Acceptable analyticities, i.e. contradictions or tautologies, constitute problematic evidence for the idea that language includes a deductive system. In recent discussion, two accounts have been presented in the literature to explain the available evidence. According to one of the accounts, grammatical analyticities are accessible to the system but a pragmatic strengthening repair mechanism can apply and prevent the structures from being actually interpreted as contradictions or tautologies. The proposed data, however, leaves it open whether other versions of the meaning modulation (...) operation are required. Novel evidence we present argues that a loosening version of the repair mechanism must be available. Our observation concerns acceptable lexical contradictions that cannot be rescued if only a strengthening version of the pragmatic strategy is available. (shrink)

Grammatical theories of Scalar Implicatures make use of an exhaustivity operator exh, which asserts the conjunction of the prejacent with the negation of excludable alternatives. We present a new Grammatical theory of Scalar Implicatures according to which exh is replaced with pex, an operator that contributes its prejacent as asserted content, but the negation of scalar alternatives at a non-at-issue level of meaning. We show that by treating this non-at-issue level as a presupposition, this theory resolves a number of empirical (...) challenges faced by the old formulation of exh (as well as by standard neo-Gricean theories). The empirical challenges include projection of scalar implicatures from certain embedded environments (‘some under some’ sentences, some under negative factives), their restricted distribution under negation, and the existence of common ground-mismatching and oddness-inducing implicatures. We argue that these puzzles have a uniform solution given a pex-based Grammatical theory of implicatures and some independently motivated principles concerning presupposition projection, cancellation and accommodation. (shrink)

Na izborima za gradonačelnika grada Graza, 17. studenog, izabrana je predstavnica Komunističke partije Austrije Elke Kahr, koja je, uz činjenicu da je prva žena i komunistička gradonačelnica Graza, izazvala i interes medija svojoj naklonosti tzv. "Titovom socijalizmu" i "Jugoslavenskom marksizmu". Ovdje se postavlja pitanje pa što to znači? Što bi to bio socijalizam, a što je onda "Titov socijalizam"-koje su njegove odrednice, razlike usporedno s drugim oblicima i zbog čega je taj oblik socijalizma najbliži idealnom marksizmu? Povijesnim pregledom ideologije marksizma (...) možemo smatrati da je bio višestruko "iskušan i propao", reinterpretiran, šizmatski dijeljen te seciran kroz postmarksizam do mjere koristeći se analogijom i slikom s uvoda Marksovog "Manifesta Komu nističke partije", da je od "sablasti koja vreba nad Europom" možda ostao ne sablast već zombi, hodajući mrtvac. Kada govorimo o marksizmu, socijalizmu i komunizmu, ne govorimo samo o filozofiji i skupu ekonomskih, društvenih i političkih ideja već o ideologiji sa svojim vlastitim promjenjivim rječnikom i nepromjenjivim dogmama. Takvo jedno razmišljanje omogućilo bi nam razumjeti kako ideološki sustavi evoluiraju te zadržavaju svoj naziv unatoč brojnim promjenama, kao što je to primjer s Narodnom republikom Kinom, koja je ostala "komunistička" i za vrijeme radikalnog maoizma i pluralističkog dengizma. Autor teksta prikazat će razdoblje od 1964. do 1990. kroz rad i razvoj Filozofske ljetne škole na Korčuli i Političku školu SKJ-a u Kumrovcu, dvije naizgled nepovezane škole koje po vezuje zajednički zadatak, a to je formiranje ideologije za novo jugoslavensko društvo. Stoga, tema ovog rada nije definiranje marksizma, socija lizma ili komunizma pa ni usporedba s komunističkim režimima i varijantama, već je cilj stvoriti kronološki pregled razvoja ideoloških škola i intelektualaca. (shrink)

I observe that the “concept-generator” theory of Percus and Sauerland (2003), Anand (2006), and Charlow and Sharvit (2014) does not predict an intuitive true interpretation of the sentence “Plato did not believe that Hesperus was Phosphorus”. In response, I present a simple theory of attitude reports which employs a fine-grained semantics for names, according to which names which intuitively name the same thing may have distinct compositional semantic values. This simple theory solves the problem with the concept-generator theory, but, as (...) I go on to show, it has problems of its own. I present three examples which the concept-generator theory can accommodate, but the simple fine-grained theory cannot. These examples motivate the full theory of the paper, which combines the basic ideas behind the concept-generator theory with a fine-grained semantics for names. The examples themselves are of interest independently of my theory: two of them constrain the original concept-generator theory more tightly than previously discussed examples had. (shrink)

