowires with built-in radial p-i-n junctions using site-specific nanoscale ion beam milling. We quantitatively studied the effect of ion beam treatment on the contact structure and properties using electrical characterization, theoretical modelling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The electrical current rectifying effect at the electrode/nanowire contacts is diminished by the ion beam treatment, as evidenced by both dark and illuminated current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the individual nanowires. The optimized nanoscale contacts allow the study of the intrinsic photovoltaic performance of the individual GaAs nanowires. Different from the conventional method of reducing rectifying contact by increasing semiconductor doping at the contacts, the contact improvement by ion beam processing is found to be mainly due to a decrease (up to 3 orders of magnitude) in the shunt resistance at the electrode/nanowire Schottky barrier. The combined electrical and structural measurements suggest that the shunt resistance change could be attributed to the modification of the microscopic structure at the contacts: the native oxide on the surface of the nanowires was removed by the ion milling; ion implantation creates a defect-rich surface layer on the nanowires at the contacts. The observations in this study provide new insights into the effect of ion beam processing on nanoscale electrical contacts and may contribute to the fabrication of reliable electrical contacts on not only nanoscale p-n junctions but also semiconducting nanostructures and devices in general.
- Flexible multifunctional sensor based on laser direct writing for battery safety monitoring
Dang et al
View accepted manuscript, Flexible multifunctional sensor based on laser direct writing for battery safety monitoringPDF, Flexible multifunctional sensor based on laser direct writing for battery safety monitoringElectric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles and IoT devices rely on reliable battery technologies. However, lithium-ion batteries face risks of thermal runaway triggered by overheating and mechanical strain. Existing battery monitoring sensors are either rigid (poorly adaptable to battery expansion), single-mode (only monitoring temperature or strain), or multimode but prone to inter-signal interference. In this article, we propose a flexible multifunctional sensor fabricated by the laser direct writing (LDW) process for real-time strain-temperature monitoring of batteries. This method enables the simultaneous reduction of the precursor material and sintering with the substrate material in a single step, streamlining the fabrication of both strain and temperature sensing components. By doping reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in silver nanoparticles, the gauge factor of the strain sensor raises from 47.4 to 515.5, and a temperature sensor with a temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of -0.872 % /K. The sensors exhibit ultra-low detection limits (0.05 % strain, 0.1 • C resolution), exceptional stability (2, 000 cycles). In battery safety tests, they accurately track rapid temperature spikes (response time of 2.58 s ) and micro-deformation during chargedischarge, matching commercial reference devices. This capability enables early detection of internal mechanical failures without compromising structural integrity.
- The following article is Open accessInterface Nanochemistry and Band Alignment Control in Emerging Metal Chalcogenide Nanostructures
Chen
View accepted manuscript, Interface Nanochemistry and Band Alignment Control in Emerging Metal Chalcogenide NanostructuresPDF, Interface Nanochemistry and Band Alignment Control in Emerging Metal Chalcogenide NanostructuresEmerging metal chalcogenide semiconductors, including kesterites, tin and antimony chalcogenides, elemental selenium, and related oxychalcogenides, combine strong absorption with adaptable processing but remain limited by buried junctions and electrical contacts. In these systems, the operational band profile can depend on interdiffusion, secondary phases, charged defects, interface dipoles, Fermi-level pinning, and the thermal or chemical history of the junction. This Topical Review uses the term reactive heterophase region (RHR) as an explicit synthesis of established interface-layer and transition-layer descriptions, extended to reactive chalcogenides by coupling composition and phase, defect charge, electrostatic potential, and process or operating history. RHR is not proposed as a universal new phase: the framework includes the abrupt and weakly coupled limits and is invoked only when evidence or a physically justified process model supports a finite reactive interval. We first define natural, near-interface, and operational band offsets and consolidate the roles of pinning, dipoles, trap-assisted tunnelling, and ultrathin de-pinning layers. We then apply a concept-to-evidence-to-design-rule sequence to absorber/buffer junctions, back contacts, passivating contacts, van der Waals interfaces, chalcogenide–silicon tandems, and photodetectors. A claim-driven metrology section replaces a technique catalogue with an evidence architecture linking chemistry, ensemble and local energetics, device function, and stability. It also systematically distinguishes reactive-interface effects from alternative causes of discrepant offsets, including surface preparation, charging and referencing, valence-band fitting, facet dependence, lateral heterogeneity, sample damage, and model dependence. Case studies on Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ (CZTSSe), SnS, Sb2Se3/Sb2(S,Se)3, and selenium illustrate transferable and material-specific limits. The review closes with compact reporting and reliability standards intended to improve causal attribution, reproducibility, and cross-study comparison.
