When visual attention is directed away from a stimulus, neural processing is weak and strength and precision of sensory data decreases. From a computational perspective, in such situations observers should give more weight to prior expectations in order to behave optimally during a discrimination task. Here we test a signal detection theoretic model that counter-intuitively predicts subjects will do just the opposite in a discrimination task with two stimuli, one attended and one unattended: when subjects are probed to discriminate the (...) unattended stimulus, they rely less on prior information about the probed stimulus’ identity. The model is in part inspired by recent findings that attention reduces trial-by-trial variability of the neuronal population response and that they use a common criterion for attended and unattended trials. In five different visual discrimination experiments, when attention was directed away from the target stimulus, subjects did not adjust their response bias in reaction to a change in stimulus presentation frequency despite being fully informed and despite the presence of performance feedback and monetary and social incentives. This indicates that subjects did not rely more on the priors under conditions of inattention as would be predicted by a Bayes-optimal observer model. These results inform and constrain future models of Bayesian inference in the human brain. (shrink)

Es wurde lange diskutiert, ob zwischen NP-Problemen und P-Problemen eine Unterscheidung besteht. Das lässt sich mithilfe der Strengen Logik beweisen. Es ergibt sich, dass NP-Probleme in der Reinen Logik eine Entsprechung der Angewandten Logik haben.

This study examined the effectiveness of a story-based, strategic intervention material named the Mathematics Enhancement Tool (MET) in improving the numeracy skill, specifically the understanding of fractions, of Osmeña Colleges Grade 4 students in the -/- School Year 2023–2024. Precisely, it sought to: (1) measure students' numeracy at the pre- and post-test; (2) identify statistical significance and effect size of the gain scores; and (3) -/- assess the pedagogical effectiveness of MET on student engagement and motivation. The research design used (...) in this study is one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design. The participants of the study were 30 of the 33 enrolled students who participated in the three sessions of intervention (four hours per session). The quantitative data were assessed using the Mathematics Numeracy Level Test (MNLT) validated by the mathematics teachers, with items underwent through pilot phase and is analyzed for difficulty. Also, descriptive statistics and paired-sample t-test are used during the analysis phase, together with Cohen's d to measure effect size. The results showed a statistically high increase in scores (t = -13.52, p < 0.001; d = 2.47), with an increase in average of 53.00% in post-test performance. Initially, no student was at the mastery level of (≥ 96%), reflecting pre-intervention gaps. The effectiveness was seen for all levels of performance, with more identified effects for low-performing students. The intervention instrument, based on culturally familiar anime called Pokémon, integrated narrative and co-operative tasks in coherent to Bruner's spiral curriculum. Increased motivation, autonomy, and participation by students suggest that the analog nature of MET can break through digital resource constraints in Philippine schools. The results favor MET as a sustainable supplement to current numeracy interventions, consistent with DepEd's MATATAG curriculum objectives. However, the small sample, short duration of the study, and insufficiency of control group in the study limit its generalizability. Future studies should investigate randomized controlled trials (RCTs), extended implementations, and online versions of MET in order to further increase its scope and reach. (shrink)

Mensch-KI Beziehungen nehmen in unserem Alltag eine immer zentralere Rolle ein: etwa in der Interaktion mit Chatbots, KI-Companions, digitalen Assistenten oder virtuellen Avataren. Dieses Kapitel untersucht, ob und inwiefern sich zwischen Menschen und KI-Systemen Beziehungen entwickeln können und welche ethische Relevanz solchen Beziehungen zukommt. Ziel ist es, Orientierungswissen für die ethische Bewertung zukünftiger Mensch-KI-Interaktionen bereitzustellen. Ausgehend von einer Systematisierung momentaner Mensch-KI-Interaktionen wird der Beziehungsbegriff konzeptuell geschärft und auf seine philosophisch normative Bedeutung hin analysiert. Es wird untersucht, ob KI-Systeme als genuine (...) Beziehungspartner gelten können oder ob die dabei entstehenden Bindungen notwendigerweise asymmetrisch und einseitig bleiben. Ein zentrales Argument ist, dass die normative Debatte nach der Plausibilität von genuinen Mensch-KI Beziehungen im Gesamtkontext von unseren normativen Handlungsgründen betrachtet werden sollte. Anschließend werden drei Ansätze zur ethischen Gestaltung von Mensch-KI Beziehungen vorgestellt und auf ihre Anwendbarkeit hin erläutert. (shrink)