This paper addresses a little puzzle with a surprisingly long pedigree and a surprisingly large wake: the puzzle of Free Choice Permission. I begin by presenting a popular sketch of a pragmatic solution to the puzzle, due to Kratzer and Shimoyama, which has received a good deal of discussion, endorsement and elaboration in recent work :535–590, 2006; Fox, in: Sauerland and Stateva Presupposition and implicature in compositional semantics, 2007; Geurts, Mind Lang 24:51–79, 2009; von Fintel, Central APA session on Deontic (...) Modals, 2012). I then explain why the general form of the Kratzer and Shimoyama explanation is not extensionally adequate. This leaves us with two possibilities with regard to the original solution-sketch; either the suggested pragmatic route fails, or it succeeds in a particularly strange way: Free Choice permission is rendered a kind pragmatic illusion on the part of both speakers and hearers. Finally, I discuss some ramifications. (shrink)

This paper investigates how regular pronominal typology interfaces with de se and de re interpretations, and highlights a correlation between strong pronouns and de re interpretations, and weak pronouns and de se interpretations. In order to illustrate this correlation, I contrast different pronominal forms within a single language, null versus overt pronouns in Kutchi Gujarati, and clitic versus full pronouns in Austrian Bavarian. I argue that the data presented here provide cross-linguistic comparative support for the idea of a dedicated de (...) se LF as argued for by Percus and Sauerland. (shrink)

Cuprins INTRODUCERE EXCURSIVĂ 5 CAPITOLUL I SECRETUL CA TEMA A UNEI ANALIZE DE FILOSOF1E APLICATA ...9 Preliminarii 9 /. Schiţa ideii de „aplicare" a fiiosofiei şi a unei „filosofii aplicate" 10 //. Tematica secretului 27 Excurs: Despre temati-are 28 CAPITOL Uli^T) _ ANALIZA CATEGORIALA Şl SECRETUL 40 /. Filosofía aplicată şi analiza categorială 40 //. Secretul şi structura lui categorială 6,5, Excurs: Secret - Privat - Public 70 CAPITOLUL III SECRETUL ŞI SOCIALISMUL 76 Excurs: Fonduri secrete sau fonduri interzise? 90 (...) CAPITOLUL IV FENOMENOLOGIA EXISTENŢIALĂ A SECRETULUI - TENTATIVE DE DIALOG CU MARTIN HEIDEGGER 113 Excurs: Nimicul, Secretul şi Misterul 158 CAPITOLUL V „FOSTELE" SECRETE - „FOSTITATE" ŞI TRECUT 179 Excurs: Despre NICICÂND şi NICIODATĂ 1) Expunerea temporalităţii ..fenomenului culpei" la Heidegger 198 2) Analiza lui „nicicând" şi „niciodată" (nici-când-nici) 201 CAPITOLUL VI IPOSTAZELE SECRETULUI. COMPLOTUL. JURĂMÂNT ŞI SECRET ..229" Excurs: Despre jurământ 233 Excurs: Despre mască 248 APPENDLX: FILOSOFÍA APLICATA ŞI ÎNTREBAREA DESPRE EXISTENŢA Şl POSIBILITATEA FILOSOFULOR NAŢIONALE 258 RESUME 272. (shrink)

This study dealt with the Anambra State situation of modelling maintenance cost of roads. The objective of this study was to design generalized nonlinear models for estimating maintenance cost of roads using economic factors and asphalt quantity parameters. The source of data for this study was secondary source of data collection obtained from the records department of Consolidated Construction Company Uli Asphalt Plant Anambra State, Nigeria. Also, economic data were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin 2013. The (...) result of generalized nonlinear model for estimating maintenance cost of roads using economic factors found a Pearson Chi-squared value of 3.776235e-11 and an Akakike Information Criterion value of - 212.64. Also, the result of generalized nonlinear model for estimating maintenance cost of roads using economic factors and asphalt quantity parameters found a Pearson Chi-squared value of 1.332268e-14 and an Akakike Information Criterion (AIC) value of -292.44. The result of the correlation analysis used for determining the efficiency of the models in estimating maintenance cost of roads in Anambra State revealed a positive perfect correlation with even correlation coefficient measure of 1.00. In addition, it was found that model (2) which comprise of the economic and quantity parameters best describe the process of maintenance cost of roads in Anambra State than model (1) since it has a lower AIC measure of - 292.44. (shrink)