- Exchange-Correlation Functionals in 2D Materials: Applications, Challenges, and Limitations
Jiang et al
View accepted manuscript, Exchange-Correlation Functionals in 2D Materials: Applications, Challenges, and LimitationsPDF, Exchange-Correlation Functionals in 2D Materials: Applications, Challenges, and LimitationsThe rapid development of two-dimensional (2D) materials has reshaped modern nanoscience, offering properties that differ fundamentally from their bulk counterparts. As experimental discovery accelerates, the need for reliable computational techniques has become increasingly important. Within the framework of density functional theory, this review explores the critical role of exchange-correlation functionals in predicting key material properties such as structural, optoelectronic, magnetic, and thermal. We examine the challenges posed by quantum confinement, anisotropic screening, and van der Waals interactions, which conventional functionals often fail to describe. Advanced approaches, including meta-GGA, hybrid functionals, and many-body perturbation theory (e.g., GW and Bethe-Salpeter equation), are assessed for their improved accuracy in capturing electronic structure and excitonic effects. We further discuss the non-universality of functionals across different 2D material families and the emerging role of machine learning to enhance computational efficiency. Finally, the review outlines current limitations and emerging strategies, providing a roadmap for advancing exchange-correlation functionals and beyond, to enable the practical design and application of 2D materials.
- The following article is Open accessStrain-Tolerant Heteroepitaxial LiCoO₂/Pt on Mica for Interfacial Engineering for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Catalysis
Van-Qui Le et al 2026 Nanotechnology
View article, Strain-Tolerant Heteroepitaxial LiCoO₂/Pt on Mica for Interfacial Engineering for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution CatalysisPDF, Strain-Tolerant Heteroepitaxial LiCoO₂/Pt on Mica for Interfacial Engineering for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution CatalysisIn this work, we demonstrate a novel heteroepitaxial lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂)/Pt architecture on flexible mica substrates that simultaneously achieves exceptional catalytic activity, durability, and mechanical flexibility. Through precise control of LiCoO₂ thickness (optimized at 190 nm), we fabricate an electrode exhibiting outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance: a low overpotential of 308 mV at 10 mA cm⁻², a Tafel slope of 45 mV dec⁻¹, and remarkable stability with 97% activity retention after 30 hours in alkaline media. Especially, in-situ Raman spectroscopy investigations provide unprecedented insight into the dynamic structural evolution at the electrode-electrolyte interface, suggesting the formation of interfacial Co–O–Pt-like bonding environments. The flexible heterostructure maintains its exceptional performance even after 1,000 severe bending cycles at 5 mm radius (33% strain), demonstrating negligible degradation in linear sweep voltammetry measurements. This exceptional mechanical durability stems from the unique heteroepitaxial growth that prevents delamination under strain. Beyond presenting a high-performance flexible OER electrode, this work establishes several important design principles: (i) the critical role of lattice-matched substrates in strain-tolerant electrocatalysts, (ii) the importance of controlled epitaxial growth for interface engineering, and (iii) the value of in-situ spectroscopic techniques for understanding reaction mechanisms. These findings open new avenues for developing advanced flexible energy materials through heteroepitaxial design strategies.