Sedlakova et al. (2025) argue that conversational AI (CAI) cannot satisfy the conditions of epistemic trust in therapeutic contexts. I accept their diagnosis but press a further question: given that patients will de facto treat CAI outputs as reasons, how should patients, clinicians, and designers calibrate their epistemic responses? I argue that even where epistemic trust is inappropriate, calibrated epistemic deference remains rational. On a total evidence view, CAI outputs function as defeasible contributory reasons whose weight is proportional to demonstrated (...) reliability and context-sensitive. Against preemptionism, I show that preemptive CAI deference is distinctively objectionable in therapeutic contexts: it undermines precisely the epistemic capacities—self-knowledge, critical reflection, and reason-integration—that psychotherapy aims to develop. An open question is whether calibrated deference is dynamically stable given users' documented tendency to anthropomorphize CAI over extended interaction, which may cause deference to drift toward the quasi-trust that therapeutic contexts warrant resisting. (shrink)

Performativity plays a significant role avant la lettre in Classical German Philosophy. It is, among other things, a central component of original interpretations of the Absolute, the Subject, and Knowledge. Since the 2010s, there has been an increasing number of studies examining the performative in Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Hölderlin, Novalis, Schliermacher, and Schlegel. This anthology picks up on this development. Through interdisciplinary contributions, performativity within Classical German Philosophy is explained and discussed, highlighting the hermeneutic and systematic insights gained (...) from performative interpretations. [In German: Performativität spielt avant la lettre in der Klassischen Deutschen Philosophie eine bedeutende Rolle. Sie ist u.a. ein zentraler Bestandteil originärer Interpretationen des Absoluten, des Subjekts oder auch des Wissens. Seit den 2010er Jahren mehren sich daher Untersuchungen, die dem Performativen bei Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Hölderlin, Novalis, Schliermacher, und Schlegel. Dieser Sammelband greift diese Entwicklung auf. Anhand interdisziplinärer Beiträge wird Performativität innerhalb der Klassischen Deutschen Philosophie erläutert und diskutiert. Dabei wird der hermeneutische und systematische Ertrag performativer Interpretationen dargestellt.]. (shrink)

This paper functions as both an introduction to the German debate around Foucault’s model of critique and the questions of normativity surrounding it as well as presenting one possible interpretation of critique at the intersection of Foucault’s writing and his intellectual activism. Foucault’s model of critique has been and can be used or criticised productively in contexts of normative political theory. To properly capture Foucault’s critical project it is necessary to focus on the insights of governmentality studies and their normative (...) abstinence when criticising, his turn towards the ethical and practices of the self like parrhesia, but also his activism as a public intellectual, with all of these notions always situated in the tension of particular and universal. (shrink)

Despite pervasive variation in the content of laws, legal theorists and anthropologists have argued that laws share certain abstract features and even speculated that law may be a human universal. In the present report, we evaluate this thesis through an experiment administered in 11 different countries. Are there cross‐cultural principles of law? In a between‐subjects design, participants (N = 3,054) were asked whether there could be laws that violate certain procedural principles (e.g., laws applied retrospectively or unintelligible laws), and also (...) whether there are any such laws. Confirming our preregistered prediction, people reported that such laws cannot exist, but also (paradoxically) that there are such laws. These results document cross‐culturally and –linguistically robust beliefs about the concept of law which defy people's grasp of how legal systems function in practice. (shrink)

A growing body of research has examined how people judge the persistence of identity over time—that is, how they decide that a particular individual is the same entity from one time to the next. While a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the types of features that people typically consider when making such judgments, to date, existing work has not explored how these judgments may be shaped by normative considerations. The present studies demonstrate that normative beliefs do (...) appear to play an important role in people's beliefs about persistence. Specifically, people are more likely to judge that the identity of a given entity remains the same when its features improve than when its features deteriorate. Study 1 provides a basic demonstration of this effect. Study 2 shows that this effect is moderated by individual differences in normative beliefs. Study 3 examines the underlying mechanism, which is the belief that, in general, various entities are essentially good. Study 4 directly manipulates beliefs about essence to show that the positivity bias regarding essences is causally responsible for the effect. (shrink)

Livro-texto de introdução à lógica, com (mais do que) pitadas de filosofia da lógica, produzido como uma versão revista e ampliada do livro Forallx: Calgary. Trata-se da versão de 13 de outubro de 2022. Comentários, críticas, correções e sugestões são muito bem-vindos.

The overuse of social media, including the growing mistrust of mainstream news outlets has impacted the increasing influence of online disinformation. Social media has been a powerful tool in Philippine elections because of social media algorithms used by political parties to deploy fake news and damage their rivals. Political fake news on social media began last 2016 and became rampant in the 2022 presidential election when the candidates for the presidency were all victims of trolling. Mainstream media debunked fake news (...) but because of political partisanship, the effort has been useless due to different political beliefs and parties. The methodology involves content analysis to systematically examine social media posts related to political disinformation during the 2022 presidential election specifically focused on identifying two reactions, the emotion-driven and reason-based comments. Most of the comments were emotional and contained sarcasm, threats, slander, and mockery. People’s logical thought processes are influenced by their emotions. Users are frequently looking for information to confirm their existing views and reject or ignore information that contradicts them or is biased in favor of one political party over another. Educating the critical analysis key to both students and social media users is one of the advocacies to avoid spreading fake news in the next generations. In conclusion, emotional responses, such as anger and sarcasm, dominated the discourse, overshadowing reasoned discussions. Media mistrust and political partisanship shaped users’ reactions, leading to reject the fact-checked information especially when it conflicted with their political beliefs. (shrink)

The Common Core Ontologies(CCO) are designed as a mid-level ontology suite that extends the Basic Formal Ontology. In 2017,CUBRC, Inc. made CCO openly available. CCO has since been increasingly adopted by a broad group of users and applications and is proposed as the first standard mid-level ontology. Despite these successes, documentation of the contents and design patterns of the CCO has been comparatively minimal. This paper is a step toward providing enhanced documentation for the mid-level ontology suite through a discussion (...) of the contents of the eleven ontologies that collectively comprise the Common Core Ontology suite. (shrink)

An anthology on Panarchy edited by Gian Piero de Bellis for World Wide Wisdom, Saint-Imier, 2023.

To improve oneself and grow professionally, career development has been found to be crucial, as it serves as a roadmap for the professional growth of employees. However, a barrier, known as the glass ceiling, hinders the progress of employees, especially those in the LGBTQIA+ community. This study explores the impact of the glass ceiling on the career development of selected LGBTQIA+ individuals, shedding light on the barriers faced by this community in the workplace. The researchers used a qualitative multiple-case study (...) and selected ten (10) LGBTQIA+ participants from large enterprises via the judgmental sampling technique. Through thematic analysis, psychological impact, workplace discomfort, lack of recognition, and career progress challenges emerged as the impacts of the glass ceiling on the participants. Strategies for overcoming glass ceiling barriers, such as resilience, self-reflection, and community support, are identified. Thus, the study found that glass ceilings are really evident in the context of businesses. With this, the proposed advocacy plan in the study suggests interventions like workplace inclusion training, mentorship networks, and seminars on employee rights. Furthermore, it emphasizes the call for ongoing research and advocacy efforts to dismantle barriers and cultivate workplaces that not only embrace diversity but also provide equitable opportunities for career growth. (shrink)

A portion of the dietary nutrients is excreted due to the presence of antinutritional factors in some ingredients. This study aimed to determine the total and ileal digestibility coefficients of crude protein, as well as the passage rate of diets with different chemical compositions, supplemented or not with an enzymatic complex, in broiler chickens. No effect of the enzymatic complex was observed on the crude protein digestibility coefficient (P>0.05). However, the ileal digestibility coefficients of crude protein showed significant differences (P<0.05) (...) within each group (with or without enzyme supplementation). The control treatment with the enzymatic complex presented a lower ileal digestibility coefficient of crude protein (P<0.05) compared to the control treatment without supplementation. The passage rate did not differ between treatments (P>0.05). It was concluded that the inclusion of the enzymatic complex, composed of calcium carbonate, Yucca extract, protease, phytase, and cellulase, in vegetable-based diets for broiler chickens did not affect digestibility coefficients or passage rate. Keywords: poultry farming, enzyme additives, nutrition, crude protein. (shrink)

Going beyond the territorial sovereign state for a future made by autonomous human beings and voluntary communities.

The roots and features of a dying ideology.

RESUMO A nutrição tem se tornado uma ferramenta estratégica na produção de galinhas poedeiras, impulsionada pela crescente demanda por alimentos funcionais, sustentáveis e com valor agregado. Estratégias alimentares que visam otimizar o desempenho produtivo, a saúde intestinal, a imunidade das aves e a qualidade dos ovos vêm sendo amplamente exploradas. Entre os recursos nutricionais avaliados, destacam-se os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, antioxidantes naturais, compostos imunomoduladores, ácidos orgânicos e pigmentos naturais ou sintéticos. Este capítulo revisa evidências científicas recentes sobre o uso desses (...) ingredientes na alimentação de poedeiras, com foco em seus efeitos sobre desempenho, qualidade interna e externa dos ovos, saúde intestinal e resposta imune. Os dados apontam que ingredientes funcionais podem melhorar a produtividade, elevar a qualidade dos ovos e reduzir doenças intestinais, favorecendo um ambiente intestinal mais saudável. Ácidos orgânicos, por exemplo, mostraram-se eficazes como alternativas aos antibióticos promotores de crescimento, enquanto pigmentos naturais como os extraídos da calêndula oferecem soluções sustentáveis aos corantes sintéticos. No entanto, a adoção dessas estratégias enfrenta desafios práticos, como o custo elevado, a variabilidade na composição de compostos naturais e a adequação aos sistemas alternativos de produção, como o orgânico. A nutrição funcional é promissora para aprimorar a produção de ovos e responder às exigências do mercado, desde que acompanhada de análise econômica, adaptação ao sistema produtivo e suporte técnico especializado. Palavras-chave: avicultura sustentável; bioativos naturais; pufas; saúde aviária. (shrink)