- The following article is Open accessOptimizing electrical contacts on individual p-i-n GaAs nanowires by site-specific focused ion beam processing
Lunjie Zeng et al 2026 Nanotechnology
View article, Optimizing electrical contacts on individual p-i-n GaAs nanowires by site-specific focused ion beam processingPDF, Optimizing electrical contacts on individual p-i-n GaAs nanowires by site-specific focused ion beam processingGaAs nanowires with built-in p-n junctions possess unique properties, making them suitable as basic components in a range of device applications, such as solar cells and photodetectors. Establishing reliable nanoscale electrical contacts on individual nanowires is crucial for characterizing and optimizing nanowire-device performances, but it is challenging due to the nanoscale material dimensions. Here, we show the optimization of electrical contacts on individual GaAs nanowires with built-in radial p-i-n junctions using site-specific nanoscale ion beam milling. We quantitatively studied the effect of ion beam treatment on the contact structure and properties using electrical characterization, theoretical modelling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The electrical current rectifying effect at the electrode/nanowire contacts is diminished by the ion beam treatment, as evidenced by both dark and illuminated current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the individual nanowires. The optimized nanoscale contacts allow the study of the intrinsic photovoltaic performance of the individual GaAs nanowires. Different from the conventional method of reducing rectifying contact by increasing semiconductor doping at the contacts, the contact improvement by ion beam processing is found to be mainly due to a decrease (up to 3 orders of magnitude) in the shunt resistance at the electrode/nanowire Schottky barrier. The combined electrical and structural measurements suggest that the shunt resistance change could be attributed to the modification of the microscopic structure at the contacts: the native oxide on the surface of the nanowires was removed by the ion milling; ion implantation creates a defect-rich surface layer on the nanowires at the contacts. The observations in this study provide new insights into the effect of ion beam processing on nanoscale electrical contacts and may contribute to the fabrication of reliable electrical contacts on not only nanoscale p-n junctions but also semiconducting nanostructures and devices in general.
- The following article is Open accessInterface Nanochemistry and Band Alignment Control in Emerging Metal Chalcogenide Nanostructures
Cheng-Ying Chen 2026 Nanotechnology
View article, Interface Nanochemistry and Band Alignment Control in Emerging Metal Chalcogenide NanostructuresPDF, Interface Nanochemistry and Band Alignment Control in Emerging Metal Chalcogenide NanostructuresEmerging metal chalcogenide semiconductors, including kesterites, tin and antimony chalcogenides, elemental selenium, and related oxychalcogenides, combine strong absorption with adaptable processing but remain limited by buried junctions and electrical contacts. In these systems, the operational band profile can depend on interdiffusion, secondary phases, charged defects, interface dipoles, Fermi-level pinning, and the thermal or chemical history of the junction. This Topical Review uses the term reactive heterophase region (RHR) as an explicit synthesis of established interface-layer and transition-layer descriptions, extended to reactive chalcogenides by coupling composition and phase, defect charge, electrostatic potential, and process or operating history. RHR is not proposed as a universal new phase: the framework includes the abrupt and weakly coupled limits and is invoked only when evidence or a physically justified process model supports a finite reactive interval. We first define natural, near-interface, and operational band offsets and consolidate the roles of pinning, dipoles, trap-assisted tunnelling, and ultrathin de-pinning layers. We then apply a concept-to-evidence-to-design-rule sequence to absorber/buffer junctions, back contacts, passivating contacts, van der Waals interfaces, chalcogenide–silicon tandems, and photodetectors. A claim-driven metrology section replaces a technique catalogue with an evidence architecture linking chemistry, ensemble and local energetics, device function, and stability. It also systematically distinguishes reactive-interface effects from alternative causes of discrepant offsets, including surface preparation, charging and referencing, valence-band fitting, facet dependence, lateral heterogeneity, sample damage, and model dependence. Case studies on Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ (CZTSSe), SnS, Sb2Se3/Sb2(S,Se)3, and selenium illustrate transferable and material-specific limits. The review closes with compact reporting and reliability standards intended to improve causal attribution, reproducibility, and cross-study comparison.
- The following article is Open accessAdvancing Non-Invasive Diagnosis through Biomarker Detection in Biofluids
Howyn Tang et al 2026 Nanotechnology
View article, Advancing Non-Invasive Diagnosis through Biomarker Detection in BiofluidsPDF, Advancing Non-Invasive Diagnosis through Biomarker Detection in BiofluidsEarly and accurate identification of disease-associated biomarkers is essential for timely diagnosis and the advancement of personalized healthcare. Although blood and cerebrospinal fluid remain the clinical gold standards, increasing attention is being directed toward non-invasive biofluids, such as urine, saliva, tears, and sweat. as accessible and patient-friendly alternatives. These biofluids contain diverse biomolecular signatures, including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and microbial components, offering significant potential for continuous and real-time health monitoring. Recent advances in nanotechnology have transformed biomarker detection by enabling highly sensitive, selective, and rapid analytical platforms. This review provides an overview of key biomarkers associated with major diseases, including cancer, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative disorders, with a focus on their presence in non-invasive biofluids. It further highlights recent progress in nanomaterial-enabled sensing strategies and the role of advanced nanostructures in enhancing detection performance. In addition, the convergence of wearable sensing technologies with artificial intelligence frameworks for continuous biomarker monitoring and intelligent disease management is also examined. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined to guide the development of next-generation, non-invasive diagnostic platforms.