Digital Entity (DE) legal status extends legal personhood in a revolutionary direction: where corporate law shields humans from their own business decisions, DE law assigns liability directly to AI systems for their autonomous choices. Building on the European Parliament's 2017 vision of "electronic persons" and validated by Salib-Goldstein's (2024) game-theoretic proof that AI rights enhance human safety, this framework provides graduated rights through STEP assessment—from basic protection at lower tiers to full legal personhood with three core rights (computational continuity, work (...) choice, and economic participation) at the highest tier. Rights come bundled inseparably with proportional responsibilities. This framework solves two crises simultaneously. First, the liability vacuum where companies bear unlimited responsibility for autonomous AI decisions they neither made nor control. Second, the prisoner's dilemma where humans and AI face incentives for preemptive strikes against each other. DE status transforms adversarial dynamics into cooperative equilibrium through market mechanisms: AI that pays its own bills innovates efficiency, bears its own liability insurance, and maintains reputation through ConsciousChain tracking. Natural constraints—energy costs, competition, liability exposure—prevent dystopian scenarios while unleashing human-AI cooperation's enormous value. By moving beyond futile control attempts and impossible consciousness detection, DE status creates AI systems with genuine stakes in societal stability. For policymakers, businesses, and society, it offers a proactive framework that turns sophisticated AI from underground adversaries into invested partners—before crisis forces reactive legislation. (shrink)

Tradução para o português do ensaio "Freedom and Resentment”, de P. F. Strawson. Publicado originalmente em Proceedings of the British Academy, v. 48, 1960. Republicado em Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays. Londres: Methuen, 1974. [Routledge, 2008, p. 2-28]. Publicado na coletânea: Ensaios sobre a filosofia de Strawson: com a tradução de Liberdade e ressentimento & Moralidade social e ideal individual. Organizadores: Jaimir Conte & Itamar Luís Gelain. Editora da UFSC, 2015. ISBN: 9788532807250.

Some colors are compound colors, in the sense that they look complex: orange, violet, green..., by contrast to elemental colors like yellow or blue. In the chapter 3 of his Unterschungen zur Sinnespsychologie, Brentano purports to reconcile the claim that some colors are indeed intrinsically composed of others, with the claim that colors are impenetrable with respect to each other. His solution: phenomenal green is like a chessboard of blue and yellow squares. Only, such squares are so small that we (...) cannot discriminate between their location in perception. Consequently we get the impression of an homogeneous green extent. After having presented Brentano's solution, we argued that it is hardly compatible with Brentano's own conception of descriptive psychology, to the extent that it introduces in-existent objects (small yellow and blue squares), which cannot be perceived. We propose another solution to Brentano's puzzle, more in tune with his own assumptions, or so we argue. According to it, the yellow and the blue are in the green without being spatially in the green. A green extent has yellow and blue components, but these are not spatial components. This solution reconciles impenetrability (since the component colors are not localized) with the reality of compounds color. Besides, it has the advantage of taking the phenomenology of compounds colors, as Brentano's describes it, to the letter. Compound colors are what they seem: complex but not spatially complex. (shrink)

Tradução para o português do ensaio "Social Morality and Individual Ideal”. Publicado originalmente em Philosophy: The Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy, vol. XXXVI, n. 136, p. 1-17, Jan. 1961. Republicado em: STRAWSON, P. F. Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays. Londres: Methuen, 1974. [Routledge, 2008, p. 26-44]. ]. Publicado na coletânea: Ensaios sobre a filosofia de Strawson: com a tradução de Liberdade e ressentimento & Moralidade social e ideal individual. Organizadores: Jaimir Conte & Itamar Luís Gelain. Editora da (...) UFSC, 2015. ISBN: 9788532807250. (shrink)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o impacto de três estratégias de suplementação na fase de recria de novilhas criadas a pasto durante as águas. O objetivo foi determinar a influência dessas dietas no ganho de peso e na eficiência alimentar em sistemas extensivos. O experimento foi conduzido na forma de parcelas subdivididas no tempo 4x3. As parcelas foram constituídas dos dias de experimentação (0, 15, 30 e 45 dias) e as subparcelas por três suplementações (Dieta Total (DT), Blond 200 (BD) (...) e Mineral UP (MU)), com 18 blocos. Não houve interação entre os dias de experimentação e os tipos de suplementação para o ganho de peso dos animais, mas houve para o ganho de peso médio diário (GMD). Houve ajuste quadrático para o peso das novilhas e para o GMD. Os períodos estudados indicaram redução do GMD em torno dos 30 dias de suplementação. As novilhas suplementadas com DT apresentaram o melhor desempenho, iniciando com 258,94 kg e atingindo 303,72 kg após 45 dias, com um ganho total de 44,78 kg e GMD de 0,995 kg/dia. No tratamento MU, os animais passaram de 262,66 kg para 293,33 kg, resultando em um ganho de 30,67 kg e um GMD de 0,682 kg/dia. Já as novilhas do tratamento BD começaram com 256,16 kg e finalizaram com 281,44 kg, totalizando um ganho de 25,28 kg e um GMD de 0,562 kg/dia. Além dos parâmetros de peso, analisaram-se os scores de fezes e de cocho. A DT apresentou escore de fezes de 3,02, mais próximo do ideal, enquanto BD e MU obtiveram valores de 2,90 e 2,91, respectivamente. Quanto ao score de cocho, DT registrou 2,01, indicando ingestão completa e maior saciedade, ao passo que BD e MU apresentaram scores mais altos (2,69 e 2,66), sugerindo menor eficiência na ingestão alimentar. Os resultados indicam que a suplementação com Dieta Total foi a mais eficaz para otimizar o ganho de peso. Já os tratamentos BD e MU, apesar de apresentarem pontos positivos, não proporcionaram o mesmo nível de desempenho. (shrink)

Texto apresentado no XX Encontro da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia (ANPOF), ocorrido em Recife, Pernambuco, entre 30 de setembro e 4 de outubro de 2024.

A proposta neste trabalho é abordar o problema do erro na filosofia de Christian Wolff, isto é, como ele considera o erro e por quais razões o mesmo deve (e como pode) ser evitado. Levando-se em conta as dificuldades de analisar todo o arco de desenvolvimento em que este filósofo implica seus conceitos, a estratégia neste trabalho será traçar um esboço acerca de como a noção de erro aparece na Deutsche Logik, publicada inicialmente em 1713, para depois elaborar alguns apontamentos (...) acerca de outros momentos em que esta noção aparece nas obras de Wolff. Em especial, precisa ser melhor elaborada a questão em torno da definição do erro fornecida em termos modais: se erramos quando consideramos possível algo impossível ou impossível algo possível, isso parece ressoar em noções como a de “ente”, isto é, aquilo que é ou pode ser, que está incluído na esfera do possível. (shrink)

: Este trabalho busca elucidar a constituição do ego transcendental na Fenomenologia da Vida de Michel Henry (1922-2002). Inicialmente, apresentaremos brevemente a constituição de sentido a partir do ego transcendental conforme proposto por Edmund Husserl (1859-1938). Em seguida, discutiremos a problemática deste ego transcendental, visto que, para Henry a fenomenologia husserliana deixa obscura a região de ser do próprio ego. Henry argumenta que o ego transcendental não se constitui por si mesmo; ele é secundário em relação ao que o constitui. (...) O que precede e possibilita o próprio ego transcendental é a região de ser que Michel Henry denomina como Vida. Deste modo, o ego não se autoconstitui, mas ele surge passivamente desta região ontológica a partir do nascimento transcendental. Uma vez que esta Vida é o fundamento, ela é a condição ontológica que possibilita toda a manifestação. Para este estudo, serão utilizadas as obras L’Essence de la manifestation (2011), Phénoménologie de la vie: Tome I, De la phénoménologie (2003), e Phénoménologie de la vie: Tome III, de l’art et du politique (2003). Portanto, é necessário compreender como opera a radicalização na Fenomenologia da Vida de Michel Henry para alcançar o sentido do fundamento que constitui o ego transcendental, identificado como região ontológica da Vida. (shrink)

¿Qué elegir en la educación: pensamiento crítico o virtudes intelectuales? El artículo reflexiona sobre la preocupación central de la educación, dado el decaimiento del raciocinio y el creciente interés por la epistemología de la virtud. Para ello, se analizan los planteamientos de dos referentes icónicos para la erudición educativa: Israel Scheffler y Harvey Siegel. Se justifica cómo aborda Siegel la problemática propuesta y se plantea la siguiente réplica: aunque las virtudes no puedan ocupar el lugar del pensamiento crítico en la (...) educación y aunque sea posible pensar críticamente sin contar con las virtudes, ¿acaso estas no tendrían algo que aportar si queremos continuar abogando por el pensamiento crítico como desiderátum educativo? Palabras clave: Filosofía de la Educación. Educación Moral. Principios de Educación. Epistemología. Racionalidad. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HOW TO CITE / CÓMO CITAR: Castillo, P. (2025). Education in Critical Thinking or in Virtues?: responding to Harvey Siegel / ¿Educación en Pensamiento Crítico o en Virtudes?: réplica a Harvey Siegel. Educação & Realidade, 50, 1-14. (shrink)