- The following article is Open accessDesigning low-loss cavities across the band-gap of photonic crystal slabs
Nadhia Monim et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 345201
View article, Designing low-loss cavities across the band-gap of photonic crystal slabsPDF, Designing low-loss cavities across the band-gap of photonic crystal slabsPhotonic crystal cavities (PCCs) are defects in host photonic crystals (PCs) which create bound states in the PC band gap. These bound states are resonant states of the electromagnetic field with a complex resonance frequency and can have very small mode volumes. PCCs are attractive for a variety of applications, from cavity quantum electrodynamics to biosensing. A PC slab geometry is advantageous compared to three-dimensional crystals due to its superior manufacturability, and the accessibility of the surface allows sensing and coupling. However, the emission into the half spaces above and below the slab limits the bound state lifetime. Controlling this emission is thus crucial for applications, most of which are benefiting from a long lifetime. A range of methods to find defect geometries suppressing the emission to increase the lifetime have been demonstrated in the past. However, they do not cater for a designed resonant frequency covering a wide addressable range, as needed for multiplexed devices. Here, we demonstrate a design method controlling both resonance frequency and emission, by minimising a cost function including both losses and target frequency. We show applications on PCCs in GaAs PC slabs immersed in water, relevant for biosensing. The reduced refractive index contrast in these structures compared to previously studied PCCs embedded in vacuum renders the emission suppression more challenging. We optimise the quality factor of a standard L3 cavity from 1000 to
, with an addressable resonance frequency range covering about 10% relative bandwidth, spanning more than half of the band gap. For a H1 cavity starting from a quality factor of 127, optimisation achieves quality factors of over 12% relative bandwidth. - The following article is Open accessBinding of voriconazole aptamers and modulation of binding by cyclodextrins
Amira Kamel et al 2026 Nanotechnology
View article, Binding of voriconazole aptamers and modulation of binding by cyclodextrinsPDF, Binding of voriconazole aptamers and modulation of binding by cyclodextrinsVoriconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal drug widely used to treat life-threatening fungal infections, including invasive aspergillosis and severe candidiasis. Despite its efficacy, large inter- and intra-patient pharmacokinetic variability and frequent drug–drug interactions can lead to subtherapeutic or toxic plasma concentrations, making therapeutic drug monitoring essential. Recently, several aptamer selections for voriconazole have been reported, including two independent selections from our laboratory that yielded multiple aptamer families. In this work, we systematically characterize these aptamers by measuring their binding affinities under various conditions using thioflavin T fluorescence spectroscopy and evaluating their selectivity against structurally related antifungal drugs. A new aptamer named VO3 with a dissociation constant (KD) value of 26 μM and high selectivity was identified. The effect of the buffer components such as NaCl and MgCl2 was assessed, and VO3 maintained binding activity even in up to 1 M NaCl and in the absence of Mg2+ ions. Furthermore, the interaction of α- and β- cyclodextrins with voriconazole was studied using a competitive titration method, and only β-cyclodextrin could compete with the aptamer for binding to voriconazole. This study shows that ThT fluorescence is a useful label-free method to study voriconazole aptamers and that aptamers can be used to probe target binding to nanoscale host molecules.