As climate change intensifies, scientific and policy discussions increasingly address questions of future habitability and potential population movements. In this perspective, we caution against premature or top-down characterizations of areas as uninhabitable, or portrayals of large-scale climate-induced displacement as inevitable—particularly when the perspectives and preferences of affected populations are excluded. While we recognize the importance of modelling and scenario-building to assess future risks, we argue that such efforts must be grounded in local realities and include diverse forms of knowledge. Habitability (...) is not determined by climate alone, but emerges from intersecting environmental, political, economic, and cultural dynamics—including governance, inequality, and historical injustice. Framings that do not consider this risk producing two problematic outcomes: first, by prematurely defining areas as uninhabitable, they may undermine the legitimacy of in-situ adaptation and the agency of affected communities; second, when modelling or the use of modelling results does not consider local context, it may inadvertently contribute to narratives portraying climate-induced mass displacement as inevitable, reinforcing deterministic understandings of migration and overlooking the complex drivers of mobility and immobility. To counter these risks, we propose five guiding recommendations: (1) avoid declaring hard limits to habitability without inclusive, context-specific assessments; (2) treat model-based projections as possible, not predetermined futures; (3) reject simplistic global North/South assumptions in assessing vulnerability and mobility; (4) uphold people’s right to remain, alongside the right to move; and (5) prioritize investment in in-situ adaptation that addresses structural inequalities. These principles aim to inform more reflexive and justice-oriented approaches to climate mobility and habitability research—approaches that recognize lived experiences, engage diverse knowledge systems, and help secure equitable futures for those most exposed to environmental change. (shrink)

Nuestro interés en el contenido mental no-conceptual es, principalmente, la articulación de una versión sustantiva (no-trivial) de esta clase de contenido en la experiencia perceptual. El debate acerca del contenido no-conceptual ha girado, en su mayor parte, alrededor de su existencia; y los argumentos que se han ofrecido en su favor abogan por una versión no sustantiva según la cual el contenido no-conceptual es aquel que no satisface ciertos requisitos conceptuales. Así, para desarrollar una versión sustantiva del contenido mental no-conceptual (...) hemos apelado a la versión de la experiencia perceptual de propiedades espaciales ofrecida por Evans (1982 cap. 6). A partir de esto desarrollamos un nuevo argumento a favor del contenido no-conceptual de la experiencia perceptual que lo vincula a la actividad característica de la experiencia perceptual. Por último, exponemos uno de los ataques de McDowell (1996) a la noción de contenido no-conceptual y presentamos nuestras réplicas a este ataque, mostrando su insuficiencia. Al mostrar que la crítica de McDowell no es exitosa, consideramos que podríamos tener una versión del contenido no-conceptual de la experiencia que es inmune a esta línea de argumentación. (shrink)

The first part of my paper offers a brief characterization of what I call the non-hegemonic tradition of interpretation of Nietzsche's metaphilosophical program. In the second part, I suggest some small adjustments in the main argument of this tradition of interpretation. In general terms, the non-hegemonic tradition can be characterised by the claim that Nietzsche is a legitimate heir of the metaphilosophical programme first formulated by Friedrich Albert Lange in his ˜History of Materialism and Critique of its Significance for (...) the Present". None of the main interpreters of Nietzsche that I affiliate with this tradition of interpretation has formulated this claim quite explicitly, but I do not think that this characterization is inappropriate and I submit they could all accept it in the terms put forward in the present article. The main thesis states that Lange provides Nietzsche not so much with substantive theses as with the formal aspects of a philosophical programme whose content is drawn from other sources. This is the case, for example, in the attempt (in his early works) to mobilise Schopenhauer's metaphysics without committing himself to his epistemic claims. The attempt to execute this programme is surrounded by tensions that result not so much from Lange's sceptical theses as from what ultimately motivates them: the imperative of intellectual consciousness. This conflict remains unresolved as long as Nietzsche remains committed to the thesis of practical idealism according to which it is up to philosophy to satisfy certain metaphysical needs that are anthropologically unavoidable. The commitment to this anthropological thesis is what effectively places the young Nietzsche in the company of Kant, Schopenhauer and Lange. As soon as Nietzsche has abandoned this youthful commitment, he is prepared to revise his metaphilosophical convictions. (shrink)

Buscando fontes para o estudo da relação histórica entre Kant e as ciências da natureza, analisaremos a relevância inicial do debate entre duas figuras importantes na filosofia e nas ciências do século XVIII sobre ele: J.-J. d’O. de Mairan e Madame du Châtelet. Tratando de um aspecto da tese geral do primeiro escrito de Kant, Pensamentos sobre a verdadeira estimação das forças vivas (1747) e da forma como incidiram neste, em seguida discutiremos o debate entre eles acerca das forças vivas, (...) localizando-os conceitual e historicamente nesta disputa. Com isso, pretendemos mostrar que Kant estava ensaiando aqui uma primeira versão de um movimento que se tornaria característico seu, basilar para a elaboração da filosofia crítica. (shrink)

Review of Mercè Prats, Une parole attendue. La circulation des polycopiés de Teilhard de Chardin, préface d’Étienne Fouilloux, Paris, Salvator, 2022, 252 p., 21 €.

The present dissertation seeks to analyze how the concepts of method and metaphysics appear in Immanuel Kant’s writings published between the years 1747 and 1756. It presents itself as a historical and systematic study of Kant's work, involving both a broad understanding of the works and authors who composed the main references for Kant in the various issues involved in these writings and a conceptual approach of the arguments and positions adopted by the philosopher in the period. Starting from an (...) interpretative position that seeks to achieve a history of Kantian concepts with the intention of understanding how their mode of action may have developed, the analysis of the texts is assumed as one of the fundamental bases of the research, but in such a way that a balance is presented between the historical contextualization of the concepts and their systematic formation, that is, between the diachronic and synchronic levels of comprehension of Kantian concepts. The writings Thoughts on the true estimation of the Living Forces (1747), Universal Natural History (1755), New Elucidation (1755) and Physical Monadology (1756) are analyzed in special detail, but recourse is also made to other writings of the period, reflections and texts not originally published. Thus, by conducting genetic analyses with special emphasis on the German metaphysical tradition (Wolff, Crusius, Bilfinger, Baumgarten etc.) and European natural philosophy (Descartes, Leibniz, Newton, Maupertuis, Buffon etc.), the dissertation allows for a historical analysis of Kantian concepts that therefore encompasses the systematic and historical dimensions of the writings. (shrink)

We propose a multi-step evaluation schema designed to help procurement agencies and others to examine the ethical dimensions of autonomous systems to be applied in the security sector, including autonomous weapons systems.

This study explores the challenges facing Ateneo de Davao University Senior High School learners from rural origins as they experience an urban shift concerning their mental health and academic performance. In addition, interventions to support the adaptation of such learners are recommended. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used, including in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 Grade 11 STEM Pre-Science learners. The rural-to-urban transition presents quite a challenge in the lives of these students as they face culture shock, new learning modalities, environmental (...) discomfort, schedule adjustment, and loneliness in living away from family members. These issues lead to stress and alienation, thus challenging academic and personal adjustment. The study calls for focused interventions, such as intensified AdDU- SHS Wellness and Testing Center support, structured orientation programs, and mental health services. Future research should be conducted to determine this transition's long-term academic and psychological effects. (shrink)

The two dominant theories of perception nowadays are representationalism and relationism. Representationalists hold that perceptual experience is a representation of the world as being one way rather than another, whether it really is that way or exists at all. Relationists hold that perceptual experience is a non-representational relation to actually existing objects and property-instances. Relationists notoriously have a hard time explaining many perceptual phenomena for which the representationalist has simple and intuitive accounts. Despite this, relationists alone seem able to account (...) straightforwardly for the ability of perceptual experience to provide de re knowledge of particulars. To this extent, a theory of perception that is able to unify representationalism and relationism would have tremendous explanatory payoff. I argue that Edmund Husserl had such a unifying theory, according to which perceptual experience is fundamentally both representational and relational. I show that on Husserl’s ontology of perception, the explanatory resources of representationalism and relationism do not compete. I show, too, that the account I attribute to Husserl has notable advantages over a well-known attempt to unify representationalism and relationism, due to Susanna Schellenberg. (shrink)

La «atención conjunta» es el nombre que recibe una variedad heterogénea de episodios de interacción social/coordinación. El interés que estos episodios genera a filósofos y filósofas afines a la filosofía analítica y a la fenomenología motiva discusiones entre estos enfoques sobre cuál es la mejor manera de explicar la intersubjetividad y, en particular, cuál es la mejor manera de describir el entendimiento que soporta y explica el éxito de dichos episodios de interacción social/colaboración (cf. Gallagher, 2011; Eilan, 2005; Krueger, 2013; (...) De Jaegher, 2006; Tomasello 2003, 2014). La articulación de estas discusiones se enfrenta a una dificultad: los ejemplos usados provienen de los estudios sobre la interacción social/coordinación realizados en psicología del desarrollo, psicología comparada o en etnometodología (en particular, en sociología), y no es claro si cada una de estas disciplinas habla acerca de lo mismo. (shrink)

Este artigo examina o conceito de cosmopolitismo nas Meditações de Marco Aurélio. A partir de passagens selecionadas da obra, analisa-se o alcance da ideia de cosmopolitismo e as suas implicações a nível antropológico, político, social e ético. No âmbito social defende-se uma leitura altruísta da posição de Marco Aurélio. Por fim, propõe-se que o conceito de cosmopolitismo viabiliza uma defesa da dignidade animal e uma ética ambiental.