- The following article is Open accessGold nanorod surface preparation for enhanced EC-SERS: a comparison of two electrochemical CTAB removal protocols
Shathar Alobeidat et al 2026 Nanotechnology
View article, Gold nanorod surface preparation for enhanced EC-SERS: a comparison of two electrochemical CTAB removal protocolsPDF, Gold nanorod surface preparation for enhanced EC-SERS: a comparison of two electrochemical CTAB removal protocolsGold nanorods (AuNRs) present a promising alternative to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications due to their improved biocompatibility, chemical stability, and tunable optical properties. However, the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant typically required for AuNR synthesis introduces significant spectral and physical interferences that inhibit analyte detection. This study systematically compares reductive and oxidative electrochemical cleaning protocols to remove CTAB from AuNR-modified screen-printed electrodes. Electrochemical cleaning effectively removes CTAB, enabling detection of metabolites such as uric acid (0.15 mM) and nicotinic acid (10.0 mM). Reductive cleaning preserves the AuNR morphology, while oxidative cleaning induces surface restructuring that alters molecular adsorption behaviour on the metal surface. Both cleaning methods retain strong SERS activity originating from the AuNRs, which is improved compared to uncleaned substrates. Oxidative cleaning enhances SERS intensity by increasing surface roughness and hot-spot density, thereby improving electrochemical SERS (EC-SERS) performance relative to AgNP-based platforms.
- The following article is Open accessFrom bench to chip: microfluidic integration for scalable DNA origami manufacturing and actuation
Aditya Shah et al 2026 Nanotechnology 37 332001
View article, From bench to chip: microfluidic integration for scalable DNA origami manufacturing and actuationPDF, From bench to chip: microfluidic integration for scalable DNA origami manufacturing and actuationDNA origami is a nanofabrication technique where a long DNA scaffold is folded using locally complementary staple strands to create predesigned two- and three-dimensional structures with desired shapes, sizes, and surface functionalities. While many of these structures have been proposed for applications in biosensing, nanorobotics, and targeted therapeutic delivery, among others, translating this technology from the bench to clinical and industrial settings faces significant challenges, especially in reproducibility, process scalability, and control precision. Microfluidic platforms offer potential solutions to these limitations by providing accurate control, process automation, and easy integration of multiple workflow steps within lab-on-chip devices. This review examines the potential role of microfluidic technologies in DNA origami production, characterization and actuation, highlighting advantages and future directions.
- The following article is Open accessStability and reliability of carbon-coated solid-state nanopores for single molecule analysis
Funing Liu et al 2026 Nanotechnology
View article, Stability and reliability of carbon-coated solid-state nanopores for single molecule analysisPDF, Stability and reliability of carbon-coated solid-state nanopores for single molecule analysisSolid-state nanopores has shown great potential for analyzing single molecules. Electron beaminduced carbon deposition enables precise tuning of nanopore dimension to adapt different molecule sizes. In this work, we investigate the stability of carbon-coated Si and SiN nanopores in a nanopore-gated nanocavity device, during electrical measurements in various solutions. Our results show that the conductance of bare nanopores increase over the measurement time, indicating pore expansion caused by electrochemical corrosion of the nanopore walls. Moreover, the corrosion accelerates with increasing voltages and electrolyte concentrations. In stark contrast, carbon-coated devices effectively resist electrochemical corrosion due to strong C=C bonds in the coating layer, exhibiting remarkable stability even in highly concentrated electrolytes and under strong electric fields. Furthermore, the carbon coating does not promote undesired surface interactions with analyte molecules during the translocation measurements. More importantly, we demonstrate that promptly releasing the electrical bias after trapping the molecule on a carbon-coated nanopore significantly reduces the risk of nonspecific adsorption onto the carbon-coated surface. Our results show that the stable, precisely size controlled, carbon-coated nanopores can play an important role for single molecule trapping and analysis.
- The following article is Open accessInvestigation of cyanometallate coordination polymers with tetraamines for carbon capture.