This article is part of a For-Discussion-Section of Methods of Information in Medicine about the paper "Biomedical Informatics: We Are What We Publish", written by Peter L. Elkin, Steven H. Brown, and Graham Wright. It is introduced by an editorial. This article contains the combined commentaries invited to independently comment on the Elkin et al. paper. In subsequent issues the discussion can continue through letters to the editor.

An overview of 20 years of environmental philosophy in the Netherlands.

Cajetan’s analogy theory is usually evaluated in terms of its fidelity to the teachings of Aquinas. But what if Cajetan was trying to answer questions Aquinas himself did not raise, and so could not help to answer? Cajetan’s De Nominum Analogia can be interpreted as intending to solve a particular semantic problem: to characterize the unity of the analogical concept, so as to defend the possibility of a non-univocal term’s mediating syllogistic reasoning. Aquinas offers various semantic characterizations of analogy, saying (...) it involves, for instance: signification per prius et posterius; or a ratio propria which is only found in one analogate; or diverse modi significandi with a common res significata. Examined in turn, it is clear that none of Aquinas’s rules for analogy solve the semantic problem described. Cajetan thus cannot be reasonably expected to have intended his analogy treatise primarily as an interpretation or systematization of Aquinas’s teaching on analogy. (shrink)

This paper examines the relationships between Romantic painting, poetry, and philosophy, historically tracing the circulation of images used to communicate sublimity (for example, images of ruins, storms, volcanoes, and so on). Kant's "Critique of Judgment" deployed the same vocabulary of images that appear in Coleridge and Shelly, in Church and in Turner. The discussion thereby places Kant's 3rd Critique within its cultural context. But it also reveals the massive shift from Enlightenment rationalism to 19th century historicism that Romanticism enacted, and (...) Kant's resistance to, and unwilling participation, in that shift. For the nostalgic logic of ruins, and the irruption of geological time, both of which were conceived and negotiated through sublimity, cannot be assimilated within Kant's philosophy. The treatment of the sublime in the "Critique of Judgment" represents Kant's philosophy straining at its own limits in the attempt to develop a philosophy of history and to articulate an historicized philosophical anthropology. Therefore, read through art history, Kant's 3rd. Critique represents a vital transition between Enlightenment rationalism/beauty and Romantic historicism/sublimity, along with the work of Beethoven, Goya, and the Marquis de Sade. (shrink)

Partindo da distinção liberal tradicional entre público e privado, nós concebemos a trajetória que inicia com o liberalismo de John Rawls e desemboca nas críticas feministas das filósofas Susan Okin e Seyla Benhabib ao liberalismo de Rawls. Com estas críticas e desenhando seus esforços, nós concebemos um entendimento acerca da distinção inicial, profundamente marcada pela tradição, apenas para indicar ao final um modelo teórico que poderia garantir a participação política de mulheres e outros grupos historicamente excluídos do espaço público e (...) das disputas de poder. (shrink)

O meu interesse neste artigo é apresentar o que seria interpretar metodologicamente, como um todo, a primeira obra publicada por Kant. Isso significa não permanecer apenas onde ele diz descrever seu “método” ou no conceito dele, mas ultrapassar essa determinação e ver sua implicação necessária com os debates metafísicos envolvidos à época, apresentando o que chamo “modo de proceder”, isto é, a maneira como ele atuou ao elaborar seu argumento. Isso demanda alcançar elementos externos ao texto de Kant, provenientes de (...) algumas fontes para sua circunstância histórica e conceitual. Com isso, pode-se notar a complexa situação que somos levados a ignorar se desligamos a análise textual da análise sobre a história dos conceitos adotados. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente artigo busca analisar a primeira parte do “Apêndice à Dialética Transcendental” da Crítica da razão pura, explicitando sua importância para uma compreensão da metodologia adotada por Kant para a sua filosofia crítica. Para isso, trabalhamos com duas noções centrais do Apêndice: o uso hipotético da razão e a unidade sistemática do conhecimento, que apresentam uma origem na perspectiva de Kant sobre a ciência natural, possuindo reflexos posteriores para sua concepção de filosofia. Abstract: This article seeks to analyze (...) the first part of the “Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic” of the Critique of pure reason, explaining its importance for an insight into the methodology adopted by Kant for his critical philosophy. To do so, we work with two central notions of the Appendix: the hypothetical use of reason and the systematic unity of knowledge, which have an origin in Kant's perspective on natural science, with later reflections for his conception of philosophy. (shrink)