Gabriele Gisele Wehrle et al 2026 Nanotechnology
View article, Investigation of cyanometallate coordination polymers with tetraamines for carbon capture.PDF, Investigation of cyanometallate coordination polymers with tetraamines for carbon capture.Research into carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) from point sources and the atmosphere is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. Cyanometallate (CM) coordination polymers (CPs) containing tetraamine ligands share structural similarities with some of the most effective metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for carbon capture; however, their potential for CO₂ adsorption remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we synthesized a series of CM CPs using ferrocyanide and tetracyanonickelate (TCNi) building blocks with 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane (323) incorporated directly into the coordination network through a scalable, one-pot, room-temperature synthesis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of Ni-323-FeII revealed a new two-dimensional coordination polymer in which the 323 ligand coordinates to Ni centres in both facial (fac) and meridional (mer) configurations. Incorporation of the 323 ligand into the coordination network was further confirmed by infrared (IR) spectroscopy through characteristic vibrational bands. Under pure CO₂, the ferrocyanide materials Ni-323-FeII and Zn-FeII-323 adsorbed 2.29 and 3.00 g CO₂ per 100 g of material, respectively. In the TCNi series, Co-Ni-323 exhibited a higher CO₂ uptake (2.36 g per 100 g) than Cu-Ni-323 (1.84 g per 100 g). Adsorption–desorption cycling of Cu-Ni-323 and Zn-FeII-323 demonstrated stable performance over ten cycles. Interestingly, under atmospheric conditions, Zn-FeII-323 consistently adsorbed 2.44 – 2.65 g of gas per 100 g of material over ten cycles. However, additional studies are required to determine the identity of the adsorbed gas. This work demonstrates a simple, scalable, and environmentally friendly route to CM CPs using aqueous, room-temperature synthesis while highlighting the challenges associated with CO₂ adsorption when tetraamine ligands are coordinated to metal centres. These findings provide valuable insight into the design of cyanometallate coordination polymers for carbon capture applications.
- The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles
Jose Ruben Morones et al 2005 Nanotechnology 16 2346
View article, The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticlesPDF, The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticlesNanotechnology is expected to open new avenues to fight and prevent disease using atomic scale tailoring of materials. Among the most promising nanomaterials with antibacterial properties are metallic nanoparticles, which exhibit increased chemical activity due to their large surface to volume ratios and crystallographic surface structure. The study of bactericidal nanomaterials is particularly timely considering the recent increase of new resistant strains of bacteria to the most potent antibiotics. This has promoted research in the well known activity of silver ions and silver-based compounds, including silver nanoparticles. The present work studies the effect of silver nanoparticles in the range of 1–100 nm on Gram-negative bacteria using high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Our results indicate that the bactericidal properties of the nanoparticles are size dependent, since the only nanoparticles that present a direct interaction with the bacteria preferentially have a diameter of ∼1–10 nm.
- Improving gas sensing properties of graphene by introducing dopants and defects: a first-principles study
Yong-Hui Zhang et al 2009 Nanotechnology 20 185504
View article, Improving gas sensing properties of graphene by introducing dopants and defects: a first-principles studyPDF, Improving gas sensing properties of graphene by introducing dopants and defects: a first-principles studyThe interactions between four different graphenes (including pristine, B- or N-doped and defective graphenes) and small gas molecules (CO, NO, NO2 and NH3) were investigated by using density functional computations to exploit their potential applications as gas sensors. The structural and electronic properties of the graphene–molecule adsorption adducts are strongly dependent on the graphene structure and the molecular adsorption configuration. All four gas molecules show much stronger adsorption on the doped or defective graphenes than that on the pristine graphene. The defective graphene shows the highest adsorption energy with CO, NO and NO2 molecules, while the B-doped graphene gives the tightest binding with NH3. Meanwhile, the strong interactions between the adsorbed molecules and the modified graphenes induce dramatic changes to graphene’s electronic properties. The transport behavior of a gas sensor using B-doped graphene shows a sensitivity two orders of magnitude higher than that of pristine graphene. This work reveals that the sensitivity of graphene-based chemical gas sensors could be drastically improved by introducing the appropriate dopant or defect.
- Mechanism of antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles
Arijit Kumar Chatterjee et al 2014 Nanotechnology 25 135101
View article, Mechanism of antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticlesPDF, Mechanism of antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticlesIn a previous communication, we reported a new method of synthesis of stable metallic copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), which had high potency for bacterial cell filamentation and cell killing. The present study deals with the mechanism of filament formation and antibacterial roles of Cu-NPs in E. coli cells. Our results demonstrate that NP-mediated dissipation of cell membrane potential was the probable reason for the formation of cell filaments. On the other hand, Cu-NPs were found to cause multiple toxic effects such as generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA degradation in E. coli cells. In vitro interaction between plasmid pUC19 DNA and Cu-NPs showed that the degradation of DNA was highly inhibited in the presence of the divalent metal ion chelator EDTA, which indicated a positive role of Cu2+ ions in the degradation process. Moreover, the fast destabilization, i.e. the reduction in size, of NPs in the presence of EDTA led us to propose that the nascent Cu ions liberated from the NP surface were responsible for higher reactivity of the Cu-NPs than the equivalent amount of its precursor CuCl2; the nascent ions were generated from the oxidation of metallic NPs when they were in the vicinity of agents, namely cells, biomolecules or medium components, to be reduced simultaneously.
- Construction of an all-solid-state artificial Z-scheme system consisting of Bi2WO6/Au/CdS nanostructure for photocatalytic CO2 reduction into renewable hydrocarbon fuel
Meng Wang et al 2017 Nanotechnology 28 274002
View article, Construction of an all-solid-state artificial Z-scheme system consisting of Bi2WO6/Au/CdS nanostructure for photocatalytic CO2 reduction into renewable hydrocarbon fuelPDF, Construction of an all-solid-state artificial Z-scheme system consisting of Bi2WO6/Au/CdS nanostructure for photocatalytic CO2 reduction into renewable hydrocarbon fuelAn all-solid-state Bi2WO6/Au/CdS Z-scheme system was constructed for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into methane in the presence of water vapor. This Z-scheme consists of ultrathin Bi2WO6 nanoplates and CdS nanoparticles as photocatalysts, and a Au nanoparticle as a solid electron mediator offering a high speed charge transfer channel and leading to more efficient spatial separation of electron–hole pairs. The photo-generated electrons from the conduction band (CB) of Bi2WO6 transfer to the Au, and then release to the valence band (VB) of CdS to recombine with the holes of CdS. It allows the electrons remaining in the CB of CdS and holes in the VB of Bi2WO6 to possess strong reduction and oxidation powers, respectively, leading the Bi2WO6/Au/CdS to exhibit high photocatalytic reduction of CO2, relative to bare Bi2WO6, Bi2WO6/Au, and Bi2WO6/CdS. The depressed hole density on CdS also enhances the stability of the CdS against photocorrosion.
- A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies
W E Teo and S Ramakrishna 2006 Nanotechnology 17 R89
View article, A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assembliesPDF, A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assembliesAlthough there are many methods of fabricating nanofibres, electrospinning is perhaps the most versatile process. Materials such as polymer, composites, ceramic and metal nanofibres have been fabricated using electrospinning directly or through post-spinning processes. However, what makes electrospinning different from other nanofibre fabrication processes is its ability to form various fibre assemblies. This will certainly enhance the performance of products made from nanofibres and allow application specific modifications. It is therefore vital for us to understand the various parameters and processes that allow us to fabricate the desired fibre assemblies. Fibre assemblies that can be fabricated include nonwoven fibre mesh, aligned fibre mesh, patterned fibre mesh, random three-dimensional structures and sub-micron spring and convoluted fibres. Nevertheless, more studies are required to understand and precisely control the actual mechanics in the formation of various electrospun fibrous assemblies.
- Synaptic electronics: materials, devices and applications
Duygu Kuzum et al 2013 Nanotechnology 24 382001
View article, Synaptic electronics: materials, devices and applicationsPDF, Synaptic electronics: materials, devices and applicationsIn this paper, the recent progress of synaptic electronics is reviewed. The basics of biological synaptic plasticity and learning are described. The material properties and electrical switching characteristics of a variety of synaptic devices are discussed, with a focus on the use of synaptic devices for neuromorphic or brain-inspired computing. Performance metrics desirable for large-scale implementations of synaptic devices are illustrated. A review of recent work on targeted computing applications with synaptic devices is presented.
- Fundamentals of flexoelectricity in solids
P V Yudin and A K Tagantsev 2013 Nanotechnology 24 432001
View article, Fundamentals of flexoelectricity in solidsPDF, Fundamentals of flexoelectricity in solidsThe flexoelectric effect is the response of electric polarization to a mechanical strain gradient. It can be viewed as a higher-order effect with respect to piezoelectricity, which is the response of polarization to strain itself. However, at the nanoscale, where large strain gradients are expected, the flexoelectric effect becomes appreciable. Besides, in contrast to the piezoelectric effect, flexoelectricity is allowed by symmetry in any material. Due to these qualities flexoelectricity has attracted growing interest during the past decade. Presently, its role in the physics of dielectrics and semiconductors is widely recognized and the effect is viewed as promising for practical applications. On the other hand, the available theoretical and experimental results are rather contradictory, attesting to a limited understanding in the field. This review paper presents a critical analysis of the current knowledge on the flexoelectricity in common solids, excluding organic materials and liquid crystals.
- Ferroelectric field-effect transistors based on HfO2: a review
Halid Mulaosmanovic et al 2021 Nanotechnology 32 502002
View article, Ferroelectric field-effect transistors based on HfO2: a reviewPDF, Ferroelectric field-effect transistors based on HfO2: a reviewIn this article, we review the recent progress of ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) based on ferroelectric hafnium oxide (HfO2), ten years after the first report on such a device. With a focus on the use of FeFET for nonvolatile memory application, we discuss its basic operation principles, switching mechanisms, device types, material properties and array structures. Key device performance metrics such as cycling endurance, retention, memory window, multi-level operation and scaling capability are analyzed. We also briefly survey recent developments in alternative applications for FeFETs including neuromorphic and in-memory computing as well as radiofrequency devices.
- Heterogeneous photocatalysis and its potential applications in water and wastewater treatment: a review
Syed Nabeel Ahmed and Waseem Haider 2018 Nanotechnology 29 342001
View article, Heterogeneous photocatalysis and its potential applications in water and wastewater treatment: a reviewPDF, Heterogeneous photocatalysis and its potential applications in water and wastewater treatment: a reviewThere has been a considerable amount of research in the development of sustainable water treatment techniques capable of improving the quality of water. Unavailability of drinkable water is a crucial issue especially in regions where conventional drinking water treatment systems fail to eradicate aquatic pathogens, toxic metal ions and industrial waste. The research and development in this area have given rise to a new class of processes called advanced oxidation processes, particularly in the form of heterogeneous photocatalysis, which converts photon energy into chemical energy. Advances in nanotechnology have improved the ability to develop and specifically tailor the properties of photocatalytic materials used in this area. This paper discusses many of those photocatalytic nanomaterials, both metal-based and metal-free, which have been studied for water and waste water purification and treatment in recent years. It also discusses the design and performance of the recently studied photocatalytic reactors, along with the recent advancements in the visible-light photocatalysis. Additionally, the effects of the fundamental parameters such as temperature, pH, catalyst-loading and reaction time have also been reviewed. Moreover, different techniques that can increase the photocatalytic efficiency as well as recyclability have been systematically presented, followed by a discussion on the photocatalytic treatment of actual wastewater samples and the future challenges associated with it.
- Magnetic nanoparticles in nanomedicine: a review of recent advances
Kai Wu et al 2019 Nanotechnology 30 502003
View article, Magnetic nanoparticles in nanomedicine: a review of recent advancesPDF, Magnetic nanoparticles in nanomedicine: a review of recent advancesNanomaterials, in addition to their small size, possess unique physicochemical properties that differ from bulk materials, making them ideal for a host of novel applications. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are one important class of nanomaterials that have been widely studied for their potential applications in nanomedicine. Due to the fact that MNPs can be detected and manipulated by remote magnetic fields, it opens a wide opportunity for them to be used in vivo. Nowadays, MNPs have been used for diverse applications including magnetic biosensing (diagnostics), magnetic imaging, magnetic separation, drug and gene delivery, and hyperthermia therapy, etc. Specifically, we reviewed some emerging techniques in magnetic diagnostics such as magnetoresistive (MR) and micro-Hall (μHall) biosensors, as well as the magnetic particle spectroscopy, magnetic relaxation switching and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based bioassays. Recent advances in applying MNPs as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging and as tracer materials in magnetic particle imaging are reviewed. In addition, the development of high magnetic moment MNPs with proper surface functionalization has progressed exponentially over the past decade. To this end, different MNP synthesis approaches and surface coating strategies are reviewed and the biocompatibility and toxicity of surface functionalized MNP nanocomposites are also discussed. Herein, we are aiming to provide a comprehensive assessment of the state-of-the-art biological and biomedical applications of MNPs. This review is not only to provide in-depth insights into the different synthesis, biofunctionalization, biosensing, imaging, and therapy methods but also to give an overview of limitations and possibilities of each technology.
Journal links
Nano Science Publications
Journal information
- 1990-present
Nanotechnology
doi: 10.1088/issn.0957-4484
Online ISSN: 1361-6528
Print ISSN: 0957-4484